US2650886A - Procedure and bath for plating on aluminum - Google Patents
Procedure and bath for plating on aluminum Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2650886A US2650886A US206923A US20692351A US2650886A US 2650886 A US2650886 A US 2650886A US 206923 A US206923 A US 206923A US 20692351 A US20692351 A US 20692351A US 2650886 A US2650886 A US 2650886A
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- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- bath
- aluminum
- zincate
- per liter
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
- C25D5/42—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated of light metals
- C25D5/44—Aluminium
Definitions
- This invention relates to plating on aluminum, with special reference to th zinc immersion procedure for preparing aluminum articles for electroplating.
- aluminum includes pure aluminum, commercial aluminum containing the usual impurities, and aluminum base alloys.
- Electroplated aluminum articles have Wide utility for various applications where a pleasing, decorative appearance is desired, or where other surface characteristics of electroplated articles are desired.
- One of the most satisfactory processes for plating aluminum articles starts with the zinc immersion procedure, in which procedure the aluminum articles are immersed in an alkaline zincate bath, prior to electroplating, and thus acquire a zinc coating over which electroplates may be deposited.
- the zinc coated aluminum articles may then be electroplated with various metals and by various methods.
- a typical zincate bath is made up with Water and about 500 grams per liter of chemicals, and it will be found to be somewhat viscous. Therefore, it has the disadvantages that there are considerable amounts of bath lost by drag-out and there is considerable difiiculty in adequately rinsing the Work. Attention has previously been given to the possibility of employing less concentrated zincate baths, for example, those which may be made up With less than about 150 grams per liter of principal active chemicals (both zinc salt and caustic alkali). However, it has been found that such baths ordinarily produce undesirably heavy zinc deposits, heavier than are produced in the more concentrated baths first mentioned.
- an object of this invention to improve the zinc immersion procedure, as a part of a process of electroplating aluminum articles, so that dilute zincate baths may be employed, with consequent advantages in regard to drag-out and rinsing characteristics and without the disadvantages of producing heavy zinc deposits.
- Other objects of the invention are to improve dilute alkaline zincate baths so that they may be used in the zinc immersion procedure, and to improve the characteristics of zinc coating produced thereby.
- a typical zinc immersion procedure requires performance of the following steps in the preparation of an aluminum article for electroplating:
- Buff Solvent clean Alkaline clean and water rinse Hot sulfuric acid dip (for some alloys) and water rinse Cold nitric acid dip and Water rinse Zinc immersion dip (zincate bath) and double water rinse G501 AWN After these steps are performed, any of various electroplates may be produced on the aluminum article by known methods.
- a zinc deposit is ordinarily formed on the surface of the aluminum article, merely by immersing the aluminum article for a short time in an aqueous alkaline solution of alkali metal zincate.
- the aluminum article is immersed for about /4 to 1 minute, at room temperature, in an alkali metal zincate bath which is made up with about grams of zinc oxide and about 400 grams of caustic soda per liter of bath, the balancebeing substantially all water.
- an alkali metal zincate bath which is made up with about grams of zinc oxide and about 400 grams of caustic soda per liter of bath, the balancebeing substantially all water.
- the zincate bath is, in practice, widely varied as to the proportions and concentrations of its components.
- Zinc oxide may be much lower than 100 grams per liter of bath, but the ratio of caustic soda to zinc oxide should be between about 3:1 to 8:1. Further, the bath may be made up with equivalent amounts of other zinc salts and other caustic alkalis.
- Various electroplating practices are employed after the zinc immersion step to produce the type of electroplate desired.
- the amount of nitrate or nitrite salt or salts may rang between about 0.25 and 2 grams per liter.
- the effect of the nitrate or nitrite, in a dilute bath, is more or less proportional to the amount used.
- Sodium nitrate in the amount of 0.5 gram per liter of bath, for example, will reduce the weight of deposited zinc by as much as thirty per cent, while sodium nitrate in the amount of 1 gram per liter will reduce the weight of deposited Zinc by as much as fifty per cent.
- it is not particularly advantageous to employ smaller amounts of nitrat or nitrite than is indicated by the lower limit of the range first stated.
- my improved "dilute alka line zincate bath may be made up with water and the following chemicals (grams per liter of bath) 1 mired Range 1 to 25 atta ns 0.25 to 2 in which sodium nitrite or equivaleht amounts of other nitrate ornitrit'e salts (such 'a's ammonium or potassium nitrate 'oi' nitrite) may be substituted for sodium nitrate. It'ifs to be'noted that the ratio of caustic soda 'to Zinc 'oiiide, in the dilute baths, should be between about 15:1 and 5: 1.
- An alternative dilute -alkaline zincate bath may be ma'deup with up to about 100 grams per :liter (although usually less) of tart'rate, conveniently in the dorm of Rochelle salts, as an'addition'al ingredient.
- Such a bath may be made up with wateran'd the following chmicals (grams per liter of *bath) ZnO "5 NaOl-I 5 NaNOs a.
- NaKC4H40s 50 I recommend such a bath for use in the treat by the addition thereto of nlt'iate andfor-liitflte 7 salts, in the amounts -previously i'ndicated'I am able to produce thin 'zinc iiepos'its ana -subsequent eletroplates on aluminum articles which are smooth and adherent to the alu'mihiiin-basa-ahd more-resistant to corrosion than those pre ared 5 by corresponding zincate baths without su'ch "an addition.
- the last zincdeposit will be a very thin zinc de posit, 'iwhichis also continuous and smooth, a type 'o'f'fiine deposit that which I have found to be highly desirable. Further, I have been conbist'ently able to produce, over such a zinc deposit, electroplated aluminum articles having good electroplate-adherence characteristics and greatly improved resistance to corrosion.
- a process preparatory to electroplating an aluminum article which comprises immersing the article in a dilute 'zincate bath made up with about 16 to 150 grams per liter 0f both "Zine salt and caustic alkali, the ratio of caustic alkali to "zinc salts being about 5:1 to "15:1, at l'ea'st-dnesalt selected from the group consisting of "soluble "nitrates and soluble nit'rite's, the amount thereof being between about 0.25 and 2 grams per liter "of the bath, and stripping the zinc deposit first formed in said alkaline'zinca'te bath and again immersing the aluminum-article therein prior to electroplating the same.
- a b'ath'for depositing zinc on aluminum by immersion consisting essentially of a dilute aqueous solution of alkali metal -zincate, said bath made up with about to grams .per liter of both zinc salts and caustic alkali, the ratio or caustic alkali to zinc salts being about 5:1 to 15:1, and at leastone salt selected from the group consisting of soluble nitrates and solublenitritesinanamount between about 0.25 to 2 grams per liter of bath.
- a bath according to claim 3 which also contains up to about -100 grams per liter of tar-trate.
Description
Patented Sept. 1, 1953 PROCEDURE AND BATH FOR PLATING ON ALUMINUM Walter G. Zelley, New Kensington, Pa., assignor to Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., a. corporation of Pennsylvania No Drawing. Application January 19, 1951, Serial No. 206,923
4 Claims. (Cl. 117-130) This invention relates to plating on aluminum, with special reference to th zinc immersion procedure for preparing aluminum articles for electroplating. As used herein, the term aluminum includes pure aluminum, commercial aluminum containing the usual impurities, and aluminum base alloys.
Electroplated aluminum articles have Wide utility for various applications where a pleasing, decorative appearance is desired, or where other surface characteristics of electroplated articles are desired. One of the most satisfactory processes for plating aluminum articles starts with the zinc immersion procedure, in which procedure the aluminum articles are immersed in an alkaline zincate bath, prior to electroplating, and thus acquire a zinc coating over which electroplates may be deposited. The zinc coated aluminum articles may then be electroplated with various metals and by various methods.
A typical zincate bath is made up with Water and about 500 grams per liter of chemicals, and it will be found to be somewhat viscous. Therefore, it has the disadvantages that there are considerable amounts of bath lost by drag-out and there is considerable difiiculty in adequately rinsing the Work. Attention has previously been given to the possibility of employing less concentrated zincate baths, for example, those which may be made up With less than about 150 grams per liter of principal active chemicals (both zinc salt and caustic alkali). However, it has been found that such baths ordinarily produce undesirably heavy zinc deposits, heavier than are produced in the more concentrated baths first mentioned.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to improve the zinc immersion procedure, as a part of a process of electroplating aluminum articles, so that dilute zincate baths may be employed, with consequent advantages in regard to drag-out and rinsing characteristics and without the disadvantages of producing heavy zinc deposits. Other objects of the invention are to improve dilute alkaline zincate baths so that they may be used in the zinc immersion procedure, and to improve the characteristics of zinc coating produced thereby. These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent in the following description of the invention.
A typical zinc immersion procedure requires performance of the following steps in the preparation of an aluminum article for electroplating:
1. Buff (if the nature of the surface permits) Solvent clean Alkaline clean and water rinse Hot sulfuric acid dip (for some alloys) and water rinse Cold nitric acid dip and Water rinse Zinc immersion dip (zincate bath) and double water rinse G501 AWN After these steps are performed, any of various electroplates may be produced on the aluminum article by known methods.
During the zinc immersion step above described, a zinc deposit is ordinarily formed on the surface of the aluminum article, merely by immersing the aluminum article for a short time in an aqueous alkaline solution of alkali metal zincate.
In the conventional zinc immersion step the aluminum article is immersed for about /4 to 1 minute, at room temperature, in an alkali metal zincate bath which is made up with about grams of zinc oxide and about 400 grams of caustic soda per liter of bath, the balancebeing substantially all water. Of course, the zincate bath is, in practice, widely varied as to the proportions and concentrations of its components. The
amount of Zinc oxide may be much lower than 100 grams per liter of bath, but the ratio of caustic soda to zinc oxide should be between about 3:1 to 8:1. Further, the bath may be made up with equivalent amounts of other zinc salts and other caustic alkalis. Various electroplating practices are employed after the zinc immersion step to produce the type of electroplate desired.
It has been my observation that When the ordinary zincate baths are employed in more diluted form than that described above, the weight of zinc deposited therefrom upon aluminum immersed therein, is greatly increased. This effect is undesirable, as I have found that thin zinc deposits are essential to the production of adherent electroplates and of electroplated articles that are resistant to corrosion. I have found that I can obtain these advantages, While employing dilute zincate baths, by the provision, in such baths, of small amounts of one or more soluble nitrates, nitrites or both. It is convenient to employ sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite, but other soluble nitrate or nitrite salts may be used. The amount of nitrate or nitrite salt or salts may rang between about 0.25 and 2 grams per liter. The effect of the nitrate or nitrite, in a dilute bath, is more or less proportional to the amount used. Sodium nitrate in the amount of 0.5 gram per liter of bath, for example, will reduce the weight of deposited zinc by as much as thirty per cent, while sodium nitrate in the amount of 1 gram per liter will reduce the weight of deposited Zinc by as much as fifty per cent. Thus, it is not particularly advantageous to employ smaller amounts of nitrat or nitrite than is indicated by the lower limit of the range first stated. Further, it "is not desirable to employ iargerameum's of nitrate or nitrite than are indicated by the upper limit of the range first stated, as blistering of the subsequent electroplate may occur.
By way of example, my improved "dilute alka line zincate bath may be made up with water and the following chemicals (grams per liter of bath) 1 mired Range 1 to 25 atta ns 0.25 to 2 in which sodium nitrite or equivaleht amounts of other nitrate ornitrit'e salts (such 'a's ammonium or potassium nitrate 'oi' nitrite) may be substituted for sodium nitrate. It'ifs to be'noted that the ratio of caustic soda 'to Zinc 'oiiide, in the dilute baths, should be between about 15:1 and 5: 1.
An alternative dilute -alkaline zincate bath, according to-my invention, may be ma'deup with up to about 100 grams per :liter (although usually less) of tart'rate, conveniently in the dorm of Rochelle salts, as an'addition'al ingredient. Such a bath may be made up with wateran'd the following chmicals (grams per liter of *bath) ZnO "5 NaOl-I 5 NaNOs a. 1 NaKC4H40s 50 I recommend such a bath for use in the treat by the addition thereto of nlt'iate andfor-liitflte 7 salts, in the amounts -previously i'ndicated'I am able to produce thin 'zinc iiepos'its ana -subsequent eletroplates on aluminum articles which are smooth and adherent to the alu'mihiiin-basa-ahd more-resistant to corrosion than those pre ared 5 by corresponding zincate baths without su'ch "an addition.
In addition "to the im rovements -abbvb describe'd, 'I have also found that "further improvements can be {obtained when a 'double zinc imme'fSmn rocedure is employed. That is, dftr the zinc deposit is formed in accordance with the procedure just described, the zinc deposit is stripped. This may conveniently be done by an immersion in nitric acid. Then the article is again immersed in the improved dilute alkaline aincate bath. "I-his procedure has the advantage of reducing the number of, or eliminating, the cleaning and preparatory steps ordinarily reuuired prior to immersion in the zincate bath, while providingauniformly active aluminum surrace for reception of the last zinc deposit. The last zincdeposit will be a very thin zinc de posit, 'iwhichis also continuous and smooth, a type 'o'f'fiine deposit that which I have found to be highly desirable. Further, I have been conbist'ently able to produce, over such a zinc deposit, electroplated aluminum articles having good electroplate-adherence characteristics and greatly improved resistance to corrosion. These results I believe to be 'dependent upon the productionof a uniformly c'le'an and'chemica'lly active "aluminum surface condition by the first "treatment in the'improved zincate 'ba'th,'upon the production upon that-surface of a uniformly thin, pro'tect'iv'e deposit of 'zinc by the last treatment in the improved zinc'ate bath, and'finally upon the production of smooth electroplates over the thin smooth z'inc'dep'os'it.
'1. A process preparatory to electroplating an aluminum article which comprises immersing the article in a dilute 'zincate bath made up with about 16 to 150 grams per liter 0f both "Zine salt and caustic alkali, the ratio of caustic alkali to "zinc salts being about 5:1 to "15:1, at l'ea'st-dnesalt selected from the group consisting of "soluble "nitrates and soluble nit'rite's, the amount thereof being between about 0.25 and 2 grams per liter "of the bath, and stripping the zinc deposit first formed in said alkaline'zinca'te bath and again immersing the aluminum-article therein prior to electroplating the same.
2. A process according to claim 1, in which said 'zinc'at e bath also contains'up to about 'grariislper liter of tartrate.
"3. A b'ath'for depositing zinc on aluminum by immersion consisting essentially of a dilute aqueous solution of alkali metal -zincate, said bath made up with about to grams .per liter of both zinc salts and caustic alkali, the ratio or caustic alkali to zinc salts being about 5:1 to 15:1, and at leastone salt selected from the group consisting of soluble nitrates and solublenitritesinanamount between about 0.25 to 2 grams per liter of bath.
4. A bath according to claim 3, which also contains up to about -100 grams per liter of tar-trate.
WALTER ZELLEY.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNI-TED 'STATES PATENTS "Nether. N Date rem-poo ;Hewits'on May 10, 1927 2,-1423564 Korpiun Jan. 3, 1939
Claims (1)
1. A PROCESS PREPARATORY TO ELECTROPLATING AN ALUMINUM ARTICLE WHICH COMPRISES IMMERSING THE ARTICLE IN A DILUTE ZINCATE BATH MADE UP WITH ABOUT 16 TO 150 GRAMS PER LITER OF BOTH ZINC SALT AND CAUSTIC ALKALI, THE RATIO OF CAUSTIC ALKALI TO ZINC SALTS BEING ABOUT 5:1 TO 15:1, AT LEAST ONE SALT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF SOLUBLE NITRATES AND SOLUBLE NITRITES, THE AMOUNT THEREOF BEING BETWEEN ABOUT 0.25 AND 2 GRAMS PER LITER OF THE BATH, AND STRIPPING THE ZINC DEPOSIT FIRST FORMED IN SAID ALKALINE ZINCATE BATH AND AGAIN IMMERSING THE ALUMINUM ARTICLE THEREIN PRIOR TO ELECTROPLATING THE SAME.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US206923A US2650886A (en) | 1951-01-19 | 1951-01-19 | Procedure and bath for plating on aluminum |
| DEV4229A DE889099C (en) | 1951-01-19 | 1952-01-16 | Process and bath for coating objects made of aluminum and aluminum alloys |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US206923A US2650886A (en) | 1951-01-19 | 1951-01-19 | Procedure and bath for plating on aluminum |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2650886A true US2650886A (en) | 1953-09-01 |
Family
ID=22768536
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US206923A Expired - Lifetime US2650886A (en) | 1951-01-19 | 1951-01-19 | Procedure and bath for plating on aluminum |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2650886A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE889099C (en) |
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2879210A (en) * | 1956-07-02 | 1959-03-24 | Steel Prot And Chemical Compan | Process of electroplating on aluminum |
| US2995814A (en) * | 1957-10-11 | 1961-08-15 | Harold A Chamness | Method for soldering aluminum |
| US3037896A (en) * | 1959-09-02 | 1962-06-05 | Gen Dynamics Corp | Masking process |
| US3156763A (en) * | 1961-06-19 | 1964-11-10 | Aluminum Co Of America | Electrical conductor joining practices |
| US3202529A (en) * | 1962-08-08 | 1965-08-24 | Sperry Rand Corp | Disposition of nickel-cobalt alloy on aluminum substrates |
| US3216835A (en) * | 1960-10-06 | 1965-11-09 | Enthone | Synergistic chelate combinations in dilute immersion zincate solutions for treatment of aluminum and aluminum alloys |
| US3493474A (en) * | 1966-04-29 | 1970-02-03 | Gen Motors Corp | Aluminum plating process |
| US3694899A (en) * | 1969-10-22 | 1972-10-03 | Chausson Usines Sa | Process for brazing parts of aluminium and aluminium alloys |
| US3982055A (en) * | 1974-07-25 | 1976-09-21 | Eltra Corporation | Method for zincating aluminum articles |
| DE2630151A1 (en) * | 1975-07-07 | 1977-01-27 | Gould Inc | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A COATING OF COPPER ON ALUMINUM |
| EP0096753A1 (en) * | 1982-06-11 | 1983-12-28 | Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the electroless production of corrosion-inhibiting layers on structural parts of aluminium |
| US4659436A (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-04-21 | Augustus Worx, Inc. | Particulate diamond-coated metal article with high resistance to stress cracking and process therefor |
| US4711115A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1987-12-08 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method for forming memory discs by forging |
| US4912020A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1990-03-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Printed circuit boards and method for manufacturing printed circuit boards |
| US5456323A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-10-10 | Piper Farm Products, Inc. | Agricultural sweep and method of manufacture |
| US5601695A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-02-11 | Atotech U.S.A., Inc. | Etchant for aluminum alloys |
| US6656606B1 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2003-12-02 | The Westaim Corporation | Electroplated aluminum parts and process of production |
| US20090280258A1 (en) * | 2008-05-09 | 2009-11-12 | Block William V | Methods and compositions for coating aluminum substrates |
| US8669450B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 | 2014-03-11 | Malmark, Inc. | Handbell and coating method |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1017874B (en) * | 1954-09-09 | 1957-10-17 | Kaiser Aluminium Chem Corp | Continuous process and device for the production of a galvanic coating on foils, strips, wire or the like made of aluminum or aluminum alloys |
| DE1020240B (en) * | 1954-09-17 | 1957-11-28 | Napier & Son Ltd | Process for producing a de-icing system |
| DE1129352B (en) * | 1957-08-01 | 1962-05-10 | American Radiator & Standard | Process for the production of a solderable coating on the edges of an aluminum strip |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1627900A (en) * | 1926-08-23 | 1927-05-10 | Eastman Kodak Co | Process of coating aluminum surfaces |
| US2142564A (en) * | 1935-11-19 | 1939-01-03 | Schering Kahlbaum Ag | Process for electrodeposition on aluminum and aluminum alloys |
-
1951
- 1951-01-19 US US206923A patent/US2650886A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1952
- 1952-01-16 DE DEV4229A patent/DE889099C/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1627900A (en) * | 1926-08-23 | 1927-05-10 | Eastman Kodak Co | Process of coating aluminum surfaces |
| US2142564A (en) * | 1935-11-19 | 1939-01-03 | Schering Kahlbaum Ag | Process for electrodeposition on aluminum and aluminum alloys |
Cited By (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2879210A (en) * | 1956-07-02 | 1959-03-24 | Steel Prot And Chemical Compan | Process of electroplating on aluminum |
| US2995814A (en) * | 1957-10-11 | 1961-08-15 | Harold A Chamness | Method for soldering aluminum |
| US3037896A (en) * | 1959-09-02 | 1962-06-05 | Gen Dynamics Corp | Masking process |
| US3216835A (en) * | 1960-10-06 | 1965-11-09 | Enthone | Synergistic chelate combinations in dilute immersion zincate solutions for treatment of aluminum and aluminum alloys |
| US3156763A (en) * | 1961-06-19 | 1964-11-10 | Aluminum Co Of America | Electrical conductor joining practices |
| US3202529A (en) * | 1962-08-08 | 1965-08-24 | Sperry Rand Corp | Disposition of nickel-cobalt alloy on aluminum substrates |
| US3493474A (en) * | 1966-04-29 | 1970-02-03 | Gen Motors Corp | Aluminum plating process |
| US3694899A (en) * | 1969-10-22 | 1972-10-03 | Chausson Usines Sa | Process for brazing parts of aluminium and aluminium alloys |
| US3982055A (en) * | 1974-07-25 | 1976-09-21 | Eltra Corporation | Method for zincating aluminum articles |
| DE2630151A1 (en) * | 1975-07-07 | 1977-01-27 | Gould Inc | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A COATING OF COPPER ON ALUMINUM |
| EP0096753A1 (en) * | 1982-06-11 | 1983-12-28 | Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the electroless production of corrosion-inhibiting layers on structural parts of aluminium |
| US4711115A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1987-12-08 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method for forming memory discs by forging |
| US4659436A (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-04-21 | Augustus Worx, Inc. | Particulate diamond-coated metal article with high resistance to stress cracking and process therefor |
| US4912020A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1990-03-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Printed circuit boards and method for manufacturing printed circuit boards |
| US5456323A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-10-10 | Piper Farm Products, Inc. | Agricultural sweep and method of manufacture |
| US5601695A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-02-11 | Atotech U.S.A., Inc. | Etchant for aluminum alloys |
| US6656606B1 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2003-12-02 | The Westaim Corporation | Electroplated aluminum parts and process of production |
| US6692630B2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2004-02-17 | The Westaim Corporation | Electroplated aluminum parts and process for production |
| US20090280258A1 (en) * | 2008-05-09 | 2009-11-12 | Block William V | Methods and compositions for coating aluminum substrates |
| US8691346B2 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2014-04-08 | Birchwood Laboratories, Inc. | Methods and compositions for coating aluminum substrates |
| US9039821B2 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2015-05-26 | Birchwood Laboratories Llc | Methods and compositions for coating aluminum substrates |
| US8669450B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 | 2014-03-11 | Malmark, Inc. | Handbell and coating method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE889099C (en) | 1953-09-07 |
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