US20150267402A1 - Transparent sound absorbing panels - Google Patents
Transparent sound absorbing panels Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150267402A1 US20150267402A1 US14/660,230 US201514660230A US2015267402A1 US 20150267402 A1 US20150267402 A1 US 20150267402A1 US 201514660230 A US201514660230 A US 201514660230A US 2015267402 A1 US2015267402 A1 US 2015267402A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- photosensitive material
- features
- sound absorbing
- absorbing panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000006112 glass ceramic composition Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 34
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000006089 photosensitive glass Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910007562 Li2SiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P ceric ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[Ce+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- WVMPCBWWBLZKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium oxido-[oxido(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])=O WVMPCBWWBLZKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 2
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXSYGCRLQCGSAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1CCC2N(C1)CC3C4(O)CC5C(CCC6C(O)C(O)CCC56C)C4(O)CC(O)C3(O)C2(C)O Chemical compound CC1CCC2N(C1)CC3C4(O)CC5C(CCC6C(O)C(O)CCC56C)C4(O)CC(O)C3(O)C2(C)O OXSYGCRLQCGSAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000284156 Clerodendrum quadriloculare Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001556 Li2Si2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Norphytane Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006397 acrylic thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ONRPGGOGHKMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2-diol;ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCN.OC1=CC=CC=C1O ONRPGGOGHKMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003426 chemical strengthening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002557 mineral fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010137 moulding (plastic) Methods 0.000 description 1
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/095—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing rare earths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
- C03C10/0018—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents
- C03C10/0027—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents containing SiO2, Al2O3, Li2O as main constituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C15/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by etching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/0005—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by irradiation
- C03C23/002—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by irradiation by ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/007—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by thermal treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/04—Compositions for glass with special properties for photosensitive glass
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2204/00—Glasses, glazes or enamels with special properties
- C03C2204/08—Glass having a rough surface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
- C03C2218/34—Masking
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
- E04B9/001—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation characterised by provisions for heat or sound insulation
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
- E04B9/04—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
- E04B9/0464—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like having irregularities on the faces, e.g. holes, grooves
Definitions
- Sound absorbing panels as surfaces for attachment to indoor walls and ceilings can use various physical effects for the absorption of sound.
- Some conventional sound absorbing panels include fiber-based absorbents comprising porous panels of mineral fibers (rock and glass wool) that act to dampen sound as the sound waves penetrate into the panel. These conventional panels reduce the energy of the sound waves by viscous losses in pores or structures of the panel.
- Some conventional sound absorbing panels include structures based on the Helmholz resonator principle. Such panels generally include slits or apertures as well as fiber fabric (with or without mats) or porous fiber materials behind the panel to obtain satisfactory absorption.
- Such conventional sound absorbing panels provide several disadvantages. For example, upon damage or wear such conventional panels can produce fibers to the environment. As these fibers are often made of melted glass or rock, any airborne fibers can irritate the respiratory passages of persons in the surrounding environment. Additionally, these fibers can limit the appearance of such panels as it can be difficult to keep them clean as they require minimum use of moisture when cleaning, and problems related to mold can arise in exterior paneling or locations exposed to moisture (e.g., swimming pools or the like).
- Microperforated panels can obviate the disadvantages of conventional fiber panels; however, conventional microperforated panels and foils are produced by rolling a tool having a plurality of many small spikes over the surface of the panel.
- Other methods of producing microperforated panels such as laser cutting and plastic moulding, are used for thicker panels but are not commercially viable for certain substrate materials, and certain hole depths and/or distributions.
- the disclosure generally relates to the sound absorbing panels using glass, glass ceramics, or other material for exterior and interior environments.
- Exemplary materials can be in some embodiments photosensitive.
- the photosensitive materials can be masked and patterned to form micro-perforations which act to dampen sound waves.
- a method of making a sound absorbing panel can include providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, and exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light.
- the method also includes heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
- a sound absorbing panel having a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance.
- the sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features etched therein, and the dimensions and distribution of the first plurality of features and the predetermined distance are determined as a function of sound aborptive characteristics of the panel.
- a sound absorbing panel comprising a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance.
- the first sheet of photosensitive material can include a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching (i.e., formed by chemical etching or other means not including mechanical etching).
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method according to some embodiments.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are depictions of exemplary microperforated panel structures according to some embodiments and equivalent circuits.
- FIG. 3A is an illustration of hole and etch variations according to some embodiments.
- FIG. 3B is an illustration of non-limiting mask designs according to some embodiments.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are photographs of a microperforated sample according to some embodiments.
- FIG. 5 is a series of plots illustrating acoustic absorption of some embodiments.
- FIG. 6 is a plot of measured acoustic absorption between some embodiments, conventional glass and one inch foam.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are plots comparing experimental measurements of two embodiments with theoretical models.
- FIG. 8 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of additional embodiments as a function of perforation ratio.
- FIG. 9 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of further embodiments as a function of cavity depth.
- a group is described as consisting of at least one of a group of elements or combinations thereof, the group can consist of any number of those elements recited, either individually or in combination with each other. Unless otherwise specified, a range of values, when recited, includes both the upper and lower limits of the range.
- the indefinite articles “a,” and “an,” and the corresponding definite article “the” mean “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise specified
- Embodiments of the present disclosure are generally directed to sound absorbing panels using photosensitive materials.
- Exemplary panels can be comprised of photosensitive glass or glass-ceramics (among other materials) and during the process of manufacture can be masked, exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and patterned to form sound absorbing features which can include micro-perforations, features or holes, which act to dampen sound wavefronts.
- UV radiation ultraviolet
- sound absorbing feature, perforation, feature, hole, channel and the plural forms thereof are utilized interchangeably in this disclosure; such use should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith.
- Exemplary, non-limiting photosensitive materials can include a glass material or glass ceramic material having a main crystal phase comprising lithium disilicate Li 2 Si 2 O 5 .
- a base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic can be melted and cast into a monolithic product, e.g., glass or glass-ceramic sheet, or thin film in step 10 .
- base photosensitive glasses and glass-ceramic materials can be derived from the SiO 2 —Li 2 O system.
- the base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic material can be produced in the form of a very thin film or sheet of a specific thickness (e.g., in the range from about 20 ⁇ m to about 2 mm)
- the sheet or film can be strengthened by various methods, including chemical strengthening (e.g., by ion-exchanging methods), thermally strengthened (e.g., by tempering or annealing) or otherwise strengthened to provide additional strength, scratch resistance or other suitable characteristics to an exemplary panel or structure.
- the base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic material can contain Ce 3+ - and Ag + -ions.
- compositions include between about 75-85 wt % SiO 2 , about 2-6 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 7-11 wt % Li 2 O, about 3-6 wt % K 2 O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO 2 , about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO 2 .
- a composition can include about 79.6 wt % SiO 2 , about 4.0 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 9.3 wt % Li 2 O, about 4.1 wt % K 2 O, about 1.6 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.11 wt % Ag, about 0.4 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.014 wt % CeO 2 , about 0.001 wt % Au, and about 0.003 wt % SnO 2 .
- these photosensitive compositions are exemplary only and should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith as other photosensitive glass and glass ceramic compositions can be utilized.
- the thin sheet or product can then be exposed to UV light using a mask at step 12 .
- photoelectrons can cause the oxidation of Ce 3+ to Ce 4 ⁇ in an exemplary composition, and as a result, Ag + can be reduced to Ag 0 using the following relationship: Ce 3
- This metal colloid e.g., metallic silver
- the UV exposed product can be heat treated and lithium metasilicate crystals Li 2 SiO 3 subsequently precipitated therefrom at step 14 .
- the Li 2 SiO 3 can then be etched at step 16 .
- the lithium metasilicate crystals can be etched with dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF) or another suitable etchant.
- etchants include, but are not limited to, potassium hydroxide, isopropyl alcohol, EDP (ethylenediamine pyrocatechol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium fluoride, ceric ammonium nitrate, water, and combinations thereof.
- EDP ethylenediamine pyrocatechol
- tetramethylammonium hydroxide phosphoric acid
- acetic acid acetic acid
- nitric acid hydrochloric acid
- hydrogen peroxide citric acid
- sulfuric acid sulfuric acid
- ammonium fluoride ceric ammonium nitrate
- water and combinations thereof.
- the type of etchant utilized in exemplary embodiments can be determined by the underlying substrate or material to be etched. In such a manner, defined structures or patterns can be easily etched into a finished product including sound absorbing
- UV exposure and heat treatment can be conducted again at step 18 whereby approximately 40 wt % of the main crystal phase lithium disilicate can be produced along with a-quartz with a total crystal content of approximately 60%.
- embodiments according to the present disclosure can produce smaller and more intricate sound absorbing features (e.g., perforations, holes, channels, or the like), e.g., on the order of about 20 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the sound absorbing features can have a depth and/or diameter of 20 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 60 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, etc., and can perforate through the entire thickness of the plate.
- holes or features in a plate can have varying depths or diameters, that is, each hole or feature in a plate can have a depth different or substantially the same as adjacent holes or features.
- FIG. 3A is an illustration of hole and etch variations according to some embodiments. With reference to FIG.
- holes or features according to some embodiments can having varying diameters through the depth of the hole or feature 32 , 34 can terminate before perforating the panel 33 , can vary between adjacent holes in a pattern 35 , can be angled through the depth of the hole or feature 36 , can be conical in shape (or other geometry) 37 , or can form a throat 38 .
- Such small, intricate features are difficult to produce using mechanical or laser machining processes especially for high volume production purposes requiring a high perforation ratio for large area coverage.
- Exemplary embodiments can thus provide a smaller hole or perforation size to enable a thinner overall sound absorbing structure by reducing the cavity depth required for achieving high sound absorption.
- This advantage can save space in interior and exterior designs.
- an exemplary acoustic dampening panel can employ friction by viscous airflow to dampen sound waves.
- This panel can comprise microperforations, e.g., holes through a panel (or portions thereof) whereby the holes have a diameter of less than 0.5 mm.
- a conventional microperforated panel (MPP) box (including the enclosed cavity) may be as wide as 100 mm; however, with the smaller perforation features enabled by the disclosed embodiments, e.g., on the order of about 20 to 50 ⁇ m, the required cavity depth between the panel and rear surface can be significantly reduced to about 10 to 20 mm thereby reducing the space required for acoustic dampening in architectural or other applications.
- MPP microperforated panel
- Such exemplary panels are not dependent on fiber materials. Applications of such sound absorbing panels include, but are not limited to, sound isolation of car engines, sound absorbing elements in buildings, interior or exterior spaces, among others.
- FIG. 2A is an exemplary microperforated panel (MPP) structure according to some embodiments and an equivalent circuit.
- an exemplary microperforated structure 20 includes a panel 21 having a thickness (t) and microperforations or holes 22 each with a diameter (d) and a spacing (b) therebetween.
- the holes 22 can be arranged at a distance or cavity depth (D) from a rear surface 23 with the perforated panel 21 facing a sound source P.
- Exemplary structures 20 and/or panels 21 can be formed from materials such as, but not limited to, sheet metal, plastic, plywood, acrylic, glass, glass ceramic, etc.
- Some embodiments can include a single MPP and a rigid-back wall or substrate with an air cavity in-between (cavity depth of D) as depicted in FIG. 2A (left and center) which can then be modeled by an equivalent electrical circuit ( FIG. 2A right).
- a series of Helmholtz resonators can thus be formed by the holes and the cavity.
- Other embodiments can include a second (or additional) panel(s) 25 to provide a double-leaf MPP absorber with a rigid-back wall to broaden the absorption range.
- two resonators can be formed as depicted in FIG. 2B (left) with its equivalent electrical circuit depicted in FIG. 2B (right).
- porosity or perforation ratio ⁇ can be related to hole diameter (d) and spacing (b) using the following relationship:
- V represents the volume of room or space
- ⁇ i and S i represent the sound absorption coefficient of a surface and the surface area, respectively.
- an exemplary glass, glass ceramic or other material surface can be made into a highly acoustic-absorptive apparatus.
- the acoustic absorption ( ⁇ ) of an exemplary MPP (having a thickness (t), holes with diameter (d), cavity depth (D) and spacing (b) therebetween, see, e.g., FIGS. 2A-2B ) structure can thus be modeled and described using Equations (1)-(3) and the relationship:
- FIG. 2A-2B illustrate a symmetrical pattern of cylindrical holes 22
- the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as the shape, size, distribution, number, configuration, etc. of holes or features can be a function of mask design and/or the application of the respective MPP structure.
- FIG. 3B provides exemplary, non-limiting mask designs 30 a, 30 b, 30 c, 30 d where different size, shape, distribution of the micro-holes can be designed to suit functional and/or aesthetic requirements of a user.
- a mask design can include cylindrical holes each having a substantially similar diameter and symmetrically arranged by row and column 30 a, cylindrical holes each having a substantially similar diameter and arranged by row and offset by column 30 b, star-shaped holes each having similar dimensions and arranged by row and offset by column 30 c, star-burst forms having dissimilar dimensions and asymmetrically arranged 30 d, etc.
- these mask designs and subsequent hole or feature arrangements are exemplary only and should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith as the size, shape and distribution of the holes can be functionally or aesthetically suitable to the acoustic and/or aesthetic requirements of a user.
- any arbitrary shapes or combination of different shapes of the micro-features and arbitrary distributions of such features in a surface can be possible and are envisioned.
- Such intricate features as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B can be conveniently translated to a photosensitive glass, glass ceramic, or other material plate via the UV exposure process, followed by an exemplary chemical etching process as described above.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are photographs of a microperforated sample according to some embodiments.
- a disk-shaped microperforated sample 40 is illustrated having a plurality of sets 42 of cylindrical holes or features symmetrically arranged by row and column.
- FIG. 4B is a microscopic view of the features 44 in a set illustrated in FIG. 4A .
- the material employed was a photosensitive material having a composition include between about 75-85 wt % SiO 2 , about 2-6 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 7-11 wt % Li 2 O, about 3-6 wt % K 2 O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO 2 , about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO 2 .
- the microperforated sample 40 included through holes 44 having a diameter of about 100 ⁇ m and a spacing between adjacent holes of about 200 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 5 is a series of plots illustrating acoustic absorption of some embodiments.
- the experimental results for cavity depths (D) of 5 mm, 45 mm, 105 mm and 145 mm were measured utilizing the MPP structure of FIGS. 4A and 4B and are graphically illustrated.
- each embodiment provides noticeable improvements to acoustic absorption over that of a glass sheet 52 .
- FIG. 6 is a plot of measured acoustic absorption between some embodiments, conventional glass and one inch foam.
- the acoustic absorption of an exemplary MPP structure 62 having a distance d between adjacent holes of 135 ⁇ m, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm, and a cavity depth D of 5 mm an exemplary MPP structure 64 having a distance d between adjacent holes of 135 ⁇ m, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm, and a cavity depth D of 25 mm were measured and compared with the acoustic absorption of a one inch foam core 66 and a sheet of conventional glass 68 . It was observed that conventional glass has very low absorption, while both exemplary MPP structures provide a broadband and comparable absorption as the foam core.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are plots comparing experimental measurements of two embodiments with theoretical models.
- acoustic absorption of an exemplary MPP structure 72 having a cavity depth D of 10 mm, plate thickness t about 1.3 mm and an exemplary MPP structure 74 having a cavity depth D of 35 mm and plate thickness t about 1.3 mm were compared with the model-predicted acoustic absorption of the same structures 73 , 75 , respectively. It can be observed that the measured and model-predicted acoustic absorption of the two different MPP structures were in agreement.
- FIG. 7A acoustic absorption of an exemplary MPP structure 72 having a cavity depth D of 10 mm, plate thickness t about 1.3 mm and an exemplary MPP structure 74 having a cavity depth D of 35 mm and plate thickness t about 1.3 mm were compared with the model-predicted acoustic absorption of the same structures 73 , 75 , respectively. It can be observed
- acoustic absorption of an exemplary MPP structure 76 having a cavity depth D of 25 mm, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm and an exemplary MPP structure 78 having a cavity depth D of 5 mm and plate thickness t about 0.66 mm were compared with the model-predicted acoustic absorption of the same structures 77 , 79 , respectively. It can again be observed that the measured and model-predicted acoustic absorption of the two different MPP structures were in agreement.
- FIG. 8 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of additional embodiments as a function of perforation ratio.
- acoustic absorption of exemplary MPP structures having a hole diameter of 0.25 mm and fixed cavity depth D of 2 mm were measured from a 0.25% perforation ratio 82 , to a 0.5% perforation ratio 84 , a 1% perforation ratio 86 , a 2.5% perforation ratio 87 , and a 5% perforation ratio 88 .
- an impact of increasing perforation ratio from 0.25% to 5% on sound absorption of a MPP structure can be markedly observed.
- FIG. 9 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of further embodiments as a function of cavity depth.
- acoustic absorption of exemplary MPP structures having a hole diameter of 50 ⁇ m and a fixed perforation ratio of 10% were measured with a cavity depth D of 2 mm 92 , a cavity depth D of 4 mm 94 , a cavity depth D of 6 mm 96 , a cavity depth D of 8 mm 97 , and a cavity depth D of 10 mm 98 .
- an impact of increasing cavity depth from 2 mm to 10 mm for a fixed diameter 50 ⁇ m hole can be markedly observed.
- embodiments described herein can be optimally designed for the application required, e.g., acoustic absorption requirements vs. optical transparency and/or visual impact of the hole patterns based on a multi-variable (d, b or a, t, D) design approach.
- Some embodiments can thus be employed to dissipate or convert acoustical energy into heat.
- sound waves propagate into an exemplary panel and because of the proximity of the panel to a rear surface, oscillating air molecules inside the structure lose their acoustical energy due to friction between the air in motion and the surface of the MPP.
- Additional embodiments can also be tuned by hole geometry and distribution, as well as the air gap (cavity depth) behind the panel as described above.
- the acoustical performance of some embodiments can be tailored to meet a multitude of specifications in various applications.
- Exemplary embodiments can thus provide a pristine, smooth and hard surface of glass that is highly desirable in architectural and interior design and can be sound absorbing.
- Embodiments can be transparent for lighting, durable, scratch and soil resistant and can be aesthetically appealing while having low sound absorption—a characteristic which is uncommon in a material (e.g., glass) known for its intrinsic near-zero sound absorption and large excessive reverberation time (RT).
- RT reverberation time
- Conventional glass finds limited use in enclosed spaces such as classrooms, offices, conference rooms, patient wards and elevator cabins due to such large RT; however, exemplary embodiments as described herein can be employed to balance acoustics and provide the aesthetic appeal requested by architects, designers, and residents alike.
- embodiments have been described as including photosensitive glass, the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as it is envisioned that transparent, substantially transparent, opaque, and/or colored acrylics, glass-ceramics, and polymers can be employed as an exemplary panel and are suitable with the described processes. Furthermore, while some embodiments have been described as having flat panel shapes and specific distributions (e.g., holes in certain patterns), the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as embodiments can be flat or curved (e.g., three dimensional) and can have slits, ridges, channels or other patterns (symmetrical or asymmetrical) depending on the type or types of mask(s) employed. Thus, embodiments can eliminate the need for mechanical or laser drilling process currently used in making sound absorbers and can be shaped in three dimensions to suit any respective design and application needs.
- Embodiments described herein can also employ a photosensitive substrate material and can be formed with a mask design having micro-features or patterns that can produce the required or desired acoustic absorption in a microperforated panel structure.
- exemplary embodiments made of photosensitive glass, glass ceramics or other materials can be further decorated using printing technology to add further design appeals. Different native colors of the panel are also possible through heat treatment and material composition design.
- a method of making a sound absorbing panel can include providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, and exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light.
- the step of providing a first sheet of photosensitive material can include the steps of melting the glass and casing the molten glass into thin sheet.
- the method also includes heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. In a further embodiment this method can include repeating these steps for a second sheet of photosensitive material.
- a resilient surface spaced apart from and substantially in the same shape of the first or second sheet of photosensitive material can be provided wherein the first and second sheets of photosensitive material are between the resilient surface and environment.
- the second plurality of features is substantially similar to the first plurality of features.
- the method includes applying a second mask having a third plurality of features to the etched first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet, and etching the crystals to form a fourth plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
- the fourth plurality of features is substantially similar to the first plurality of features.
- the sheets of materials described herein can be planar or three dimensional.
- the method can include bending the first sheet of photosensitive material before the step of applying the mask or after the step of etching the crystals.
- Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material.
- the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO 2 , about 2-6 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 7-11 wt % Li 2 O, about 3-6 wt % K 2 O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO 2 , about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO 2 .
- the method can include tinting, coloring or decorating the first sheet of photosensitive material.
- the sheets of photosensitive material can also be strengthened if necessary.
- the features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 ⁇ m, up to about 40 ⁇ m, up to about 60 ⁇ m, up to about 100 ⁇ m, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- a sound absorbing panel having a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance.
- the sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features etched therein, and the dimensions and distribution of the first plurality of features and the predetermined distance are determined as a function of sound aborptive characteristics of the panel.
- the etched features can be formed by applying a mask having the plurality of features therein to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the material glass to form crystals in the exposed glass, and etching the crystals to form the plurality of features in the first sheet of material.
- the first sheet of material is three dimensional.
- Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material.
- the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO 2 , about 2-6 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 7-11 wt % Li 2 O, about 3-6 wt % K 2 O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO 2 , about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO 2 .
- Exemplary thicknesses of the sheets can be, but are not limited to, up to about 20 ⁇ m, up to about 40 ⁇ m, up to about 60 ⁇ m, up to about 100 ⁇ m, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- the photosenstive material can be translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated and can also be strengthened.
- the features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 ⁇ m, up to about 40 ⁇ m, up to about 60 ⁇ m, up to about 100 ⁇ m, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- the panel includes a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface.
- a sound absorbing panel comprising a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance.
- the first sheet of photosensitive material can include a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching.
- the etched features can be formed by applying a mask having the plurality of features therein to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the material glass to form crystals in the exposed glass, and etching the crystals to form the plurality of features in the first sheet of material.
- the first sheet of material is three dimensional.
- Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material.
- the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO 2 , about 2-6 wt % Al 2 O 3 , about 7-11 wt % Li 2 O, about 3-6 wt % K 2 O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na 2 O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb 2 O 3 , about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO 2 , about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO 2 .
- Exemplary thicknesses of the sheets can be, but are not limited to, up to about 20 ⁇ m, up to about 40 ⁇ m, up to about 60 ⁇ m, up to about 100 ⁇ m, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- the photosenstive material can be translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated and can also be strengthened or, specifically, chemically strengthened or thermally strengthened.
- the features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 ⁇ m, up to about 40 ⁇ m, up to about 60 ⁇ m, up to about 100 ⁇ m, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- the panel includes a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface.
- FIGS. 1-9 various embodiments for transparent sound absorbing panels have been described.
Abstract
A sound absorbing panel and method therefor comprising providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet, and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/968135 filed on Mar. 20, 2014 the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- In various types of indoor or outdoor environments, such as offices, reception or production halls, healthcare facilities and hospitals, sports halls and swimming pools, classrooms, and the like, it can be desirable and statutorily regulated, to provide acoustic conditions to the environment. Acoustic conditions can be described by reverberation, and to control this, sound absorbing elements are conventionally used, such as sound absorbing panels attached to walls, ceilings, and other surfaces.
- Sound absorbing panels as surfaces for attachment to indoor walls and ceilings can use various physical effects for the absorption of sound. Some conventional sound absorbing panels include fiber-based absorbents comprising porous panels of mineral fibers (rock and glass wool) that act to dampen sound as the sound waves penetrate into the panel. These conventional panels reduce the energy of the sound waves by viscous losses in pores or structures of the panel. Some conventional sound absorbing panels include structures based on the Helmholz resonator principle. Such panels generally include slits or apertures as well as fiber fabric (with or without mats) or porous fiber materials behind the panel to obtain satisfactory absorption.
- Such conventional sound absorbing panels provide several disadvantages. For example, upon damage or wear such conventional panels can produce fibers to the environment. As these fibers are often made of melted glass or rock, any airborne fibers can irritate the respiratory passages of persons in the surrounding environment. Additionally, these fibers can limit the appearance of such panels as it can be difficult to keep them clean as they require minimum use of moisture when cleaning, and problems related to mold can arise in exterior paneling or locations exposed to moisture (e.g., swimming pools or the like).
- Microperforated panels can obviate the disadvantages of conventional fiber panels; however, conventional microperforated panels and foils are produced by rolling a tool having a plurality of many small spikes over the surface of the panel. Other methods of producing microperforated panels, such as laser cutting and plastic moulding, are used for thicker panels but are not commercially viable for certain substrate materials, and certain hole depths and/or distributions.
- Thus, there is a need in the industry to provide transparent sound absorbing panels capable of being utilized in interior and exterior environments without the disadvantages of conventional paneling. There is also a need for new sound absorbing panels that provide a clean and smooth surface that can be easily manufactured.
- The disclosure generally relates to the sound absorbing panels using glass, glass ceramics, or other material for exterior and interior environments. Exemplary materials can be in some embodiments photosensitive. Thus, in some embodiments the photosensitive materials can be masked and patterned to form micro-perforations which act to dampen sound waves.
- In some embodiments a method of making a sound absorbing panel is provided. The method can include providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, and exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light. The method also includes heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
- In other embodiments a sound absorbing panel is provided having a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance. The sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features etched therein, and the dimensions and distribution of the first plurality of features and the predetermined distance are determined as a function of sound aborptive characteristics of the panel.
- In further embodiments, a sound absorbing panel is provided comprising a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance. The first sheet of photosensitive material can include a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching (i.e., formed by chemical etching or other means not including mechanical etching).
- Additional features and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the claimed subject matter as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.
- It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of various embodiments of the present disclosure, are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles, operations, and variations of the claimed subject matter.
- These figures are provided for the purposes of illustration, it being understood that the embodiments disclosed and discussed herein are not limited to the arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method according to some embodiments. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B are depictions of exemplary microperforated panel structures according to some embodiments and equivalent circuits. -
FIG. 3A is an illustration of hole and etch variations according to some embodiments. -
FIG. 3B is an illustration of non-limiting mask designs according to some embodiments. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B are photographs of a microperforated sample according to some embodiments. -
FIG. 5 is a series of plots illustrating acoustic absorption of some embodiments. -
FIG. 6 is a plot of measured acoustic absorption between some embodiments, conventional glass and one inch foam. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B are plots comparing experimental measurements of two embodiments with theoretical models. -
FIG. 8 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of additional embodiments as a function of perforation ratio. -
FIG. 9 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of further embodiments as a function of cavity depth. - While this description can include specifics for the purpose of illustration and understanding, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope, but rather as descriptions of features that can be including in and/or illustrative for particular embodiments.
- Various embodiments for transparent sound absorbing panels are described with reference to the figures, where like elements have been given like numerical designations to facilitate an understanding of the present disclosure.
- In the following description, like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views shown in the figures. It also is understood that, unless otherwise specified, terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “outward,” “inward,” and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. In addition, whenever a group is described as comprising at least one of a group of elements and combinations thereof, the group can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any number of those elements recited, either individually or in combination with each other.
- Similarly, whenever a group is described as consisting of at least one of a group of elements or combinations thereof, the group can consist of any number of those elements recited, either individually or in combination with each other. Unless otherwise specified, a range of values, when recited, includes both the upper and lower limits of the range. As used herein, the indefinite articles “a,” and “an,” and the corresponding definite article “the” mean “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise specified
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes can be made to the embodiments described while still obtaining the beneficial results of the invention. It also will be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the present disclosure can be obtained by selecting some of the described features without using other features. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications and adaptations are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances and are part of the invention. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the present disclosure and not in limitation thereof.
- Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications to the exemplary embodiments described herein are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the description is not intended and should not be construed to be limited to the examples given but should be granted the full breadth of protection afforded by the appended claims and equivalents thereto. In addition, it is possible to use some of the features of the present disclosure without the corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, the foregoing description of exemplary or illustrative embodiments is provided for the purpose of illustrating the principles of the present disclosure and not in limitation thereof and can include modification thereto and permutations thereof.
- Embodiments of the present disclosure are generally directed to sound absorbing panels using photosensitive materials. Exemplary panels can be comprised of photosensitive glass or glass-ceramics (among other materials) and during the process of manufacture can be masked, exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and patterned to form sound absorbing features which can include micro-perforations, features or holes, which act to dampen sound wavefronts. It should be noted that the terms sound absorbing feature, perforation, feature, hole, channel and the plural forms thereof are utilized interchangeably in this disclosure; such use should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith. Exemplary, non-limiting photosensitive materials can include a glass material or glass ceramic material having a main crystal phase comprising lithium disilicate Li2Si2O5.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method according to some embodiments. With reference toFIG. 1 , a base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic can be melted and cast into a monolithic product, e.g., glass or glass-ceramic sheet, or thin film instep 10. In some examples, base photosensitive glasses and glass-ceramic materials can be derived from the SiO2—Li2O system. In some embodiments, the base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic material can be produced in the form of a very thin film or sheet of a specific thickness (e.g., in the range from about 20 μm to about 2 mm) In additional embodiments, the sheet or film can be strengthened by various methods, including chemical strengthening (e.g., by ion-exchanging methods), thermally strengthened (e.g., by tempering or annealing) or otherwise strengthened to provide additional strength, scratch resistance or other suitable characteristics to an exemplary panel or structure. In some embodiments, the base photosensitive glass or glass-ceramic material can contain Ce3+- and Ag+-ions. Exemplary compositions include between about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. In one embodiment, a composition can include about 79.6 wt % SiO2, about 4.0 wt % Al2O3, about 9.3 wt % Li2O, about 4.1 wt % K2O, about 1.6 wt % Na2O, about 0.11 wt % Ag, about 0.4 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.014 wt % CeO2, about 0.001 wt % Au, and about 0.003 wt % SnO2. Of course, these photosensitive compositions are exemplary only and should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith as other photosensitive glass and glass ceramic compositions can be utilized. - The thin sheet or product can then be exposed to UV light using a mask at
step 12. During exposure to UV light, photoelectrons can cause the oxidation of Ce3+ to Ce4− in an exemplary composition, and as a result, Ag+ can be reduced to Ag0 using the following relationship: Ce3|+h·ν (312 nm)→Ce4|+e−; Ag|+e−→Ag0. This metal colloid (e.g., metallic silver) can be the nucleating agent for a lithium metasilicate Li2SiO3 phase. As a result, this crystal phase can be precipitated by controlled crystallization at high temperatures, e.g., approximately 600° C. Thus, in some embodiments, the UV exposed product can be heat treated and lithium metasilicate crystals Li2SiO3 subsequently precipitated therefrom atstep 14. The Li2SiO3 can then be etched atstep 16. In some embodiments, the lithium metasilicate crystals can be etched with dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF) or another suitable etchant. Other etchants include, but are not limited to, potassium hydroxide, isopropyl alcohol, EDP (ethylenediamine pyrocatechol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium fluoride, ceric ammonium nitrate, water, and combinations thereof. Of course, the type of etchant utilized in exemplary embodiments can be determined by the underlying substrate or material to be etched. In such a manner, defined structures or patterns can be easily etched into a finished product including sound absorbing features. In further embodiments, UV exposure and heat treatment can be conducted again atstep 18 whereby approximately 40 wt % of the main crystal phase lithium disilicate can be produced along with a-quartz with a total crystal content of approximately 60%. Through such exemplary UV and masking techniques as well as subsequent etching step(s), embodiments according to the present disclosure can produce smaller and more intricate sound absorbing features (e.g., perforations, holes, channels, or the like), e.g., on the order of about 20 to 50 μm. - In additional embodiments, the sound absorbing features can have a depth and/or diameter of 20 μm, 40 μm, 60 μm, 100 μm, 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, etc., and can perforate through the entire thickness of the plate. In additional embodiments, holes or features in a plate can have varying depths or diameters, that is, each hole or feature in a plate can have a depth different or substantially the same as adjacent holes or features.
FIG. 3A is an illustration of hole and etch variations according to some embodiments. With reference toFIG. 3A , holes or features according to some embodiments can having varying diameters through the depth of the hole or feature 32, 34 can terminate before perforating thepanel 33, can vary between adjacent holes in a pattern 35, can be angled through the depth of the hole or feature 36, can be conical in shape (or other geometry) 37, or can form athroat 38. Such small, intricate features are difficult to produce using mechanical or laser machining processes especially for high volume production purposes requiring a high perforation ratio for large area coverage. - Exemplary embodiments can thus provide a smaller hole or perforation size to enable a thinner overall sound absorbing structure by reducing the cavity depth required for achieving high sound absorption. This advantage can save space in interior and exterior designs. For example, an exemplary acoustic dampening panel can employ friction by viscous airflow to dampen sound waves. This panel can comprise microperforations, e.g., holes through a panel (or portions thereof) whereby the holes have a diameter of less than 0.5 mm. A conventional microperforated panel (MPP) box (including the enclosed cavity) may be as wide as 100 mm; however, with the smaller perforation features enabled by the disclosed embodiments, e.g., on the order of about 20 to 50 μm, the required cavity depth between the panel and rear surface can be significantly reduced to about 10 to 20 mm thereby reducing the space required for acoustic dampening in architectural or other applications. Furthermore, such exemplary panels are not dependent on fiber materials. Applications of such sound absorbing panels include, but are not limited to, sound isolation of car engines, sound absorbing elements in buildings, interior or exterior spaces, among others.
-
FIG. 2A is an exemplary microperforated panel (MPP) structure according to some embodiments and an equivalent circuit. With reference toFIG. 2A , anexemplary microperforated structure 20 includes apanel 21 having a thickness (t) and microperforations or holes 22 each with a diameter (d) and a spacing (b) therebetween. Theholes 22 can be arranged at a distance or cavity depth (D) from arear surface 23 with theperforated panel 21 facing a sound source P.Exemplary structures 20 and/orpanels 21 can be formed from materials such as, but not limited to, sheet metal, plastic, plywood, acrylic, glass, glass ceramic, etc. The sound absorbing property of anexemplary MPP structure 20 can be determined by parameters thereof and properties of air. For example, the impedance of an MPP, z=r−iωm, is given by the following equations: -
- and d, p, t represent the hole diameter, perforation ratio and thickness (e.g., throat length) of an MPP, respectively, h represents the coefficient of viscosity, r represents air density, c represents the speed of sound, and ω represents the angular frequency of sound, where ω=2 pf.
- Some embodiments can include a single MPP and a rigid-back wall or substrate with an air cavity in-between (cavity depth of D) as depicted in
FIG. 2A (left and center) which can then be modeled by an equivalent electrical circuit (FIG. 2A right). A series of Helmholtz resonators can thus be formed by the holes and the cavity. Other embodiments can include a second (or additional) panel(s) 25 to provide a double-leaf MPP absorber with a rigid-back wall to broaden the absorption range. In one non-limiting embodiment, two resonators can be formed as depicted inFIG. 2B (left) with its equivalent electrical circuit depicted inFIG. 2B (right). - It has also been discovered that the porosity or perforation ratio σ can be related to hole diameter (d) and spacing (b) using the following relationship:
-
- It is known that conventional glass and glass ceramic materials have a sound absorption coefficient (α) close to zero. This can lead to an excessively long reverberation time (RT) resulting in a loss of speech intelligibility and acoustic discomfort if too much glass is used in the planar or curved surfaces of a room, hall, etc. Using Sabine's formula relating sound absorption α to RT60, the time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay 60 dB can be determined using the following relationship:
-
- where V represents the volume of room or space, and αi and Si represent the sound absorption coefficient of a surface and the surface area, respectively.
- By utilizing embodiments of the present disclosure described herein, an exemplary glass, glass ceramic or other material surface can be made into a highly acoustic-absorptive apparatus. The acoustic absorption (α) of an exemplary MPP (having a thickness (t), holes with diameter (d), cavity depth (D) and spacing (b) therebetween, see, e.g.,
FIGS. 2A-2B ) structure can thus be modeled and described using Equations (1)-(3) and the relationship: -
- While
FIG. 2A-2B illustrate a symmetrical pattern ofcylindrical holes 22, the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as the shape, size, distribution, number, configuration, etc. of holes or features can be a function of mask design and/or the application of the respective MPP structure.FIG. 3B provides exemplary, non-limiting mask designs 30 a, 30 b, 30 c, 30 d where different size, shape, distribution of the micro-holes can be designed to suit functional and/or aesthetic requirements of a user. With reference toFIG. 3B , a mask design can include cylindrical holes each having a substantially similar diameter and symmetrically arranged by row andcolumn 30 a, cylindrical holes each having a substantially similar diameter and arranged by row and offset bycolumn 30 b, star-shaped holes each having similar dimensions and arranged by row and offset bycolumn 30 c, star-burst forms having dissimilar dimensions and asymmetrically arranged 30 d, etc. Of course, these mask designs and subsequent hole or feature arrangements are exemplary only and should not limit the scope of the claims appended herewith as the size, shape and distribution of the holes can be functionally or aesthetically suitable to the acoustic and/or aesthetic requirements of a user. Thus, any arbitrary shapes or combination of different shapes of the micro-features and arbitrary distributions of such features in a surface can be possible and are envisioned. Such intricate features as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B can be conveniently translated to a photosensitive glass, glass ceramic, or other material plate via the UV exposure process, followed by an exemplary chemical etching process as described above. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B are photographs of a microperforated sample according to some embodiments. With reference toFIG. 4A , a disk-shapedmicroperforated sample 40 is illustrated having a plurality ofsets 42 of cylindrical holes or features symmetrically arranged by row and column.FIG. 4B is a microscopic view of thefeatures 44 in a set illustrated inFIG. 4A . The material employed was a photosensitive material having a composition include between about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. Themicroperforated sample 40 included throughholes 44 having a diameter of about 100 μm and a spacing between adjacent holes of about 200 μm. - The MPP structure depicted in
FIGS. 4A and 4B was then tested using an acoustic impedance tube for sound absorption measurement.FIG. 5 is a series of plots illustrating acoustic absorption of some embodiments. With reference toFIG. 5 , the experimental results for cavity depths (D) of 5 mm, 45 mm, 105 mm and 145 mm were measured utilizing the MPP structure ofFIGS. 4A and 4B and are graphically illustrated. As is readily observed, each embodiment provides noticeable improvements to acoustic absorption over that of aglass sheet 52. -
FIG. 6 is a plot of measured acoustic absorption between some embodiments, conventional glass and one inch foam. With reference toFIG. 6 , the acoustic absorption of anexemplary MPP structure 62 having a distance d between adjacent holes of 135 μm, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm, and a cavity depth D of 5 mm, anexemplary MPP structure 64 having a distance d between adjacent holes of 135 μm, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm, and a cavity depth D of 25 mm were measured and compared with the acoustic absorption of a oneinch foam core 66 and a sheet ofconventional glass 68. It was observed that conventional glass has very low absorption, while both exemplary MPP structures provide a broadband and comparable absorption as the foam core. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B are plots comparing experimental measurements of two embodiments with theoretical models. With reference toFIG. 7A , acoustic absorption of anexemplary MPP structure 72 having a cavity depth D of 10 mm, plate thickness t about 1.3 mm and anexemplary MPP structure 74 having a cavity depth D of 35 mm and plate thickness t about 1.3 mm were compared with the model-predicted acoustic absorption of thesame structures FIG. 7B , acoustic absorption of anexemplary MPP structure 76 having a cavity depth D of 25 mm, plate thickness t about 0.66 mm and anexemplary MPP structure 78 having a cavity depth D of 5 mm and plate thickness t about 0.66 mm were compared with the model-predicted acoustic absorption of thesame structures -
FIG. 8 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of additional embodiments as a function of perforation ratio. With reference toFIG. 8 , acoustic absorption of exemplary MPP structures having a hole diameter of 0.25 mm and fixed cavity depth D of 2 mm were measured from a 0.25% perforation ratio 82, to a 0.5% perforation ratio 84, a 1% perforation ratio 86, a 2.5% perforation ratio 87, and a 5% perforation ratio 88. As illustrated inFIG. 8 , an impact of increasing perforation ratio from 0.25% to 5% on sound absorption of a MPP structure can be markedly observed. -
FIG. 9 is a plot comparing measurements of acoustic absorption of further embodiments as a function of cavity depth. With reference toFIG. 9 , acoustic absorption of exemplary MPP structures having a hole diameter of 50 μm and a fixed perforation ratio of 10% were measured with a cavity depth D of 2mm 92, a cavity depth D of 4mm 94, a cavity depth D of 6mm 96, a cavity depth D of 8mm 97, and a cavity depth D of 10mm 98. As illustrated inFIG. 9 , an impact of increasing cavity depth from 2 mm to 10 mm for a fixed diameter 50 μm hole can be markedly observed. Thus, it follows that embodiments described herein can be optimally designed for the application required, e.g., acoustic absorption requirements vs. optical transparency and/or visual impact of the hole patterns based on a multi-variable (d, b or a, t, D) design approach. - Some embodiments can thus be employed to dissipate or convert acoustical energy into heat. In these embodiments, sound waves propagate into an exemplary panel and because of the proximity of the panel to a rear surface, oscillating air molecules inside the structure lose their acoustical energy due to friction between the air in motion and the surface of the MPP. Additional embodiments can also be tuned by hole geometry and distribution, as well as the air gap (cavity depth) behind the panel as described above. Thus, by varying geometrical and material parameters, the acoustical performance of some embodiments can be tailored to meet a multitude of specifications in various applications.
- Exemplary embodiments can thus provide a pristine, smooth and hard surface of glass that is highly desirable in architectural and interior design and can be sound absorbing. Embodiments can be transparent for lighting, durable, scratch and soil resistant and can be aesthetically appealing while having low sound absorption—a characteristic which is uncommon in a material (e.g., glass) known for its intrinsic near-zero sound absorption and large excessive reverberation time (RT). Conventional glass finds limited use in enclosed spaces such as classrooms, offices, conference rooms, patient wards and elevator cabins due to such large RT; however, exemplary embodiments as described herein can be employed to balance acoustics and provide the aesthetic appeal requested by architects, designers, and residents alike.
- While embodiments have been described as including photosensitive glass, the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as it is envisioned that transparent, substantially transparent, opaque, and/or colored acrylics, glass-ceramics, and polymers can be employed as an exemplary panel and are suitable with the described processes. Furthermore, while some embodiments have been described as having flat panel shapes and specific distributions (e.g., holes in certain patterns), the claims appended herewith should not be so limited as embodiments can be flat or curved (e.g., three dimensional) and can have slits, ridges, channels or other patterns (symmetrical or asymmetrical) depending on the type or types of mask(s) employed. Thus, embodiments can eliminate the need for mechanical or laser drilling process currently used in making sound absorbers and can be shaped in three dimensions to suit any respective design and application needs.
- Embodiments described herein can also employ a photosensitive substrate material and can be formed with a mask design having micro-features or patterns that can produce the required or desired acoustic absorption in a microperforated panel structure. Exemplary embodiments made of photosensitive glass, glass ceramics or other materials can be further decorated using printing technology to add further design appeals. Different native colors of the panel are also possible through heat treatment and material composition design.
- In some embodiments a method of making a sound absorbing panel is provided. The method can include providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, and exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, the step of providing a first sheet of photosensitive material can include the steps of melting the glass and casing the molten glass into thin sheet. The method also includes heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. In a further embodiment this method can include repeating these steps for a second sheet of photosensitive material. In further embodiments, a resilient surface spaced apart from and substantially in the same shape of the first or second sheet of photosensitive material can be provided wherein the first and second sheets of photosensitive material are between the resilient surface and environment. In some embodiments, the second plurality of features is substantially similar to the first plurality of features. In another embodiment, the method includes applying a second mask having a third plurality of features to the etched first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet, and etching the crystals to form a fourth plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. In some embodiments, the fourth plurality of features is substantially similar to the first plurality of features. The sheets of materials described herein can be planar or three dimensional. In some embodiments, the method can include bending the first sheet of photosensitive material before the step of applying the mask or after the step of etching the crystals. Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material. In some embodiments, the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. In a further embodiment, the method can include tinting, coloring or decorating the first sheet of photosensitive material. The sheets of photosensitive material can also be strengthened if necessary. The features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
- In other embodiments a sound absorbing panel is provided having a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance. The sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features etched therein, and the dimensions and distribution of the first plurality of features and the predetermined distance are determined as a function of sound aborptive characteristics of the panel. In some embodiments, the etched features can be formed by applying a mask having the plurality of features therein to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the material glass to form crystals in the exposed glass, and etching the crystals to form the plurality of features in the first sheet of material. In other embodiments, the first sheet of material is three dimensional. Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material. In some embodiments, the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. Exemplary thicknesses of the sheets can be, but are not limited to, up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. The photosenstive material can be translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated and can also be strengthened. The features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. In another embodiment, the panel includes a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface.
- In further embodiments, a sound absorbing panel is provided comprising a first sheet of photosensitive material and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance. The first sheet of photosensitive material can include a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching. In some embodiments, the etched features can be formed by applying a mask having the plurality of features therein to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the material glass to form crystals in the exposed glass, and etching the crystals to form the plurality of features in the first sheet of material. In other embodiments, the first sheet of material is three dimensional. Exemplary photosensitive material can be, but are not limited to, a glass or glass ceramic material. In some embodiments, the first sheet photosensitive material can comprise about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. Exemplary thicknesses of the sheets can be, but are not limited to, up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. The photosenstive material can be translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated and can also be strengthened or, specifically, chemically strengthened or thermally strengthened. The features provided in the sheet can have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. In another embodiment, the panel includes a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface.
- While this description can include many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope thereof, but rather as descriptions of features that can be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that have been heretofore described in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features can be described above as acting in certain combinations and can even be initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination can be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
- Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings or figures in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing can be advantageous.
- As shown by the various configurations and embodiments illustrated in
FIGS. 1-9 , various embodiments for transparent sound absorbing panels have been described. - While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been described, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only and that the scope of the invention is to be defined solely by the appended claims when accorded a full range of equivalence, many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those of skill in the art from a perusal hereof.
Claims (20)
1. A method of making a sound absorbing panel comprising the steps of:
a) applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to a first sheet of photosensitive material to form a masked material;
b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light;
c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and
d) etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating steps a) through d) for a second sheet of photosensitive material.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of providing a resilient surface spaced apart from and substantially in the same shape of the first or second sheet of photosensitive material wherein the first and second sheets of photosensitive material are between the resilient surface and environment.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
a) applying a second mask having a third plurality of features to the etched first sheet of photosensitive material;
b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light;
c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and
d) etching the crystals to form a fourth plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising either one or both the step of tinting, coloring or decorating the first sheet of photosensitive material and the step of strengthening the first sheet photosensitive material.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second plurality of features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
8. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and
a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance,
wherein the sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features.
9. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the first plurality of features comprise etched features.
10. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional.
11. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the photosensitive material is a glass or glass ceramic material.
12. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the photosensitive material comprises:
about 75-85 wt % SiO2,
about 2-6 wt % Al2O3,
about 7-11 wt % Li2O,
about 3-6 wt % K2O,
about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O,
about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag,
about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3,
about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2,
about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and
about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2.
13. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the first sheet has a thickness of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm.
14. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the photosensitive material is translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated.
15. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the photosensitive material is strengthened.
16. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 , wherein the features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm
17. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 further comprising a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface.
18. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and
a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance,
wherein the first sheet of photosensitive material includes a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching.
19. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18 wherein the plurality of features are formed by chemical etching.
20. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18 , wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/660,230 US20150267402A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2015-03-17 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
US16/992,370 US20200370293A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2020-08-13 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201461968135P | 2014-03-20 | 2014-03-20 | |
US14/660,230 US20150267402A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2015-03-17 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/992,370 Continuation US20200370293A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2020-08-13 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150267402A1 true US20150267402A1 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
Family
ID=52875767
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/660,230 Abandoned US20150267402A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2015-03-17 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
US16/992,370 Pending US20200370293A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2020-08-13 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/992,370 Pending US20200370293A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2020-08-13 | Transparent sound absorbing panels |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20150267402A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3119726A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN106414353A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2015142978A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170036941A1 (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2017-02-09 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Fabrication method of strengthened glass and fabrication method of display device |
US20170146841A1 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-05-25 | Boe Technology Group Co., Ltd. | Touch display panel, producing method thereof, and display apparatus |
CN106757024A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-05-31 | 辽宁融达新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of slit sound-absorbing board fabrication method |
US20180245334A1 (en) * | 2017-02-27 | 2018-08-30 | Knoll, Inc. | Noise reduction apparatus and method of making and using the same |
CN110049956A (en) * | 2016-11-04 | 2019-07-23 | 康宁公司 | Microperforated panel system, application and the method for manufacturing microperforated panel system |
CN113012673A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-06-22 | 合肥工业大学 | Sound absorption frequency band adjustable sound absorber |
US20210331613A1 (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2021-10-28 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Anti-Microbial, Partition Divider Assembly for a Cart such as a Golf Cart |
US11254087B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2022-02-22 | Corning Incorporated | Micro-perforated glass laminates and methods of making the same |
US20220148550A1 (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2022-05-12 | Corning Incorporated | Micro-perforated panel systems, applications, and methods of making micro-perforated panel systems |
AT526400A1 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-15 | Admonter Holzindustrie Ag | Building plate |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110683760A (en) * | 2019-11-13 | 2020-01-14 | 上海高诚创意科技集团有限公司 | Anti-falling microcrystalline glass and preparation method and application thereof |
CN111718120A (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2020-09-29 | 电子科技大学 | Li-Al-Si photosensitive glass and preparation method thereof |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5700527A (en) * | 1993-05-11 | 1997-12-23 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Sound-absorbing glass building component or transparent synthetic glass building component |
US20050133302A1 (en) * | 1999-05-06 | 2005-06-23 | Klaus Pfaffelhuber | Sound shielding element, use thereof and method of producing the same |
US7121380B2 (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 2006-10-17 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Soundproofing laminated window for vehicles |
US20080248250A1 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2008-10-09 | Life Bioscience, Inc. | Compositions and methods to fabricate a photoactive substrate suitable for shaped glass structures |
US8457325B2 (en) * | 2007-11-06 | 2013-06-04 | Magna International, Inc. | Acoustical window assembly for vehicle |
US8739927B2 (en) * | 2010-10-07 | 2014-06-03 | Lg Hausys, Ltd. | Gypsum panel having outstanding sound-absorbing properties and a production method therefor |
US20150184374A1 (en) * | 2012-07-05 | 2015-07-02 | Lg Hausys, Ltd. | Interior sound absorption sheet and sound absorbing sound-proofing panel containing same |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1742201A4 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2017-07-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Porous sound absorbing structure |
JP2007262765A (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-11 | Yamaha Corp | Sound absorbing material and sound absorbing panel |
ITPG20060027A1 (en) * | 2006-04-03 | 2007-10-04 | Vincenzo Tognaccini | SOUND-ABSORBING-TRANSPARENT SOUNDPROOF PANEL (P.F.F.T.) TO CARRY OUT ROAD OR RAILWAY ANTI-NOISE BARRIERS |
DE112011100505T5 (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2013-03-28 | Life Bioscience, Inc. | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A PHOTOACTIVE SUBSTRATE SUITABLE FOR MICRO-PRODUCTION |
-
2015
- 2015-03-17 US US14/660,230 patent/US20150267402A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-03-18 EP EP15716911.1A patent/EP3119726A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-03-18 WO PCT/US2015/021143 patent/WO2015142978A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-03-18 CN CN201580025694.7A patent/CN106414353A/en active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-08-13 US US16/992,370 patent/US20200370293A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5700527A (en) * | 1993-05-11 | 1997-12-23 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Sound-absorbing glass building component or transparent synthetic glass building component |
US7121380B2 (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 2006-10-17 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Soundproofing laminated window for vehicles |
US20050133302A1 (en) * | 1999-05-06 | 2005-06-23 | Klaus Pfaffelhuber | Sound shielding element, use thereof and method of producing the same |
US20080248250A1 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2008-10-09 | Life Bioscience, Inc. | Compositions and methods to fabricate a photoactive substrate suitable for shaped glass structures |
US8457325B2 (en) * | 2007-11-06 | 2013-06-04 | Magna International, Inc. | Acoustical window assembly for vehicle |
US8739927B2 (en) * | 2010-10-07 | 2014-06-03 | Lg Hausys, Ltd. | Gypsum panel having outstanding sound-absorbing properties and a production method therefor |
US20150184374A1 (en) * | 2012-07-05 | 2015-07-02 | Lg Hausys, Ltd. | Interior sound absorption sheet and sound absorbing sound-proofing panel containing same |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170146841A1 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-05-25 | Boe Technology Group Co., Ltd. | Touch display panel, producing method thereof, and display apparatus |
US9885902B2 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2018-02-06 | Boe Technology Group Co., Ltd. | Touch display panel, producing method thereof, and display apparatus |
US20170036941A1 (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2017-02-09 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Fabrication method of strengthened glass and fabrication method of display device |
US10843960B2 (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2020-11-24 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Fabrication method of strengthened glass and fabrication method of display device |
CN110049956A (en) * | 2016-11-04 | 2019-07-23 | 康宁公司 | Microperforated panel system, application and the method for manufacturing microperforated panel system |
US11608291B2 (en) * | 2016-11-04 | 2023-03-21 | Corning Incorporated | Micro-perforated panel systems, applications, and methods of making micro-perforated panel systems |
CN106757024A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-05-31 | 辽宁融达新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of slit sound-absorbing board fabrication method |
US20180245334A1 (en) * | 2017-02-27 | 2018-08-30 | Knoll, Inc. | Noise reduction apparatus and method of making and using the same |
US10961700B2 (en) * | 2017-02-27 | 2021-03-30 | Knoll, Inc. | Noise reduction apparatus and method of making and using the same |
US11746523B2 (en) | 2017-02-27 | 2023-09-05 | Knoll, Inc. | Noise reduction apparatus and method of making and using the same |
US11254087B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2022-02-22 | Corning Incorporated | Micro-perforated glass laminates and methods of making the same |
US20220148550A1 (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2022-05-12 | Corning Incorporated | Micro-perforated panel systems, applications, and methods of making micro-perforated panel systems |
US11565615B2 (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2023-01-31 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Anti-microbial, partition divider assembly for a cart such as a golf cart |
US20210331613A1 (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2021-10-28 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Anti-Microbial, Partition Divider Assembly for a Cart such as a Golf Cart |
CN113012673A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-06-22 | 合肥工业大学 | Sound absorption frequency band adjustable sound absorber |
AT526400A1 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-15 | Admonter Holzindustrie Ag | Building plate |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN106414353A (en) | 2017-02-15 |
US20200370293A1 (en) | 2020-11-26 |
WO2015142978A1 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
EP3119726A1 (en) | 2017-01-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20200370293A1 (en) | Transparent sound absorbing panels | |
US11608291B2 (en) | Micro-perforated panel systems, applications, and methods of making micro-perforated panel systems | |
US10227256B2 (en) | Machining of fusion-drawn glass laminate structures containing a photomachinable layer | |
CN103154401B (en) | There is gypsum panels and the manufacture method thereof of remarkable sound absorbing capabilities | |
EP3615488B1 (en) | Micro-perforated glass laminates and methods of making the same | |
DE60004664D1 (en) | PRODUCTION OF CAVES IN PLANAR OPTICAL SILICON DIOXIDE WAVE GUIDE | |
WO2020040908A8 (en) | Acoustic panels and methods for preparing them | |
CN205473390U (en) | Gradual change vacuum glass | |
CN200949271Y (en) | Pore sound-absorbing board | |
US20220148550A1 (en) | Micro-perforated panel systems, applications, and methods of making micro-perforated panel systems | |
JPH08144390A (en) | Structure of translucent sound absorbing panel | |
KR100915770B1 (en) | Block for interior decoration finish work of building | |
CN207512950U (en) | Three-dimensional alliteration impedance micropunch period ultrabroad band flush sound absorption structure | |
EP1146178A2 (en) | Wide spectrum sound absorbtion building element for walls, floors and ceilings | |
Marcos et al. | Digitally Disruptive Critical Regionalism: Climate, Place and Façade | |
CN204340524U (en) | A kind of laminated hollow glass having decorative pattern | |
Grygorowicz-Kosakowska et al. | The Acoustic Ceramic Module | |
WO2002030666A1 (en) | Safety glass | |
JP2007256749A (en) | Sound absorbing material, sound absorbing panel and method for manufacturing sound absorbing material | |
CN205439444U (en) | Low -E glass discolours | |
Murray | Introduction: Transparency/Translucency/Opacity | |
CN106917468A (en) | A kind of decorative porcelain composite plate with sound absorption function | |
JP2018091996A (en) | Sound-absorbing material | |
Fangshuo | Study on wooden micro-perforated panel and its application | |
CN105544779A (en) | Sound insulation cooling glass wall |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CORNING INCORPORATED, NEW YORK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BORRELLI, NICHOLAS FRANCIS;SHI, ZHIQIANG;SIGNING DATES FROM 20150323 TO 20150424;REEL/FRAME:035777/0996 |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: ON APPEAL -- AWAITING DECISION BY THE BOARD OF APPEALS |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: BOARD OF APPEALS DECISION RENDERED |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- AFTER EXAMINER'S ANSWER OR BOARD OF APPEALS DECISION |