US20160178853A1 - Ferrule for optical fiber connector having a compliant structure for clamping alignment pins - Google Patents
Ferrule for optical fiber connector having a compliant structure for clamping alignment pins Download PDFInfo
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- US20160178853A1 US20160178853A1 US15/058,070 US201615058070A US2016178853A1 US 20160178853 A1 US20160178853 A1 US 20160178853A1 US 201615058070 A US201615058070 A US 201615058070A US 2016178853 A1 US2016178853 A1 US 2016178853A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ferrule
- grooves
- optical fiber
- fibers
- fiber connector
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3833—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture
- G02B6/3834—Means for centering or aligning the light guide within the ferrule
- G02B6/3838—Means for centering or aligning the light guide within the ferrule using grooves for light guides
- G02B6/3839—Means for centering or aligning the light guide within the ferrule using grooves for light guides for a plurality of light guides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3833—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture
- G02B6/3855—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture characterised by the method of anchoring or fixing the fibre within the ferrule
- G02B6/3862—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture characterised by the method of anchoring or fixing the fibre within the ferrule radially-compressed, longitudinally-split ferrules consisting of a pair of identical matching halves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3873—Connectors using guide surfaces for aligning ferrule ends, e.g. tubes, sleeves, V-grooves, rods, pins, balls
- G02B6/3882—Connectors using guide surfaces for aligning ferrule ends, e.g. tubes, sleeves, V-grooves, rods, pins, balls using rods, pins or balls to align a pair of ferrule ends
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3873—Connectors using guide surfaces for aligning ferrule ends, e.g. tubes, sleeves, V-grooves, rods, pins, balls
- G02B6/3885—Multicore or multichannel optical connectors, i.e. one single ferrule containing more than one fibre, e.g. ribbon type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3887—Anchoring optical cables to connector housings, e.g. strain relief features
- G02B6/38875—Protection from bending or twisting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3887—Anchoring optical cables to connector housings, e.g. strain relief features
- G02B6/3888—Protection from over-extension or over-compression
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/650,119 filed on Oct. 11, 2012, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/620,945 filed on Apr. 5, 2012, which is fully incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. All publications noted below are fully incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to optical fiber connectors, in particular ferrules in optical fiber connectors.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- There are many advantages of transmitting light signal via optical fiber waveguides and the use thereof is diverse. Single or multiple fiber waveguides may be used simply for transmitting visible light to a remote location. Complex telephony and data communication systems may transmit multiple specific optical signals. These devices couple fibers in an end-to-end relationship, with the coupling being one source of light loss. Precision alignment of two polished ends of fibers is needed to ensure that overall optical loss in a fiber link is equal or less than the specified optical connector loss budget for a system. For single-mode telecommunication-grade fiber, this typically corresponds to connector fiber alignment tolerances that are less than 1000 nm. This means that in both parallel fiber and single fiber links, operating at multi-gigabit rates, the components applied to align the fibers must be assembled and fabricated with sub-micron precision.
- In an optical fiber connection, an optical fiber connector terminates the end of a cable that contains one or multiple fibers, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so that light can pass end-to-end. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. Connectors, in both parallel/multiple fiber and single fiber links, operating at multi-gigabit rates must be assembled with subcomponents fabricated with sub micron precision. As if producing parts with such precision levels were not challenging enough, for the resulting end product to be economical it must be done in a fully automated, very high-speed process.
- Current optical fiber connectors have not changed in basic design for many years. The basic connector unit is a connector assembly.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of anoptical fiber connector 1400 for a cable 1410 containing optical fibers 1412, which is commercialized by US Conec Ltd. The connector includes an assembly of components consisting of a ferrule 1402, a ferrule housing 1404, a cable jacket or boot 1406,alignment guide pins 408, and other hardware provided within or outside the housing (e.g., cable strain relief, crimp, biasing spring, spacer, etc.). The ferrule 1402 and the terminating end faces of the fibers 1412 are polished. The ferrule 1402 in theoptical fiber connector 1400 is spring-loaded to provide an axial bias to press together the polished end faces of the fibers in two connectors in an end-to-end configuration. In most cases, the intent is to establish physical contact between coupled fibers to prevent loss of light. Physical contact avoids a trapped layer of air between two fibers, which increases connector insertion loss and reflection loss. An adaptor, not shown, is required to securely couple the ferrules of two connectors (the ferrule housing 1404 of each connector is plugged into the adaptor). - The optical fiber connector illustrated in
FIG. 1 manufactured by US Conec Ltd. is purportedly in accordance with the structure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,730, which is assigned to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. As illustrated in the '730 patent, the optical fiber connector receives a optical fiber ribbon cable having a plurality of individual optical fibers and maintains the individual optical fibers in a predetermined relationship. The optical fiber connector can be mated with another optical fiber connector (e.g., using an adaptor) so as to align the plurality of individual optical fibers of one optical fiber connector with the plurality of optical fibers of the other optical fiber connector. - The ferrule 1402 from US Conec Ltd. is generally in the form of a plastic block having a series of over-sized through-holes that provide sufficient clearance for inserting the terminating ends of optical fibers 1412 and alignment pins 1408 into the block. The ferrule 1402 is formed by molding of a plastic polymer that is often reinforced by glass particles. To insert the terminating ends of the multiple optical fibers 1412 through the holes in the ferrule block 1402, the protective jacket and buffer (resin) layers of the optic fiber are stripped off to expose the cladding layer near the terminating ends, and the cladding layer is coated with a layer of epoxy. The terminating ends of the optical fibers are then threaded into the over-sized holes in the ferrule. The ends of the optical fibers 1412 are securely held in the ferrule 1402 upon curing of the epoxy. Similarly, the alignment pins 1408 are retained with epoxy after inserting into the oversized holes in the ferrule 1402 provided for the pins.
- The above described ferrule has several significant drawbacks. The injection molded structure inherently does not hold tolerance well. The polymer is not rigid and deforms when loads (forces or moments) are applied to the fiber cable or connector housing. Polymers are also susceptible to creep and thermal expansion/contraction over longer periods of time. The clearance in the over-sized holes in the ferrule further affects tolerance of end-to-end alignment of fibers. The epoxy shrinks upon curing, which leads to bending of the plastic ferrule. Further, epoxy creeps over time, leading to pistoning or retracting of the optical fiber ends (which are pushed against the ends of adjoining fibers) within the holes in the ferrule under the applied axial bias of the spring-load in the connector. This compromises the integrity of the surface contact interface of opposing fiber end faces. These and other deficiencies result in poor resultant tolerance that is more to be desired for modern day optical fiber applications. The above noted deficiencies are further exacerbated for high density optical fiber connectors supporting a two-dimensional array of optical fibers. Fiber alignment becomes even more critical for the two-dimensional array of fibers.
- Currently, it is generally accepted that fiber connectors cost too much to manufacture and the reliability and loss characteristics are more to be desired. The tolerance of the fiber connectors must improve, and the cost of producing fiber connectors must decrease if fiber optics is to be the communication media of choice for short haul and very short reach applications. The relatively widespread and ever increasing utilization of optical fibers in communication systems, data processing and other signal transmission systems has created a demand for satisfactory and efficient means of inter-joining fiber terminals.
- It is therefore desirable to develop a new optical fiber connector design, and in particular a new ferrule design, which results in low insertion loss and low return loss, which provides ease of use and high reliability with low environmental sensitivity, and which can be fabricated at low cost.
- The present invention provides a ferrule for an optical fiber connector, which overcomes many of the drawbacks of the prior art ferrules and optical fiber connectors. The ferrule in accordance with the present invention provides an optical fiber connector, which results in low insertion loss and low return loss, which provides ease of use and high reliability with low environmental sensitivity, and which can be fabricated at low cost. In accordance with the present invention, a compliant structure is provided on the ferrule, which clamps the alignment pins to accurately and precisely locate the alignment pins for alignment to another complementary optical fiber connector. The compliant structure supports the alignment pins with no clearance, thus not requiring epoxy to fill any clearance between alignment pins and supporting structure. The compliant structure is defined by a structure that is capable of elastic bending (e.g., a flexure defined by a cantilevered structure), as opposed to compressive deformation (e.g., interference fit or press fit between two adjoining surfaces).
- In one aspect of the present invention, the compliant structure is defined by at least a flexure in the form of a cantilevered structure extending at a side of the ferrule. The cantilevered structure, with or without a complementary support structure, defines a space in which an alignment pin can be supported. In one embodiment, the flexure is defined by one or more slots provided on the body of the ferrule to facilitate bending of the extended cantilevered structure. The slots may be provided on the interior or exterior of the ferrule body. Two or more cantilevered structures may be provided to define the compliant clamping structure. In one embodiment, the alignment pin is clamped in the space defined by the compliant structure in a 3-point contact or a 4-point contact.
- In one embodiment, the ferrule comprises two ferrule halves. At least one of the ferrule halves comprises grooves defined thereon for supporting optical fibers. A compliant structure is provided on the ferrule, which comprises a flexure provided on at least one of the ferrule halves.
- In another embodiment, the ferrule comprises a ferrule insert having grooves for supporting optical fibers, and a ferrule frame that supports the ferrule insert and alignment pins. The compliant structure is provided on the frame, which supports alignment pins. In one embodiment, the ferrule insert comprises one or more ferrule plates having optical fiber grooves defined thereon. In one embodiment, the ferrule frame comprises a front frame section and a rear frame section. The front frame section is attached to the front end of the ferrule insert and the rear frame section is attached to the rear end of the ferrule insert to complete the ferrule structure. The alignment pins are inserted into compliant structures provided on the front and rear frame sections. In another embodiment, the ferrule frame may be a single, unitary structure, on which the ferrule insert is supported.
- In a further embodiment, the ferrule insert comprises an offset structure provided with optical fiber grooves at its perimeter. In one embodiment, fiber grooves are provided at more than one surface at the perimeter of the offset structure, which can accommodate optical fibers from more than one fiber cable. A compliant structure is provided on the ferrule insert, which supports the alignment pins. The ferrule frame has a section that covers at least the fiber grooves on the ferrule insert. In one embodiment, the ferrule frame comprises extending flat covers covering the grooves provided on the offset structure. In another embodiment, the ferrule frame surrounds the perimeter of the ferrule insert.
- In another aspect of the present invention, the inventive ferrules are precision formed by high throughput processes, such as stamping and extrusion.
- In one embodiment, the ferrule body is made of a metal material, which may be chosen to have high stiffness (e.g., stainless steel), chemical inertness (e.g., titanium), high temperature stability (nickel alloy), low thermal expansion (e.g., Invar), or to match thermal expansion to other materials (e.g., Kovar for matching glass).
- The ferrule in accordance with the present invention overcomes many of the deficiencies of the prior art, resulting in an optical fiber connector that results in low insertion loss and low return loss, which provides ease of use and high reliability with low environmental sensitivity, and which can be fabricated at low cost.
- For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the following drawings, like reference numerals designate like or similar parts throughout the drawings.
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FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art optical fiber connector. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 4 is a side view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a portion of the lower ferrule halve, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 7 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 6 . -
FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a yet another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 9 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 8 . -
FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 10 . -
FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 13 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 12 . -
FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 15 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 16 is a side view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 17 is an exploded view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 18 is a partially assembled view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 19 is a partially assembled view of a variation of optical fiber connector of the embodiment ofFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 20 is a partially assembled view of another variation of optical fiber connector of the embodiment ofFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 22 is partially assembled view of the optical fiber assembly inFIG. 21 . -
FIG. 23 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 21 . -
FIG. 24 is top view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 21 . -
FIG. 25 illustrates a perspective view of a ferrule insert of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 21 . -
FIG. 26 illustrates a perspective view of a ferrule insert in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 27 illustrates a perspective view of a ferrule insert in accordance with further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 28 illustrates a perspective view of an optical fiber connector in accordance with yet a further embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 29 is an exploded view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 28 . -
FIG. 30 is an end view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 28 . -
FIG. 31 is a top view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 28 . -
FIG. 32 is a side view of the optical fiber connector inFIG. 28 . - This invention is described below in reference to various embodiments with reference to the figures. While this invention is described in terms of the best mode for achieving this invention's objectives, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be accomplished in view of these teachings without deviating from the spirit or scope of the invention.
- The present invention provides a ferrule for an optical fiber connector, which overcomes many of the drawbacks of the prior art ferrules and optical fiber connectors. The ferrule in accordance with the present invention provides an optical fiber connector, which results in low insertion loss and low return loss, which provides ease of use and high reliability with low environmental sensitivity, and which can be fabricated at low cost. In accordance with the present invention, a compliant structure is provided on the ferrule, which clamps the alignment pins to accurately and precisely locate the alignment pins for alignment to another complementary optical fiber connector. The compliant structure supports the alignment pins with no clearance, thus not requiring epoxy to fill any clearance between alignment pins and supporting structure. The compliant structure is defined by a structure that is capable of elastic deformation, preferably bending (e.g., a flexure defined by a cantilevered structure), as opposed to compressive or tensile deformation (e.g., interference fit or press fit between two adjoining surfaces). In one aspect of the present invention, the compliant structure is defined by at least a flexure in the form of a cantilevered structure extending at a side of the ferrule. The cantilevered structure, with or without a complementary support structure, defines a space in which an alignment pin can be supported.
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FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of anoptical fiber connector 10 having an assembly of components including aferrule 12 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theconnector 10 further includes a ferrule housing 14 (shown in dotted lines), a cable boot 16 (shown in dotted lines), and alignment guide pins 18.FIG. 2 is a simplified illustration of theoptical fiber connector 10. Other than theferrule 12 that is structured in accordance with the present invention, the other components of theoptical fiber assembly 10 may further include those found in the optical fiber assembly shown inFIG. 1 (i.e., the ferrule in accordance with the present invention may be made backward compatible to be used in MTO/MPO optical fiber connectors as offered by US Conec Ltd.).FIGS. 3-4 are various views of theoptical fiber connector 10, with theferrule housing 14 andcable boot 16 omitted from view (for simplicity, further embodiments are discussed herein below and illustrated with theferrule housing 14 and cable boot omitted from view). - In the illustrated embodiment, the
ferrule 12 comprises first and second ferrule halves 12 a and 12 b. Referring also toFIG. 3 , each ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) has a generally rectangular plate structure. Theferrule 12 b has an open structure that has a row ofopen grooves 24 precisely formed thereon in a plane for accommodatingoptical fibers 20 of anoptical fiber cable 22. (While a ribbon type fiber cable is illustrated, one can appreciate instead of ribbon fiber cables, the optical fibers may be bundled in the form of rounded fiber cables, without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.) The twoferrule halves grooves 24 in the ferrule halve 12 b. In the illustrated embodiment, twelveoptical fibers 20 are held within ajacket 27 to form an opticalribbon fiber cable 22. The terminatingoptical fibers 20 of theoptical fiber cable 22 are received in the row oflongitudinal grooves 24 of the second ferrule halve 12 b. Thegrooves 24 receive the terminating end sections of theoptical fibers 20 in their bare form with cladding exposed, without protective buffer and jacket layers. (In the discussion throughout below, in connection with receiving optical fibers in ferrule grooves, it is understood that the terminating end sections of the optical fibers are in their bare form with cladding exposed, without protective buffer and jacket layer.) - Referring also to
FIG. 4 , the tail sections (26 a, 26 b) of the ferrule halves 12 a and 12 b are thinner than the head sections (36 a, 36 b). The facing sides of the tail sections (26 a, 26 b) together define arecess 28 there-between, which is sized to receive and clamp thejacket 27 between the ferrule halves 22 a and 22 b when they are mated together in the configuration illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 4 . Thejacket 27 of theribbon fiber cable 22 is fitted within therecess 28, which provides additional room to accommodate the thickness of the jackets (27 a and 27 b) and the protective buffer and jacket layers on thefibers 20 within thejacket 27. The rear sections (26 a, 26 b) together provide strain relief on thefiber cable 22. At least the head sections (36 a, 36 b) of the ferrule halves are maintained in a mating configuration by laser welding, for example. Alternatively, the ferrule may further comprise a collar or sleeve (not shown) to maintain the head sections (36 a, 36 b) of the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) in a mating configuration. - The configuration of the rows of grooves is more clearly seen from the end view of the
ferrule 12 inFIG. 3 . In the illustrated embodiment, each groove has a substantially U-shaped cross-section with substantially parallel sides. Thehead sections head section 36 a of the first ferrule halve 12 a completely covering the opposing groove openings in thehead section 36 b of the second ferrule halve 12 b. - The depth of the
grooves 24 is sized to completely receive theoptical fibers 20. In the illustrated embodiment, the depth of the grooves is at least D (e.g., 125 μm), the diameter of the bare section of the optical fibers, with cladding exposed, without protective buffer and jacket layers, as referenced throughout herein. With the depth of the grooves being substantially D, the flat underside of thehead section 36 a of the first ferrule halve 20 a and the opposinggrooves 24 together define a space that precisely positions theoptical fibers 20. - The width of the longitudinal opening defined between the walls along at least a section of the grooves is slightly narrower than the diameter of the bare optical fibers to create a tight fit (e.g., an interference fit of 1 μm) with respect to the bare fibers (bare sections with cladding exposed, without protective buffer and jacket layers), which allows the end section of an
optical fiber 20 to be inserted laterally into the longitudinal opening of groove, but which snuggly retains the optical fiber in thegroove 24. Thegrooves 24 and the width of the longitudinal groove openings are shaped and sized to retain the fibers without any clearance to allow for movement of thefibers 24 relative to the grooves. Thegrooves 24 may have a rounded bottom to conform to the external shape of the optical fiber (as illustrated), or a flat bottom or a v-groove (thus resulting in spaces between the fiber and the wall of the groove, which may be filled with an additional material such as epoxy for encapsulation purpose, to prevent the entrapment of particles, especially during mechanical polishing of the ferrule end face). The rounded bottom is preferable since it increases the contact area with the fiber and provides more uniform elastic stress within the fiber. The use of a groove with an interference fit contrasts with that of the molded ferrule as shown inFIG. 1 , which has a hole that is toleranced to be larger than the diameter of the optical fiber. Consequently, the oversized hole does not govern the position of the optical fiber in the prior art. - Given that the
optical fibers 20 are completely retained in thegrooves 24, theoptical fibers 20 are positioned with precision between the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) by the grooves 24 a. The position and orientation of theoptical fibers 20 is set by the location and parallelism of thegrooves 24. Accordingly, the relative locations (e.g., spacing) of theoptical fibers 20 in the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) are precisely maintained within the ferrule, e.g., for alignment to fibers in an opposing optical fiber connector (which has a female structure to receive the alignment pins 18). No complementary ferrule would be required to securely and precisely position the fibers within the optical fiber connector, as such a complementary ferrule halve do not serve any alignment function or effective support to position thefibers 20 in the ferrule halve 12 b. However, by providing the top ferrule halve 12 a, it serves as a cover for thegrooves 24 to prevent accidental dislodgment of theoptical fibers 20. - In accordance with the present invention, a compliant structure is provided on the
ferrule 12 for precisely locating the alignment pins 18 with respect to thefiber grooves 24. The compliant structure comprises a flexure provided on at least one of the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b). In one embodiment, the flexure is defined by one or more slots provided on the body of the ferrule to facilitate bending of the extended cantilevered structure. The slots may be provided on the interior or exterior of the ferrule body. -
FIGS. 2-3 illustrate slots provided on the exterior of theferrule 12. In particular, near each lateral side 44 of the top ferrule halve 12 a, a longitudinalnarrow slot 40 is provided at the top side of the ferrule halve 12 a, which extends from thehead section 36 a to thetail section 26 a. In the end view ofFIG. 3 , theslots 40 are vertical to the top exterior surface of the ferrule halve 12 a. Theslot 40 reduces the thickness of the top ferrule halve 12 a, such that the side portion 44 extends from the base portion 45 of the first ferrule halve 12 a via a cantilever link 42 (i.e., the side portions 44 are cantilevered structures with respect to the base portion 45). A beveled surface 49 a is provided in the first ferrule halve 12 a facing towards the side portion 44, and a beveled surface 49 b is provided in the second ferrule halve 12 b facing towards the side portion 44. The side portion 44, the beveled surface 49 a and the beveled surface 49 b together define aspace 48 for precisely locating analignment pin 18 with respect to the optical fibers 20 (i.e., resulting in a 3-point contact). Upon insertion of analignment pin 18 in thespace 48, thecantilever link 42 elastically deforms (flexes) to allow the side portion 44 to displace slightly outwards away from the base portion 45, thereby providing an inward bias to clamp the alignment pins 18 against the beveled surfaces of the ferrule halves. - Given that the beveled surfaces 49 a and 49 b are closest to the
fiber grooves 24, these beveled surfaces are essentially reference planes that can be precisely formed, while the cantilevered side portions 44 are allowed certain flexibility in movement without affecting the precise reference planes. In another aspect of the present invention, the fiber grooves of the above-disclosed embodiment are precision formed by high throughput processes, such as stamping and extrusion. The surface structures of the ferrule components (i.e., the ferrules halves 12 a and 12 b) lend themselves to forming using such high throughput processes. A precision stamping process and apparatus has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,770, which was commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This patent is fully incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. The process and stamping apparatus disclosed therein may be adapted to precision stamping the ferrules of the present invention. - In one embodiment, the ferrule body is made of a metal material, which may be chosen to have good thermal dimensional stability (e.g., Invar).
- In another embodiment of the present invention, the second ferrule halve 12 b has an open structure with precision groove clamping features formed thereon, which can securely hold optical fibers without the need for epoxy or a complementary precision part.
FIG. 5 illustrates a section of thegrooves 24 in thehead section 36 b of the second ferrule halve 12 b. - The grooves 24 b are structured to securely retain the fibers 20 (bare sections with cladding exposed, without protective buffer and jacket layers) by an opening that clamps the
fibers 20, e.g., by interference fit (or press fit). The interference fit assures that thefibers 20 are clamped in place and consequently the position and orientation of the fibers is set by the location and parallelism of thegrooves 24. The use of an interference fit contrasts with that of the molded ferrule as shown inFIG. 1 , which has a hole that is toleranced to be larger than the diameter of the optical fiber. Consequently, the oversized hole does not govern the position of the optical fiber. - In the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 5 , the width W of thelongitudinal opening 23 of thegrooves 24 is made slightly narrower than the diameter of theoptical fibers 20. In particular, theopening 23 is defined bylips 25 formed at the opposing longitudinal edges of thelongitudinal opening 23. The width W of thelongitudinal openings 23 is slightly under-sized to allow the terminating end section of the optical fibers to be inserted laterally into thelongitudinal openings 23 of the grooves with an interference fit. The magnitude of interference can be set by the manufacturing process so that loading the fiber into the groove causes only elastic deformation or minor plastic deformation in the lip. The grooves should not be plastically deformed; otherwise it will affect the accuracy of the fiber locations. - Specifically, to attach the
fibers 20 to thehead section 36 b of theferrule 12 b, the terminating end section of thefibers 20 are pressed lengthwise into thegrooves 24 through thelongitudinal openings 23 with a snap action (i.e., not in the axial direction of the grooves), with the tip of thefibers 20 slightly protruding beyond the end face of thehead section 36 b. Further, the width W of thelongitudinal openings 23 and thegrooves 24 are sized and shaped to snuggly retain the section ofoptical fibers 20 in thegrooves 24 without providing any clearance for axial and lateral movements of the end face of the fibers relative to the grooves to ensure tight tolerance for optical coupling between end faces of two adjoining fibers. No epoxy would be required for retaining the bare fiber sections in the grooves given the interference along the mating surfaces between thefibers 20 and thegrooves 24. - The embodiment shown in
FIG. 5 illustrates the cross-sectional shape of thegrooves 24 generally conforming to the body of thefibers 20. Thefiber 20 is securely “clamped” within thegroove 24, with thelips 25 pressing on the top of thefiber 20 against the bottom and other parts of thegroove 24. In the illustrated embodiment, the wall of thefiber 20 is shown to press against the entire wall of thegroove 24, except near theopening 23. This provides a substantially uniform pressure on substantially the entire circumference of the fiber, which has less effect on the optical signals transmitted through thefiber 20 due to stress-induced changes in fiber or core indices of refraction. However, it is well within the scope and spirit of the present invention to structure the grooves in the ferrule with different cross-sections that would still provide adequate interference fit to securely retain thefibers 20 in thegrooves 24. For example, the grooves may have a flat or curved bottom, curved sidewalls, or flat sidewalls perpendicular or at a slight divergent angle to the flat bottom (e.g., a v-bottom), and inwardly directing lips to define the longitudinal opening of the groove. These groove configurations would result in certain spaces between the curved fiber walls and the flat or curved sidewalls of the groove, but the clamping action by thelips 25 and/or vertical walls of the grooves against the fiber nonetheless would not provide any clearance to allow for movement of the fibers within the groove. The empty spaces may be filled with an additional material such as epoxy for encapsulation purpose, to prevent the entrapment of particles, especially during mechanical polishing of the ferrule end face. - Given that the
fiber 20 is completely retained in thegroove 24, and the profile of the groove such aslips 25 and the bottom of the groove dictate the location of thefiber 20 within the groove, thefiber 20 is positioned with precision in the ferrule by the groove. Accordingly, the relative locations (e.g., spacing) of thefibers 20 in the ferrule halve 12 b are precisely maintained within the ferrule, e.g., for alignment to fibers in an opposing optical fiber connector (which has a female structure to receive the alignment pins 18). - As an example and not limitation, in one embodiment, for
optical fibers 20 b made of silica and having a diameter of 125 μm, in a ferrule made of kovar (54% Fe, 29% Ni, 17% Co) material, the length of the grooves 24 b may be 1 to 3 mm, the diameter or width (i.e., the maximum lateral dimension D) of the grooves 24 b is 0.124 mm, and the width W of thelongitudinal openings 23 is 105 μm. The sidewalls of thegroove 23 tilt inward towards the opening 23 at an angle θ of about 5 to 20 degrees with respect to the vertical tangent to thefiber 20 b. The interference provided is about 1 μm, appropriate for the silica and kovar material. The silica glass is very high strength in compression, so it will withstand high contact pressures from the interference fit. - For a ferrule having the groove clamping structure in accordance with
FIG. 5 , no complementary ferrule would be required to securely and precisely position the fibers within the optical fiber connector. Even though complementary ferrule halves do not serve any alignment function or effective support to position thefibers 20 b in the ferrule halve 12 b, and vice versa, however, by providing twoferrule halves ferrule 12 that accommodates a high fiber density. - It can be appreciated from the foregoing that open channels or grooves can be more easily and precisely formed, compared to forming through-holes in a plastic ferrule block practiced in the prior art, such as the connector shown in
FIG. 1 . In one embodiment, the grooves are initially formed (e.g., by precision stamping), followed by narrowing of the openings of the grooves, for example, by stamping or punching the top surface of the ferrule body to push the material at the two opposing edges of the opening into the opening in the groove to form a lip, or laser machining to melt the material at the corners of the opening to flow into the opening of the groove to form a lip. In another embodiment, the clamping grooves may be precision formed by extrusion. Further information on the high throughput forming of the clamping grooves shown inFIG. 5 has been disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/440,970, filed Apr. 5, 2012, which was commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This application is fully incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. - In the embodiment of
FIGS. 2-4 , for eachalignment pin 18, the compliant structure includes one flexure, providing a 3-point contact (sectional view) between the alignment pins and the ferrule halves.FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate an alternate embodiment in which a compliant structure includes two flexures, providing a 4-point contact between the alignment pins and the ferrule halves. With the exception of the ferrule, the general structure of theoptical fiber connector 110 in this embodiment is similar to the structure of theoptical fiber connector 10 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 2-4 . Theoptical fiber connector 110 includes aferrule 112 comprising twoferrule halves 112 a and 112 b, a ferrule housing and a cable boot (similar to those shown inFIG. 2 but are omitted from view for simplicity). The ferrule halves (112 a, 112 b) are provided withgrooves 24 for supportingoptical fibers 20. The general structure of thefiber grooves 24 is similar to the structure of the grooves inFIG. 2 (or the alternate embodiment ofFIG. 5 ). - Comparing to the previous embodiment, additional slots are provided on the exterior of the second (lower) ferrule 112 b. Specifically, near each
lateral side 144 a of the first ferrule halve 112 a, a longitudinalnarrow slot 140 a is provided at the outside top side of the ferrule halve 112 a, which extends from thehead section 136 a to the tail section 126 a of the ferrule halve 112 a. In addition, near each lateral side 144 b of the second ferrule halve 112 b, a longitudinal narrow slot 140 b is provided at the outside underside side of the ferrule halve 112 b, which extends from thehead section 136 b to the tail section 126 b of the ferrule halve 112 b. In the end view ofFIG. 7 , theslots 140 a and 140 b are vertical to the exterior surfaces of the ferrule halves 112 a and 112 b. The design considerations and purposes for the slots (140 a, 140 b) are similar to theslots 40 in the previous embodiment. In particular, the slots (140 a, 140 b) reduce the thickness of the top and second ferrule halves (112 a, 112 b) such that the side portions (144 a, 144 b) extend from the base portions (145 a, 145 b) of the first and second ferrule halves (112 a, 112 b) via cantilever links (142 a, 142 b) (i.e., the side portions (144 a, 144 b) are cantilevered structures with respect to the base portions (145 a, 145 b). In this embodiment, beveled surfaces 149 a and 150 a are defined by a V-groove 160 provided between theslot 140 a and theside portion 144 a in the first ferrule halve 112 a, and beveled surfaces 149 b and 150 b are defined by a V-groove 162 provided between the slot 140 b and the side portion 144 b in the second ferrule halve 112 b. The V-grooves (160, 162) extend through the ferrule halves (412 a, 412 b) from the head sections (436 a, 436 b) to the tail sections (426 a, 426 b). At each alignment pin region, the beveled surfaces 149 a, 149 b, 150 a and 150 b together define aspace 148 for precisely locating analignment pin 18 with respect to the optical fibers 20 (i.e., resulting in a 4-point contact). Upon insertion of analignment pin 18 in thespace 148, the cantilever links (142 a, 142 b) elastically deform to allow the side portions (144 a, 144 b) to displace slightly outwards away from the base portions (145 a, 145 b), thereby providing an inward bias to clamp the alignment pins 18 between the beveled surfaces of the ferrule halves (112 a, 112 b). - Given that the beveled surfaces 149 a and 149 b are closest to the
fiber grooves 24, these beveled surfaces are essentially reference planes that can be precisely formed, while the cantilevered side portions (144 a, 144 b) are allowed certain flexibility in movement without affecting the precise reference planes. - In the previous two embodiments of
FIGS. 2-7 , the slots are provided on the exterior surfaces of the ferrule halves. Referring toFIGS. 8 and 9 , alternatively, the slots may be provided on the interior surfaces of the ferrule halves.FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate an embodiment of anoptical fiber connector 210, in which a compliant structure includes two flexures defined by slots (240 a, 240 b) provided on the interior surfaces of the ferrules halve (212 a, 212 b), providing a 4-point contact between the alignment pins and the ferrule halves. With the exception of the ferrule, the general structure of theoptical fiber connector 210 in this embodiment is similar to the structure of theoptical fiber connector 110 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 6-7 . Theoptical fiber connector 210 includes aferrule 212 comprising two ferrule halves 212 a and 212 b, a ferrule housing and a cable boot (similar to those shown inFIG. 2 but are omitted from view for simplicity). The ferrule halves (212 a, 212 b) are provided withgrooves 24 for supportingoptical fibers 20. The general structure of thefiber grooves 24 is similar to the structure of the grooves inFIG. 2 (or the alternate embodiment ofFIG. 5 ). - Comparing to the previous embodiment of
FIGS. 6-7 , slots are provided on the interior or facing surfaces of the first and second ferrules (212 a, 212 b). Specifically, near eachlateral side 244 a of the first ferrule halve 212 a, a longitudinalnarrow slot 240 a is provided at the inside underside of the ferrule halve 212 a, which extends from thehead section 236 a to the tail section 226 a of the top ferrule halve 212 a. In addition, near eachlateral side 244 b of the second ferrule halve 212 b, a longitudinalnarrow slot 240 b is provided at the inside topside of the lower ferrule halve 212 b, which extends from thehead section 236 a to the tail section 226 b of the ferrule halve 212 b. In the end view ofFIG. 9 , theslots slots 40 and 140 in the previous embodiments. In particular, the slots (240 a, 240 b) reduce the thickness of the top and second ferrule halves (212 a, 212 b) such that the side portions (244 a, 244 b) extend from the base portions (245 a, 245 b) of the first and second ferrule halves (212 a, 212 b) via cantilever links (242 a, 242 b) (i.e., the side portions (244 a, 244 b) are cantilevered structures with respect to the base portions (245 a, 245 b). At each alignment pin region, the beveled surfaces 249 a, 249 b, 250 a and 250 b together define aspace 248 for precisely locating analignment pin 18 with respect to the optical fibers 20 (i.e., resulting in a 4-point contact). Upon insertion of analignment pin 18 in thespace 248, the cantilever links (242 a, 242 b) elastically deform to allow the side portions (244 a, 244 b) to displace slightly outwards away from the base portions (245 a, 245 b), thereby providing an inward bias to clamp the alignment pins 18 between the beveled surfaces of the ferrule halves (212 a, 212 b). -
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate an alternate embodiment of an optical fiber connector in which the compliant structure is a variation of the embodiment ofFIGS. 8 and 9 . With the exception of the ferrule, the general structure of theoptical fiber connector 310 in this embodiment is similar to the structure of theoptical fiber connector 210 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 8-9 . Theoptical fiber connector 310 includes aferrule 312 comprising two ferrule halves 312 a and 312 b, a ferrule housing and a cable boot (similar to those shown inFIG. 2 but are omitted from view for simplicity). The ferrule halves (312 a, 312 b) are provided withgrooves 24 for supportingoptical fibers 20. The general structure of thefiber grooves 24 is similar to the structure of the grooves inFIG. 9 . Comparing toFIG. 9 , the difference in the embodiment ofFIG. 11 is that theinternal slots 340 a and 340 b are provided at an angle to the interior surfaces of the ferrule halves 312 a and 312 b, as shown in the end view ofFIG. 11 , instead of being vertical to the interior surfaces of the ferrule halves as in the case ofFIG. 9 . -
FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate an alternate embodiment of anoptical fiber connector 410. In this embodiment, instead of slots defining flexure in the ferrule halves, a flexure is defined by a beam cantilevered above a space in a ferrule halve. With the exception of the ferrule, the general structure of theoptical fiber connector 410 in this embodiment is similar to the structure of theoptical fiber connector 10 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 2-4 . Theoptical fiber connector 410 includes aferrule 412 comprising two ferrule halves 412 a and 412 b, a ferrule housing and a cable boot (similar to those shown inFIG. 2 but are omitted from view for simplicity). The ferrule halve 412 is provided withgrooves 24 for supportingoptical fibers 20. The general structure of thefiber grooves 24 is similar to the structure of the grooves inFIG. 3 . - In this embodiment, the compliant structure is defined by a flexure that comprises a
cantilevered beam 442 suspended above aspace 440 provided in the lower (second) ferrule 412 b. Pin clamping beveled surfaces 249 defined by a V-groove 460 are provided on the first ferrule halve 412 a. A square bottom groove orsquare channel 462 is provided in the second ferrule plate 412 b, defining aflexure surface 450. The V-grooves 460 and the squarebottom grooves 462 extend through the ferrule halves (412 a, 412 b) from the head sections (436 a, 436 b) to the tail sections (426 a, 426 b). At each alignment pin region, thebeveled surfaces 449 and theflexure surface 450 together define aspace 448 for precisely locating analignment pin 18 with respect to theoptical fibers 20. Theflexure surface 450 of thebeam 442 and thebeveled surfaces 449 defined a 3-point contact for thealignment pin 18. The V-groove 460 provides a precise reference location for the alignment pin. Thebeam 442 is allowed to elastically deform (flex slightly) and towards thespace 440 below. Upon insertion of analignment pin 18 in thespace 448, the suspendedbeam 442 elastically deforms (flexes) slightly downwards and onto thespace 440, thereby providing an upward bias to clamp the alignment pins 18 against the beveled surfaces of the V-groove 460 in the first ferrule halve 412 a. - In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 13 , the compliant structures for the alignment pins 18 are defined by a combination of a V-groove provided on one ferrule halve and a square bottom groove provided on the other ferrule halve. The V-groove 460 can be precisely formed (e.g., by precision stamping), and the depth of the squarebottom groove 462 can be precisely formed without requiring precision forming the walls of the squarebottom groove 462. Variations in lateral dimension of thesquare groove 462 do not affect pin alignment. When the head sections (436 a, 436 b) are mated together, the combination of the precisely defined beveled surfaces 459 of the V-groove 460 and the precise depth of theflexure surface 450 squarebottom groove 462 accurately and precisely position the alignment pins 18. - While the first ferrule 412 a is provided with V-grooves 460 and the second ferrule 412 b is provided with the cantilever beam (
square channel 462 and space 440), it is well within the scope and spirit of the present invention to provide a V-groove and a cantilever beam in each ferrule halve (not shown). In an alternate embodiment (not shown), the ferrule halves may be made more symmetrical. Instead of only one ferrule halve providing grooves for optical fibers, each ferrule halve may be structured with a head section having semicircular cylindrical grooves for supporting optical fibers. The compliant structure for clamping the alignment pins may also be made symmetrical. Symmetrical ferrule halves would facilitate inventory management of identical components. However, the ferrule halves need not be identical, as long as they are capable of being mated together to support theoptical fibers 20. -
FIGS. 14-18 illustrate another embodiment of anoptical fiber connector 510. In this embodiment, the ferrule 590 comprises aferrule insert 512 havinggrooves 24 for supportingoptical fibers 20, and aferrule frame 552 that supports theferrule insert 512 and alignment pins 18. In the illustrated embodiment, theferrule insert 512 comprises alower ferrule plate 512 a without fiber grooves, and anupper ferrule plate 512 b having grooves for optical fibers defined thereon (much like theferrules ferrule insert 512 in this embodiment resembles the ferrules in the earlier embodiments, in that the ferrule inserts 512 are structured to clampoptical fibers 20 and thefiber cable 20 in a similar manner as the earlier described embodiments. Theferrule frame 552 comprises afront frame section 555 a and arear frame section 555 b. In the illustrated embodiment, theframe sections opening 565 a in thefront frame section 555 a and the tail section (526 a, 526 b) of the ferrule plates (512 a, 512 b) are inserted into anopening 565 b in therear frame section 555 b to complete the ferrule structure. - The compliant pin clamping structure is provided on the
ferrule frame 552, which supports the alignment pins 18. Specifically, flexures are provided at thefront frame section 555 a and therear frame section 555 b. Referring toFIG. 15 , the compliant structure is similar to the internally slotted compliant structure on theferrule 212 shown inFIG. 9 , with the exceptions that the frame sections (555 a, 555 b) are each unitary or one-piece and are not provided with fiber grooves in this embodiment. The resultant compliant structure resembles a C-shaped structure, having aslit opening 570. Pin clampingbeveled surfaces slots 40, 140 and 240 for the ferrules described in the earlier embodiments. In particular, the slots (540 a, 540 b) reduce the thickness of the frame sections (555 a, 555 b) such that the side portions (544 a, 544 b) extend from the base portions (545 a, 545 b) of the frame sections (555 a, 555 b) via cantilever links (542 a, 542 b) (i.e., the side portions (544 a, 544 b) are cantilevered structures with respect to the base portions (545 a, 545 b). At each alignment pin region, the beveled surfaces (549 a and 550 a, and 549 b and 550 b) together define a space (548 a, 548 b) for precisely locating analignment pin 18 with respect to the optical fibers 20 (i.e., resulting in a 4-point contact). The alignment pins are inserted into compliant structures provided on the front and rear frame sections (55 a, 555 b). Upon insertion of analignment pin 18 in the space (548 a, 548 b), the cantilever links (542 a, 542 b) elastically deform to allow the side portions (544 a, 544 b) to displace slightly outwards away from the base portions (545 a, 545 b), thereby providing an inward bias to clamp the alignment pins 18 between the beveled surfaces of the frame sections (555 a, 555 b). In the illustrated embodiment, the ferrule plates (512 a, 512 b) each includes a flange (575 a, 575 b) extending from each side, on which a groove (576 a, 576 b) is provided. When the ferrule plates (512 a, 512 b) are mated together, the grooves (576 a, 576 b) form guide holes for guiding the alignment pins from thefront frame section 555 a to therear frame section 555 b. -
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate alternate embodiments in which the ferrule frame may be a single, unitary structure, on which the ferrule insert is supported. In the embodiment ofFIG. 19 , theoptical fiber connector 610 includes aferrule 690, which comprises aframe 652 and a ferrule insert 612 that comprises ferrule plates (612 a, 612 b). The ferrule plates together form a generally flat cylindrical profile, which can be inserted through theopenings frame 652 is a unitary piece, including front and rear frame sections (655 a, 655 b) connected by a bridge 680. The bridge 680 may extend between the front and rear frame sections across the entire width of theframe 652. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 20 , theoptical fiber connector 610′ comprises aferrule 690′, which comprises aferrule frame 652′ and a similar ferrule insert 612 that comprises ferrule plates (612 a, 612 b). The ferrule plates together form a generally flat cylindrical profile, which can be inserted through theopening 665 in theframe 652′. Unlike the previous embodiment, the entire ferrule frame 662′ is one section. A similar compliant structure is provided, which extends from the front to the rear of theframe 652′. Theferrule frame 652′ is provided with compliant structures, similar to that disclosed in connection with the previous embodiment. -
FIGS. 21 to 25 illustrate another embodiment of anoptical fiber connector 710. It comprises a ferrule 790, which comprises aferrule frame 552 and aferrule insert 512 that comprises an offset structure (resembling the shape of a “dog-bone”) provided withoptical fiber grooves 24 at its perimeter. Referring toFIG. 25 , astub 777 extends from the center offerrule insert 512 towards theframe base 755. In the illustrated embodiment, fiber grooves (24 a, 24 b) are provided at opposite surfaces at the perimeter of the offset structure, which can accommodate optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) from two fiber cables (22 a, 22 b). - Referring to
FIG. 23 , a compliant structure is provided at two ends of theferrule insert 512, which supports the alignment pins 18. In particular, the compliant structure comprises a C-shaped flexure, havingfingers 744 extending around the alignment pins 18 from the base portion 745. Thefingers 744 are able to flex at the flexure links 742, upon insertion of alignment pins. In this embodiment, the compliant structure provides essentially multiple points of contact on the alignment pin, given its partial circular opening 798 defined in the compliant structure. - The
ferrule frame 752 hasflat cover portions 780 that extend from thebase 755 of theferrule frame 752. Thecover portions 780 covers at least the fiber grooves (724 a, 724 b) on theferrule insert 712. Thecover portions 780 and the grooves (724 a, 724 b) resemble the ferrule base portion 45 andgrooves 24 for theferrule 12 discussed in connections withFIG. 3 . Similar considerations apply here for the present embodiment, with respect to providing precise support to the optical fibers (22 a, 22 b) using grooves (24 a, 24 b). In particular, the grooves (724 a, 724 b) can take the same structure asgrooves 24 on the surface of ferrule halve 12 b in the embodiment ofFIG. 3 , or the grooves in the embodiments ofFIG. 5 . - Referring to
FIG. 22 , to assemble theferrule insert 512 to theferrule frame 752, the jackets (27 a, 27 b) of the optical fibers (22 a, 22 b) are inserted through thespace 728 defined between thecover portions 780 in theframe base 755. The bare optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) are inserted into the grooves (24 a, 24 b) on theferrule insert 712. The fiber jackets (27 a, 27 b) are rested against thestub 777 behind theferrule insert 512, and theferrule insert 512 is inserted into thespace 728 defined between the twocover portions 780, to complete the ferrule structure illustrated inFIG. 21 . -
FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate variations of the compliant structures for ferrule inserts as compared to the ferrule insert shown inFIG. 25 . InFIG. 26 , thecompliant structure 744′ is similar to the compliant structure on theferrule 12 shown inFIG. 3 , with the exceptions that theframe insert 712′ is a one-piece structure and is provided with fiber grooves on surfaces at the perimeter of theferrule insert 712′ in this embodiment. The resultantcompliant structure 744′ resembles a C-shaped structure, having aslit opening 770. Similar design considerations and objectives are applicable to the present embodiment. This embodiment provides essentially a 3-point contact on the alignment pin within the opening 799 (two beveled surfaces and the inside surface of finer 742′. - In
FIG. 27 , thecompliant structure 744″ resembles the structure shown inFIG. 25 , with the exceptions that V-grooves 760 are provided instead of the circular grooves in theFIG. 25 , and asmall slot 795 is provided in line with theslit 770 which facilitates flexing of thefingers 742″. This embodiment provides a 4-point contact within theopening 797. - In another embodiment, a ferrule frame surrounds the perimeter of the ferrule insert.
FIGS. 28-32 illustrate a high density optical fiber connector in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, theoptical fiber connector 810 includes asingle piece ferrule 812, aframe 852, a ferrule housing and a cable boot (similar to those shown inFIG. 2 but are omitted from view for simplicity). In this embodiment, theferrule 812 is configured to align the terminating optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) of ribbon cables (22 a, 22 b) in two rows in two parallel planes. Theoptical fibers 20 a and 20 b alternately extend from the differentoptical fiber cables 22 a and 22 b. As illustrated inFIG. 30 , the terminating optical fibers 20 a of the first fiber cable 22 a are supported on grooves 824 a provided on the top surface at the perimeter of theferrule 812, and the terminatingoptical fibers 20 b of thesecond fiber cable 22 b are supported on grooves 824 b provided on the bottom surface at the perimeter of theferrule 812. The grooves (824 a, 824 b) can take the same structure asgrooves 24 on the surfaces of ferrule halves 12 b in the embodiment ofFIG. 3 , or the grooves in the embodiments ofFIG. 5 . - Each groove (824 a, 824 b) completely receives the corresponding optical fiber (20 a, 20 b). The
frame 852 has inside flat sections (850 a, 850 b) facing the grooves (824 a, 824 b) when theferrule 812 is inserted into theframe 852. The flat sections (850 a, 850 b) completely cover the grooves (824 a, 824 b). Given that the optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) are completely retained in the grooves (824 a, 824 b), the optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) are positioned with precision in the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) by the grooves (824 a, 824 b). The position and orientation of the optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) is set by the location and parallelism of the grooves (824 a, 824 b). Accordingly, the relative locations (e.g., spacing) of the optical fibers (20 a, 20 b) in the ferrule halves (12 a, 12 b) are precisely maintained within the ferrule, e.g., for alignment to fibers in an opposing optical fiber connector (which has a female structure to receive the alignment pins 18). No complementary ferrule or frame would be required to securely and precisely position the fibers within theoptical fiber connector 810. Even though theframe 852 does not serve any alignment function or effective support to accurately position the fibers (20 a, 20 b) in theferrule 812, however, theframe 852 serves to cover the grooves (824 a, 824 b) to prevent accidental dislodgment of the optical fibers. - The jackets (27 a, 27 b) of the fiber cables (22 a, 22 b) are inserted through openings in the
strain relief anchor 856, and are supported on theextension 858. Theextension 858 has astub 860 extending into acentral opening 862 in theferrule 812. Alignment pins 18 are inserted into holes 864 provided in theferrule 812, extending intoholes 866 provided in thestrain relief anchor 856. The holes 864 are defined by asplit 868 provided at each edge of theferrule 812. The thickness of the material of at least oneprong 870 defining the split is made thinner, to facilitate flexing of theprong 870. A flexure is thus formed, which defines a compliant structure that clamps the alignment pins to accurately and precisely locate the alignment pins for alignment to another complementary optical fiber connector. - While the
frame 852 is shown to surround the perimeter of theferrule 812 in the illustrated embodiment, a frame may be structured to cover the grooves (824 a, 824 b) without surrounding the perimeter of theferrule 812. For example, a frame may be structured to be a partial ring (e.g., C-shaped) in the end view ofFIG. 30 instead of a complete ring (not shown). Alternatively, theframe 852 may be omitted, and theanchor 856 may be provided with two extending flat fingers covering the grooves (824 a, 824 b) on the top and bottom surface of the ferrule 812 (not shown). - As were in the case of the previous embodiments, the
ferrule 812,frame 852 and/or theanchor 856 may be made of metal and formed by high-throughput stamping and/or extrusion processes. - The high density ferrule structure is the subject matter of a separate U.S. patent application concurrently filed herewith (attorney docket no. 1125/240). Such application is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
- For the above described embodiments, the ferrules may be made of a metal material, which may be chosen to have high stiffness (e.g., stainless steel), chemical inertness (e.g., titanium), high temperature stability (nickel alloy), low thermal expansion (e.g., Invar), or to match thermal expansion to other materials (e.g., Kovar for matching glass). In another aspect of the present invention, the inventive ferrules are precision formed by high throughput processes, such as stamping and extrusion.
- The ferrule in accordance with the present invention overcomes many of the deficiencies of the prior art. The compliant clamping structure makes it possible for the alignment pins to be inserted into the holes with no clearance, thus not requiring epoxy to fill any clearance between the holes and the alignment pins. By not having any clearance between the grooves in the ferrule and the fibers and alignment pins which would otherwise lead to movements between the parts, the alignment pins and the fibers can be more accurately located relative to each other. The spacing of the fibers and pins can be better maintained under changes in environmental conditions, for example, as the ferrule can accommodate more dimensional variations without affecting specified alignment tolerances. The optical fiber connector thus formed results in low insertion loss and low return loss. The ferrule configuration also allows ease of attaching terminating fiber ends to the ferrules, compared to threading epoxy coated fibers through holes in prior art ferrules. Without using epoxy, the reliability of the optical fiber connector is not affected by any aging/creeping of epoxy material. By selecting appropriate materials for the ferrule, the performance of the optical fiber connector is less sensitive to thermal variations. The open structure of the ferrule lends itself to mass production processes such as stamping and extrusion, which are low cost, high throughput processes.
- While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit, scope, and teaching of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims.
Claims (2)
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US15/058,070 US20160178853A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2016-03-01 | Ferrule for optical fiber connector having a compliant structure for clamping alignment pins |
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US13/650,099 Active US9507099B2 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | High density multi-fiber ferrule for optical fiber connector |
US15/058,070 Abandoned US20160178853A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2016-03-01 | Ferrule for optical fiber connector having a compliant structure for clamping alignment pins |
US15/362,077 Abandoned US20170168246A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2016-11-28 | High density multi-fiber ferrule for optical fiber connector |
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US13/650,099 Active US9507099B2 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | High density multi-fiber ferrule for optical fiber connector |
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US15/362,077 Abandoned US20170168246A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2016-11-28 | High density multi-fiber ferrule for optical fiber connector |
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EP (2) | EP2834688A1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP6404812B2 (en) |
KR (2) | KR20140140639A (en) |
CN (2) | CN104335090B (en) |
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