US20150190141A1 - Endovascular occlusion device with hemodynamically enhanced sealing and anchoring - Google Patents
Endovascular occlusion device with hemodynamically enhanced sealing and anchoring Download PDFInfo
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- US20150190141A1 US20150190141A1 US14/661,579 US201514661579A US2015190141A1 US 20150190141 A1 US20150190141 A1 US 20150190141A1 US 201514661579 A US201514661579 A US 201514661579A US 2015190141 A1 US2015190141 A1 US 2015190141A1
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- occlusion device
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
- A61B17/12172—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure having a pre-set deployed three-dimensional shape
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12027—Type of occlusion
- A61B17/12031—Type of occlusion complete occlusion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12027—Type of occlusion
- A61B17/12036—Type of occlusion partial occlusion
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- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12099—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder
- A61B17/12109—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder in a blood vessel
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
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- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
- A61B17/12177—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure comprising additional materials, e.g. thrombogenic, having filaments, having fibers or being coated
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- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B2017/1205—Introduction devices
- A61B2017/12054—Details concerning the detachment of the occluding device from the introduction device
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- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B2017/22082—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/01—Filters implantable into blood vessels
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/01—Filters implantable into blood vessels
- A61F2002/018—Filters implantable into blood vessels made from tubes or sheets of material, e.g. by etching or laser-cutting
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to apparatuses and methods for occluding blood flow.
- balloons are delivered to a desired location in a vessel, and then inflated to occlude the vessel. While other devices have since been developed, balloon occlusion remains in use and is indicated for use in treating a variety of life-threatening conditions, including for example, giant cerebral and skull base aneurysms (Wehman et al., Neurosurg., 59: S125-S138, 2006), traumatic and non-traumatic vessel injury or rupture (Luo et al., J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 66: 140-147, 2003; Hirai et al., Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 19: 50-52, 1996), vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas (Berguer et al., Ann. Surg. 196: 65-68, 1982), and pre-operative tumor resections.
- giant cerebral and skull base aneurysms Wehman et al., Neurosurg., 59: S125-S138, 2006
- Detachable balloons are also useful clinically in procedures outside of neurological intervention.
- balloons can be useful in flow reduction procedures such as shunt occlusion in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and hepatic insufficiency (Kaufman et al., J. Vas. Interv. Radiol. 14: 635-638, 2003), intrahepatic arterioportal fistulas (Tasar et al., Clin. Imag. 29: 325-330, 2005), treatment of varicoceles (White et al., Radiol. 139: 327-334, 1981; Pollak et al., Radiol.
- balloon occlusion devices suffer from limitations that affect their ease of use and safety.
- a balloon can expand and rupture, or alternatively it can spontaneously deflate over time (Hawkins & Szaz, Invest. Radiol. 22: 969-972, 1987).
- Deflation is more common with latex balloons, with some studies reporting 100% deflation rates (Perala et al., J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 9: 761-765, 1998).
- Spontaneous deflation can result in treatment failure and reoccurrence of the lesion (Pollak et al., Radiol. 191: 477-482, 1994; Perala et al., J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 9: 761-765, 1998).
- Detachable balloon devices present other problems as well, and their use in the intracranial vasculature presents specific challenges.
- balloons generally exhibit low trackability, meaning that they are difficult to navigate, especially through tortuous vessels, such as those commonly found in the intracranial circulation.
- premature (i.e., non-intentional) detachment from the delivery device can lead to adverse consequences such as cerebral artery blockage and stroke.
- Balloons that dislodge and migrate can require open skull surgery especially where the balloon has become lodged in a major vessel, for example, in a cerebral artery (Cheng et al., Minim. Invasive Neurosurg., 49: 305-308, 2006).
- a further alternative is an expandable mechanical occlusion device such as the Amplatzer Vascular Plug.
- Such devices are made of a self-expanding Nitinol mesh, and can be deployed intravascularly to block flow through a vessel by inducing formation of a clot.
- this device does not produce immediate occlusion.
- the device may not produce a chronic occlusion leading to residual patency of the target vessel.
- the device is also limited by it navigability, and placement precision, which limits its utility to use in performing occlusions below the base of the skull (Ross & Buciuc, Amer. J. Neurorad. 28(2): 385-286, 2007).
- the device can include an expandable tubular frame having at least one closed end and an occlusive membrane extending across at least the closed end. Further, the occlusion device has an expansion ratio of at least about 5:1, at least about 6:1, or at least about 7:1.
- the occlusion device can also include a guidewire lumen, for removably receiving a guidewire therethrough.
- the guidewire lumen may be provided with a valve to block blood flow therethrough following removal of the guidewire.
- the valve may comprise a polymeric membrane, such as in the form of a collapsible tube extending in the upstream direction.
- the tube is collapsible under blood pressure.
- the device can have an unconstrained expanded diameter of at least about 1.5 mm, which can be deployed from a 0.7 mm (0.027′′) or smaller inside diameter lumen. In certain aspects, the device can have an unconstrained expanded diameter of at least about 6.0 mm, which can be deployed from a 0.7 mm (0.027′′) or smaller inside diameter lumen.
- an endovascular occlusion device for occluding blood flow in a vessel.
- the occlusion device comprises a support structure, self-expandable from a reduced cross section for transluminal navigation to an enlarged cross section for occluding a vessel.
- the support structure defines a concave occlusion component and an anchoring component separated by a neck portion.
- the support structure is configured such that blood pressure against the concave occlusion component provides a radially outwardly directed force to seal the occlusion component against the vessel wall, and an axially directed force against the neck which increases a radial force between the anchoring component and the vessel wall.
- the support structure has an expansion ratio of at least about 6:1, and in some embodiments at least about 8:1 or at least about 9:1.
- a guidewire lumen may be provided, extending through the neck portion, to enable placement of the occlusion device over the wire.
- a valve may be provided for occluding the guidewire lumen.
- the valve comprises a collapsible tubular sleeve, which may comprise a continuous membrane with an occlusion membrane carried by the occlusion component.
- the tubular sleeve may be configured to collapse under arterial blood pressure following removal of a guidewire from the tubular sleeve.
- the occlusion device may be configured for transluminal delivery over a 0.018 inch diameter guidewire.
- the occlusion component of the endovascular occlusion device may comprise an occlusive membrane carried by the support structure.
- the membrane has an average thickness of no more than about 30 microns.
- the support structure may be expandable through a range of expansion sufficient to occlude blood vessels having inside diameters anywhere within the range from about 2.5 mm to about 8 mm.
- the reduced cross section for transluminal navigation may be small enough that the occlusion device is deployable from a lumen having an inside diameter of no more than about 2 mm.
- the neck portion may be flexible so that the neck does not kink when the device is deployed in a curved vessel, and the occlusion component may have an axial length that is greater than an axial length of the anchoring component.
- FIG. 1B-1 illustrates an embodiment of an outer catheter that can be used with the delivery system shown in FIG. 1A .
- FIG. 1B-2 illustrates an enlarged view of the working length of the outer catheter shown in FIG. 1B-1 .
- FIG. 1B-3 illustrates an embodiment of an inner catheter that can be used with the delivery system shown in FIG. 1A .
- FIG. 1B-4 illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the inner catheter shown in FIG. 1B-3 through line 1 B- 3 - 1 B- 3 .
- FIG. 1C-1 illustrates an embodiment of a delivery system having a pusher interlock assembly in a locked configuration.
- FIG. 1C-2 illustrates the pusher interlock assembly shown in FIG. 1C-1 in an unlocked configuration.
- FIG. 1C-3 illustrates an embodiment of an occlusion device having a portion of the pusher interlock assembly shown in FIG. 1C-1 and detached from the delivery system.
- FIG. 1D-1 illustrates another embodiment of a delivery system having a threaded interlock assembly.
- FIG. 1D-2 illustrates an enlarged view of the threaded interlock assembly through line 1 D- 2 shown in FIG. 1D-1 .
- FIG. 1E-1 illustrates another embodiment of a delivery system having an interlock catheter.
- FIG. 1E-3 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 1E-1 taken through line 1 E- 2 to 1 E- 4 with the interlock assembly in an unlocked configuration.
- FIG. 1E-4 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 1E-1 taken through line 1 E- 2 to 1 E- 4 with the occlusion device detached.
- FIG. 2B illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A through line B prior to deployment.
- FIG. 2C illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device partially deployed.
- FIG. 2 CC illustrates an enlarged cross-section of the distal portion shown in FIG. 2C taken through line CC.
- FIG. 2D illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device fully deployed.
- FIG. 2 DD illustrates an enlarged cross-section of the distal portion shown in FIG. 2D taken through line DD.
- FIG. 2E illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device partially retracted.
- FIG. 2 EE illustrates a cross-section of the distal portion shown in FIG. 2E taken through line EE.
- FIG. 2F illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A with a majority of the occlusion device deployed.
- FIG. 2G illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A with the occlusion device fully deployed.
- FIG. 2H illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2G with the inner catheter partially retracted.
- FIG. 2 HH illustrates an enlarged view a tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2H taken through line HH.
- FIG. 2I illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2H with the inner catheter further retracted.
- FIG. 2 II illustrates an enlarged view of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2I taken through line II.
- FIG. 2J illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2I with the inner catheter further retracted.
- FIG. 2 JJ illustrates an enlarged view of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in FIG. 2J taken through line JJ.
- FIG. 2L illustrates the inner catheter of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A .
- FIG. 2M illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the inner catheter shown in FIG. 2L .
- FIG. 2N illustrates a cross-section of a distal portion through line 2 N of the outer catheter shown in FIG. 2M .
- FIG. 2O illustrates the outer catheter of the delivery system shown in FIG. 2A for contrast dye injection.
- FIG. 2P illustrates an enlarged view of a working length of the outer catheter shown in FIG. 2O .
- FIG. 2Q illustrates another deployment system having an interlock attachment member interfacing with an occlusion device.
- FIG. 2R illustrates another deployment system having an interlock attachment member released from the occlusion device.
- FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate another delivery system and an occlusion device having a tapered proximal end.
- FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate yet another delivery system and a generally cylindrical occlusion device.
- FIG. 4G illustrates an enlarged view of the occlusion device shown in FIGS. 4A-4F .
- FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate a delivery system and another generally cylindrical occlusion device.
- FIG. 5G illustrates an enlarged view of the occlusion device shown in FIGS. 5A-5F .
- FIG. 6 illustrates a partially covered, hourglass-shaped occlusion device.
- FIG. 7A illustrates a partially covered occlusion device having tapered ends.
- FIG. 7B illustrates a fully covered occlusion device having tapered ends.
- FIGS. 9B-9C illustrate the expandable structure in FIG. 9A partially covered with a cover.
- FIG. 10A illustrates a fully covered occlusion device having a first, closed end portion and a second, opened end portion.
- FIG. 10B illustrates a partially covered occlusion device having a first, closed end portion and a second, opened end portion.
- FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate different views of an occlusion device having a drumhead and a cover.
- FIG. 12A illustrates an embodiment of an occlusion device having an asymmetrical hourglass shape.
- FIG. 13A illustrates another embodiment of an hourglass-shaped occlusion device in an expanded configuration with a portion of the membrane removed to show the tubular portion of the membrane.
- FIG. 13B illustrates the occlusion device shown in FIG. 13A in an unexpanded configuration.
- FIGS. 1 A and 1 A- 1 illustrate an exemplary delivery system 100 for delivering any of the occlusion devices illustrated herein.
- the delivery system 100 can include an outer catheter 110 and an inner catheter 120 extending through the outer catheter 110 .
- catheters of the present invention can readily be modified to incorporate additional structures, such as permanent or removable column strength enhancing mandrels, two or more lumen such as to permit drug or irrigant infusion or aspiration or radiation delivery or to supply inflation media to an inflatable balloon, or combinations of these features, as will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
- catheters and occlusion devices disclosed herein may readily be adapted for use throughout the body wherever it may be desirable to introduce an occluder.
- occlusion devices may be deployed throughout the coronary and peripheral vasculature, neurovasculature, the gastrointestinal tract, the urethra, ureters, Fallopian tubes, and other lumens and potential lumens, as well.
- the occlusion devices described herein can be delivered via a low profile outer catheter 110 (e.g., having an outer diameter from about 2.8 F (0.93 mm) to about 6 F (2.0 mm), typically from about 3 F (1.0 mm) to about 5 F (1.67 mm), preferably less than about 5 F (1.67 mm), such as about 4.7 F (1.57 mm)).
- the occlusion devices described herein can be delivered over a guide wire having a diameter of at least about 0.010 inches and/or less than or equal to about 0.02 inches to facilitate trackability of the delivery catheter, while still utilizing a low profile delivery catheter.
- the guide wire can have a diameter of about 0.01 inches, 0.014 inches, or about 0.018 inches.
- neurovascular devices may be deployable from catheters having a length of at least about 120 cm or 125 cm or greater, to allow access to the carotid artery bifurcation and above.
- Devices configured for coronary or peripheral applications may have shorter delivery catheters and other dimensional modifications as are understood in the art.
- the catheters of the present invention may be composed of any of a variety of biologically compatible polymeric resins having suitable characteristics when formed into the tubular catheter body segments.
- Exemplary materials include polyvinyl chloride, polyethers, polyamides, polyethylenes, polyurethanes, a polycarbonate blend, copolymers thereof, and the like.
- the tubular body may be reinforced with a metal or polymeric braid or other conventional reinforcing layer.
- the catheter material should be selected such that the delivery system demonstrates acceptable trackability and deployment forces to enable access to the target vessel and delivery of the implant to the target vascular. Further, the material of the outer catheter 110 should be sufficient to maintain its integrity during flushing and hemostasis. For example, the outer catheter 110 should be able to resist a pressure of at least about 45 psi/min.
- the outer catheter 110 must have sufficient structural integrity (e.g., column strength or “pushability”) to permit the outer catheter 110 to be advanced to distal locations without buckling or undesirable bending of the tubular body 116 .
- the ability of the outer catheter 110 to transmit torque may also be desirable, such as to avoid kinking upon rotation, to assist in steering.
- the outer catheter 110 , and particularly the distal portion may be provided with any of a variety of torque and/or column strength enhancing structures. For example, axially extending stiffening wires, spiral wrapped support layers, and/or braided or woven reinforcement filaments may be built into or layered on the tubular body 116 .
- the delivery system 100 and its variants described herein are capable of penetrating the target vessel by at least 4 cm, such as between about 4 cm and 6 cm, for example, at least 5 cm, or preferably at least about 5.5 cm as determined by the Trackability Protocol described below.
- the proximal portion of the outer catheter 110 may have a shore hardness in the range from 50 D to 100 D, often being about 70 D to 80 D.
- the proximal portion of the outer catheter 110 will have a flexural modulus from 20,000 psi to 1,000,000 psi, preferably from 100,000 psi to 600,000 psi.
- the distal portion of the outer catheter 110 will be sufficiently flexible and supple so that it may navigate the patient's distal vasculature.
- the shore hardness of the distal portion may be in the range from about 20 A to about 100 A, and the flexural modulus for the distal portion may be from about 50 psi to about 15,000 psi.
- the outer catheter 110 may be produced in accordance with any of a variety of known techniques for manufacturing interventional catheter bodies, such as by extrusion of appropriate biocompatible polymeric materials. At least a proximal portion or all of the length of outer catheter 110 may comprise a polymeric or metal spring coil, solid walled hypodermic needle tubing, or braided reinforced wall, as is known in the microcatheter arts.
- the proximal end 112 of outer catheter 110 can include a manifold 118 having one or more access ports as is known in the art.
- the manifold 118 can include a guidewire port. Additional access ports may be provided as needed, depending upon the functional capabilities of the catheter.
- the manifold 118 can be compatible with luer connections from related accessories. Further, the manifold 118 may be injection molded from any of a variety of medical grade plastics, or formed in accordance with other techniques known in the art.
- Manifold 118 can also include a control (not shown), for controlling deployment of the occlusion device.
- the control may take any of a variety of forms depending upon the mechanical structure of the support.
- the control can include a slider switch, which can connect to the inner catheter 120 . Distal axial advancement of the slider switch can produce an axial advance of the connected feature.
- the occlusion device advances from the distal end of the outer catheter 110 , the occlusion device can move from the reduced diameter to the enlarged diameter.
- the outer catheter 110 can define a lumen through which the inner catheter 120 can move axially.
- the inner catheter 120 can include a proximal end 122 and a distal end 124 . Similar to the outer catheter 110 , the inner catheter 120 can include a manifold 126 disposed at the proximal end 122 of the inner catheter 120 .
- the manifold 126 can be configured to control movement of the inner catheter 120 , deployment of the occlusion device, and/or fluid flow through the inner catheter 120 .
- the inner catheter 120 should be sufficiently long to deliver the occlusion device out of the distal end 114 of the outer catheter 110 . Further, the inner catheter 120 can include a material exhibiting any of the material properties described in connection with the outer catheter 110 .
- the inner catheter 120 can define a lumen through which a conventional guide wire can move axially.
- the outer catheter 110 can include a second lumen having a guide wire axially movable therein.
- the guide wire lumen should be sufficiently large to accommodate a guide wire 128 having a diameter between about 0.25 mm and about 0.5 mm.
- the guide wire 128 can include a hub 130 disposed at a proximal end of the guide wire 128 .
- a variety of coatings may be utilized, such as Paralene, Teflon, silicone rubber, polyimide-polytetrafluoroethylene composite materials, or others known in the art and suitable depending upon the material of the guidewire or inner tubular wall.
- the delivery system 100 can include different features depending on whether the occlusion device is self-expanding or balloon expandable. For example, if the occlusion device is balloon expandable, the inner catheter 120 can carry the occlusion device on a balloon (not shown).
- the occlusion device can be constrained by a distal portion of the outer catheter 110 , and the inner catheter 120 can push the occlusion device out from the distal end 114 of the catheter 110 .
- the delivery system 100 can include a support tube 134 axially disposed between the outer catheter 110 and the inner catheter 120 .
- the support tube 134 can move axially to push the occlusion device off the inner catheter 120 .
- the force necessary to push the occlusion device off the inner catheter 120 can be less than or equal to about 5 N, for example, within about 0.25 N of about 4.5 N or within about 0.25 N of about 4.0 N.
- a ratcheting mechanism an electrolytically erodible attachment, involuted deployment, a threaded attachment, or other torque releasing attachment.
- the delivery system 100 can be configured to resheath and reposition the occlusion device after deployment, but before release. Prior to release, the inner catheter 120 can be retracted to pull the occlusion device back into the outer catheter 110 .
- the retraction force necessary to retract the occlusion device should be less than or equal to about 5 N, for example, between about 3 N and about 4 N, or between about 3.5 N and about 4.5 N.
- the interlock interference feature can have a dimension between about 0.15 mm and about 0.25 mm, for example, within about 0.02 mm of about 0.2 mm.
- the delivery system 100 may further comprise other components, such as radiopaque fillers, colorants, reinforcing materials, reinforcement layers, such as braids and helical reinforcement elements, or the like.
- at least the proximal portion may be reinforced in order to enhance its column strength and torqueability while preferably limiting its wall thickness and outside diameter.
- radiopaque markers may be positioned on the inner and/or outer catheters 120 , 110 to monitor the delivery system 100 during the procedure.
- the delivery system can include radiopaque features that allow for their fluoroscopic visualization during delivery, deployment, and/or retraction.
- the delivery system can include marker bands or coiled wires disposed along one or more of the outer catheter 110 , inner catheter 120 , and the guide wire 128 .
- the bands or coils can include a minimum thickness of at least about 0.02 mm and a minimum length of about 0.5 mm.
- Suitable marker bands can be produced from any number of a variety of materials, including platinum, gold, tantalum, and tungsten/rhenium alloy.
- the radiopaque metal band will be recessed in an annular channel formed in the tubular body.
- FIGS. 1B-1 and 1 B- 2 illustrate a possible embodiment the outer catheter 110 of the delivery system.
- the outer catheter permits contrast dye to be injected through the delivery system and can be used to determine the position of the occlusion device before detaching the occlusion device from the delivery system.
- the outer catheter 110 can have a working length of about 120 cm or any other suitable working length described above.
- An internal diameter of the outer catheter 110 can be less than or equal to about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches.
- the distal end 114 of the outer catheter 110 can have a reduced diameter between about 0.02 inches and about 0.04 inches.
- the outer catheter 110 can include a plurality of openings 121 (e.g., at least two, five, six, eight, or more openings) disposed near a distal end 114 of the outer catheter 110 , such that contrast dye can be released near the proximal side of the occlusion device.
- the placement of the openings 121 can remove the pressure of the contrast on the occlusion device to mitigate the likelihood of damaging the occlusion device prior to deployment (see FIG. 1B-2 ).
- the distal most opening 121 ′ can be positioned less than or equal to about 2.0 inches from the distal end 114 or at a location that is between about 1.5% and 2.5% of the working length of the catheter from the distal end 114 .
- the plurality of openings 121 can be positioned in a helical configuration spanning less than or equal to about 0.5 inches measured in an axial direction (e.g., about 0.3 inches, about 0.35 inches, or about 0.4 inches).
- the plurality of holes 121 can be equally, axially spaced apart (e.g., less than about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches).
- the contrast flow rate can be at least about 2 cc/second or at least about 5 cc/second under an infusion pressure of no more than about 500 psi, preferably no more than about 250 psi as measured under the Injection Protocol described herein.
- the contrast flow rate can between about 2 cc/second and 5 cc/second under infusion pressures between about 100 psi and 200 psi or between about 100 psi and 150 psi, such as about 2.0 or 2.3 cc/min.
- the openings 121 provide a sufficient flow rate to prevent the buildup of pressure distal to the openings 121 such that the occlusion device is not inadvertently deployed simply by injecting contrast.
- the flow rate through the openings 121 prevents a distal pressure higher than 50 psi when a 200 psi infusion pressure is applied or a distal pressure of no more than 10 psi.
- FIGS. 1B-3 and 1 B- 4 illustrate a possible embodiment of the inner catheter 120 .
- the inner catheter 120 can include manifold 126 that provides access to a lumen of the inner catheter 120 . Further, the inner catheter 120 can include a pusher member 123 . When the delivery system is assembled, the occlusion device can be positioned between the distal end 124 and the pusher member 123 of the inner catheter 120 . The pusher member 123 can be used to push the occlusion device out of the outer catheter 110 . As shown in FIG. 1B-4 , the inner catheter 120 can also include a radiopaque marker 125 disposed near the distal end 124 of the inner catheter 120 , so the user can monitor placement of the occlusion device.
- the delivery system 100 c (including one or more features of the delivery system 100 ) and the occlusion device 140 can include an interlock assembly 150 that allows the occlusion device 140 to be resheathed or repositioned.
- the interlock assembly 150 can removably secure the inner catheter 120 c to the occlusion device 140 .
- the occlusion device 140 can resemble 1500 any of the occlusion devices described below.
- the interlock assembly 150 can include one or more resilient members 152 and a corresponding number of recesses 154 (e.g., channels or grooves). As shown in FIG. 1C-3 , the interlock assembly 150 can include a first resilient member 152 a and a second resilient member 152 b ; however, more resilient members can be utilized (e.g., three or four).
- the resilient members 152 can extend from one of a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal end 142 ) of the occlusion device 140 or a distal end of the inner catheter 120 c , and the recesses 154 can be disposed on the other of the reduced diameter portion (e.g., the proximal end 142 ) of the occlusion device 140 or the distal portion 156 of the inner catheter 120 c .
- a diameter of the distal end portion 156 can be greater than a remaining portion of the inner catheter 120 c and less than or equal to a diameter of the proximal end 142 of the occlusion device 140 (see FIG. 1C-1 ).
- the resilient members 152 can extend proximally from a proximal end 142 of the occlusion device 140 , and the recesses 154 can be disposed at the distal end portion 156 of the inner catheter 120 c.
- the resilient members 152 can be biased toward an outward extending position. Further, the resilient members 152 can each have a Z-shape, such that a first end of a resilient member 152 is axially displaced from a second end of the resilient member 152 . In certain variants, the resilient members 152 can have a T-shape, a lollipop shape, a Christmas tree shape, or any other suitable shape, which provides at least a first interference surface for engaging with a second complementary interference surface to releasably retain the occlusion device on the catheter.
- the shape of the recesses 154 can generally correspond to the shape of the resilient members 152 , such that when the resilient members 152 are constrained within the outer catheter 110 c , the resilient members 152 can engage the corresponding recesses 154 .
- the interlock assembly 150 maintains the inner catheter 120 c and the occlusion device 140 in a locked configuration (see FIG. 1C-1 ) until the resilient members 152 are pushed beyond the distal end 114 c of the catheter body 110 c (see FIG. 1C-2 ).
- the resilient members 152 move back to the outward extending position, thereby releasing the occlusion device 140 from the inner catheter 120 c (see FIG. 1C-3 ).
- the interlock assembly 150 allows the occlusion device 140 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as the resilient members 152 do not extend beyond the distal end 114 c of the catheter 110 c . Further, the interlock assembly 150 requires no additional movable members for actuation, which has a number of benefits, including, but not limited to, a reduced profile delivery system, a more flexible delivery system, fewer components for manufacturing, and fewer steps during the procedure.
- FIGS. 1D-1 and 1 D- 2 illustrate another embodiment of an interlock assembly 170 that can be used with delivery system 100 d (including one or more features of the delivery system 100 ).
- the interlock assembly 170 can include a first threaded region 172 at a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal portion 162 ) of an occlusion device 160 and a second, corresponding threaded region 174 at a distal portion 156 of the inner catheter 120 d .
- a reduced diameter portion e.g., a proximal portion 162
- second, corresponding threaded region 174 at a distal portion 156 of the inner catheter 120 d .
- the first threaded region 172 can be disposed around an interior surface of the proximal portion 162 of the occlusion device 160
- the second region 174 can be disposed around an exterior surface of the distal end portion 176 .
- An outer diameter of the distal portion 176 can be less than an interior diameter of the proximal portion 162 of the occlusion device 160 , such that the second threaded region 174 can threadably engage the first threaded region 172 .
- the interlock assembly 170 can maintain the inner catheter 120 d and the occlusion device 160 in a locked configuration (see FIG. 1D-2 ) until the inner catheter 120 d is rotated counterclockwise and unscrewed from the occlusion device 160 .
- the interlock assembly 170 allows the occlusion device 160 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as the inner catheter 120 d remains threadably engaged with the occlusion device 160 .
- the interlock assembly 170 requires no additional movable members for actuation, which has a number of benefits, including, but not limited to, a reduced profile delivery system, a more flexible delivery system, fewer components for manufacturing, and fewer steps during the procedure.
- FIGS. 1E-1 to 1 E- 6 another illustrative embodiment of a delivery system is shown. Portions of the delivery system 100 e resemble the delivery system 100 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the delivery system 100 include an “e” to identify like features of the delivery system 100 e (e.g., the outer catheter 110 e can resemble the outer catheter 110 ).
- the delivery system 100 e can include an interlock catheter 101 e extending through the outer catheter 110 e .
- the interlock catheter 101 can include an outer pusher 188 e and an inner pusher 186 e (see FIGS. 1E-5 and 1 E- 6 ).
- a hemostasis valve 103 e can form a seal between the outer catheter 110 e and the interlock catheter 101 e .
- the delivery system 100 e is described in connection with the occlusion device 1500 (described in further detail below); however, the delivery system 100 e can be used with other occlusion devices, such as the occlusion device 1500 .
- the interlock catheter 100 e and the occlusion device 1500 can include an interlock assembly 180 e .
- the interlock assembly 180 e can include a key ring 182 e that can be secured to a distal portion of the outer pusher 188 e .
- an inner diameter of the key ring 182 e can be greater than an outer diameter of the distal portion of the outer pusher 188 e , such that the key ring 182 e can be secured over the distal portion of the outer pusher 188 e .
- one or more locking tabs 183 e e.g., two, three, or four
- the locking tabs 183 e can be biased inward toward the inner pusher 186 e . Additionally, as shown in FIG. 1E-1 , the locking tabs 183 e can have a generally lollipop shape. Although, in other embodiments, the locking tab 183 e can have a T-shape, Z-shape, Christmas Tree shape, or any other suitable shape.
- the interlock assembly 180 e can also include a locking drum 184 e that is coaxial with the outer pusher 188 e (see FIGS. 1E-5 and 1 E- 6 ).
- the locking drum 184 e can be secured to the inner pusher 186 e , and thus advanceable relative to the outer pusher 188 e .
- the inner pusher 186 e is advanced until the locking drum 184 e pushes the locking tabs 183 e outward into a corresponding interlock feature 1518 on a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal collar 1516 ) of the occlusion device 1500 (see FIGS. 1E-2 and 1 E- 5 ).
- the occlusion device 1500 can be advanced through the outer catheter 110 e using the interlock catheter 101 e.
- the inner pusher 186 e is advanced further until a proximal end of the locking drum 184 e is distal to the locking tabs 183 e (see FIG. 1E-3 ).
- the locking tabs 183 e can return to the inward extending position such that the occlusion device 1500 can be detached from the outer pusher 188 e (see FIGS. 1E-4 and 1 E- 6 ).
- the interlock assembly 180 e allows the occlusion device 1500 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as the outer pusher 188 is secured to the occlusion device 1500 .
- FIGS. 2A to 2K illustrate a method of using another embodiment of a delivery system 200 having an interlocking attachment member 231 that interfaces with an occlusion device O.
- Portions of the delivery system 200 resemble the delivery system 100 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the delivery system 100 are incremented by a factor of “100” to identify like features of the delivery system 200 (e.g., the outer catheter 210 can resemble the outer catheter 110 ).
- the delivery system 200 can include an inner catheter 220 adapted to advance an occlusion device O (e.g., an hourglass-shaped occlusion device as described below) through the outer catheter 210 and into the target vessel (see FIG. 2A ).
- the inner catheter 220 can include an interlocking attachment member 231 that enables the clinician to advance and retract the occlusion device O, so long as the proximal end of the occlusion device O remains constrained within the outer catheter 210 and interfaces within the interlocking attachment member 231 (see FIGS. 2L and 2M ).
- the proximal end of the occlusion device O When the proximal end of the occlusion device O is advanced distally of the distal end 214 of the outer catheter 210 , the proximal end of the occlusion device O expands and releases from the interlocking attachment member 231 (see FIG. 2G ).
- the interlocking attachment member 231 enables the clinician to assess the performance of the occlusion device O prior to releasing the occlusion device O from the delivery system 200 .
- FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrates a fully assembled delivery system 200 with the inner catheter 220 extending through the outer catheter 210 .
- the distal lobe of the occlusion device D can be deployed.
- the occlusion device O can be deployed by advancing the inner catheter 220 relative to the outer catheter 210 (see FIGS. 2C and 2D ).
- contrast injection can be delivered to confirm the position of the occlusion device O. Since the distal lobe of the occlusion device D is uncovered (e.g., bare metal struts), the occlusion device O does not occlude flow of the dye. As shown in FIGS.
- a distal face of the interlock attachment member 231 interfaces with the occlusion device O at a location distal to the proximal end of the occlusion device O, such that the interlock attachment member 231 urges the occlusion device O in a distal direction.
- the inner catheter 220 can be retracted to retract the occlusion device O (see FIG. 2E ). As shown in FIG. 2 EE, as the inner catheter is retracted, a proximal face of the interlock attachment member 231 interfaces with the occlusion device O (e.g., proximal hooks of the occlusion device O), such that the interlock attachment 231 urges the occlusion device O in a proximal direction.
- the occlusion device O e.g., proximal hooks of the occlusion device O
- the remaining portion of the occlusion device can be deployed (see FIGS. 2F and 2G ).
- the inner catheter 220 can be retracted relative to the outer catheter 210 (see FIG. H).
- a proximal face of the ramp 229 is larger than an end portion E of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device T (e.g., a larger diameter or larger surface area). Consequently, as the inner catheter 220 is further withdrawn, the ramp 229 forces the tubular portion T to invert (see FIGS.
- tubular portion T moves from being positioned within the distal lobe D (see FIGS. 2 H and 2 HH) to being positioned within the proximal lobe P (see FIGS. 2 J and 2 JJ).
- tubular portion T moves from being external to a membrane cover M (see FIGS. 2 H and 2 HH) to being positioned within the membrane cover M (see FIGS.
- the tubular portion T closes like a valve to prevent blood from flowing through the tubular portion T.
- the tubular portion T has sufficiently low collapse resistance such that when the delivery system 200 ′ (and guidewire, if present) is removed, the tubular portion T collapses (e.g., kinks, folds, buckles, flops over, or likewise) into a closed position.
- FIGS. 2L to 2N illustrate the outer catheter 210 of the delivery system 200 .
- the outer catheter 200 permits contrast dye to be injected through the delivery system 200 and can be used to determine the position of the occlusion device before detaching the occlusion device from the delivery system 200 .
- the outer catheter 210 can have a working length of about 120 cm or any other suitable working length described above.
- An internal diameter of the outer catheter 210 can be less than or equal to about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches.
- a distal portion of the outer catheter 210 can be bulbous shaped if a marker band 225 is embedded within the outer catheter 210 (see FIG. 2N ).
- the outer catheter 210 can include at least three concentric layers, e.g., an inner layer 210 ′, an intermediate layer 210 ′′, and an outer layer 210 ′.
- the outer layer 210 ′′′ can be constructed from Pebax or other medical grade polymer materials.
- the intermediate layer 210 ′′ can be a stainless steel braid to reinforce the outer catheter 210 .
- the inner layer 210 ′ can be constructed from PTFE or other suitable medical grade polymer materials. If present, the radiopaque marker 225 can be embedded radially between the outer layer 210 ′ and the intermediate layer 210 ′′.
- the outer catheter 210 can include a plurality of openings 221 (e.g., at least two, five, six, eight, or more openings) disposed near a distal end 114 h of the outer catheter 210 , such that contrast dye can be released near the proximal side of the occlusion device (see FIG. 2M ).
- the placement of the openings 221 can remove the pressure of the contrast on the occlusion device to mitigate the likelihood of damaging the occlusion device prior to deployment.
- the distal most opening 221 ′ can be positioned less than or equal to about 2.0 inches from the distal end 114 h or at a location that is between about 1.5% and 2.5% of the working length from the distal end 114 h .
- the plurality of openings 221 can be positioned in a helical configuration spanning less than or equal to about 0.5 inches measured in an axial direction (e.g., about 0.3 inches, about 0.35 inches, or about 0.4 inches). Further, the plurality of holes 221 can be equally, axially spaced apart (e.g., less than about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches).
- the contrast flow rate can be at least about 2 cc/second or at least about 5 cc/second under an infusion pressure of no more than about 500 psi, preferably no more than about 250 psi as measured under the Injection Protocol described herein.
- the contrast flow rate can between about 2 cc/second and 5 cc/second under infusion pressures between about 100 psi and 200 psi or between about 100 psi and 150 psi, such as about 2.0 or 2.3 cc/min.
- the openings 221 provide a sufficient flow rate to prevent the buildup of pressure distal to the openings 221 such that the occlusion device is not inadvertently deployed simply by injecting contrast.
- the flow rate through the openings 221 prevents a distal pressure higher than 50 psi when a 200 psi infusion pressure is applied or a distal pressure of no more than 10 psi.
- FIGS. 2O and 2P illustrate the inner catheter 220 of the delivery system 200 .
- the inner tubular body 220 has a proximal end 222 and a distal end 224 .
- a proximal hub 226 can be positioned at the proximal end 222 of the inner catheter 220 to provide access to a lumen of the inner catheter 220 .
- a pusher tip 227 can be positioned at the distal end 224 of the inner catheter 220 .
- the pusher tip 227 can be tapered at a distal and/or a proximal portion of the pusher tip 227 , with a uniform diameter section therebetween. If the pusher tip 227 and the inner catheter 220 are separate components, a radiopaque marker 225 can be positioned radially between the pusher tip 227 and the inner catheter 220 .
- a distal ramp 229 can be positioned proximal to the pusher tip 227 .
- the distal ramp 229 can be tapered in a distal direction.
- the ramp 229 can invert a tubular section of an occlusion membrane as the inner catheter 220 is retracted through the occlusion device.
- the delivery system 200 can include an interlocking attachment member 231 positioned proximal to the distal ramp 229 .
- the interlocking attachment member 231 can be ring-shaped.
- the interlocking attachment member 231 can interface with an occlusion device having proximal hooks, barbs, or the like (see e.g., occlusion device 1200 e ).
- the proximal hooks of the occlusion device can interface with the interlocking attachment member 231 so long as the proximal end of the occlusion device remains constrained within the outer catheter 210 .
- the outer catheter 210 constrains the proximal end of the occlusion device, thereby allowing the occlusion device to interface with the interlocking attachment member 231 .
- the length of the proximal hooks of the occlusion device and the length of the interlocking attachment member 231 can be optimized to provide a controlled amount of axial clearance in between proximal hooks of the occlusion device and the interlocking attachment member 231 (see FIGS. 2 DD and 2 EE).
- the interlocking attachment member 231 pushes on a portion of the occlusion device distal to the proximal end of the occlusion device but does not engage the proximal hooks of the occlusion device (see FIG. 2 DD).
- the axial clearance enables the proximal end of the occlusion device to expand when advanced out of the outer catheter 210 .
- retracting the inner catheter 220 causes the interlocking attachment member 231 to engage the proximal hooks and retract the occlusion device (see FIG. 2 EE).
- a proximal coupler 233 can be positioned proximal to the interlocking attachment member 231 .
- the proximal coupler 233 can be tapered in a proximal direction.
- the proximal coupler 233 can prevent the occlusion device from moving proximally prior to deployment.
- FIGS. 2Q and 2R illustrate another delivery system 200 ′. Portions of the delivery system 200 ′ resemble the delivery system 200 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the delivery system 200 are include an apostrophe (′) to identify like features of the delivery system 200 ′ (e.g., the outer catheter 210 ′ can resemble the outer catheter 210 ).
- ′ an apostrophe
- the interlock attachment member 231 ′ can have a number of longitudinally extending grooves 240 ′ (indentations, openings, or the like) circumferentially positioned around the interlock attachment member 231 ′. These grooves 240 ′ are shaped to receive a neck portion 244 ′ of a marker 242 ′ (see FIG. 2Q ).
- At least a proximal lobe P of the occlusion device O can include a number of markers 242 ′.
- Each of these markers 242 ′ can include an aperture 246 ′ (eyelet, opening, or the like) and a neck portion 244 ′.
- These markers 242 ′ can be press-fit onto the strut endings of the proximal lobe P.
- the markers 242 ′ can be radiopaque to facilitate visualization of the occlusion device O.
- the method of delivering the occlusion device O is similar to the method described in FIGS. 2A to 2K .
- the occlusion device O Prior to full release (see FIG. 2Q ), the occlusion device O can be retracted and repositioned.
- the occlusion device O is configured to interface with the interlock attachment member 231 ′ until a proximal end of the occlusion device O has been released from the delivery system 200 ′ (see FIG. 2R ).
- the occlusion devices described herein can include an expandable structure configured to move between an unexpanded or constrained configuration and an expanded or unconstrained or enlarged configuration.
- the expandable structure can include any of a number of medical grade materials, including, but not limited to, polymers (e.g., PET) or non-ferrous metals (e.g., nitinol, stainless steel, or cobalt chrome).
- the expansion ratio of the expandable structure should be sufficiently large such that the occlusion device is capable of compressing to a minimum size suitable for delivery through a catheter having an outer diameter of 6 F (i.e., 2.0 mm) or less, thereby minimizing trauma to the vessel during delivery. Further, the expansion ratio should be sufficiently large such that a single, expanded occlusion device is capable of preventing substantially all fluid from flowing past the occlusion device in vessel range of different sized target vessels. Although, additional occlusion devices (e.g., two or three) can be delivered depending on clinical judgment.
- the expandable structure can be configured to include an expansion ratio that is at least about 3:1, at least about 5:1, preferably at least about 7:1, and more preferably at least about 8:1. In some examples, the expansion ratio can be about 7:1 or about 8:1.
- a diameter of the expandable structure in the expanded configuration can be at least about three times, at least about five times, preferably at least about seven times, and more preferably at least about eight times, a diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration.
- the diameter of the expandable structure in the expanded configuration can be between about three times and about nine times greater, preferably at least about seven times greater, than the diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration.
- the diameter of the expandable structure can be at least about seven times or about eight times greater than a diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration.
- the delivery system preferably has a sufficiently small diameter to avoid causing damage to the vessel wall during delivery. Therefore, the occlusion device should be configured for delivery through a catheter having an outer diameter that is less than 7 F (2.3 mm), preferably less than 6 F (2.0 mm), for example 5 F (1.67 mm), 4 F (1.33 mm), or 3 F (1.0 mm).
- the occlusion device can include an outer diameter that is less than or equal to about 2 mm or less than or equal to about 1.75 mm, preferably less than or equal to about 1.5 mm.
- the outer diameter of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration can be within about 0.5 mm, or within about 0.25 mm, of about 1.25 mm.
- a length of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration can be less than or equal to about 3 cm or less than or equal to about 2.5 cm, for example, within about 0.5 cm of about 2 cm.
- the expandable structure can include one or more strands braided to form the expandable structure.
- Each strand can include a diameter between about 0.025 mm and about 0.05 mm.
- the braided expandable structure can include a pore size of no more than about 1.5 sq ⁇ mm, preferably no more than about 1.25 sq ⁇ mm, for example, within about 0.25 sq ⁇ mm of about 1.0 sq ⁇ mm.
- the braided strands can form intersecting angles between about 70 degrees and about 130 degrees, for example, between about 70 degrees and 90 degrees, between about 80 degrees and about 100 degrees, between about 90 degrees and about 110 degrees, between about 100 degrees and about 120 degrees, or between about 110 degrees and about 130 degrees.
- An expanded diameter of the expandable structure can vary depending on the application of the occlusion devices.
- the diameter can vary depending on whether the occlusion device is delivered within a renal vessel, a cardiovascular vessel, a pulmonary vessel, a neurovascular vessel, or otherwise.
- the expanded configuration must have an acceptable diameter, length, and radial outward forces to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration.
- the aspect ratio between the expanded diameter and the expanded length can be less than or equal to about 1:1, such as 1:2, or the length can be proportionally longer depending on the desired application.
- a maximum diameter of the occlusion device can be between about 1.0 to about 1.5 times or more a diameter of the target site in a vessel.
- the occlusion device can expand to a diameter between about 5.0 mm and about 11 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of each of about 6.0 mm, 7.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 9.0 mm, or 10.0 mm.
- the expanded diameter can be between about 4.0 mm and about 6.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of about 4.5 mm.
- the expanded diameter can be between about 2.0 mm and about 3.0 mm, for example, within about 0.25 mm of about 2.5 mm.
- the expanded diameter can be between about 1.5 mm and about 4.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of each of about 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, or 3.0 mm.
- Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an internal diameter of less than or equal to about 0.7 mm (0.027′′).
- the expansion ratio can be at least about 5:1, for example, between about 5:1 and 5.5:1 or between about 5.5:1 and about 6:1, such as about 5.8:1.
- the expanded diameter can be between about 4.0 mm and about 6.0 mm, for example, within about 0.25 mm of each of about 4.25 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.25 mm, 5.5 mm, or 5.75 mm.
- Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an internal diameter of no more than about 1.0 mm (0.038′′).
- the expansion ratio can be at least about 5:1, preferably at least about 6:1, for example, between about 6:1 and about 7:1, such as about 6.2:1.
- the expanded diameter can be between about 7.0 mm and about 12.0 mm, for example, within 0.5 mm of each of about 7.5 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 10.0 mm, 10.5 mm, 11.0 mm, or 11.5 mm.
- Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an outer diameter of less than or equal to about 2.0 mm, for example, between about 1.5 mm and about 2.0 mm (e.g., 1.67 mm (5 F)).
- the expanded length should be between about 0.5 times and about 1.5 times the diameter of the target vessel, or greater depending on the desired performance.
- the expanded length can be between about 2.5 mm to about 7.5 mm, for example, between about 4.0 mm to about 6.0 mm, or within about 0.5 mm of about 5.0 mm.
- the expanded length can be between about 2.0 mm to about 6.0 mm, for example, between about 3.0 mm and about 5.0 mm, or within about 0.5 mm of about 4.5 mm.
- the expanded length can be between about 1.0 mm and about 3.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of about 2.5 mm.
- the expanded lengths can vary from 1 cm to 5 cm (e.g., from 1 cm to 4 cm, from 2 cm to 5 cm, from 2 cm to 4 cm, overlapping ranges thereof, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm. 2.5 cm, 3 cm, 3.5 cm, 4 cm, 4.5 cm, 5 cm), and the expansion diameter can vary from 1 mm to 6 mm (e.g., from 1 mm to 4 mm, from 2 mm to 6 mm, from 3 mm to 5 mm, overlapping ranges thereof, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm) depending on the vessel to be addressed.
- 1 cm to 5 cm e.g., from 1 cm to 4 cm, from 2 cm to 5 cm, from 2 cm to 4 cm, overlapping ranges thereof, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm. 2.5 cm, 3 cm, 3.5 cm, 4 cm, 4.5 cm, 5 cm
- the expansion diameter can vary from 1 mm to 6 mm (e.g., from 1 mm to 4
- the expandable structure can be configured to expand to diameters larger than 5 mm (e.g., 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm) or less than 2 mm (e.g., 1.8 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.0 mm).
- one or both ends of the occlusion device can be tapered.
- a proximal end which tapers down in diameter in the proximal direction can be useful to facilitate retraction.
- an angle of a proximal tapered end can be less than or equal to about 45 degrees, for example, between about 15 degrees and about 30 degrees or between about 30 degrees and about 45 degrees.
- the occlusion device can have an average COP across a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm (e.g., a diameter between about 3.0 mm and about 8.0 mm) of between about 20 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, such as between about 30 mmHg and about 140 mmHg, between about 30 mm Hg and 80 mmHg, between about between about 70 mmHg and 100 mmHg, between about 90 mmHg and 120 mmHg, or between about 100 mmHg and 140 mmHg.
- a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm e.g., a diameter between about 3.0 mm and about 8.0 mm
- the occlusion device can have an average COP across a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm (e.g., a diameter between about 3.0 mm and about 8.0 mm) of between about 20 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, such as between about 30 mmH
- the occlusion devices described herein can exert a radial outward pressure between about 30 mmHg and about 50 mmHg, for example, between about 30 mmHg and about 40 mmHg, between about 35 mmHg and about 45 mmHg, or between about 40 mmHg and about 50 mmHg at the diameter of an intended target site in a vessel.
- a proximal end of the occlusion device can include features to cause radial outward force to increase at the center of the occlusion device without traumatizing the vessel.
- the radial outward force at the center of the occlusion device can increase by up to 20 mmHg, for example, between about 10 mmHg to about 15 mmHg, or between about 15 mmHg and about 20 mmHg.
- the expandable structure should include a wall pattern configured to facilitate proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration after delivery.
- the wall pattern preferably permits the occlusion device to be collapsed inside the delivery system without negatively impacting trackability and accurate deployment.
- the wall pattern can include struts that run diagonal or perpendicular to blood flow to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration.
- the occlusion device can include a wall pattern configured such that a backpressure generated from the blood flow can help stabilize the occlusion device without causing trauma to the vessel wall.
- the wall pattern can be substantially uniform along an entire length of the expandable structure.
- the wall pattern can vary between the first and second end portions and the middle portion.
- the density of the wall pattern can vary across the length of the occlusion device, for example, the pore size of the occlusion device can gradually increase across the length of the occlusion device or towards both ends from the center.
- the pore size should be sufficiently large to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration.
- the expanded average pore size can be greater than or equal to about 0.75 sq ⁇ mm, for example, within about 0.25 sq ⁇ mm of about 1.0 sq ⁇ mm, within about 0.5 sq ⁇ mm of about 1.25 sq ⁇ mm, or within about 0.5 sq ⁇ mm. of about 4.5 sq ⁇ mm.
- Other methods for reducing migration can include incorporating one or more anchors, such as barbs, hooks, or likewise, along any portion of the occlusion device, preferably an uncovered bare strut portion, such as the middle portion or one of two end lobes of the occlusion device.
- anchors such as barbs, hooks, or likewise, along any portion of the occlusion device, preferably an uncovered bare strut portion, such as the middle portion or one of two end lobes of the occlusion device.
- the occlusion device can include one or more exposed strands or strand ends.
- the braided occlusion device can include one or more strands each having strand ends. At least some of those strand ends can remain exposed and can be configured to anchor the occlusion device to the vessel wall.
- at least some of the strand ends can be secured to another of the strand ends, looped backed and secured to the same strand, or otherwise transformed to an atraumatic end, while at least some other of the strand ends can remain unsecured and can be configured to anchor the occlusion device to the vessel wall.
- These unsecured strand ends can be disposed anywhere along the occlusion device, for example, at least at one of the first and second end portions.
- the occlusion device can be coated with a substance to promote endothelial growth or the formation of clots.
- the occlusion device can be coated with a chemical sclerosing agent.
- the occlusion device can be coated with a liquid embolic (e.g., cohesives (i.e., Onyx) or adhesives (i.e. n-BCA).
- the occlusion device can be configured to occlude substantially all fluid flow through a vessel using a single occluder, although multiple occlusion devices can be delivered. Further, the single occluder can be configured to immediately occlude fluid flow through the vessel using a single occluder (e.g., upon expansion). Substantial occlusion can include occluding at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98% of fluid flow through the vessel.
- the occlusion device can include a cover at least partially covering the expandable structure.
- the cover can include a cover material including, but not limited to, PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers, SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA.
- the cover should be substantially impermeable to blood with a biostability for at least about two weeks.
- the permeability is less than about 0.1 mL/sq. cm/min.
- the cover can include a pore size of less than or equal to about 0.075 sq ⁇ mm.
- the cover has less than or equal to about 20 percent open area, less than or equal to about 15 percent open area, or within about 2 percent of each of about 10 percent, 12 percent, 14 percent, 16 percent, or 18 percent.
- the cover should include sufficient elasticity and lubricity to permit the occlusion device to be deployed in catheters having An outer diameter of less than or equal to about 6 F (2.0 mm) or less than or equal to about 5 F (1.67 mm) and expand to a diameter at least about 2.5 mm and/or less than or equal to about 8.0 mm.
- the cover can be electronically charged or chemically modified to promote thrombogenicity.
- the covering material may be coated with a material to inhibit thrombus formation temporarily (i.e. hydrophilic coating) so that the device can be retracted and repositioned prior to final placement.
- the cover should have sufficient tensile strength to resist yielding, stretching, or breaking under at least normal blood pressures.
- the cover should be able to withstand pressures of at least about 140 mmHg, preferably at least about 160 mmHg.
- the length of the fibers creating the covering material allows the elongation of the covering material to far greater with less force (0.25-0.75 ⁇ ) than that of the native cover materials described above of the same thickness.
- the length of the fibers can be between about 5 microns and about 25 microns, such as within about 5 microns of each of about 10 microns, 15 microns, or 20 microns, although greater lengths may be used depending on desired parameters. These lengths permit the elongate of the cover material to at least two times greater. In some cases, the elongation is between about two times greater and about five times greater, for example, about three times greater or about four times greater. This elongation occurs with less than or equal to about 75 percent, less than or equal to about 50 percent, or even about 25 percent of the force necessary for native cover materials described above having the same thickness (e.g., between about 10 and about 30 microns).
- the cover can include a thickness that is sufficiently large to resist perforation during and after delivery, but sufficiently thin to minimize the diameter of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration and the diameter of the delivery device.
- the thickness of the cover is less than or equal to about 30 microns, for example, within about 5 microns of each of about 15 microns, 20 microns, or 25 microns.
- the cover can surround at least a portion of the expandable structure.
- the surrounded portion of the expandable structure should be sufficiently large to prevent fluid from flowing past the occlusion device when the occlusion device is expanded in the vessel.
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of a covered portion of the expandable structure.
- the cover can surround the expandable structure such that at least one end of the occlusion device is substantially closed. As shown in FIGS. 9B and 9C , the cover may only surround one of the first or second end portions of the expandable structure.
- a length of the covered portion can be between about approximately 15 percent and about 35 percent of a diameter of the target vessel or the expanded occlusion device, for example, approximately 25 percent of a diameter of the target vessel or the expanded occlusion device.
- the cover can surround the first end portion and the second end portion of the expandable structure, but leave a middle portion uncovered.
- the cover can surround substantially the entire expandable structure.
- the exposed wall pattern of the expandable structure can help maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration of the occlusion device.
- the expandable structure can be coated with the cover using an electrospinning process.
- Electrospinning refers generally to processes involving the expulsion of flowable material from one or more orifices, and the material forming fibers are subsequently deposited on a collector.
- flowable materials include dispersions, solutions, suspensions, liquids, molten or semi-molten material, and other fluid or semi-fluid materials.
- the rotational spinning processes are completed in the absence of an electric field.
- electrospinning can include loading a polymer solution or dispersion, including any of the cover materials described herein, into a cup or spinneret configured with orifices on the outside circumference of the spinneret.
- the spinneret is then rotated, causing (through a combination of centrifugal and hydrostatic forces, for example) the flowable material to be expelled from the orifices.
- the material may then form a “jet” or “stream” extending from the orifice, with drag forces tending to cause the stream of material to elongate into a small diameter fiber.
- the fibers may then be deposited on a collection apparatus. Further information regarding electrospinning can be found in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0190856, filed Mar. 13, 2013, and U.S. Publication No. 2013/0184810, filed Jan. 15, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- the occlusion device in an over the wire embodiment should include a sufficiently small residual guide wire hole after deployment or a valve for occluding the guidewire opening. After full deployment, the occlusion device should include a residual guidewire hole having a diameter of less than or equal to about 0.25 mm. However, prior to deployment, the guide wire hole must be sufficiently large in both the unexpanded and expanded configuration to accommodate a standard guide wire having a diameter of at least about 0.25 mm, preferably at least about 0.4 mm.
- any of the occlusion devices described herein can include a number of radiopaque features that permit the fluoroscopic visualization of the occlusion device during one or more of delivery, deployment, post-deployment, and retraction.
- the marker bands can be positioned along the expandable structure.
- the marker bands can have a thickness of at least about 0.01 mm and a length of at least about 0.1 mm.
- Suitable marker bands can be produced from any number of a variety of materials, including platinum, gold, tantalum, and tungsten/rhenium alloy.
- FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of the delivery system 100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B .
- the delivery system can be used to deliver the occlusion device 300 .
- the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a tulip shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands).
- a diameter of a first end portion 302 can be smaller than a diameter of a second end portion 304 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 306 can be greater than the diameter of the first end portion 302 , but smaller than the diameter of the second end portion 304 .
- the diameter can gradually decrease from the second end portion 304 to the first end portion 302 .
- the occlusion device 300 can include a cover 308 surrounding at least the first end portion 302 .
- the cover 308 can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 302 and close the first end such that fluid cannot flow through the first end portion 302 .
- the cover 308 can surround at least 20 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 20 percent and about 40 percent or between about 30 percent and about 50 percent of the length of the expandable structure.
- the cover 308 can surround substantially the entire expandable structure, leaving a second end opened or substantially closed.
- the occlusion device 300 can include a central hub 310 for engaging the inner catheter 120 prior to delivery. If the occlusion device 300 is formed from a plurality of braided wire strands, the central hub can also be configured to secure the strand ends of the braided wire strands. Although the occlusion device 300 is described with the central hub 310 , a central hub 310 is not necessary, and the inner catheter 120 may carry the occlusion device 300 without the central hub 310 . Further, if the occlusion device 300 is formed from a plurality of braided wire strands, the braided wire strands can be heat-treated to maintain the position of the heated strands, or the strand ends can be secured to each other.
- FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of the delivery system 100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B .
- the delivery system can be used to deliver the occlusion device 400 .
- the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a substantially cylindrical or barrel shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands).
- a diameter of a first end portion 402 can substantially the same as a diameter of a second end portion 404 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 406 can substantially the same as the diameters of the first end portion 402 and the second end portion 404 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 406 can be no more than about 25 percent larger, or no more than about 10 percent larger, than the diameters of the first and second end portions 402 , 404 .
- the occlusion device 400 can include a diamond wall pattern across the length of the occlusion device. As shown in FIG. 4D , the first and second end portions 402 , 404 can include a different wall pattern than the middle portion 406 . For example, the percentage of open area of the first and second end portions 402 , 404 can be greater than the percentage of open area of the middle portion 406 . Although, in other examples, the wall pattern can be substantially the same across a length of the occlusion device 400 .
- the first and second ends can each include a diamond pattern. Further, each end can include an inner band 412 of strand portions and an outer band 414 of strand portions. Each band 412 , 414 can form the same number of apexes and form a diamond pattern therebetween.
- the inner band 412 can define a guide wire opening 416 at the center of the inner band 412 , through which a guide wire can pass.
- the occlusion device 400 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first and second end portions 402 , 404 .
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 402 and/or second end portion 404 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s).
- the cover can surround substantially the entire occlusion device 400 .
- the cover portion 408 a can surround the first end portion 402 and the cover portion 408 b can cover the second end portion 404 , thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends.
- each cover portion 408 a , 408 b can surround at least 20 percent of a length of the occlusion device 400 , for example, between about 20 percent and about 40 percent or between about 30 percent and about 50 percent.
- FIGS. 5A-5G illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of the delivery system 100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B .
- the delivery system can be used to deliver the occlusion device 500 .
- the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a substantially cylindrical or barrel shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands).
- a diameter of a first end portion 502 can be substantially the same as a diameter of a second end portion 504 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 506 can substantially the same as the diameter of the first end portion 502 the second end portion 504 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 506 can be no more than about 25 percent larger, or no more than about 10 percent larger, than the diameters of the first and second end portions 502 , 504 .
- the occlusion device 500 can include a diamond wall pattern across the length of the occlusion device. As shown in FIG. 5D , the wall pattern can be substantially the same across a length of the occlusion device 500 . However, in other examples, the first and second end portions 502 , 504 can include a different wall pattern than the middle portion 506 . For example, the percentage of open area of the first and second end portions 502 , 504 can be greater than the percentage of open area of the middle portion 506 .
- the first and second ends can each include a diamond pattern. As shown in FIGS. 5F and 5G , each end can include a band 518 of circumferentially disposed diamonds.
- the band 518 can define a guide wire hole 516 at the center of the inner band, through which a guide wire can pass.
- the occlusion device 500 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first and second end portions 502 , 504 .
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 502 and/or second end portion 504 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s).
- the cover can surround substantially the entire occlusion device 400 .
- the cover portion 508 a can surround the first end portion 502
- the cover portion 508 b can cover the second end portion 504 , thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends.
- each cover portion 508 a , 508 b can surround at least 20 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 20 percent and about 40 percent or between about 30 percent and about 50 percent.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an occlusion device 600 having a braided expandable structure (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands).
- the expandable structure can include a substantially hourglass shape.
- a diameter of a first end portion 602 can be substantially the same as a diameter of a second end portion 604 .
- a diameter of the middle portion 606 can be substantially smaller than the diameters of the first and second end portions 602 , 604 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 606 can be at least about 50 percent, at least about 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, at least about 80 percent, or at least about 90 percent smaller than the diameters of the first and second end portions 602 , 604 .
- the middle portion 606 can define a guide wire passage large enough for a conventional guide wire to pass.
- the occlusion device 600 can include a cover surrounding the outside surface or the inside surface on at least one of the first and second lobes or end portions 602 , 604 .
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 602 and/or second end portion 604 . In some instances, the cover can surround substantially the entire occlusion device 600 .
- the cover 608 can surround the second end portion 604 . In some instances, each cover 608 can surround at least 25 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 40 percent and about 60 percent of the length of the expandable structure, such as about 50 percent of the length of the expandable structure.
- FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate the occlusion device 700 .
- the occlusion device 700 can include a braided, elongate expandable structure (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands).
- the expandable structure can define a diamond wall pattern along a length of the expandable structure.
- the expandable structure can include tapered first and second end portions 702 , 704 .
- the first and second end portions 702 , 704 can each define a guide wire hole large enough to permit a conventional guide wire to pass through the occlusion device.
- a diameter of a middle portion 706 can be greater than a diameter of a first end portion 702 and a diameter of a second end portion 704 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 706 can be no more than about 60 percent, 50 percent, or 40 percent larger than the diameters of the first and second end portions 702 , 704 .
- the middle portion 706 can be at least as long as the first and second end portions 702 , 704 combined.
- the occlusion device 700 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first and second end portions 702 , 704 .
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 702 and/or second end portion 704 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s).
- the cover portion 708 a can surround the first end portion 702
- the cover portion 708 b can cover the second end portion 704 , thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends.
- each cover portion 708 a , 708 b can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent.
- the cover 708 c can surround substantially the entire occlusion device 700 .
- FIG. 8 illustrates an occlusion device 800 formed from one or more strands woven to form an expandable structure.
- the expandable structure can include a first portion 802 , a second portion 804 , and a middle portion 806 therebetween.
- the first and second end portions 802 , 804 can include tapered ends. Further, the first and second end portions 802 , 804 can each include a smallest diameter that is at least large enough to permit a conventional guide wire to pass through.
- the middle portion 806 can include a diameter that is substantially larger than a diameter of the first and second end portions 802 , 804 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 806 can be at least about 50 percent or at least about 75 percent larger than a diameter of the first and second end portions 802 , 804 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 806 can be between about 60 percent and 80 percent larger or between about 70 percent and about 90 percent larger.
- the middle portion 806 can include a non-uniform diameter; for example, the middle portion 806 can be generally rounded to form a bulbous shape.
- the occlusion device 800 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first and second end portions 802 , 804 .
- the cover can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 802 and/or second end portion 804 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s).
- each cover portion can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent.
- the cover can surround substantially the entire occlusion device 800 .
- FIG. 9A illustrates an occlusion device 900 formed from one or more strands woven to form an expandable structure.
- the expandable structure can include a first portion 902 , a second portion 904 , and a middle portion 906 therebetween.
- the first and second end portions 902 , 904 can include tapered ends. Further, the first and second end portions 902 , 904 each include a smallest diameter that is at least large enough to permit a conventional guide wire to pass through.
- the middle portion 906 can include a diameter that is substantially larger than a diameter of the first and second end portions 902 , 904 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 906 can be at least about 50 percent, or at least about 75 percent larger than a diameter of the first and second end portions 902 , 904 .
- the diameter of the middle portion 906 can be between about 60 percent and 80 percent larger or between about 70 percent and about 90 percent larger.
- the middle portion 906 can include a substantially uniform diameter.
- the occlusion device 900 can include a cover 908 surrounding at least one of the first and second end portions 902 , 904 .
- the cover 908 can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 902 and/or second end portion 904 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s).
- each cover portion can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent.
- the cover 908 surrounds the first end portion 902 .
- the cover can surround the second end portion 904 or substantially the entire occlusion device 900 .
- FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate the occlusion device 1000 .
- the expandable structures can define a diamond wall pattern along a length of the expandable structure.
- the expandable structure can include tapered first end portion 1002 and an opened second end portion 1004 .
- the first end portion 1002 is tapered, the first end portion 1002 still defines a guide wire hole large enough to permit a conventional guide wire to pass through the occlusion device.
- a diameter of a middle portion 1006 can be substantially the same as a diameter of the second end portion 1004 .
- the occlusion device 1000 can include a cover 1008 surrounding at least the first end portion 1002 .
- the cover 1008 can surround the entire circumference of the first end portion 1002 such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end.
- the cover 1008 can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent.
- the cover 1008 can surround substantially the entire expandable structure.
- FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another exemplary embodiment of an occlusion device 1100 .
- the occlusion device 1000 can include a substantially uniform diameter.
- the occlusion device 1100 also defines a substantially uniform diamond wall pattern along a length of the occlusion device 1100 .
- the occlusion device 1100 can include a drumhead 1120 disposed within the first end portion 1102 .
- the drumhead 1120 can be configured to close the first end 1102 such that fluid is prevented from flowing through the occlusion device 1100 .
- the occlusion device 1100 can include a cover 1108 surrounding at least a portion of the occlusion device 1100 .
- the cover 1108 can cover the drumhead 1120 , or, as shown in FIGS. 11A-11C , the cover 1108 can surround at least the middle portion 1106 and the second end portion 1104 .
- the cover 1108 can extend along different lengths of the occlusion device. In some scenarios, it may be desirable to have greater overlap between the cover 1108 and the frame to adequately anchor the cover 1108 to the frame.
- the cover 1108 can extend along at least about 50 percent, as at least about 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, at least about 80 percent, or at least about 90 percent of the length of the occlusion device 1100 .
- the cover 1108 extends along substantially the entire length of the occlusion device 1100 .
- the cover 1108 should extend across at least about 25 percent of the length of the frame and no more than about 50 percent of the length of the frame, for example, within about 5 percent of each of about 30 percent, 35 percent, 40 percent, or 45 percent.
- the occlusion devices described herein can include differently shaped or differently formed expandable structures.
- the expandable structure can be substantially conical, coiled, or any other conventional stent shape.
- the expandable structure can include a laser cut frame.
- the frame can include a first closed end and a second opened end. The percentage of open area of the second opened end can be greater than the percentage of open area of the first closed end.
- any of the features of the occlusion devices e.g., expansion ratio, shapes, dimensions, materials, covers, etc.
- a stent having two open ends and a central lumen to maintain vascular patency and permit perfusion.
- FIGS. 12A and 12F illustrate an occlusion device 1200 a having a first lobe or end portion 1202 a , a second lobe or end portion 1204 a , and a central or neck portion 1205 a extending between the first and second end portions 1202 a , 1204 a .
- the first end portion 1202 a can generally refer to the distal end portion or the anchor portion of the occlusion device 1200 a and the second end portion 1204 a can generally refer to the proximal end portion or the occlusive portion of the occlusion device 1200 a when the occlusion device 1200 a is introduced into the patient.
- the second end portion 1204 a can be coated such that the second end portion 1204 a provides occlusion, while the first end portion 1202 a maintains an open cell structure to anchor the occlusion device 1200 a and permit lateral flow.
- the open cell structure of the first end portion 1202 a enables the clinician to partially deploy the occlusion device 1200 a against the wall of the vessel (e.g., just the first end portion 1202 a ) and confirm the position of the occlusion device 1200 a by injecting contrast (e.g., by using delivery system 200 ) without materially impeding flow or raising hydrostatic pressure.
- contrast e.g., by using delivery system 200
- the mechanically occlusive element would impede flow and raise hydrostatic pressure.
- the diameter of the central portion 1205 a can be less than a diameter of the first or second end portions 1202 a , 1204 a , e.g., the occlusion device 1200 a can have a generally hourglass shape (see FIG. 12A ).
- the diameter D 1 of the central portion 1205 a can be between about 5% and about 25% of the diameter D 2 of the first or second end portions 1202 a , 1204 a , preferably less than or equal to about 15%, or less than or equal to about 10% of the diameter D 2 of the first or second end portions 1202 a , 1504 .
- the occlusion device 1200 a can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T of the occlusion device 1200 a in the expanded and/or unexpanded configurations (see FIG. 12A ).
- the occlusion device 1200 a in the expanded configuration, can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T.
- a uniform portion 1204 a ′ of the second end portion 1204 a can have a generally uniform diameter (e.g., cylindrical) and a tapered portion 1204 a ′′ of the second end portion 1204 a can taper towards the central portion 1205 a .
- the tapered portion 1204 a ′′ of the second end portion 1204 a can form an angle ⁇ between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees, between about 55 degrees and about 65 degrees, preferably about 60 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis.
- a uniform portion 1202 a ′ (e.g., cylindrical) of the first end portion 1202 a can have a generally uniform diameter and a tapered portion 1202 a ′′ of the first end portion 1202 a can taper toward the central portion 1205 a .
- the tapered portion 1202 a ′′ of the first end portion 1202 a can form an angle ⁇ .
- Angle ⁇ can be substantially the same as angle ⁇ .
- an angle ⁇ can be different from an angle ⁇ relative to the longitudinal axis.
- the angle ⁇ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point T 1 (between the tapered portion 1204 a ′′ and the cylindrical portions 1204 a ′) and the axial center C of the occlusion device 1200 a .
- the angle ⁇ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point T 2 (between the tapered portion 1202 a ′′ and the cylindrical portions 1202 a ′) and the axial center C of the occlusion device 1200 a .
- Angle ⁇ can be less than angle ⁇ to reduce the force necessary to retract the first end portion 1202 a into the delivery system.
- each of the proximal (covered) 1204 e and distal (typically bare strut) 1202 e lobes are connected to the central hub 1205 e ′ by a plurality of struts 1210 e which incline radially outwardly in their respective directions away from the hub 1205 e ′.
- a shallower distal lobe strut 1280 e launch angle between the curved axis of the strut and the longitudinal axis of the implant is clinically desirable because it provides a ramped surface that facilitates easy resheathing of the deployed distal lobe of the implant as it is pulled proximally back into the tubular deployment catheter.
- the expanded implant is bilaterally asymmetrical, with the proximal struts 1282 e exhibiting a steeper launch angle from the hub.
- This enables the implant to reach the fully expanded diameter of the proximal lobe 1204 e over the shortest possible axial length.
- the shallow launch angle distal struts 1280 e and steeper launch angle proximal struts 1282 e optimize retrievability of the partially deployed implant while at the same time minimizes overall implant length.
- the wall pattern of the implant may in one embodiment exhibit bilateral symmetry in the collapsed configuration but expands to demonstrate the bilateral asymmetry described above due to a preset shape in the Nitinol or other shape memory material of the frame.
- the distal struts 1280 e are concave outwardly in a side elevational view, defining a generally trumpet shaped or flared configuration.
- the curvature of the struts 1280 e as they leave the hub 1205 e ′ and incline radially outwardly do not necessarily have a constant radius of curvature, but can be considered to conform to a best fit circle A having a constant radius (see FIG. 13B ).
- the radius is generally at least about 25%, in some embodiments at least about 30% or 35% or more of the unconstrained diameter of the expanded distal lobe 1202 e .
- the radius is generally within the range of from about 2.5 mm to about 5.5 mm, and in some embodiments between about 3 mm and 5 mm, or approximately 4 mm.
- the proximal lobe struts 1282 e can have a steeper launch angle to enable the proximal lobe 1202 e to reach full diameter over a short axial distance from the hub.
- the radius of circle B which best fits the launch geometry of the proximal struts is generally less than about 25%, preferably less than about 20% or 15% or less of the expanded diameter of the proximal lobe 1202 e , depending upon the physical properties and dimensions of the strut material (see FIG. 13B ).
- the best fit circles A, B described above will preferably be located against the strut such that it is approximately symmetrical about the midpoint of the arc of the struts that define the concave outwardly concave curvature section.
- the midpoint of the arc in the distal strut 1280 e illustrated in FIG. 13B is a greater radial distance from the longitudinal axis of the implant than is the midpoint of the arc in the proximal strut 1282 e due to the proximal strut transitioning from the arc to a substantially linear shoulder which extends out to the generally cylindrical body of the proximal lobe.
- a length L 1 of the second end portion 1204 a (including the tapered portion 1204 a ′′ and generally uniform portion 1204 a ′) can be greater than a length L 2 of the first end portion 1202 a (including the tapered portion 1202 a ′′ and generally uniform portion 1202 a ′).
- L 2 can be between about 25% and about 75% of L 1 , such as between about 50% and about 60%.
- Forces directed at a concave surface of the second end portion 1204 a can provide a radially outward directed force to push the second end portion 1204 a open and increase radial outward forces acting on the occlusion device 1200 a and the vessel wall, when the occlusive concave side is facing an upstream direction with respect to blood flow in the vessel.
- the occlusive lobe e.g., the second end portion 1204 a
- the length of the second end portion L 1 can be about the same as a diameter of the second end portion 1204 a . This ensures that the second end portion 1204 a does not rotate perpendicular to an axis of the vessel and ensures that other anti-migration features remain properly aligned and positioned.
- a length L 3 of the uniform portion 1204 a ′ of the second end portion 1204 a can be longer than a length L 4 of the uniform portion 1202 a ′ of the first end portion 1202 a ′ (see FIG. 12A ).
- the uniform portion 1204 a ′ can include a greater number of circumferential rings R 1 , R 2 , R 3 of open cells 1212 a than the uniform portion 1202 a ′.
- the uniform portion 1204 a ′ can include three circumferential rings R 1 , R 2 , R 3 of open cells 1212 a
- the uniform portion 1202 a ′ can include one circumferential ring R 4 of open cells 1212 a .
- a size of an open cell 1212 a in circumferential ring R 1 can be substantially the same size as the size of an open cell 1212 a in circumferential ring R 4 .
- the second end portion 1204 a can include a greater number of circumferential rings of struts than the first end portion.
- the second end portion 1204 a can include six circumferential rings C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , of struts 1210 a
- the first end portion 1202 a can include four circumferential rings C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 of struts 1210 a.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can have an aspect ratio less than or equal to about 2:1 (unconstrained length to unconstrained lobe diameter), such as between about 1:1 and about 2:1 or between about 1.5:1 and about 2:1.
- An unconstrained length of the occlusion device 1200 a can be between about 10 mm and about 25 mm, in some implementations from about 15 mm to about 22 mm.
- the first end portion 1202 a having an unconstrained length of less than about 50% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 10 mm), less than about 40% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 8 mm), or less than about 30% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 6 mm).
- An unconstrained expanded diameter of the occlusion device 1200 a can be between about 5 mm and about 15 mm, such as about 10 mm.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can include an expandable frame 1206 a and a membrane 1208 a carried by the expandable frame 1206 a .
- the expandable frame 1206 a can define a lumen therethrough to facilitate delivery of the occlusion device 1200 a over a guide wire (e.g., a 0.018-inch guidewire).
- a guide wire e.g., a 0.018-inch guidewire
- the expandable frame 1206 a can have a wall thickness of less than or equal to about 0.003 inches, such as about 0.002 inches.
- the expandable frame 1206 a can be at least partially covered by a thin membrane 1208 a (e.g., between about 10 microns and about 30 microns thick).
- the membrane 1208 a should be sufficiently thick to facilitate occlusion, while still minimizing the profile of the collapsed occlusion device 1200 a .
- Possible materials for the membrane 1208 a can include PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers, SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA.
- the membrane 1208 a can be applied to the expandable frame 1206 a in a manner that encapsulates at least some of the struts 1210 a , such that the membrane 1208 a is present along either or both an interior surface and an exterior surface of the expandable frame 1206 a . Possible methods of applying the membrane 1208 a are described in further detail below.
- the membrane 1208 a can cover at least one end of the expandable frame 1206 a and extend across at least a partial length of the expandable frame 1206 a .
- the membrane 1208 a at least coats a portion of the occlusion device 1200 a that is concave to the direction of the blood flow, which can be more occlusive and resist more migration than occlusion devices that only coat a surface convex to the direction of the blood flow or coat the entire occlusion device or coat the entire occlusion device.
- the membrane 1208 a can cover at least a portion of or the entire the second end portion 1204 a and the first end portion 1202 a can be a bare frame.
- the bare first end portion 1202 a When the bare first end portion 1202 a is deployed before the covered second end portion 1204 a , the bare first end portion 1202 a can at least partially anchor the occlusion device 1200 a in the vessel and allow visualization before deploying the covered second end portion 1204 a , which facilitates precise placement of the occlusion device 1200 a.
- the increase in arterial pressure at the second end portion 1204 a increases the radially outward forces directed toward the membrane 1208 a , which helps the occlusion device 1200 a resist migration.
- a higher blood pressure difference between the proximal and distal ends of the occlusion device 1200 a will cause higher outward forces.
- forward pressure from blood flow acts on the central portion 1205 a .
- the tapered portion 1202 a ′′ of the first end portion 1202 a e.g., struts closer to or adjacent to the central portion 1205 a
- collapse e.g., bend inward
- uniform portion 1202 a ′ e.g., struts closer to or at a distal end of the occlusion device
- the membrane 1208 a can be positioned on portions of the expandable frame 1206 a on which hydraulic pressure will force the expandable frame 1206 a outward. In some embodiments, portions of the expandable frame 1206 a where the hydraulic pressure would force the expandable frame 1206 a inward are not coated.
- the membrane 1208 a can extend to form a thin extended tubular section of coating 1250 a through which the guidewire (e.g., a 0.018′′ guidewire) can be introduced.
- the thin tube 1250 a can extend through the first end portion 1202 a or the second end portion 1204 a .
- the thin tube 1250 a can be configured to invert from a position extending through the first end portion 1202 a such as during deployment to a position extending through the second end portion 1204 a following deployment.
- the thin tube 1250 a can extend across less than or equal to about 85% (e.g., between about 75% and about 85%), less than or equal to about 75%, less than or equal to about 60%, or less than or equal to about 50% of the length of the second end portion 1204 a .
- the thin tube 1250 a can have sufficiently low collapse resistance such that blood pressure will cause the thin tube 1250 a to collapse (e.g., kink, fold, buckle, flop over, or likewise) when the guidewire is removed.
- the thin tube 1250 a acts like a valve (e.g., a duckbill valve) to occlude the guidewire lumen 1252 a and aid in the capture and formation of clots.
- the tube 1250 a may be formed integrally with the formation of the membrane, during the spin coating process. Alternatively, the tube 1250 a may be separately formed and attached to the hub and/or membrane using suitable adhesives, solvent bonding, heat bonding, or other techniques known in the art. Alternatively, one, two, or more flaps or leaflets may be provided, to occlude the guidewire opening following removal of the guidewire, preferably on the upstream blood flow side of the hub.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can resist migration (e.g., migrate less than about 5.0 mm from the deployed position, preferably less than about 4.0 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm) for at least 10 minutes under pressures of at least about 100 mmHg and/or less than or equal to about 300 mmHg, for example, between about 100 mmHg and 150 mmHg, between about 150 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, between about 200 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, between about 250 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, such as about 270 mmHg, as determined by the Migration Protocol described below.
- migration e.g., migrate less than about 5.0 mm from the deployed position, preferably less than about 4.0 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm
- migration e.g., migrate less than about 5.0 mm from the deployed position, preferably less than about 4.0 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm
- migration e.g., migrate less than about
- the structure of the deployed occlusion device 1200 a permits the device to resist migration under at least average blood pressure (e.g., 120 mmHg) according to the Migration Protocol described below.
- the structure of the deployed occlusion device 1200 a permits the device to resist migration under at least 7 mmHg of pressure according to the Migration Protocol described below.
- Migration is defined as continuous movement of the embolic device or movement of the proximal end of the embolic device by greater than 5 mm from the initial location.
- the occlusion device 1200 a When the occlusion device 1200 a is deployed in the vessel, the occlusion device 1200 a can occlude at least about 80% of blood flow within 30 seconds, at least about 90% of blood flow within about 3 minutes, and/or about 100% of blood flow within about five minutes, without reliance on biological processes. Because of the mechanical mechanism of occlusion, performance is the same whether or not the patient has been anticoagulated (e.g., heparin, aspirin, warfarin, Plavix, etc.). In some implementations, the occlusion device 1200 a can achieve complete occlusion within about two minutes or within about one minute.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 200 cc/min at 20 mmHg, such as to between about 50 cc/min and about 150 cc/min, preferably less than about 130 cc/min, less than about 100 cc/min at 20 mmHg or less than about 65 cc/min at 20 mmHg within about five minutes.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 400 cc/min at 60 mmHg or no more than about 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg, such as to between about 150 cc/min and about 250 cc/min, preferably less than or equal to about 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg within about five minutes.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to about no more than 600 cc/min at about 100 mmHg or 430 cc/min at 100 mmHg, such as to between about 200 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, preferably less than about 225 cc/min at about 100 mmHg within about five minutes.
- the occlusion device 1200 a will permit a maximum flow rate of 130 cc/min at 20 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 70 cc/min at 20 mmHg or 40 cc/min at 20 mmHg), 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg or 125 cc/min at 60 mmHg), or 430 cc at 100 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 315 cc/min at 100 mmHg or 185 cc/min at 100 mmHg) after about one minute.
- a maximum flow rate of 130 cc/min at 20 mmHg e.g., a maximum flow rate of 70 cc/min at 20 mmHg or 40 cc/min at 20 mmHg
- 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg e.g
- the occlusion device 1200 a has an expansion ratio of at least about 5:1.
- the expansion ratio of the occlusion device 1200 a allows the occlusion device 1200 a to treat different sized vessels between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm.
- the same occlusion device 1200 a that can occlude a 2.5 mm vessel can occlude a 6.0 mm vessel.
- the expansion ratio of the occlusion device 1200 a can be between about 5:1 to about 10:1, such as at least about 5:1, at least about 6:1, at least about 7:1, at least about 8:1, or at least about 9:1. In some implementations, the expansion ratio can be at least about 10:1. In other words, a diameter of the occlusion device 1200 a in the expanded configuration can be between about five times and about ten times greater than the diameter of the occlusion device 1200 a in the unexpanded configuration, such as at least about five times, at least about six times, at least about seven times, at least about eight times, or at least about nine times.
- the diameter of the expanded configuration can be at least about ten times greater than the diameter of the unexpanded configuration.
- the expansion ratio of the occlusion device 1200 a is sufficiently large such that the occlusion device 1200 a is capable of compressing to a minimum size suitable for delivery through a catheter having a diameter of less than about 5 F, thereby minimizing trauma to the vessel during delivery. Further, the expansion ratio of the occlusion device 1200 a is sufficiently large that a single, expanded occlusion device is capable of preventing substantially all fluid from flowing past the occlusion device in the target vessel. Generally, the expansion ratio of each lobe is equal to the ratio of the hub to the lobe in an unconstrained expansion.
- a single occlusion device 1200 a can be used to treat a wide range of vessel diameters.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can have an expansion range when delivered from a lumen having an internal diameter of at least about 2.0 mm up to at least about 8.0 mm or 10.0 mm or more, such as at least about 3.0 mm, at least about 4.0 mm, or at least about 5.0 mm.
- a single occlusion device 1200 a can treat vessels having a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm, or between about 3.0 mm and 7.0 mm.
- Using a single occlusion device 1200 a to treat a wide range of vessels can be desirable to reduce the total stock of occlusion devices that must be kept on hand, and the ability to occlude large vessels with a single occlusion device 1200 a can reduce costs.
- the single occlusion device 1200 a having an expansion range of at least about 2.0 mm, 4.0 mm, or more, and also exhibits less than 20 percent elongation when moving from the unexpanded configuration to the expanded configuration, preferably less than about 15 percent. Minimizing elongation can help ensure accurate positioning of the occlusion device 1200 a.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can have an unconstrained diameter that is between about 30% and about 50% larger than the vessel diameter.
- the diameter of the expanded occlusion device 1200 a can be at least about 2.6 mm and/or less than or equal to about 12.75 mm, e.g., between about 9 mm and about 11 mm, such as about 10 mm.
- the occlusion device 1200 a may provide a chronic outward pressure (“COP”).
- COP is the radial pressure (expressed in terms of mmHg) necessary to maintain stability of the occlusion device in a vessel under normal physiological blood pressure (i.e., about 135 mmHg). Radial forces used to determine the following COP values were based on data collected using the Migration Protocol described below. Further, the calculation of the COP assumes that the occlusion device 1200 a forms a complete seal, and thus the flow rate equals zero and shear forces equal zero. The calculation also assumes that the occlusion device 1200 a is rigid, and thus the normal force due to transfer of hydraulic force to the vessel wall equals zero.
- the occlusion device can provide a COP between about 20 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, such as between about 30 mmHg and about 140 mmHg, between about 30 mm Hg and 80 mmHg, between about between about 70 mmHg and 100 mmHg, between about 90 mmHg and 120 mmHg, or between about 100 mmHg and 140 mmHg., for vessels having a diameter between about 3 mm and about 8 mm under a physiological pressure of about 135 mmHg, preferably between about 20 N/mm 2 (2.67 kPa) and about 50 N/mm 2 (6.67 kPa).
- the occlusion device 1200 a can provide about 20 mmHg (2.67 kPa) of radial pressure in a 7 mm vessel with a physiological pressure of about 135 mmHg pressure when the length of the contact area is about 30.0 mm, the entire length of an exemplary embodiment of the occlusion device 1200 a .
- the latter calculation assumes that a thrombus will form and that the occlusion device 1200 a will transfer radial force through the thrombus and across the entire length of the occlusion device 1200 a.
- FIGS. 13A through 13E illustrate another hourglass-shaped occlusion device 1200 e having the same general structure and properties as occlusion device 1200 a .
- the occlusion device 1200 e is adapted to move between a constrained configuration ( FIG. 13B ) and an unconstrained configuration ( FIG. 13A ).
- the occlusion device 1200 e can have any number of the characteristics (e.g., dimensions, construction, performance, etc.) as the occlusion device 1200 a except as described below.
- the occlusion device 1200 e can have a first lobe or end portion 1202 e , a second lobe or end portion 1204 e , and a central or neck portion 1205 e extending between the first and second end portions 1202 e , 1204 e .
- the first end portion 1202 e can generally refer to the distal end portion or the anchor portion of the occlusion device 1200 e and the second end portion 1204 e can generally refer to the proximal end portion or the occlusive portion of the occlusion device 1200 e when the occlusion device 1200 e is introduced into the patient.
- the second end portion 1204 e can be coated such that the second end portion 1204 e provides occlusion, while the first end portion 1202 e maintains an open cell structure to anchor the occlusion device 1200 e and permit lateral flow.
- the open cell structure of the first end portion 1202 e enables the clinician to partially deploy the occlusion device 1200 e against the wall of the vessel (e.g., just the first end portion 1202 e ) and confirm the position of the occlusion device 1200 a by injecting contrast (e.g., by using delivery system 200 ) without materially impeding flow or raising hydrostatic pressure.
- contrast e.g., by using delivery system 200
- the mechanically occlusive element would impede flow and raise hydrostatic pressure.
- the diameter of the central portion 1205 e can be less than a diameter of the first or second end portions 1202 e , 1204 e .
- the occlusion device 1200 e can have a generally hourglass shape (see FIG. 13A ).
- the diameter D 1 of the central portion 1205 e can be between about 5% and about 25% of the diameter D 2 of the first or second end portions 1202 a , 1504 , preferably less than or equal to about 15%, or between about 10% and about 15% of the diameter D 2 of the first or second end portions 1202 e , 1204 e .
- the diameter of the hub can be substantially equal to the diameter of the proximal and distal lobes when in the collapsed configuration.
- the occlusion device 1200 e can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T of the occlusion device 1200 a in the expanded.
- the length L 1 of the first end portion 1202 e in an constrained position, can be substantially the same as the length L 2 of the second end portion 1204 e .
- the second end portion 1204 e can include the same number of circumferential rings as the first end portion, such as six rings C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , of struts 1210 e (or four or five or more) in the first end portion 1202 e and six rings C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , of struts 1210 e (or four or five or more) in the second end portion 1204 e.
- the length L 3 of the generally uniform portion 1204 e ′ of the second end portion 1204 e can be less than the length L 4 of the generally uniform portion 1202 e ′ of the first end portion 1202 e .
- L 3 can span about two circumferential rings R 4 , R 5 or less than three full circumferential rings of open cells 1212 e
- L 4 can span about three full circumferential rings R 1 , R 2 , R 3 of open cells 1212 e .
- a size of an open cell 1212 e in circumferential ring R 1 can be substantially the same size as the size of an open cell 1212 e in circumferential ring R 4 .
- the angle ⁇ of the tapered portion 1204 a ′′ or angle ⁇ of the tapered portion 1202 a ′′ can be between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees, between about 55 degrees and about 65 degrees, preferably about 60 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis.
- the angle ⁇ can be substantially the same as angle ⁇ .
- an angle ⁇ can be different from an angle ⁇ relative to the longitudinal axis.
- the angle ⁇ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point (between the tapered portion 1204 e ′′ and the cylindrical portions 1204 e ′) and the axial center of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- the angle ⁇ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point (between the tapered portion 1202 e ′′ and the cylindrical portions 1202 a ′) and the axial center of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- Angle ⁇ can be less than angle ⁇ to reduce the force necessary to retract the first end portion 1202 e into the delivery system.
- two different sized mandrels are inserted into the occlusion device 1200 e .
- a first mandrel having a desired shape of the first end portion 1202 e can be inserted through a distal end of the occlusion device 1200 e and a second mandrel having a desired shape of the second end portion 1204 e can be inserted through a proximal end of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- the first mandrel can be locked together with the second mandrel.
- the occlusion device 1200 e loaded on the first and second mandrels the occlusion device 1200 e can be heat treated to the shape described herein.
- the occlusion device 1200 e can have an aspect ratio less than or equal to about 2:1 (unconstrained length to unconstrained lobe diameter), such as between about 1:1 and about 2:1 or between about 1.5:1 and about 2:1.
- An unconstrained length of the occlusion device 1200 e can be between about 10 mm and about 25 mm, in some implementations from about 15 mm to about 22 mm.
- the first end portion 1202 e having an unconstrained length of less than about 50% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 10 mm), less than about 40% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 8 mm), or less than about 30% of a length of the occlusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 6 mm).
- An unconstrained expanded diameter of the occlusion device 1200 e can be between about 5 mm and about 15 mm, such as about 10 mm.
- the occlusion device 1200 e can include an expandable frame 1206 e and a membrane 1208 e (not shown) carried by the expandable frame 1206 e (see FIG. 13A ).
- the expandable frame 1206 e can define a lumen G therethrough to facilitate delivery of the occlusion device 1200 e over a guide wire (e.g., a 0.018 inch guidewire).
- the expandable frame 1206 e can have a wall thickness of less than or equal to about 0.003 inches, such as about 0.002 inches.
- the first end portions and the second end portions 1202 e , 1204 e of the expandable frame 1206 e can include a plurality of interconnected struts 1210 e that can be laser cut from a Nitinol hypotube. At least a portion of the central portion 1205 e can be a bare hypotube section 1205 e ′ (e.g., uncut).
- a length of each strut 1210 e can generally vary from an end of the occlusion device 1200 e toward the central portion 1205 e of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- a length of each strut 1210 e can generally increase from one or both ends of the occlusion device 1200 e to a central portion 1205 e of the occlusion device (e.g., from about 0.05 cm at the proximal and distal ends to about 0.25 cm at the central portion 1205 e ).
- a length of a strut closest to the center can be about 150% of a length of a strut closest to an end of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- a length of a strut closest to the center of the occlusion device can be about 0.09 inches and a length of a strut closest to an end of the occlusion device can be about 0.06 inches.
- a second ring of struts R 2 can have an axial length of about 0.0785 inches and a third ring of struts R 3 can have an axial length of about 0.0700 inches.
- a third ring of struts R 3 can have an axial length that is about 113% of a length of a fourth, adjacent ring of struts R 4 .
- a third ring of struts R 3 can have an axial length of about 0.0700 inches and a second ring of struts R 2 can have an axial length of about 0.0620 inches.
- a fourth ring of struts R 4 can have an axial length that is about the same as a fifth adjacent ring of struts R 5 .
- a fourth ring of struts R 4 and a fifth ring of struts R 5 can have an axial length of about 0.0.0620 inches.
- a fifth ring of struts R 5 can have an axial length that is about 103% of a length of a sixth, adjacent ring of struts R 6 .
- a fifth ring of struts R 5 can have an axial length of about 0.0620 inches and a sixth ring of struts R 6 can have an axial length of about 0.06 inches.
- a thickness in a circumferential direction of each strut 1210 e can generally vary from an end of the occlusion device 1200 e toward the central portion 1205 e of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- a thickness of each strut 1200 e can generally decrease from one or both ends of the occlusion device toward the central portion 1205 e of the occlusion device 1200 e . Varying the lengths and thicknesses of the struts can evenly distribute force across the occlusion device 1200 e , which can decrease the chronic outward pressure the occlusion device 1200 e exerts on the vessel or decrease the total length of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- a diameter of the occlusion device 1200 e can decrease from the ends of the occlusion device 1200 e toward the central portion 1205 e of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- the intermediate portions can be positioned the same distance from a center of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- the intermediate portions can extend across a same axial length of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- each of the intermediate portions can extend across about less than 5 percent of an axial length of the entire length of the occlusion device 1200 e , such as about three percent.
- the intermediate portions can begin at a position about 20 percent to about 40 percent of the axial length from an end of the occlusion device, such as between about 20 percent and about 30 percent or between about 30 percent and about 40 percent.
- the profile of the occlusion device 1200 e can be symmetrical in the constrained position, as described above, the first and second end portions 1202 e , 1204 e can expand into different configurations (see FIG. 13A )
- the angle ⁇ of the proximal hooks 1217 e of the occlusion device 1200 e can be optimized to maintain engagement between the occlusion device 1200 e and the interlocking attachment member 231 during retraction (described above).
- the angle ⁇ can be between about 60 degrees and about 90 degrees, such as about 75 degrees.
- the ratio of strut width/thickness causes the struts and the hooks to twist approximately 90 degrees. Twisting the hooks allows for a relatively “tall” hook while keeping the embolic strut thickness low to provide a greater profile for secure fixation.
- the expandable frame 1206 e can be at least partially covered by a thin membrane (partially removed to show tubular section 1250 e ) (e.g., between about 10 microns and about 30 microns thick) (see FIG. 13A ).
- the membrane should be sufficiently thick to facilitate occlusion, while still minimizing the profile of the collapsed occlusion device 1200 e .
- Possible materials for the membrane can include PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers (e.g., PVDF), SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA.
- the membrane can cover a portion of the occlusion device 1200 e that is concave to the direction of the blood flow, which can be more occlusive and resist more migration than occlusion devices that only coat a surface convex to the direction of the blood flow or coat the entire occlusion device or coat the entire occlusion device.
- the membrane 1208 e can cover at least a portion of or the entire the second end portion 1204 e and the first end portion 1202 e can be a bare frame.
- the bare first end portion 1202 e When the bare first end portion 1202 e is deployed before the covered second end portion 1204 e , the bare first end portion 1202 e can at least partially anchor the occlusion device 1200 e in the vessel and allow visualization before deploying the covered second end portion 1204 e , which facilitates precise placement of the occlusion device 1200 e.
- the membrane can extend to form a thin extended tubular section of coating 1250 e through which the guidewire (e.g., a 0.018′′ guidewire) can be introduced (see FIG. 13A ).
- the thin tube 1250 e acts like a valve (e.g., a duckbill valve) to occlude the guidewire lumen 1252 e and aid in the capture and formation of clots.
- An end portion 1251 e of the thin tube 1250 e can have a reduced diameter compared to a remaining portion of the thin tube 1250 e to facilitate the closing of the valve.
- the thin tube 1250 e can include a portion 1253 e that tapers toward the reduced diameter end portion 1251 e.
- the central portion 1205 e enables the occlusion device 1200 e to bend around approximately a 90 degree bend at a vessel bifurcation according to the Trackability Protocol described below (e.g., in a simulated 3 mm vessel having a 7.5 mm radius to centerline of vessel or in a simulated 8 mm vessel having a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel).
- the central portion 1205 e can include flexibility features to increase the flexibility of the occlusion device 1200 e .
- the thickness of the struts 1210 e near or at the central portion 1205 e can be less than the thickness of the struts 1210 e near or at the ends of the occlusion device 1200 e.
- a tubular marker 1214 a can be positioned around a central portion 1205 a , such that the expanded first and second end portions 1202 a , 1204 a prevent migration of the tubular marker 1214 a.
- the shape of the expandable frame fully constrains the tubular marker without crimping the marker to the frame, which reduces stress applied to the underlying frame. Further, since the diameter of the tubular markers is no greater than the outer diameter of the occlusion device, the tubular markers do not increase the delivery profile of the occlusion device. In certain aspects, a coating can be applied over the tubular markers.
- At least one radiopaque marker (e.g., two, three, or four) can be positioned (e.g., crimped, press-fit) on at least one end of the expandable frame.
- one radiopaque marker 1214 ′ can be positioned at the second end portion 1204 ′ of the occlusion device 1200 a ′, and another radiopaque marker can be positioned at the second end portion of the occlusion device (not shown).
- Positioning these markers on the ends of an occlusion device having expanding ends (e.g., occlusion device 1200 a - 1 ) facilitates visualization of the occlusion device moving between the compressed and expanded configurations.
- FIGS. 2Q and 2R illustrate another occlusion device O having markers 242 ′ that are press-fit onto strut endings of the occlusion device O.
- the markers 242 ′ can include an aperture 246 ′ and a neck portion 244 ′ (e.g., a lollipop shape) to facilitate certain retraction capabilities, as described above.
- a fine radiopaque powder can be added to the membrane material to make the entire coating visible. Integrating the radiopaque marker into the coating eliminates the manufacturing step of having to secure a marker to the occlusion device.
- the fine radiopaque powder can be painted onto the occlusion device or the occlusion device can be dipped into the radiopaque powder.
- a membrane can be deposited at least substantially uniformly using an electrospinning process. Further, using an electrospinning process, the porosity can be controlled of the membrane can be controlled to achieve different properties.
- the membrane can be formed having sufficient tensile strength to resist yielding, stretching, or breaking under at least normal blood pressures, preferably at least about 140 mmHg or 160 mmHg.
- the fibers forming the membrane can have a cross-sectional diameter between about 5 microns and about 25 microns, such that the membrane can be elongated at least about two to five times greater with 25%-75% less force than that of the native material having the same thickness.
- An average pore size can be less than or equal to about 100 microns or less than or equal to about 50 microns.
- the coated occlusion device can weigh less than or equal to about 1 gram, preferably less than or equal to about 0.6 grams.
- the expandable frame can be coated by applying a dissolved polymer onto the expandable frame to encapsulate at least some of the struts or strands.
- the membrane material can be heated to form a viscous liquid solution that is placed in a syringe.
- the membrane material can be advanced by a piston or plunger through a nozzle having one or more outlets, where the material flows out onto a rotating mandrel as fine fibers.
- the fine fibers can form a fibrous mat or covering of biocompatible covering material on the rotating mandrel. As the membrane material cools, the fibers solidify, and adjacent, contacting fibers are sintered to one another. Controlling the number of layers of fiber that are applied to the rotating mandrel provides control over the porosity of membrane.
- the method can include providing a mandrel in the shape of the expandable frame.
- portions of the mandrel can be masked to outline the form of an inner coating.
- an inner coating can be applied to the mandrel using an electrospinning process.
- the expandable frame can be positioned over the inner coating, such that the expandable frame is in intimate contact with the inner coating. If portions of the expandable frame are intended to remain uncovered, those uncovered portions can be masked before application of the outer coating.
- the expandable frame can be masked by loading uncovered portions of the expandable frame into a tube.
- the outer coating can adhere to the inner coating to from a single coating that encapsulates at least some of struts or strand portions.
- a single outer coating can be applied to the expandable frame without the use of a mandrel.
- the single outer coating can flow around the struts or strands to encapsulate and adhere to the struts or strands.
- Application of the outer coating alone can also be useful for occlusion device designs that may be difficult to position on a mandrel.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 400 cc/min at 60 mmHg or no more than about 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg, such as to between about 150 cc/min and about 250 cc/min, preferably less than or equal to about 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg within about five minutes.
- the occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to about no more than 600 cc/min at about 100 mmHg or 430 cc/min at 100 mmHg, such as to between about 200 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, preferably less than about 225 cc/min at about 100 mmHg within about five minutes, according to the Occlusion Protocol described below. Additionally, the force to load the coated occlusion device should be less than or equal to about 0.5 lbs.
- the mandrel can have a thin, elongated section that extends through the center of the occlusion device.
- the coating can be applied to the elongated section to produce a thin extended tubular section of coating 1250 a through which the guide wire (e.g., a 0.018′′ guidewire) can be introduced (see 13 A).
- the elongated inner mandrel can help eliminate irregular buildup of coating on the mandrel.
- the elongated mandrel can also aids in reducing stray charges from carrying the coating away from the mandrel.
- a small (e.g., approximately 0.020′′) aperture will remain in the membrane following removal of the guide wire.
- Occlusion will be primarily mechanical due to the membrane, but a small blood flow through the guidewire aperture will gradually stop via natural biological mechanisms. It may be desirable to achieve rapid, essentially completely mechanical occlusion, which can be done by mechanically patching the aperture. This can be accomplished in any of a variety of ways, by placing an occluder across the aperture.
- the occluder may take the form of a flap of material attached to the membrane of frame or a plug that is forced by blood flow into or across the opening following retraction of the guidewire.
- the occlusion devices described herein can be advanced to the target vessel using any of the delivery systems described herein.
- the access to the vasculature can be provided using conventional techniques through an incision on a peripheral artery, such as right femoral artery, left femoral artery, right radial artery, left radial artery, right brachial artery, left brachial artery, right axillary artery, left axillary artery, right subclavian artery, or left subclavian artery.
- An incision can also be made on right carotid artery or left carotid artery in emergencies.
- the guide wire 128 (e.g., 0.018′′ guidewire or smaller) can be delivered to the target vessel. Thereafter, the delivery system 100 , 200 can be delivered over the guide wire 128 to the target vessel with sufficient trackability as defined herein.
- the outer catheter 110 , 210 e.g., 5 F or smaller
- the inner catheter 120 , 220 can be delivered together with the occlusion device pre-loaded into the delivery system 100 , 200 .
- the outer catheter 110 , 210 can be delivered first, followed by the inner catheter 120 , 220 carrying the occlusion device.
- the inner catheter 120 , 220 can move axially until the occlusion device extends from the distal end 114 , 224 of the outer catheter 110 , 220 , as shown in FIG. 3A .
- the outer catheter 110 , 210 can include features shown in FIG. 1B-1 or 2 N to delivery contrast dye and monitor performance of the occlusion device. In some instances, after the performance assessment, it may be necessary to resheath and reposition the occlusion device to position the occlusion device accurately.
- the delivery system can include a test balloon 132 .
- the test balloon 132 Prior to deploying the occlusion device O, the test balloon 132 can be inflated through inflation lumen 134 to occlude the vessel temporarily. After the occlusion device O is delivered, the test balloon 132 can be deflated, and the delivery system can be withdrawn.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/449,037 filed on Jul. 31, 2014, which claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/860,856, filed Jul. 31, 2013, titled “METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENDOVASCULAR EMBOLIZATION,” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/936,801, filed Feb. 6, 2014, titled “METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENDOVASCULAR EMBOLIZATION,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/975,631, filed Apr. 4, 2014, titled “RETRACTABLE INTERLOCK DESIGN,” each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- 1. Field
- The present disclosure generally relates to apparatuses and methods for occluding blood flow.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- A variety of endovascular devices have been proposed to occlude blood flow for various applications in the vascular system. Early devices used inflatable balloons, either non-detachable or later detachable, in order to block vessels, for example, in the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas and saccular aneurysms (Serbinenko, Neurosurg. 41: 125-145, 1974; Vopr. Neirokhir. July-August (4): 8-15. 1974; Vopr. Neirokhir. 35(6): 3-9, 1971).
- Typically made from latex or silicone, balloons are delivered to a desired location in a vessel, and then inflated to occlude the vessel. While other devices have since been developed, balloon occlusion remains in use and is indicated for use in treating a variety of life-threatening conditions, including for example, giant cerebral and skull base aneurysms (Wehman et al., Neurosurg., 59: S125-S138, 2006), traumatic and non-traumatic vessel injury or rupture (Luo et al., J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 66: 140-147, 2003; Hirai et al., Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 19: 50-52, 1996), vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas (Berguer et al., Ann. Surg. 196: 65-68, 1982), and pre-operative tumor resections.
- Detachable balloons are also useful clinically in procedures outside of neurological intervention. For example, balloons can be useful in flow reduction procedures such as shunt occlusion in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and hepatic insufficiency (Kaufman et al., J. Vas. Interv. Radiol. 14: 635-638, 2003), intrahepatic arterioportal fistulas (Tasar et al., Clin. Imag. 29: 325-330, 2005), treatment of varicoceles (White et al., Radiol. 139: 327-334, 1981; Pollak et al., Radiol. 191: 477-482, 1994; Makita et al., Radiol. 183: 575-577, 1992), shunt occlusion in patients with a Blalock-Taussig shunt (Reidy et al., Brit. Heart. J. 50: 101-103, 1983; DeSouza & Reidy, Clin. Radiol. 46: 170-175, 1992), obliteration of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas, arteriovenous malformations or aortopulmonary anastomoses (Pollak et al., Radiol. 191: 477-482, 1994; DeSouza & Reidy, Clin. Radiol. 46: 170-175, 1992; Reidy et al., Brit. Heart J 49: 284-287, 1983), coronary arteriovenous fistulas (Aydogan, Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 11: 63-67, 2003), or renal arteriovenous fistulas (Kadir et al., J. Urol. 129: 11-13, 1983; Marshall et al., J. Urol. 122: 237-239). Detachable balloons are also used in preoperative devascularization before surgical resection of organs such as the kidney (Kadir et al., J. Urol. 129: 11-13, 1983).
- Despite their usefulness, balloon occlusion devices suffer from limitations that affect their ease of use and safety. By its very nature, a balloon can expand and rupture, or alternatively it can spontaneously deflate over time (Hawkins & Szaz, Invest. Radiol. 22: 969-972, 1987). Deflation is more common with latex balloons, with some studies reporting 100% deflation rates (Perala et al., J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 9: 761-765, 1998). Spontaneous deflation can result in treatment failure and reoccurrence of the lesion (Pollak et al., Radiol. 191: 477-482, 1994; Perala et al., J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 9: 761-765, 1998).
- Detachable balloon devices present other problems as well, and their use in the intracranial vasculature presents specific challenges. For example, balloons generally exhibit low trackability, meaning that they are difficult to navigate, especially through tortuous vessels, such as those commonly found in the intracranial circulation. In addition, premature (i.e., non-intentional) detachment from the delivery device can lead to adverse consequences such as cerebral artery blockage and stroke.
- Even once in place, balloons can move forward during the process of inflation, making placement of the unexpanded balloon in order to achieve precise positioning after inflation relatively difficult. Balloons that dislodge and migrate can require open skull surgery especially where the balloon has become lodged in a major vessel, for example, in a cerebral artery (Cheng et al., Minim. Invasive Neurosurg., 49: 305-308, 2006).
- An alternative approach has been to use hydrogel-coated coils in order to produce rapid vascular occlusion (Kallmes & Cloft, Am. J. Neuroradiol. 25: 1409-1410, 2004). However, there remains a significant period between placement of the coil and formation of the occlusive clot, even when using coated coils. This leads to concern that during formation of the clot, distal clot migration can occur, with potentially devastating consequences such as stroke. Further, the geometric configuration and unpredictability of coil-based embolization prevents precise occlusion of a short vascular segment. The risk of distal migration of a clot is also of concern when treating high-flow peripheral lesions such as pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas (Ferro et al., Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 30: 328-331, 2007).
- A further alternative is an expandable mechanical occlusion device such as the Amplatzer Vascular Plug. Such devices are made of a self-expanding Nitinol mesh, and can be deployed intravascularly to block flow through a vessel by inducing formation of a clot. However, this device does not produce immediate occlusion. Further, the device may not produce a chronic occlusion leading to residual patency of the target vessel. The device is also limited by it navigability, and placement precision, which limits its utility to use in performing occlusions below the base of the skull (Ross & Buciuc, Amer. J. Neurorad. 28(2): 385-286, 2007).
- Thus, notwithstanding the various efforts in the past, there remains a need for devices and methods for rapid, well-controlled, safe, and effective vessel occlusion.
- Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an endovascular occlusion device. The device can include an expandable tubular frame having at least one closed end and an occlusive membrane extending across at least the closed end. Further, the occlusion device has an expansion ratio of at least about 5:1, at least about 6:1, or at least about 7:1. The occlusion device can also include a guidewire lumen, for removably receiving a guidewire therethrough.
- The guidewire lumen may be provided with a valve to block blood flow therethrough following removal of the guidewire. The valve may comprise a polymeric membrane, such as in the form of a collapsible tube extending in the upstream direction. The tube is collapsible under blood pressure.
- In the above-mentioned aspect, the device can have an unconstrained expanded diameter of at least about 1.5 mm, which can be deployed from a 0.7 mm (0.027″) or smaller inside diameter lumen. In certain aspects, the device can have an unconstrained expanded diameter of at least about 6.0 mm, which can be deployed from a 0.7 mm (0.027″) or smaller inside diameter lumen.
- There is provided in accordance with one aspect of the invention, an endovascular occlusion device for occluding blood flow in a vessel. The occlusion device comprises a support structure, self-expandable from a reduced cross section for transluminal navigation to an enlarged cross section for occluding a vessel. The support structure defines a concave occlusion component and an anchoring component separated by a neck portion. The support structure is configured such that blood pressure against the concave occlusion component provides a radially outwardly directed force to seal the occlusion component against the vessel wall, and an axially directed force against the neck which increases a radial force between the anchoring component and the vessel wall.
- The support structure has an expansion ratio of at least about 6:1, and in some embodiments at least about 8:1 or at least about 9:1.
- A guidewire lumen may be provided, extending through the neck portion, to enable placement of the occlusion device over the wire. A valve may be provided for occluding the guidewire lumen. In one embodiment, the valve comprises a collapsible tubular sleeve, which may comprise a continuous membrane with an occlusion membrane carried by the occlusion component. The tubular sleeve may be configured to collapse under arterial blood pressure following removal of a guidewire from the tubular sleeve. The occlusion device may be configured for transluminal delivery over a 0.018 inch diameter guidewire.
- The occlusion component of the endovascular occlusion device may comprise an occlusive membrane carried by the support structure. In one implementation, the membrane has an average thickness of no more than about 30 microns.
- The endovascular occlusion device may be configured for deployment with the occlusion component concave in an upstream blood flow orientation, and the anchoring component is concave in a downstream direction.
- The support structure may be expandable through a range of expansion sufficient to occlude blood vessels having inside diameters anywhere within the range from about 2.5 mm to about 8 mm. The reduced cross section for transluminal navigation may be small enough that the occlusion device is deployable from a lumen having an inside diameter of no more than about 2 mm.
- The endovascular occlusion device may have an average COP across a diameter of 2.5 mm to 8.0 mm of between about 30 mmHg and about 140 mmHg. The occlusion device may be configured to achieve a total mechanical occlusion of blood flow following deployment in a blood vessel. The device may be configured to achieve a reduction in blood flow of at least about 80% within 1 minute of deployment in a blood vessel, configured to achieve total occlusion within 5 minutes of deployment in a blood vessel, or configured to achieve total occlusion within 1 minute of deployment in a blood vessel.
- The neck portion may be flexible so that the neck does not kink when the device is deployed in a curved vessel, and the occlusion component may have an axial length that is greater than an axial length of the anchoring component.
- For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and features of the inventions have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily any or all such advantages are achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the inventions disclosed herein. No aspects of this disclosure are essential or indispensable.
- Various embodiments are depicted in the accompanying drawings for illustrative purposes, and should in no way be interpreted as limiting the scope of the embodiments. Furthermore, various features of different disclosed embodiments can be combined to form additional embodiments, which are part of this disclosure.
-
FIG. 1A illustrates a delivery system for delivering an occlusion device. -
FIG. 1A-1 illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 1B-1 illustrates an embodiment of an outer catheter that can be used with the delivery system shown inFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 1B-2 illustrates an enlarged view of the working length of the outer catheter shown inFIG. 1B-1 . -
FIG. 1B-3 illustrates an embodiment of an inner catheter that can be used with the delivery system shown inFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 1B-4 illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the inner catheter shown inFIG. 1B-3 throughline 1B-3-1B-3. -
FIG. 1C-1 illustrates an embodiment of a delivery system having a pusher interlock assembly in a locked configuration. -
FIG. 1C-2 illustrates the pusher interlock assembly shown inFIG. 1C-1 in an unlocked configuration. -
FIG. 1C-3 illustrates an embodiment of an occlusion device having a portion of the pusher interlock assembly shown inFIG. 1C-1 and detached from the delivery system. -
FIG. 1D-1 illustrates another embodiment of a delivery system having a threaded interlock assembly. -
FIG. 1D-2 illustrates an enlarged view of the threaded interlock assembly throughline 1D-2 shown inFIG. 1D-1 . -
FIG. 1E-1 illustrates another embodiment of a delivery system having an interlock catheter. -
FIG. 1E-2 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 1E-1 taken throughline 1E-2 to 1E-4 with the interlock assembly in a locked configuration. -
FIG. 1E-3 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 1E-1 taken throughline 1E-2 to 1E-4 with the interlock assembly in an unlocked configuration. -
FIG. 1E-4 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 1E-1 taken throughline 1E-2 to 1E-4 with the occlusion device detached. -
FIG. 1E-5 illustrates a cross-section ofFIG. 1E-2 taken throughline 1E-5 to 1E-5 without the occlusion device. -
FIG. 1E-6 illustrates a cross-section ofFIG. 1E-4 taken throughline 1E-6 to 1E-6. -
FIG. 2A illustrates another embodiment of a delivery system. -
FIG. 2B illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A through line B prior to deployment. -
FIG. 2C illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device partially deployed. - FIG. 2CC illustrates an enlarged cross-section of the distal portion shown in
FIG. 2C taken through line CC. -
FIG. 2D illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device fully deployed. - FIG. 2DD illustrates an enlarged cross-section of the distal portion shown in
FIG. 2D taken through line DD. -
FIG. 2E illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A with the distal lobe of the occlusion device partially retracted. - FIG. 2EE illustrates a cross-section of the distal portion shown in
FIG. 2E taken through line EE. -
FIG. 2F illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A with a majority of the occlusion device deployed. - FIG. 2FF illustrates a cross-section of the distal portion shown in
FIG. 2F taken through line FF. -
FIG. 2G illustrates the distal portion of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A with the occlusion device fully deployed. -
FIG. 2H illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown inFIG. 2G with the inner catheter partially retracted. - FIG. 2HH illustrates an enlarged view a tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in
FIG. 2H taken through line HH. -
FIG. 2I illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown inFIG. 2H with the inner catheter further retracted. - FIG. 2II illustrates an enlarged view of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in
FIG. 2I taken through line II. -
FIG. 2J illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown inFIG. 2I with the inner catheter further retracted. - FIG. 2JJ illustrates an enlarged view of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device shown in
FIG. 2J taken through line JJ. -
FIG. 2K illustrates a cross-section of the occlusion device shown in FIG. JJ with the delivery system fully withdrawn from the occlusion device. -
FIG. 2L illustrates the inner catheter of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A . -
FIG. 2M illustrates an enlarged view of a distal portion of the inner catheter shown inFIG. 2L . -
FIG. 2N illustrates a cross-section of a distal portion through line 2N of the outer catheter shown inFIG. 2M . -
FIG. 2O illustrates the outer catheter of the delivery system shown inFIG. 2A for contrast dye injection. -
FIG. 2P illustrates an enlarged view of a working length of the outer catheter shown inFIG. 2O . -
FIG. 2Q illustrates another deployment system having an interlock attachment member interfacing with an occlusion device. -
FIG. 2R illustrates another deployment system having an interlock attachment member released from the occlusion device. -
FIG. 2S illustrates an embodiment of a delivery system for delivering an occlusion device having a test balloon. -
FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate another delivery system and an occlusion device having a tapered proximal end. -
FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate yet another delivery system and a generally cylindrical occlusion device. -
FIG. 4G illustrates an enlarged view of the occlusion device shown inFIGS. 4A-4F . -
FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate a delivery system and another generally cylindrical occlusion device. -
FIG. 5G illustrates an enlarged view of the occlusion device shown inFIGS. 5A-5F . -
FIG. 6 illustrates a partially covered, hourglass-shaped occlusion device. -
FIG. 7A illustrates a partially covered occlusion device having tapered ends. -
FIG. 7B illustrates a fully covered occlusion device having tapered ends. -
FIG. 8 illustrates an expandable structure having a non-uniform diameter. -
FIG. 9A illustrates another expandable structure having tapered ends. -
FIGS. 9B-9C illustrate the expandable structure inFIG. 9A partially covered with a cover. -
FIG. 10A illustrates a fully covered occlusion device having a first, closed end portion and a second, opened end portion. -
FIG. 10B illustrates a partially covered occlusion device having a first, closed end portion and a second, opened end portion. -
FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate different views of an occlusion device having a drumhead and a cover. -
FIG. 12A illustrates an embodiment of an occlusion device having an asymmetrical hourglass shape. -
FIG. 13A illustrates another embodiment of an hourglass-shaped occlusion device in an expanded configuration with a portion of the membrane removed to show the tubular portion of the membrane. -
FIG. 13B illustrates the occlusion device shown inFIG. 13A in an unexpanded configuration. - The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use one or more embodiments of the invention. The general principles described herein may be applied to embodiments and applications other than those detailed below without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed or suggested herein.
- FIGS. 1A and 1A-1 illustrate an
exemplary delivery system 100 for delivering any of the occlusion devices illustrated herein. Thedelivery system 100 can include anouter catheter 110 and aninner catheter 120 extending through theouter catheter 110. Although primarily described in the context of an intravascular embolic deployment catheter with a single central lumen, catheters of the present invention can readily be modified to incorporate additional structures, such as permanent or removable column strength enhancing mandrels, two or more lumen such as to permit drug or irrigant infusion or aspiration or radiation delivery or to supply inflation media to an inflatable balloon, or combinations of these features, as will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein. - The catheters and occlusion devices disclosed herein may readily be adapted for use throughout the body wherever it may be desirable to introduce an occluder. For example, occlusion devices may be deployed throughout the coronary and peripheral vasculature, neurovasculature, the gastrointestinal tract, the urethra, ureters, Fallopian tubes, and other lumens and potential lumens, as well.
- Generally, the occlusion devices described herein can be delivered via a low profile outer catheter 110 (e.g., having an outer diameter from about 2.8 F (0.93 mm) to about 6 F (2.0 mm), typically from about 3 F (1.0 mm) to about 5 F (1.67 mm), preferably less than about 5 F (1.67 mm), such as about 4.7 F (1.57 mm)). Further, the occlusion devices described herein can be delivered over a guide wire having a diameter of at least about 0.010 inches and/or less than or equal to about 0.02 inches to facilitate trackability of the delivery catheter, while still utilizing a low profile delivery catheter. For example, the guide wire can have a diameter of about 0.01 inches, 0.014 inches, or about 0.018 inches.
- The
outer catheter 110 can generally include an elongatetubular body 116 extending between aproximal end 112 and adistal end 114. The length of thetubular body 116 depends upon the desired application. For example, lengths in the area of from about 120 cm to about 140 cm or more are typical for use in femoral access percutaneous transluminal coronary applications. Further, theouter catheter 110 should have sufficient working length to reach the target vessel. The minimum working length for these applications can be at least about 75 cm about 90 cm, or at least about 100 cm, but no more than about 175 cm. Intracranial or other applications may call for a different catheter shaft length depending upon the vascular access site, as will be understood in the art. Deployment catheters adapted for intracranial applications generally have a total length in the range from 60 cm to 250 cm, usually from about 135 cm to about 175 cm. - In general, neurovascular devices may be deployable from catheters having a length of at least about 120 cm or 125 cm or greater, to allow access to the carotid artery bifurcation and above. Devices configured for coronary or peripheral applications may have shorter delivery catheters and other dimensional modifications as are understood in the art.
- The catheters of the present invention may be composed of any of a variety of biologically compatible polymeric resins having suitable characteristics when formed into the tubular catheter body segments. Exemplary materials include polyvinyl chloride, polyethers, polyamides, polyethylenes, polyurethanes, a polycarbonate blend, copolymers thereof, and the like. Optionally, the tubular body may be reinforced with a metal or polymeric braid or other conventional reinforcing layer.
- The catheter material should be selected such that the delivery system demonstrates acceptable trackability and deployment forces to enable access to the target vessel and delivery of the implant to the target vascular. Further, the material of the
outer catheter 110 should be sufficient to maintain its integrity during flushing and hemostasis. For example, theouter catheter 110 should be able to resist a pressure of at least about 45 psi/min. - Further, the
outer catheter 110 must have sufficient structural integrity (e.g., column strength or “pushability”) to permit theouter catheter 110 to be advanced to distal locations without buckling or undesirable bending of thetubular body 116. The ability of theouter catheter 110 to transmit torque may also be desirable, such as to avoid kinking upon rotation, to assist in steering. Theouter catheter 110, and particularly the distal portion, may be provided with any of a variety of torque and/or column strength enhancing structures. For example, axially extending stiffening wires, spiral wrapped support layers, and/or braided or woven reinforcement filaments may be built into or layered on thetubular body 116. - The
delivery system 100 and its variants described herein are capable of penetrating the target vessel by at least 4 cm, such as between about 4 cm and 6 cm, for example, at least 5 cm, or preferably at least about 5.5 cm as determined by the Trackability Protocol described below. - The proximal portion of the
outer catheter 110 may have a shore hardness in the range from 50 D to 100 D, often being about 70 D to 80 D. Usually, the proximal portion of theouter catheter 110 will have a flexural modulus from 20,000 psi to 1,000,000 psi, preferably from 100,000 psi to 600,000 psi. The distal portion of theouter catheter 110 will be sufficiently flexible and supple so that it may navigate the patient's distal vasculature. In highly flexible embodiments, the shore hardness of the distal portion may be in the range from about 20 A to about 100 A, and the flexural modulus for the distal portion may be from about 50 psi to about 15,000 psi. - The
outer catheter 110 may be produced in accordance with any of a variety of known techniques for manufacturing interventional catheter bodies, such as by extrusion of appropriate biocompatible polymeric materials. At least a proximal portion or all of the length ofouter catheter 110 may comprise a polymeric or metal spring coil, solid walled hypodermic needle tubing, or braided reinforced wall, as is known in the microcatheter arts. - The
proximal end 112 ofouter catheter 110 can include a manifold 118 having one or more access ports as is known in the art. Generally, the manifold 118 can include a guidewire port. Additional access ports may be provided as needed, depending upon the functional capabilities of the catheter. The manifold 118 can be compatible with luer connections from related accessories. Further, the manifold 118 may be injection molded from any of a variety of medical grade plastics, or formed in accordance with other techniques known in the art. -
Manifold 118 can also include a control (not shown), for controlling deployment of the occlusion device. The control may take any of a variety of forms depending upon the mechanical structure of the support. For example, the control can include a slider switch, which can connect to theinner catheter 120. Distal axial advancement of the slider switch can produce an axial advance of the connected feature. When the occlusion device advances from the distal end of theouter catheter 110, the occlusion device can move from the reduced diameter to the enlarged diameter. - Any of a variety of controls may be utilized, including switches, levers, rotatable knobs, pull/push wires, and others that will be apparent to those of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
- The
outer catheter 110 can define a lumen through which theinner catheter 120 can move axially. Theinner catheter 120 can include aproximal end 122 and adistal end 124. Similar to theouter catheter 110, theinner catheter 120 can include a manifold 126 disposed at theproximal end 122 of theinner catheter 120. The manifold 126 can be configured to control movement of theinner catheter 120, deployment of the occlusion device, and/or fluid flow through theinner catheter 120. Theinner catheter 120 should be sufficiently long to deliver the occlusion device out of thedistal end 114 of theouter catheter 110. Further, theinner catheter 120 can include a material exhibiting any of the material properties described in connection with theouter catheter 110. - The
inner catheter 120 can define a lumen through which a conventional guide wire can move axially. In an alternate configuration, theouter catheter 110 can include a second lumen having a guide wire axially movable therein. In either scenario, the guide wire lumen should be sufficiently large to accommodate aguide wire 128 having a diameter between about 0.25 mm and about 0.5 mm. As shown inFIG. 1A , theguide wire 128 can include ahub 130 disposed at a proximal end of theguide wire 128. - Avoiding a tight fit between the
guide wire 128 and inside diameter of guidewire lumen enhances the slideability of thedelivery system 100 over the guidewire. In ultra-small diameter catheter designs, it may be desirable to coat the outside surface of theguidewire 128 and/or the inside surface of theinner catheter 120 with a lubricous coating to minimize friction as theinner catheter 120 is axially moved with respect to theguidewire 128. A variety of coatings may be utilized, such as Paralene, Teflon, silicone rubber, polyimide-polytetrafluoroethylene composite materials, or others known in the art and suitable depending upon the material of the guidewire or inner tubular wall. - The
delivery system 100 can include different features depending on whether the occlusion device is self-expanding or balloon expandable. For example, if the occlusion device is balloon expandable, theinner catheter 120 can carry the occlusion device on a balloon (not shown). - For example, if the occlusion device is self-expanding, the occlusion device can be constrained by a distal portion of the
outer catheter 110, and theinner catheter 120 can push the occlusion device out from thedistal end 114 of thecatheter 110. As another example, as shown inFIG. 3F , thedelivery system 100 can include asupport tube 134 axially disposed between theouter catheter 110 and theinner catheter 120. Thesupport tube 134 can move axially to push the occlusion device off theinner catheter 120. The force necessary to push the occlusion device off theinner catheter 120 can be less than or equal to about 5 N, for example, within about 0.25 N of about 4.5 N or within about 0.25 N of about 4.0 N. - Other conventional mechanisms can be used to release the occlusion device, including, but not limited to, a ratcheting mechanism, an electrolytically erodible attachment, involuted deployment, a threaded attachment, or other torque releasing attachment.
- In some situations, it may be necessary to resheath the occlusion device to deliver the occlusion device to the target vessel. The
delivery system 100 can be configured to resheath and reposition the occlusion device after deployment, but before release. Prior to release, theinner catheter 120 can be retracted to pull the occlusion device back into theouter catheter 110. The retraction force necessary to retract the occlusion device should be less than or equal to about 5 N, for example, between about 3 N and about 4 N, or between about 3.5 N and about 4.5 N. The interlock interference feature can have a dimension between about 0.15 mm and about 0.25 mm, for example, within about 0.02 mm of about 0.2 mm. - The
delivery system 100 may further comprise other components, such as radiopaque fillers, colorants, reinforcing materials, reinforcement layers, such as braids and helical reinforcement elements, or the like. In particular, at least the proximal portion may be reinforced in order to enhance its column strength and torqueability while preferably limiting its wall thickness and outside diameter. Further, radiopaque markers may be positioned on the inner and/orouter catheters delivery system 100 during the procedure. - Fluoroscopic guidance can be used to monitor the delivery of the occlusion device. For example, the delivery system can include radiopaque features that allow for their fluoroscopic visualization during delivery, deployment, and/or retraction. Usually, the delivery system can include marker bands or coiled wires disposed along one or more of the
outer catheter 110,inner catheter 120, and theguide wire 128. The bands or coils can include a minimum thickness of at least about 0.02 mm and a minimum length of about 0.5 mm. Suitable marker bands can be produced from any number of a variety of materials, including platinum, gold, tantalum, and tungsten/rhenium alloy. Preferably, the radiopaque metal band will be recessed in an annular channel formed in the tubular body. -
FIGS. 1B-1 and 1B-2 illustrate a possible embodiment theouter catheter 110 of the delivery system. The outer catheter permits contrast dye to be injected through the delivery system and can be used to determine the position of the occlusion device before detaching the occlusion device from the delivery system. - The
outer catheter 110 can have a working length of about 120 cm or any other suitable working length described above. An internal diameter of theouter catheter 110 can be less than or equal to about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches. Thedistal end 114 of theouter catheter 110 can have a reduced diameter between about 0.02 inches and about 0.04 inches. Theouter catheter 110 can include a plurality of openings 121 (e.g., at least two, five, six, eight, or more openings) disposed near adistal end 114 of theouter catheter 110, such that contrast dye can be released near the proximal side of the occlusion device. The placement of theopenings 121 can remove the pressure of the contrast on the occlusion device to mitigate the likelihood of damaging the occlusion device prior to deployment (seeFIG. 1B-2 ). For instance, the distalmost opening 121′ can be positioned less than or equal to about 2.0 inches from thedistal end 114 or at a location that is between about 1.5% and 2.5% of the working length of the catheter from thedistal end 114. The plurality ofopenings 121 can be positioned in a helical configuration spanning less than or equal to about 0.5 inches measured in an axial direction (e.g., about 0.3 inches, about 0.35 inches, or about 0.4 inches). Further, the plurality ofholes 121 can be equally, axially spaced apart (e.g., less than about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches). In some embodiments, the contrast flow rate can be at least about 2 cc/second or at least about 5 cc/second under an infusion pressure of no more than about 500 psi, preferably no more than about 250 psi as measured under the Injection Protocol described herein. For example, the contrast flow rate can between about 2 cc/second and 5 cc/second under infusion pressures between about 100 psi and 200 psi or between about 100 psi and 150 psi, such as about 2.0 or 2.3 cc/min. Additionally, theopenings 121 provide a sufficient flow rate to prevent the buildup of pressure distal to theopenings 121 such that the occlusion device is not inadvertently deployed simply by injecting contrast. The flow rate through theopenings 121 prevents a distal pressure higher than 50 psi when a 200 psi infusion pressure is applied or a distal pressure of no more than 10 psi. -
FIGS. 1B-3 and 1B-4 illustrate a possible embodiment of theinner catheter 120. Theinner catheter 120 can include manifold 126 that provides access to a lumen of theinner catheter 120. Further, theinner catheter 120 can include apusher member 123. When the delivery system is assembled, the occlusion device can be positioned between thedistal end 124 and thepusher member 123 of theinner catheter 120. Thepusher member 123 can be used to push the occlusion device out of theouter catheter 110. As shown inFIG. 1B-4 , theinner catheter 120 can also include aradiopaque marker 125 disposed near thedistal end 124 of theinner catheter 120, so the user can monitor placement of the occlusion device. - It can be clinically desirable to assess the performance of the occlusion device prior to releasing the occlusion device from the
delivery system 100. Thus, in some embodiments, as shown inFIGS. 1C-1 to 1C-3, thedelivery system 100 c (including one or more features of the delivery system 100) and theocclusion device 140 can include aninterlock assembly 150 that allows theocclusion device 140 to be resheathed or repositioned. Theinterlock assembly 150 can removably secure theinner catheter 120 c to theocclusion device 140. In some examples, theocclusion device 140 can resemble 1500 any of the occlusion devices described below. - The
interlock assembly 150 can include one or moreresilient members 152 and a corresponding number of recesses 154 (e.g., channels or grooves). As shown inFIG. 1C-3 , theinterlock assembly 150 can include a firstresilient member 152 a and a secondresilient member 152 b; however, more resilient members can be utilized (e.g., three or four). Theresilient members 152 can extend from one of a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal end 142) of theocclusion device 140 or a distal end of theinner catheter 120 c, and therecesses 154 can be disposed on the other of the reduced diameter portion (e.g., the proximal end 142) of theocclusion device 140 or thedistal portion 156 of theinner catheter 120 c. When therecesses 154 are disposed on thedistal portion 156 of theinner catheter 120 c, a diameter of thedistal end portion 156 can be greater than a remaining portion of theinner catheter 120 c and less than or equal to a diameter of theproximal end 142 of the occlusion device 140 (seeFIG. 1C-1 ). For example, as shown inFIG. 1C-1 , theresilient members 152 can extend proximally from aproximal end 142 of theocclusion device 140, and therecesses 154 can be disposed at thedistal end portion 156 of theinner catheter 120 c. - As shown in
FIG. 1C-3 , theresilient members 152 can be biased toward an outward extending position. Further, theresilient members 152 can each have a Z-shape, such that a first end of aresilient member 152 is axially displaced from a second end of theresilient member 152. In certain variants, theresilient members 152 can have a T-shape, a lollipop shape, a Christmas tree shape, or any other suitable shape, which provides at least a first interference surface for engaging with a second complementary interference surface to releasably retain the occlusion device on the catheter. - Additionally, the shape of the
recesses 154 can generally correspond to the shape of theresilient members 152, such that when theresilient members 152 are constrained within theouter catheter 110 c, theresilient members 152 can engage the corresponding recesses 154. - The
interlock assembly 150 maintains theinner catheter 120 c and theocclusion device 140 in a locked configuration (seeFIG. 1C-1 ) until theresilient members 152 are pushed beyond thedistal end 114 c of thecatheter body 110 c (seeFIG. 1C-2 ). When theresilient members 152 are pushed beyond thedistal end 114 c of thecatheter 110 c, theresilient members 152 move back to the outward extending position, thereby releasing theocclusion device 140 from theinner catheter 120 c (seeFIG. 1C-3 ). Advantageously, theinterlock assembly 150 allows theocclusion device 140 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as theresilient members 152 do not extend beyond thedistal end 114 c of thecatheter 110 c. Further, theinterlock assembly 150 requires no additional movable members for actuation, which has a number of benefits, including, but not limited to, a reduced profile delivery system, a more flexible delivery system, fewer components for manufacturing, and fewer steps during the procedure. -
FIGS. 1D-1 and 1D-2 illustrate another embodiment of aninterlock assembly 170 that can be used withdelivery system 100 d (including one or more features of the delivery system 100). Theinterlock assembly 170 can include a first threadedregion 172 at a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal portion 162) of anocclusion device 160 and a second, corresponding threadedregion 174 at adistal portion 156 of theinner catheter 120 d. For example, as shown inFIG. 1D-2 , the first threadedregion 172 can be disposed around an interior surface of theproximal portion 162 of theocclusion device 160, and thesecond region 174 can be disposed around an exterior surface of thedistal end portion 176. An outer diameter of thedistal portion 176 can be less than an interior diameter of theproximal portion 162 of theocclusion device 160, such that the second threadedregion 174 can threadably engage the first threadedregion 172. - The
interlock assembly 170 can maintain theinner catheter 120 d and theocclusion device 160 in a locked configuration (seeFIG. 1D-2 ) until theinner catheter 120 d is rotated counterclockwise and unscrewed from theocclusion device 160. Advantageously, theinterlock assembly 170 allows theocclusion device 160 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as theinner catheter 120 d remains threadably engaged with theocclusion device 160. Further, theinterlock assembly 170 requires no additional movable members for actuation, which has a number of benefits, including, but not limited to, a reduced profile delivery system, a more flexible delivery system, fewer components for manufacturing, and fewer steps during the procedure. - With reference to
FIGS. 1E-1 to 1E-6, another illustrative embodiment of a delivery system is shown. Portions of thedelivery system 100 e resemble thedelivery system 100 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of thedelivery system 100 include an “e” to identify like features of thedelivery system 100 e (e.g., theouter catheter 110 e can resemble the outer catheter 110). - As shown in
FIG. 1E-1 , thedelivery system 100 e can include aninterlock catheter 101 e extending through theouter catheter 110 e. The interlock catheter 101 can include anouter pusher 188 e and aninner pusher 186 e (seeFIGS. 1E-5 and 1E-6). Further, ahemostasis valve 103 e can form a seal between theouter catheter 110 e and theinterlock catheter 101 e. For purposes of illustration, thedelivery system 100 e is described in connection with the occlusion device 1500 (described in further detail below); however, thedelivery system 100 e can be used with other occlusion devices, such as the occlusion device 1500. - Additionally, the
interlock catheter 100 e and the occlusion device 1500 can include aninterlock assembly 180 e. Theinterlock assembly 180 e can include akey ring 182 e that can be secured to a distal portion of theouter pusher 188 e. As shown inFIG. 1E-2 , an inner diameter of thekey ring 182 e can be greater than an outer diameter of the distal portion of theouter pusher 188 e, such that thekey ring 182 e can be secured over the distal portion of theouter pusher 188 e. Further, one ormore locking tabs 183 e (e.g., two, three, or four) can extend from a distal end of thekey ring 182 e. The lockingtabs 183 e can be biased inward toward theinner pusher 186 e. Additionally, as shown inFIG. 1E-1 , the lockingtabs 183 e can have a generally lollipop shape. Although, in other embodiments, thelocking tab 183 e can have a T-shape, Z-shape, Christmas Tree shape, or any other suitable shape. - The
interlock assembly 180 e can also include a lockingdrum 184 e that is coaxial with theouter pusher 188 e (seeFIGS. 1E-5 and 1E-6). The lockingdrum 184 e can be secured to theinner pusher 186 e, and thus advanceable relative to theouter pusher 188 e. To secure theinterlock catheter 101 e to the occlusion device 1500, theinner pusher 186 e is advanced until the lockingdrum 184 e pushes the lockingtabs 183 e outward into a corresponding interlock feature 1518 on a reduced diameter portion (e.g., a proximal collar 1516) of the occlusion device 1500 (seeFIGS. 1E-2 and 1E-5). In this locked configuration, the occlusion device 1500 can be advanced through theouter catheter 110 e using theinterlock catheter 101 e. - To release the occlusion device 1500 from the
outer pusher 188 e, theinner pusher 186 e is advanced further until a proximal end of the lockingdrum 184 e is distal to the lockingtabs 183 e (seeFIG. 1E-3 ). In this configuration, the lockingtabs 183 e can return to the inward extending position such that the occlusion device 1500 can be detached from theouter pusher 188 e (seeFIGS. 1E-4 and 1E-6). Advantageously, theinterlock assembly 180 e allows the occlusion device 1500 to be resheathed and repositioned so long as the outer pusher 188 is secured to the occlusion device 1500. -
FIGS. 2A to 2K illustrate a method of using another embodiment of adelivery system 200 having an interlockingattachment member 231 that interfaces with an occlusion device O. Portions of thedelivery system 200 resemble thedelivery system 100 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of thedelivery system 100 are incremented by a factor of “100” to identify like features of the delivery system 200 (e.g., theouter catheter 210 can resemble the outer catheter 110). - Generally, the
delivery system 200 can include aninner catheter 220 adapted to advance an occlusion device O (e.g., an hourglass-shaped occlusion device as described below) through theouter catheter 210 and into the target vessel (seeFIG. 2A ). Theinner catheter 220 can include an interlockingattachment member 231 that enables the clinician to advance and retract the occlusion device O, so long as the proximal end of the occlusion device O remains constrained within theouter catheter 210 and interfaces within the interlocking attachment member 231 (seeFIGS. 2L and 2M ). When the proximal end of the occlusion device O is advanced distally of thedistal end 214 of theouter catheter 210, the proximal end of the occlusion device O expands and releases from the interlocking attachment member 231 (seeFIG. 2G ). Advantageously, the interlockingattachment member 231 enables the clinician to assess the performance of the occlusion device O prior to releasing the occlusion device O from thedelivery system 200. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrates a fully assembleddelivery system 200 with theinner catheter 220 extending through theouter catheter 210. To begin deployment, the distal lobe of the occlusion device D can be deployed. The occlusion device O can be deployed by advancing theinner catheter 220 relative to the outer catheter 210 (seeFIGS. 2C and 2D ). With only the distal lobe of the occlusion device D deployed, contrast injection can be delivered to confirm the position of the occlusion device O. Since the distal lobe of the occlusion device D is uncovered (e.g., bare metal struts), the occlusion device O does not occlude flow of the dye. As shown in FIGS. 2CC and 2DD, as theinner catheter 220 is advanced, a distal face of theinterlock attachment member 231 interfaces with the occlusion device O at a location distal to the proximal end of the occlusion device O, such that theinterlock attachment member 231 urges the occlusion device O in a distal direction. - If the distal lobe D is improperly positioned, the
inner catheter 220 can be retracted to retract the occlusion device O (seeFIG. 2E ). As shown in FIG. 2EE, as the inner catheter is retracted, a proximal face of theinterlock attachment member 231 interfaces with the occlusion device O (e.g., proximal hooks of the occlusion device O), such that theinterlock attachment 231 urges the occlusion device O in a proximal direction. - Once the
distal lobe 1202 e of theocclusion device 1200 e is properly position, the remaining portion of the occlusion device can be deployed (seeFIGS. 2F and 2G ). Next, theinner catheter 220 can be retracted relative to the outer catheter 210 (see FIG. H). As shown in FIG. 2HH, a proximal face of theramp 229 is larger than an end portion E of the tubular membrane portion of the occlusion device T (e.g., a larger diameter or larger surface area). Consequently, as theinner catheter 220 is further withdrawn, theramp 229 forces the tubular portion T to invert (see FIGS. 2I and 2II), such that a proximal portion of the tubular membrane portion T that is within the proximal lobe P begins to fold over a remaining portion of the tubular membrane portion T. Viewed another way, an inner surface of the tubular portion T becomes an external surface of the tubular portion T. During the inversion process, the tubular portion T moves from being positioned within the distal lobe D (see FIGS. 2H and 2HH) to being positioned within the proximal lobe P (see FIGS. 2J and 2JJ). Viewed another way, the tubular portion T moves from being external to a membrane cover M (see FIGS. 2H and 2HH) to being positioned within the membrane cover M (see FIGS. 2J and 2JJ). When theinner catheter 220 is fully removed from the occlusion device O (seeFIG. 2K ), the tubular portion T closes like a valve to prevent blood from flowing through the tubular portion T. The tubular portion T has sufficiently low collapse resistance such that when thedelivery system 200′ (and guidewire, if present) is removed, the tubular portion T collapses (e.g., kinks, folds, buckles, flops over, or likewise) into a closed position. -
FIGS. 2L to 2N illustrate theouter catheter 210 of thedelivery system 200. Theouter catheter 200 permits contrast dye to be injected through thedelivery system 200 and can be used to determine the position of the occlusion device before detaching the occlusion device from thedelivery system 200. - The
outer catheter 210 can have a working length of about 120 cm or any other suitable working length described above. An internal diameter of theouter catheter 210 can be less than or equal to about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches. A distal portion of theouter catheter 210 can be bulbous shaped if amarker band 225 is embedded within the outer catheter 210 (seeFIG. 2N ). As shown inFIG. 2N , theouter catheter 210 can include at least three concentric layers, e.g., aninner layer 210′, anintermediate layer 210″, and anouter layer 210′. Theouter layer 210′″ can be constructed from Pebax or other medical grade polymer materials. Theintermediate layer 210″ can be a stainless steel braid to reinforce theouter catheter 210. Theinner layer 210′ can be constructed from PTFE or other suitable medical grade polymer materials. If present, theradiopaque marker 225 can be embedded radially between theouter layer 210′ and theintermediate layer 210″. - The
outer catheter 210 can include a plurality of openings 221 (e.g., at least two, five, six, eight, or more openings) disposed near a distal end 114 h of theouter catheter 210, such that contrast dye can be released near the proximal side of the occlusion device (seeFIG. 2M ). The placement of theopenings 221 can remove the pressure of the contrast on the occlusion device to mitigate the likelihood of damaging the occlusion device prior to deployment. For instance, the distalmost opening 221′ can be positioned less than or equal to about 2.0 inches from the distal end 114 h or at a location that is between about 1.5% and 2.5% of the working length from the distal end 114 h. The plurality ofopenings 221 can be positioned in a helical configuration spanning less than or equal to about 0.5 inches measured in an axial direction (e.g., about 0.3 inches, about 0.35 inches, or about 0.4 inches). Further, the plurality ofholes 221 can be equally, axially spaced apart (e.g., less than about 0.10 inches, such as about 0.05 inches). The contrast flow rate can be at least about 2 cc/second or at least about 5 cc/second under an infusion pressure of no more than about 500 psi, preferably no more than about 250 psi as measured under the Injection Protocol described herein. For example, the contrast flow rate can between about 2 cc/second and 5 cc/second under infusion pressures between about 100 psi and 200 psi or between about 100 psi and 150 psi, such as about 2.0 or 2.3 cc/min. Additionally, theopenings 221 provide a sufficient flow rate to prevent the buildup of pressure distal to theopenings 221 such that the occlusion device is not inadvertently deployed simply by injecting contrast. The flow rate through theopenings 221 prevents a distal pressure higher than 50 psi when a 200 psi infusion pressure is applied or a distal pressure of no more than 10 psi. -
FIGS. 2O and 2P illustrate theinner catheter 220 of thedelivery system 200. The innertubular body 220 has aproximal end 222 and adistal end 224. Aproximal hub 226 can be positioned at theproximal end 222 of theinner catheter 220 to provide access to a lumen of theinner catheter 220. Apusher tip 227 can be positioned at thedistal end 224 of theinner catheter 220. Thepusher tip 227 can be tapered at a distal and/or a proximal portion of thepusher tip 227, with a uniform diameter section therebetween. If thepusher tip 227 and theinner catheter 220 are separate components, aradiopaque marker 225 can be positioned radially between thepusher tip 227 and theinner catheter 220. - As shown in
FIG. 2P , adistal ramp 229 can be positioned proximal to thepusher tip 227. Thedistal ramp 229 can be tapered in a distal direction. As explained in further detail below, when thedelivery system 200 is used with an hourglass-shaped occlusion device having a tubular membrane portion (as described below), theramp 229 can invert a tubular section of an occlusion membrane as theinner catheter 220 is retracted through the occlusion device. - As mentioned above, the
delivery system 200 can include an interlockingattachment member 231 positioned proximal to thedistal ramp 229. As shown inFIG. 2P , the interlockingattachment member 231 can be ring-shaped. The interlockingattachment member 231 can interface with an occlusion device having proximal hooks, barbs, or the like (see e.g.,occlusion device 1200 e). The proximal hooks of the occlusion device can interface with the interlockingattachment member 231 so long as the proximal end of the occlusion device remains constrained within theouter catheter 210. Theouter catheter 210 constrains the proximal end of the occlusion device, thereby allowing the occlusion device to interface with the interlockingattachment member 231. - The length of the proximal hooks of the occlusion device and the length of the interlocking
attachment member 231 can be optimized to provide a controlled amount of axial clearance in between proximal hooks of the occlusion device and the interlocking attachment member 231 (see FIGS. 2DD and 2EE). When theinner catheter 220 advances the occlusion device distally, the interlockingattachment member 231 pushes on a portion of the occlusion device distal to the proximal end of the occlusion device but does not engage the proximal hooks of the occlusion device (see FIG. 2DD). The axial clearance enables the proximal end of the occlusion device to expand when advanced out of theouter catheter 210. Prior to the proximal end of the occlusion device being advanced distally of the distal end of theouter catheter 210, retracting theinner catheter 220 causes the interlockingattachment member 231 to engage the proximal hooks and retract the occlusion device (see FIG. 2EE). - As shown in
FIG. 2P , aproximal coupler 233 can be positioned proximal to the interlockingattachment member 231. Theproximal coupler 233 can be tapered in a proximal direction. Theproximal coupler 233 can prevent the occlusion device from moving proximally prior to deployment. -
FIGS. 2Q and 2R illustrate anotherdelivery system 200′. Portions of thedelivery system 200′ resemble thedelivery system 200 discussed above. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of thedelivery system 200 are include an apostrophe (′) to identify like features of thedelivery system 200′ (e.g., theouter catheter 210′ can resemble the outer catheter 210). - The
interlock attachment member 231′ can have a number of longitudinally extendinggrooves 240′ (indentations, openings, or the like) circumferentially positioned around theinterlock attachment member 231′. Thesegrooves 240′ are shaped to receive aneck portion 244′ of amarker 242′ (seeFIG. 2Q ). - As shown in
FIG. 2R , at least a proximal lobe P of the occlusion device O can include a number ofmarkers 242′. Each of thesemarkers 242′ can include anaperture 246′ (eyelet, opening, or the like) and aneck portion 244′. Thesemarkers 242′ can be press-fit onto the strut endings of the proximal lobe P. Themarkers 242′ can be radiopaque to facilitate visualization of the occlusion device O. - The method of delivering the occlusion device O is similar to the method described in
FIGS. 2A to 2K . Prior to full release (seeFIG. 2Q ), the occlusion device O can be retracted and repositioned. The occlusion device O is configured to interface with theinterlock attachment member 231′ until a proximal end of the occlusion device O has been released from thedelivery system 200′ (seeFIG. 2R ). - The occlusion devices described herein can include an expandable structure configured to move between an unexpanded or constrained configuration and an expanded or unconstrained or enlarged configuration. The expandable structure can include any of a number of medical grade materials, including, but not limited to, polymers (e.g., PET) or non-ferrous metals (e.g., nitinol, stainless steel, or cobalt chrome).
- The expansion ratio of the expandable structure should be sufficiently large such that the occlusion device is capable of compressing to a minimum size suitable for delivery through a catheter having an outer diameter of 6 F (i.e., 2.0 mm) or less, thereby minimizing trauma to the vessel during delivery. Further, the expansion ratio should be sufficiently large such that a single, expanded occlusion device is capable of preventing substantially all fluid from flowing past the occlusion device in vessel range of different sized target vessels. Although, additional occlusion devices (e.g., two or three) can be delivered depending on clinical judgment.
- The expandable structure can be configured to include an expansion ratio that is at least about 3:1, at least about 5:1, preferably at least about 7:1, and more preferably at least about 8:1. In some examples, the expansion ratio can be about 7:1 or about 8:1. In other words, a diameter of the expandable structure in the expanded configuration can be at least about three times, at least about five times, preferably at least about seven times, and more preferably at least about eight times, a diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration. For example, the diameter of the expandable structure in the expanded configuration can be between about three times and about nine times greater, preferably at least about seven times greater, than the diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration. In some examples, the diameter of the expandable structure can be at least about seven times or about eight times greater than a diameter of the expandable structure in the unexpanded configuration.
- As described above, the delivery system preferably has a sufficiently small diameter to avoid causing damage to the vessel wall during delivery. Therefore, the occlusion device should be configured for delivery through a catheter having an outer diameter that is less than 7 F (2.3 mm), preferably less than 6 F (2.0 mm), for example 5 F (1.67 mm), 4 F (1.33 mm), or 3 F (1.0 mm). In the unexpanded configuration, the occlusion device can include an outer diameter that is less than or equal to about 2 mm or less than or equal to about 1.75 mm, preferably less than or equal to about 1.5 mm. For example, the outer diameter of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration can be within about 0.5 mm, or within about 0.25 mm, of about 1.25 mm. Further, a length of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration can be less than or equal to about 3 cm or less than or equal to about 2.5 cm, for example, within about 0.5 cm of about 2 cm.
- As explained in further detail below, the expandable structure can include one or more strands braided to form the expandable structure. Each strand can include a diameter between about 0.025 mm and about 0.05 mm. In the unexpanded configuration, the braided expandable structure can include a pore size of no more than about 1.5 sq·mm, preferably no more than about 1.25 sq·mm, for example, within about 0.25 sq·mm of about 1.0 sq·mm. Further, in the unexpanded configuration, the braided strands can form intersecting angles between about 70 degrees and about 130 degrees, for example, between about 70 degrees and 90 degrees, between about 80 degrees and about 100 degrees, between about 90 degrees and about 110 degrees, between about 100 degrees and about 120 degrees, or between about 110 degrees and about 130 degrees.
- An expanded diameter of the expandable structure can vary depending on the application of the occlusion devices. For example, the diameter can vary depending on whether the occlusion device is delivered within a renal vessel, a cardiovascular vessel, a pulmonary vessel, a neurovascular vessel, or otherwise. In any of these vessels, the expanded configuration must have an acceptable diameter, length, and radial outward forces to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration. In some implementations, the aspect ratio between the expanded diameter and the expanded length can be less than or equal to about 1:1, such as 1:2, or the length can be proportionally longer depending on the desired application.
- In the unconstrained expanded configuration, a maximum diameter of the occlusion device can be between about 1.0 to about 1.5 times or more a diameter of the target site in a vessel. In some applications, the occlusion device can expand to a diameter between about 5.0 mm and about 11 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of each of about 6.0 mm, 7.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 9.0 mm, or 10.0 mm. In some applications, the expanded diameter can be between about 4.0 mm and about 6.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of about 4.5 mm. In other applications, the expanded diameter can be between about 2.0 mm and about 3.0 mm, for example, within about 0.25 mm of about 2.5 mm.
- For example, in neurovascular applications, the expanded diameter can be between about 1.5 mm and about 4.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of each of about 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, or 3.0 mm. Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an internal diameter of less than or equal to about 0.7 mm (0.027″). The expansion ratio can be at least about 5:1, for example, between about 5:1 and 5.5:1 or between about 5.5:1 and about 6:1, such as about 5.8:1.
- In some peripheral applications, the expanded diameter can be between about 4.0 mm and about 6.0 mm, for example, within about 0.25 mm of each of about 4.25 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.25 mm, 5.5 mm, or 5.75 mm. Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an internal diameter of no more than about 1.0 mm (0.038″). The expansion ratio can be at least about 5:1, preferably at least about 6:1, for example, between about 6:1 and about 7:1, such as about 6.2:1.
- In other peripheral applications, the expanded diameter can be between about 7.0 mm and about 12.0 mm, for example, within 0.5 mm of each of about 7.5 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 10.0 mm, 10.5 mm, 11.0 mm, or 11.5 mm. Each of these occlusion devices can be delivered through a catheter having an outer diameter of less than or equal to about 2.0 mm, for example, between about 1.5 mm and about 2.0 mm (e.g., 1.67 mm (5 F)).
- The expanded length should be between about 0.5 times and about 1.5 times the diameter of the target vessel, or greater depending on the desired performance. In some applications, the expanded length can be between about 2.5 mm to about 7.5 mm, for example, between about 4.0 mm to about 6.0 mm, or within about 0.5 mm of about 5.0 mm. In some applications, the expanded length can be between about 2.0 mm to about 6.0 mm, for example, between about 3.0 mm and about 5.0 mm, or within about 0.5 mm of about 4.5 mm. In some applications, the expanded length can be between about 1.0 mm and about 3.0 mm, for example, within about 0.5 mm of about 2.5 mm.
- In some applications, the expanded lengths can vary from 1 cm to 5 cm (e.g., from 1 cm to 4 cm, from 2 cm to 5 cm, from 2 cm to 4 cm, overlapping ranges thereof, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm. 2.5 cm, 3 cm, 3.5 cm, 4 cm, 4.5 cm, 5 cm), and the expansion diameter can vary from 1 mm to 6 mm (e.g., from 1 mm to 4 mm, from 2 mm to 6 mm, from 3 mm to 5 mm, overlapping ranges thereof, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm) depending on the vessel to be addressed. In some applications, the expandable structure can be configured to expand to diameters larger than 5 mm (e.g., 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm) or less than 2 mm (e.g., 1.8 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.0 mm).
- As shown in at least
FIGS. 7A to 10B , in some instances, one or both ends of the occlusion device can be tapered. A proximal end which tapers down in diameter in the proximal direction can be useful to facilitate retraction. For example, an angle of a proximal tapered end can be less than or equal to about 45 degrees, for example, between about 15 degrees and about 30 degrees or between about 30 degrees and about 45 degrees. - Clinically, it can be desirable for the occlusion device to exert sufficient radial outward pressure to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration of the occlusion device after deployment. The occlusion device can have an average COP across a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm (e.g., a diameter between about 3.0 mm and about 8.0 mm) of between about 20 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, such as between about 30 mmHg and about 140 mmHg, between about 30 mm Hg and 80 mmHg, between about between about 70 mmHg and 100 mmHg, between about 90 mmHg and 120 mmHg, or between about 100 mmHg and 140 mmHg. The occlusion devices described herein can exert a radial outward pressure between about 30 mmHg and about 50 mmHg, for example, between about 30 mmHg and about 40 mmHg, between about 35 mmHg and about 45 mmHg, or between about 40 mmHg and about 50 mmHg at the diameter of an intended target site in a vessel. In some instances, a proximal end of the occlusion device can include features to cause radial outward force to increase at the center of the occlusion device without traumatizing the vessel. The radial outward force at the center of the occlusion device can increase by up to 20 mmHg, for example, between about 10 mmHg to about 15 mmHg, or between about 15 mmHg and about 20 mmHg.
- The expandable structure should include a wall pattern configured to facilitate proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration after delivery. At the same time, the wall pattern preferably permits the occlusion device to be collapsed inside the delivery system without negatively impacting trackability and accurate deployment. In general, the wall pattern can include struts that run diagonal or perpendicular to blood flow to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration. For example, the occlusion device can include a wall pattern configured such that a backpressure generated from the blood flow can help stabilize the occlusion device without causing trauma to the vessel wall. In some instances, the wall pattern can be substantially uniform along an entire length of the expandable structure. In some instances, the wall pattern can vary between the first and second end portions and the middle portion. In some instances, the density of the wall pattern can vary across the length of the occlusion device, for example, the pore size of the occlusion device can gradually increase across the length of the occlusion device or towards both ends from the center.
- In any of these wall patterns, the pore size should be sufficiently large to maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration. For example, the expanded average pore size can be greater than or equal to about 0.75 sq·mm, for example, within about 0.25 sq·mm of about 1.0 sq·mm, within about 0.5 sq·mm of about 1.25 sq·mm, or within about 0.5 sq·mm. of about 4.5 sq·mm.
- Other methods for reducing migration can include incorporating one or more anchors, such as barbs, hooks, or likewise, along any portion of the occlusion device, preferably an uncovered bare strut portion, such as the middle portion or one of two end lobes of the occlusion device.
- As another example, if the occlusion device is braided, the occlusion device can include one or more exposed strands or strand ends. The braided occlusion device can include one or more strands each having strand ends. At least some of those strand ends can remain exposed and can be configured to anchor the occlusion device to the vessel wall. In other words, at least some of the strand ends can be secured to another of the strand ends, looped backed and secured to the same strand, or otherwise transformed to an atraumatic end, while at least some other of the strand ends can remain unsecured and can be configured to anchor the occlusion device to the vessel wall. These unsecured strand ends can be disposed anywhere along the occlusion device, for example, at least at one of the first and second end portions.
- It can also be desirable to encourage endothelial growth or the formation of blood clots to ensure the permanency of the occlusion device. For example, the occlusion device can be coated with a substance to promote endothelial growth or the formation of clots. In some instances, the occlusion device can be coated with a chemical sclerosing agent. In some instances, the occlusion device can be coated with a liquid embolic (e.g., cohesives (i.e., Onyx) or adhesives (i.e. n-BCA).
- The occlusion device can be configured to occlude substantially all fluid flow through a vessel using a single occluder, although multiple occlusion devices can be delivered. Further, the single occluder can be configured to immediately occlude fluid flow through the vessel using a single occluder (e.g., upon expansion). Substantial occlusion can include occluding at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98% of fluid flow through the vessel.
- As described below, the occlusion device can include a cover at least partially covering the expandable structure. The cover can include a cover material including, but not limited to, PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers, SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA.
- The cover should be substantially impermeable to blood with a biostability for at least about two weeks. Preferably, the permeability is less than about 0.1 mL/sq. cm/min. In some instances, the cover can include a pore size of less than or equal to about 0.075 sq·mm. In some instances, the cover has less than or equal to about 20 percent open area, less than or equal to about 15 percent open area, or within about 2 percent of each of about 10 percent, 12 percent, 14 percent, 16 percent, or 18 percent. Further, the cover should include sufficient elasticity and lubricity to permit the occlusion device to be deployed in catheters having An outer diameter of less than or equal to about 6 F (2.0 mm) or less than or equal to about 5 F (1.67 mm) and expand to a diameter at least about 2.5 mm and/or less than or equal to about 8.0 mm. In some instances, the cover can be electronically charged or chemically modified to promote thrombogenicity. However, the covering material may be coated with a material to inhibit thrombus formation temporarily (i.e. hydrophilic coating) so that the device can be retracted and repositioned prior to final placement. In addition, the cover should have sufficient tensile strength to resist yielding, stretching, or breaking under at least normal blood pressures. For example, the cover should be able to withstand pressures of at least about 140 mmHg, preferably at least about 160 mmHg.
- The length of the fibers creating the covering material allows the elongation of the covering material to far greater with less force (0.25-0.75×) than that of the native cover materials described above of the same thickness. The length of the fibers can be between about 5 microns and about 25 microns, such as within about 5 microns of each of about 10 microns, 15 microns, or 20 microns, although greater lengths may be used depending on desired parameters. These lengths permit the elongate of the cover material to at least two times greater. In some cases, the elongation is between about two times greater and about five times greater, for example, about three times greater or about four times greater. This elongation occurs with less than or equal to about 75 percent, less than or equal to about 50 percent, or even about 25 percent of the force necessary for native cover materials described above having the same thickness (e.g., between about 10 and about 30 microns).
- It can be desirable for the cover to include a thickness that is sufficiently large to resist perforation during and after delivery, but sufficiently thin to minimize the diameter of the occlusion device in the unexpanded configuration and the diameter of the delivery device. Preferably, the thickness of the cover is less than or equal to about 30 microns, for example, within about 5 microns of each of about 15 microns, 20 microns, or 25 microns.
- The cover can surround at least a portion of the expandable structure. The surrounded portion of the expandable structure should be sufficiently large to prevent fluid from flowing past the occlusion device when the occlusion device is expanded in the vessel. For example, the cover can surround the entire circumference of a covered portion of the expandable structure. Further, the cover can surround the expandable structure such that at least one end of the occlusion device is substantially closed. As shown in
FIGS. 9B and 9C , the cover may only surround one of the first or second end portions of the expandable structure. In some instances, a length of the covered portion can be between about approximately 15 percent and about 35 percent of a diameter of the target vessel or the expanded occlusion device, for example, approximately 25 percent of a diameter of the target vessel or the expanded occlusion device. In other examples, as shown in at leastFIG. 7A , the cover can surround the first end portion and the second end portion of the expandable structure, but leave a middle portion uncovered. In yet other examples, as shown in at leastFIG. 7B , the cover can surround substantially the entire expandable structure. - In some clinical scenarios, it can be more desirable to cover only a portion of the expandable structure, such that at least the middle portion remains uncovered. The exposed wall pattern of the expandable structure can help maintain proper vessel wall apposition and resist migration of the occlusion device.
- The expandable structure can be coated with the cover using an electrospinning process. Electrospinning refers generally to processes involving the expulsion of flowable material from one or more orifices, and the material forming fibers are subsequently deposited on a collector. Examples of flowable materials include dispersions, solutions, suspensions, liquids, molten or semi-molten material, and other fluid or semi-fluid materials. In some instances, the rotational spinning processes are completed in the absence of an electric field. For example, electrospinning can include loading a polymer solution or dispersion, including any of the cover materials described herein, into a cup or spinneret configured with orifices on the outside circumference of the spinneret. The spinneret is then rotated, causing (through a combination of centrifugal and hydrostatic forces, for example) the flowable material to be expelled from the orifices. The material may then form a “jet” or “stream” extending from the orifice, with drag forces tending to cause the stream of material to elongate into a small diameter fiber. The fibers may then be deposited on a collection apparatus. Further information regarding electrospinning can be found in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0190856, filed Mar. 13, 2013, and U.S. Publication No. 2013/0184810, filed Jan. 15, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- To facilitate occlusion of the target vessel site, the occlusion device in an over the wire embodiment should include a sufficiently small residual guide wire hole after deployment or a valve for occluding the guidewire opening. After full deployment, the occlusion device should include a residual guidewire hole having a diameter of less than or equal to about 0.25 mm. However, prior to deployment, the guide wire hole must be sufficiently large in both the unexpanded and expanded configuration to accommodate a standard guide wire having a diameter of at least about 0.25 mm, preferably at least about 0.4 mm.
- Any of the occlusion devices described herein can include a number of radiopaque features that permit the fluoroscopic visualization of the occlusion device during one or more of delivery, deployment, post-deployment, and retraction. The marker bands can be positioned along the expandable structure. The marker bands can have a thickness of at least about 0.01 mm and a length of at least about 0.1 mm. Suitable marker bands can be produced from any number of a variety of materials, including platinum, gold, tantalum, and tungsten/rhenium alloy.
- Turning to the figures,
FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of thedelivery system 100 shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B . The delivery system can be used to deliver theocclusion device 300. As shown in the figures, the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a tulip shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands). In other words, a diameter of afirst end portion 302 can be smaller than a diameter of asecond end portion 304. Further, a diameter of themiddle portion 306 can be greater than the diameter of thefirst end portion 302, but smaller than the diameter of thesecond end portion 304. The diameter can gradually decrease from thesecond end portion 304 to thefirst end portion 302. - As shown in
FIG. 3D , theocclusion device 300 can include acover 308 surrounding at least thefirst end portion 302. Thecover 308 can surround the entire circumference of thefirst end portion 302 and close the first end such that fluid cannot flow through thefirst end portion 302. In some instances, thecover 308 can surround at least 20 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 20 percent and about 40 percent or between about 30 percent and about 50 percent of the length of the expandable structure. Although, in other embodiments, thecover 308 can surround substantially the entire expandable structure, leaving a second end opened or substantially closed. - As shown in
FIG. 3F , theocclusion device 300 can include acentral hub 310 for engaging theinner catheter 120 prior to delivery. If theocclusion device 300 is formed from a plurality of braided wire strands, the central hub can also be configured to secure the strand ends of the braided wire strands. Although theocclusion device 300 is described with thecentral hub 310, acentral hub 310 is not necessary, and theinner catheter 120 may carry theocclusion device 300 without thecentral hub 310. Further, if theocclusion device 300 is formed from a plurality of braided wire strands, the braided wire strands can be heat-treated to maintain the position of the heated strands, or the strand ends can be secured to each other. -
FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of thedelivery system 100 shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B . The delivery system can be used to deliver theocclusion device 400. As shown in the figures, the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a substantially cylindrical or barrel shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands). In other words, a diameter of afirst end portion 402 can substantially the same as a diameter of asecond end portion 404. In some instances, a diameter of themiddle portion 406 can substantially the same as the diameters of thefirst end portion 402 and thesecond end portion 404. In other instances, a diameter of themiddle portion 406 can be no more than about 25 percent larger, or no more than about 10 percent larger, than the diameters of the first andsecond end portions - The
occlusion device 400 can include a diamond wall pattern across the length of the occlusion device. As shown inFIG. 4D , the first andsecond end portions middle portion 406. For example, the percentage of open area of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 406. Although, in other examples, the wall pattern can be substantially the same across a length of theocclusion device 400. - The first and second ends can each include a diamond pattern. Further, each end can include an inner band 412 of strand portions and an outer band 414 of strand portions. Each band 412, 414 can form the same number of apexes and form a diamond pattern therebetween. The inner band 412 can define a
guide wire opening 416 at the center of the inner band 412, through which a guide wire can pass. - The
occlusion device 400 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first andsecond end portions first end portion 402 and/orsecond end portion 404 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s). In some instances, the cover can surround substantially theentire occlusion device 400. As shown inFIG. 4G , thecover portion 408 a can surround thefirst end portion 402 and thecover portion 408 b can cover thesecond end portion 404, thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends. In some instances, eachcover portion occlusion device 400, for example, between about 20 percent and about 40 percent or between about 30 percent and about 50 percent. -
FIGS. 5A-5G illustrate the delivery system including any of the features of thedelivery system 100 shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B . The delivery system can be used to deliver theocclusion device 500. As shown in the figures, the occlusion device can include a braided expandable structure having a substantially cylindrical or barrel shape (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands). In other words, a diameter of afirst end portion 502 can be substantially the same as a diameter of asecond end portion 504. In some instances, a diameter of themiddle portion 506 can substantially the same as the diameter of thefirst end portion 502 thesecond end portion 504. In other instances, a diameter of themiddle portion 506 can be no more than about 25 percent larger, or no more than about 10 percent larger, than the diameters of the first andsecond end portions - Similar to the
occlusion device 400, theocclusion device 500 can include a diamond wall pattern across the length of the occlusion device. As shown inFIG. 5D , the wall pattern can be substantially the same across a length of theocclusion device 500. However, in other examples, the first andsecond end portions middle portion 506. For example, the percentage of open area of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 506. - The first and second ends can each include a diamond pattern. As shown in
FIGS. 5F and 5G , each end can include aband 518 of circumferentially disposed diamonds. Theband 518 can define aguide wire hole 516 at the center of the inner band, through which a guide wire can pass. - The
occlusion device 500 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first andsecond end portions first end portion 502 and/orsecond end portion 504 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s). In some instances, the cover can surround substantially theentire occlusion device 400. As shown inFIG. 5G , thecover portion 508 a can surround thefirst end portion 502, and thecover portion 508 b can cover thesecond end portion 504, thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends. In some instances, eachcover portion -
FIG. 6 illustrates anocclusion device 600 having a braided expandable structure (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands). The expandable structure can include a substantially hourglass shape. In other words, a diameter of afirst end portion 602 can be substantially the same as a diameter of asecond end portion 604. Further, a diameter of themiddle portion 606 can be substantially smaller than the diameters of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 606 can be at least about 50 percent, at least about 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, at least about 80 percent, or at least about 90 percent smaller than the diameters of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 606 can define a guide wire passage large enough for a conventional guide wire to pass. - The
occlusion device 600 can include a cover surrounding the outside surface or the inside surface on at least one of the first and second lobes or endportions first end portion 602 and/orsecond end portion 604. In some instances, the cover can surround substantially theentire occlusion device 600. As shown inFIG. 6 , thecover 608 can surround thesecond end portion 604. In some instances, eachcover 608 can surround at least 25 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 40 percent and about 60 percent of the length of the expandable structure, such as about 50 percent of the length of the expandable structure. -
FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate theocclusion device 700. As shown in the figures, theocclusion device 700 can include a braided, elongate expandable structure (e.g., laser cut with a woven pattern or braided from a plurality of strands). As shown in the figures, the expandable structure can define a diamond wall pattern along a length of the expandable structure. Further, the expandable structure can include tapered first andsecond end portions second end portions - A diameter of a
middle portion 706 can be greater than a diameter of afirst end portion 702 and a diameter of asecond end portion 704. The diameter of themiddle portion 706 can be no more than about 60 percent, 50 percent, or 40 percent larger than the diameters of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 706 can be at least as long as the first andsecond end portions - The
occlusion device 700 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first andsecond end portions first end portion 702 and/orsecond end portion 704 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s). As shown inFIG. 7A , thecover portion 708 a can surround thefirst end portion 702, and thecover portion 708 b can cover thesecond end portion 704, thereby substantially closing both the first and second ends. In some instances, eachcover portion FIG. 7B , the cover 708 c can surround substantially theentire occlusion device 700. -
FIG. 8 illustrates anocclusion device 800 formed from one or more strands woven to form an expandable structure. The expandable structure can include afirst portion 802, asecond portion 804, and amiddle portion 806 therebetween. The first andsecond end portions second end portions - The
middle portion 806 can include a diameter that is substantially larger than a diameter of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 806 can be at least about 50 percent or at least about 75 percent larger than a diameter of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 806 can be between about 60 percent and 80 percent larger or between about 70 percent and about 90 percent larger. Further, as shown inFIG. 8 , themiddle portion 806 can include a non-uniform diameter; for example, themiddle portion 806 can be generally rounded to form a bulbous shape. - Although not shown, the
occlusion device 800 can include a cover surrounding at least one of the first andsecond end portions first end portion 802 and/orsecond end portion 804 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s). In some instances, each cover portion can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent. In some instances, the cover can surround substantially theentire occlusion device 800. -
FIG. 9A illustrates anocclusion device 900 formed from one or more strands woven to form an expandable structure. The expandable structure can include afirst portion 902, asecond portion 904, and amiddle portion 906 therebetween. The first andsecond end portions second end portions - The
middle portion 906 can include a diameter that is substantially larger than a diameter of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 906 can be at least about 50 percent, or at least about 75 percent larger than a diameter of the first andsecond end portions middle portion 906 can be between about 60 percent and 80 percent larger or between about 70 percent and about 90 percent larger. Further, as shown inFIG. 9 , themiddle portion 906 can include a substantially uniform diameter. - The
occlusion device 900 can include acover 908 surrounding at least one of the first andsecond end portions cover 908 can surround the entire circumference of thefirst end portion 902 and/orsecond end portion 904 and substantially close the first and/or second ends such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end(s). In some instances, each cover portion can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent. As shown in the figures, thecover 908 surrounds thefirst end portion 902. However, in some instances, the cover can surround thesecond end portion 904 or substantially theentire occlusion device 900. -
FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate theocclusion device 1000. As shown in the figures, the expandable structures can define a diamond wall pattern along a length of the expandable structure. Further, the expandable structure can include taperedfirst end portion 1002 and an openedsecond end portion 1004. Although thefirst end portion 1002 is tapered, thefirst end portion 1002 still defines a guide wire hole large enough to permit a conventional guide wire to pass through the occlusion device. A diameter of amiddle portion 1006 can be substantially the same as a diameter of thesecond end portion 1004. - As shown in
FIG. 10B , theocclusion device 1000 can include acover 1008 surrounding at least thefirst end portion 1002. Thecover 1008 can surround the entire circumference of thefirst end portion 1002 such that fluid cannot flow through the covered end. In some instances, thecover 1008 can surround at least 10 percent of a length of the expandable structure, for example, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent or between about 20 percent and about 30 percent. As shown inFIG. 10A , thecover 1008 can surround substantially the entire expandable structure. -
FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another exemplary embodiment of anocclusion device 1100. As shown in the figures, theocclusion device 1000 can include a substantially uniform diameter. Theocclusion device 1100 also defines a substantially uniform diamond wall pattern along a length of theocclusion device 1100. - As shown in
FIG. 11C , theocclusion device 1100 can include adrumhead 1120 disposed within thefirst end portion 1102. Thedrumhead 1120 can be configured to close thefirst end 1102 such that fluid is prevented from flowing through theocclusion device 1100. - Further, the
occlusion device 1100 can include acover 1108 surrounding at least a portion of theocclusion device 1100. For instance, thecover 1108 can cover thedrumhead 1120, or, as shown inFIGS. 11A-11C , thecover 1108 can surround at least themiddle portion 1106 and thesecond end portion 1104. Although, depending on the desired performance of thecover 1108, thecover 1108 can extend along different lengths of the occlusion device. In some scenarios, it may be desirable to have greater overlap between thecover 1108 and the frame to adequately anchor thecover 1108 to the frame. For example, thecover 1108 can extend along at least about 50 percent, as at least about 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, at least about 80 percent, or at least about 90 percent of the length of theocclusion device 1100. In some examples, thecover 1108 extends along substantially the entire length of theocclusion device 1100. In other scenarios, it may be desirable to leave a higher percentage of the frame uncovered to facilitate endothelialization, for example, across less than about 50 percent, less than about 40 percent, less than about 30 percent, or less than about 20 percent of the length of theocclusion device 1100. Preferably, to achieve both endothelization and sufficient overlap, thecover 1108 should extend across at least about 25 percent of the length of the frame and no more than about 50 percent of the length of the frame, for example, within about 5 percent of each of about 30 percent, 35 percent, 40 percent, or 45 percent. - Although certain embodiments have been described herein within respect to the illustrated expandable structures, the occlusion devices described herein can include differently shaped or differently formed expandable structures. For example, the expandable structure can be substantially conical, coiled, or any other conventional stent shape. As another example, the expandable structure can include a laser cut frame. In some instances, the frame can include a first closed end and a second opened end. The percentage of open area of the second opened end can be greater than the percentage of open area of the first closed end.
- The specific examples described above in connection with
FIGS. 3A-11C are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. Any combination of the configuration, shape, or wall pattern of the expandable structure can be combined with any type or amount of covering described herein. - Further, any of the features of the occlusion devices (e.g., expansion ratio, shapes, dimensions, materials, covers, etc.) disclosed herein can be accomplished in a stent, having two open ends and a central lumen to maintain vascular patency and permit perfusion.
-
FIGS. 12A and 12F illustrate anocclusion device 1200 a having a first lobe orend portion 1202 a, a second lobe orend portion 1204 a, and a central orneck portion 1205 a extending between the first andsecond end portions first end portion 1202 a can generally refer to the distal end portion or the anchor portion of theocclusion device 1200 a and thesecond end portion 1204 a can generally refer to the proximal end portion or the occlusive portion of theocclusion device 1200 a when theocclusion device 1200 a is introduced into the patient. As described in further detail below, thesecond end portion 1204 a can be coated such that thesecond end portion 1204 a provides occlusion, while thefirst end portion 1202 a maintains an open cell structure to anchor theocclusion device 1200 a and permit lateral flow. Further, the open cell structure of thefirst end portion 1202 a enables the clinician to partially deploy theocclusion device 1200 a against the wall of the vessel (e.g., just thefirst end portion 1202 a) and confirm the position of theocclusion device 1200 a by injecting contrast (e.g., by using delivery system 200) without materially impeding flow or raising hydrostatic pressure. In contrast, if a mechanically occlusive element were partially deployed, the mechanically occlusive element would impede flow and raise hydrostatic pressure. - As shown in
FIG. 12A , the diameter of thecentral portion 1205 a can be less than a diameter of the first orsecond end portions occlusion device 1200 a can have a generally hourglass shape (seeFIG. 12A ). For example, the diameter D1 of thecentral portion 1205 a can be between about 5% and about 25% of the diameter D2 of the first orsecond end portions second end portions 1202 a, 1504. - The
occlusion device 1200 a can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T of theocclusion device 1200 a in the expanded and/or unexpanded configurations (seeFIG. 12A ). For example, in the expanded configuration, theocclusion device 1200 a can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T. - As shown in
FIG. 12A , auniform portion 1204 a′ of thesecond end portion 1204 a can have a generally uniform diameter (e.g., cylindrical) and a taperedportion 1204 a″ of thesecond end portion 1204 a can taper towards thecentral portion 1205 a. The taperedportion 1204 a″ of thesecond end portion 1204 a can form an angle α between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees, between about 55 degrees and about 65 degrees, preferably about 60 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis. - Similarly, a
uniform portion 1202 a′ (e.g., cylindrical) of thefirst end portion 1202 a can have a generally uniform diameter and a taperedportion 1202 a″ of thefirst end portion 1202 a can taper toward thecentral portion 1205 a. The taperedportion 1202 a″ of thefirst end portion 1202 a can form an angle β. Angle β can be substantially the same as angle α. - Even if the angle of the tapered
portions 1202 a″, 1204 a″ is substantially the same, an angle γ can be different from an angle δ relative to the longitudinal axis. The angle γ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point T1 (between the taperedportion 1204 a″ and thecylindrical portions 1204 a′) and the axial center C of theocclusion device 1200 a. The angle δ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point T2 (between the taperedportion 1202 a″ and thecylindrical portions 1202 a′) and the axial center C of theocclusion device 1200 a. Angle δ can be less than angle γ to reduce the force necessary to retract thefirst end portion 1202 a into the delivery system. - As illustrated in
FIG. 13B , each of the proximal (covered) 1204 e and distal (typically bare strut) 1202 e lobes are connected to thecentral hub 1205 e′ by a plurality ofstruts 1210 e which incline radially outwardly in their respective directions away from thehub 1205 e′. In the illustrated embodiment, a shallowerdistal lobe strut 1280 e launch angle between the curved axis of the strut and the longitudinal axis of the implant is clinically desirable because it provides a ramped surface that facilitates easy resheathing of the deployed distal lobe of the implant as it is pulled proximally back into the tubular deployment catheter. Preferably, the expanded implant is bilaterally asymmetrical, with theproximal struts 1282 e exhibiting a steeper launch angle from the hub. This enables the implant to reach the fully expanded diameter of theproximal lobe 1204 e over the shortest possible axial length. Thus, the shallow launch angledistal struts 1280 e and steeper launch angleproximal struts 1282 e optimize retrievability of the partially deployed implant while at the same time minimizes overall implant length. The wall pattern of the implant may in one embodiment exhibit bilateral symmetry in the collapsed configuration but expands to demonstrate the bilateral asymmetry described above due to a preset shape in the Nitinol or other shape memory material of the frame. - The
distal struts 1280 e are concave outwardly in a side elevational view, defining a generally trumpet shaped or flared configuration. The curvature of thestruts 1280 e as they leave thehub 1205 e′ and incline radially outwardly do not necessarily have a constant radius of curvature, but can be considered to conform to a best fit circle A having a constant radius (seeFIG. 13B ). The radius is generally at least about 25%, in some embodiments at least about 30% or 35% or more of the unconstrained diameter of the expandeddistal lobe 1202 e. For example, in an implant having an unconstrained distal lobe diameter of about 10 mm, the radius is generally within the range of from about 2.5 mm to about 5.5 mm, and in some embodiments between about 3 mm and 5 mm, or approximately 4 mm. - The proximal lobe struts 1282 e can have a steeper launch angle to enable the
proximal lobe 1202 e to reach full diameter over a short axial distance from the hub. Thus, the radius of circle B which best fits the launch geometry of the proximal struts is generally less than about 25%, preferably less than about 20% or 15% or less of the expanded diameter of theproximal lobe 1202 e, depending upon the physical properties and dimensions of the strut material (seeFIG. 13B ). - The best fit circles A, B described above will preferably be located against the strut such that it is approximately symmetrical about the midpoint of the arc of the struts that define the concave outwardly concave curvature section. Thus, the midpoint of the arc in the
distal strut 1280 e illustrated inFIG. 13B is a greater radial distance from the longitudinal axis of the implant than is the midpoint of the arc in theproximal strut 1282 e due to the proximal strut transitioning from the arc to a substantially linear shoulder which extends out to the generally cylindrical body of the proximal lobe. - As shown in
FIG. 12A , a length L1 of thesecond end portion 1204 a (including the taperedportion 1204 a″ and generallyuniform portion 1204 a′) can be greater than a length L2 of thefirst end portion 1202 a (including the taperedportion 1202 a″ and generallyuniform portion 1202 a′). For example, L2 can be between about 25% and about 75% of L1, such as between about 50% and about 60%. Forces directed at a concave surface of thesecond end portion 1204 a can provide a radially outward directed force to push thesecond end portion 1204 a open and increase radial outward forces acting on theocclusion device 1200 a and the vessel wall, when the occlusive concave side is facing an upstream direction with respect to blood flow in the vessel. The occlusive lobe (e.g., thesecond end portion 1204 a) also places the hub under axial compression, which increases the radial force on the bare metal strut lobe (e.g., thefirst end portion 1202 a). In certain aspects, the length of the second end portion L1 can be about the same as a diameter of thesecond end portion 1204 a. This ensures that thesecond end portion 1204 a does not rotate perpendicular to an axis of the vessel and ensures that other anti-migration features remain properly aligned and positioned. - A length L3 of the
uniform portion 1204 a′ of thesecond end portion 1204 a can be longer than a length L4 of theuniform portion 1202 a′ of thefirst end portion 1202 a′ (seeFIG. 12A ). For example, in the unconstrained configuration, theuniform portion 1204 a′ can include a greater number of circumferential rings R1, R2, R3 ofopen cells 1212 a than theuniform portion 1202 a′. For example, theuniform portion 1204 a′ can include three circumferential rings R1, R2, R3 ofopen cells 1212 a, while theuniform portion 1202 a′ can include one circumferential ring R4 ofopen cells 1212 a. A size of anopen cell 1212 a in circumferential ring R1 can be substantially the same size as the size of anopen cell 1212 a in circumferential ring R4. In the constrained configuration, thesecond end portion 1204 a can include a greater number of circumferential rings of struts than the first end portion. For example, thesecond end portion 1204 a can include six circumferential rings C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, of struts 1210 a, while thefirst end portion 1202 a can include four circumferential rings C7, C8, C9, C10 of struts 1210 a. - The
occlusion device 1200 a can have an aspect ratio less than or equal to about 2:1 (unconstrained length to unconstrained lobe diameter), such as between about 1:1 and about 2:1 or between about 1.5:1 and about 2:1. An unconstrained length of theocclusion device 1200 a can be between about 10 mm and about 25 mm, in some implementations from about 15 mm to about 22 mm. Thefirst end portion 1202 a having an unconstrained length of less than about 50% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 10 mm), less than about 40% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 8 mm), or less than about 30% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 a (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 6 mm). An unconstrained expanded diameter of theocclusion device 1200 a can be between about 5 mm and about 15 mm, such as about 10 mm. - The
occlusion device 1200 a can include anexpandable frame 1206 a and amembrane 1208 a carried by theexpandable frame 1206 a. Theexpandable frame 1206 a can define a lumen therethrough to facilitate delivery of theocclusion device 1200 a over a guide wire (e.g., a 0.018-inch guidewire). Further, theexpandable frame 1206 a can have a wall thickness of less than or equal to about 0.003 inches, such as about 0.002 inches. - The
expandable frame 1206 a can be at least partially covered by athin membrane 1208 a (e.g., between about 10 microns and about 30 microns thick). Themembrane 1208 a should be sufficiently thick to facilitate occlusion, while still minimizing the profile of thecollapsed occlusion device 1200 a. Possible materials for themembrane 1208 a can include PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers, SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA. - The
membrane 1208 a can be applied to theexpandable frame 1206 a in a manner that encapsulates at least some of the struts 1210 a, such that themembrane 1208 a is present along either or both an interior surface and an exterior surface of theexpandable frame 1206 a. Possible methods of applying themembrane 1208 a are described in further detail below. - The
membrane 1208 a can cover at least one end of theexpandable frame 1206 a and extend across at least a partial length of theexpandable frame 1206 a. In some embodiments, themembrane 1208 a at least coats a portion of theocclusion device 1200 a that is concave to the direction of the blood flow, which can be more occlusive and resist more migration than occlusion devices that only coat a surface convex to the direction of the blood flow or coat the entire occlusion device or coat the entire occlusion device. For example, themembrane 1208 a can cover at least a portion of or the entire thesecond end portion 1204 a and thefirst end portion 1202 a can be a bare frame. When the barefirst end portion 1202 a is deployed before the coveredsecond end portion 1204 a, the barefirst end portion 1202 a can at least partially anchor theocclusion device 1200 a in the vessel and allow visualization before deploying the coveredsecond end portion 1204 a, which facilitates precise placement of theocclusion device 1200 a. - When the covered
second end portion 1204 a is upstream (i.e., anatomically proximal) from the barefirst end portion 1202 a, the increase in arterial pressure at thesecond end portion 1204 a increases the radially outward forces directed toward themembrane 1208 a, which helps theocclusion device 1200 a resist migration. A higher blood pressure difference between the proximal and distal ends of theocclusion device 1200 a will cause higher outward forces. Further, when the coveredsecond end portion 1204 a is upstream from the barefirst end portion 1202 a, forward pressure from blood flow acts on thecentral portion 1205 a. After theocclusion device 1200 a expands, forces acting on thecentral portion 1205 a cause the taperedportion 1202 a″ of thefirst end portion 1202 a (e.g., struts closer to or adjacent to thecentral portion 1205 a) to collapse (e.g., bend inward), which causes theuniform portion 1202 a′ (e.g., struts closer to or at a distal end of the occlusion device) to move outward and further anchor thefirst end portion 1202 a in the vessel. - Additionally, the
membrane 1208 a can be positioned on portions of theexpandable frame 1206 a on which hydraulic pressure will force theexpandable frame 1206 a outward. In some embodiments, portions of theexpandable frame 1206 a where the hydraulic pressure would force theexpandable frame 1206 a inward are not coated. - The
membrane 1208 a can extend to form a thin extended tubular section of coating 1250 a through which the guidewire (e.g., a 0.018″ guidewire) can be introduced. The thin tube 1250 a can extend through thefirst end portion 1202 a or thesecond end portion 1204 a. As described in further detail below, the thin tube 1250 a can be configured to invert from a position extending through thefirst end portion 1202 a such as during deployment to a position extending through thesecond end portion 1204 a following deployment. The thin tube 1250 a can extend across less than or equal to about 85% (e.g., between about 75% and about 85%), less than or equal to about 75%, less than or equal to about 60%, or less than or equal to about 50% of the length of thesecond end portion 1204 a. In use, the thin tube 1250 a can have sufficiently low collapse resistance such that blood pressure will cause the thin tube 1250 a to collapse (e.g., kink, fold, buckle, flop over, or likewise) when the guidewire is removed. The thin tube 1250 a acts like a valve (e.g., a duckbill valve) to occlude the guidewire lumen 1252 a and aid in the capture and formation of clots. The tube 1250 a may be formed integrally with the formation of the membrane, during the spin coating process. Alternatively, the tube 1250 a may be separately formed and attached to the hub and/or membrane using suitable adhesives, solvent bonding, heat bonding, or other techniques known in the art. Alternatively, one, two, or more flaps or leaflets may be provided, to occlude the guidewire opening following removal of the guidewire, preferably on the upstream blood flow side of the hub. - After the
occlusion device 1200 a has been deployed, theocclusion device 1200 a can resist migration (e.g., migrate less than about 5.0 mm from the deployed position, preferably less than about 4.0 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm) for at least 10 minutes under pressures of at least about 100 mmHg and/or less than or equal to about 300 mmHg, for example, between about 100 mmHg and 150 mmHg, between about 150 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, between about 200 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, between about 250 mmHg and about 300 mmHg, such as about 270 mmHg, as determined by the Migration Protocol described below. - In at least a straight 8 mm vessel or curved 8 mm vessel with a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel, the structure of the deployed
occlusion device 1200 a permits the device to resist migration under at least average blood pressure (e.g., 120 mmHg) according to the Migration Protocol described below. In at least a straight 8 mm vessel or curved 8 mm vessel with a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel, under retrograde venous deployment conditions, the structure of the deployedocclusion device 1200 a permits the device to resist migration under at least 7 mmHg of pressure according to the Migration Protocol described below. Migration is defined as continuous movement of the embolic device or movement of the proximal end of the embolic device by greater than 5 mm from the initial location. - When the
occlusion device 1200 a is deployed in the vessel, theocclusion device 1200 a can occlude at least about 80% of blood flow within 30 seconds, at least about 90% of blood flow within about 3 minutes, and/or about 100% of blood flow within about five minutes, without reliance on biological processes. Because of the mechanical mechanism of occlusion, performance is the same whether or not the patient has been anticoagulated (e.g., heparin, aspirin, warfarin, Plavix, etc.). In some implementations, theocclusion device 1200 a can achieve complete occlusion within about two minutes or within about one minute. Using the Occlusion Protocol described below, theocclusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 200 cc/min at 20 mmHg, such as to between about 50 cc/min and about 150 cc/min, preferably less than about 130 cc/min, less than about 100 cc/min at 20 mmHg or less than about 65 cc/min at 20 mmHg within about five minutes. Further, theocclusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 400 cc/min at 60 mmHg or no more than about 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg, such as to between about 150 cc/min and about 250 cc/min, preferably less than or equal to about 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg within about five minutes. Theocclusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to about no more than 600 cc/min at about 100 mmHg or 430 cc/min at 100 mmHg, such as to between about 200 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, preferably less than about 225 cc/min at about 100 mmHg within about five minutes. - In at least a 3 mm curved vessel with a 7.5 mm radius to centerline of vessel or a 8 mm vessel with a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel, using the Occlusion Protocol described below, the
occlusion device 1200 a will permit a maximum flow rate of 130 cc/min at 20 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 70 cc/min at 20 mmHg or 40 cc/min at 20 mmHg), 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg or 125 cc/min at 60 mmHg), or 430 cc at 100 mmHg (e.g., a maximum flow rate of 315 cc/min at 100 mmHg or 185 cc/min at 100 mmHg) after about one minute. In at least a 3 mm curved vessel with a 7.5 mm radius to centerline of vessel or an 8 mm vessel with a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel, under retrograde venous deployment conditions, using the Occlusion Protocol described below, theocclusion device 1200 a will permit a maximum flow rate of 130 cc/min at 20 mmHg after about one minute. - The
occlusion device 1200 a has an expansion ratio of at least about 5:1. The expansion ratio of theocclusion device 1200 a allows theocclusion device 1200 a to treat different sized vessels between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm. For example, thesame occlusion device 1200 a that can occlude a 2.5 mm vessel can occlude a 6.0 mm vessel. - The expansion ratio of the
occlusion device 1200 a can be between about 5:1 to about 10:1, such as at least about 5:1, at least about 6:1, at least about 7:1, at least about 8:1, or at least about 9:1. In some implementations, the expansion ratio can be at least about 10:1. In other words, a diameter of theocclusion device 1200 a in the expanded configuration can be between about five times and about ten times greater than the diameter of theocclusion device 1200 a in the unexpanded configuration, such as at least about five times, at least about six times, at least about seven times, at least about eight times, or at least about nine times. In some implementations, the diameter of the expanded configuration can be at least about ten times greater than the diameter of the unexpanded configuration. The expansion ratio of theocclusion device 1200 a is sufficiently large such that theocclusion device 1200 a is capable of compressing to a minimum size suitable for delivery through a catheter having a diameter of less than about 5 F, thereby minimizing trauma to the vessel during delivery. Further, the expansion ratio of theocclusion device 1200 a is sufficiently large that a single, expanded occlusion device is capable of preventing substantially all fluid from flowing past the occlusion device in the target vessel. Generally, the expansion ratio of each lobe is equal to the ratio of the hub to the lobe in an unconstrained expansion. - A
single occlusion device 1200 a can be used to treat a wide range of vessel diameters. For example, theocclusion device 1200 a can have an expansion range when delivered from a lumen having an internal diameter of at least about 2.0 mm up to at least about 8.0 mm or 10.0 mm or more, such as at least about 3.0 mm, at least about 4.0 mm, or at least about 5.0 mm. For instance, asingle occlusion device 1200 a can treat vessels having a diameter between about 2.5 mm and about 8.0 mm, or between about 3.0 mm and 7.0 mm. Using asingle occlusion device 1200 a to treat a wide range of vessels can be desirable to reduce the total stock of occlusion devices that must be kept on hand, and the ability to occlude large vessels with asingle occlusion device 1200 a can reduce costs. - Further, the
single occlusion device 1200 a having an expansion range of at least about 2.0 mm, 4.0 mm, or more, and also exhibits less than 20 percent elongation when moving from the unexpanded configuration to the expanded configuration, preferably less than about 15 percent. Minimizing elongation can help ensure accurate positioning of theocclusion device 1200 a. - In the expanded state, the
occlusion device 1200 a can have an unconstrained diameter that is between about 30% and about 50% larger than the vessel diameter. For vessels sized between about 2.0 mm and about 8.5 mm in diameter, the diameter of the expandedocclusion device 1200 a can be at least about 2.6 mm and/or less than or equal to about 12.75 mm, e.g., between about 9 mm and about 11 mm, such as about 10 mm. - The
occlusion device 1200 a may provide a chronic outward pressure (“COP”). As used herein, COP is the radial pressure (expressed in terms of mmHg) necessary to maintain stability of the occlusion device in a vessel under normal physiological blood pressure (i.e., about 135 mmHg). Radial forces used to determine the following COP values were based on data collected using the Migration Protocol described below. Further, the calculation of the COP assumes that theocclusion device 1200 a forms a complete seal, and thus the flow rate equals zero and shear forces equal zero. The calculation also assumes that theocclusion device 1200 a is rigid, and thus the normal force due to transfer of hydraulic force to the vessel wall equals zero. - Using these assumptions, the occlusion device can provide a COP between about 20 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, such as between about 30 mmHg and about 140 mmHg, between about 30 mm Hg and 80 mmHg, between about between about 70 mmHg and 100 mmHg, between about 90 mmHg and 120 mmHg, or between about 100 mmHg and 140 mmHg., for vessels having a diameter between about 3 mm and about 8 mm under a physiological pressure of about 135 mmHg, preferably between about 20 N/mm2 (2.67 kPa) and about 50 N/mm2 (6.67 kPa). For example, the
occlusion device 1200 a can provide about 48 mmHg (6.4 kPa) of radial pressure in a 7 mm vessel with a physiological pressure of about 135 mmHg pressure when the length of the contact area between an exemplary embodiment of theocclusion device 1200 a and the vessel wall is about 12.5 mm (e.g., L1=4.5 mm, L2=8.0 mm). Theocclusion device 1200 a can provide about 20 mmHg (2.67 kPa) of radial pressure in a 7 mm vessel with a physiological pressure of about 135 mmHg pressure when the length of the contact area is about 30.0 mm, the entire length of an exemplary embodiment of theocclusion device 1200 a. The latter calculation assumes that a thrombus will form and that theocclusion device 1200 a will transfer radial force through the thrombus and across the entire length of theocclusion device 1200 a. -
FIGS. 13A through 13E illustrate another hourglass-shapedocclusion device 1200 e having the same general structure and properties asocclusion device 1200 a. In generally, theocclusion device 1200 e is adapted to move between a constrained configuration (FIG. 13B ) and an unconstrained configuration (FIG. 13A ). Theocclusion device 1200 e can have any number of the characteristics (e.g., dimensions, construction, performance, etc.) as theocclusion device 1200 a except as described below. - Similar to the
occlusion device 1200 a, as shown inFIG. 13A , theocclusion device 1200 e can have a first lobe orend portion 1202 e, a second lobe orend portion 1204 e, and a central orneck portion 1205 e extending between the first andsecond end portions first end portion 1202 e can generally refer to the distal end portion or the anchor portion of theocclusion device 1200 e and thesecond end portion 1204 e can generally refer to the proximal end portion or the occlusive portion of theocclusion device 1200 e when theocclusion device 1200 e is introduced into the patient. Thesecond end portion 1204 e can be coated such that thesecond end portion 1204 e provides occlusion, while thefirst end portion 1202 e maintains an open cell structure to anchor theocclusion device 1200 e and permit lateral flow. Further, the open cell structure of thefirst end portion 1202 e enables the clinician to partially deploy theocclusion device 1200 e against the wall of the vessel (e.g., just thefirst end portion 1202 e) and confirm the position of theocclusion device 1200 a by injecting contrast (e.g., by using delivery system 200) without materially impeding flow or raising hydrostatic pressure. In contrast, if a mechanically occlusive element were partially deployed, the mechanically occlusive element would impede flow and raise hydrostatic pressure. - As shown in
FIG. 13A , the diameter of thecentral portion 1205 e can be less than a diameter of the first orsecond end portions 1202 e, 1204 e. e.g., theocclusion device 1200 e can have a generally hourglass shape (seeFIG. 13A ). For example, the diameter D1 of thecentral portion 1205 e can be between about 5% and about 25% of the diameter D2 of the first orsecond end portions 1202 a, 1504, preferably less than or equal to about 15%, or between about 10% and about 15% of the diameter D2 of the first orsecond end portions - As shown in
FIG. 13A , theocclusion device 1200 e can be asymmetrical about a transverse axis T-T of theocclusion device 1200 a in the expanded. As shown inFIG. 13B , in an constrained position, the length L1 of thefirst end portion 1202 e can be substantially the same as the length L2 of thesecond end portion 1204 e. For example, in the constrained configuration, thesecond end portion 1204 e can include the same number of circumferential rings as the first end portion, such as six rings C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, ofstruts 1210 e (or four or five or more) in thefirst end portion 1202 e and six rings C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, ofstruts 1210 e (or four or five or more) in thesecond end portion 1204 e. - However, as shown in
FIG. 13A , in the unconstrained position, the length L3 of the generallyuniform portion 1204 e′ of thesecond end portion 1204 e can be less than the length L4 of the generallyuniform portion 1202 e′ of thefirst end portion 1202 e. For example, L3 can span about two circumferential rings R4, R5 or less than three full circumferential rings of open cells 1212 e, while L4 can span about three full circumferential rings R1, R2, R3 of open cells 1212 e. Although thefirst end portion 1202 e and thesecond end portion 1204 e have the same length in the unconstrained configuration, thefirst end portion 1202 e and thesecond end portion 1204 e to expand into different configurations. A size of an open cell 1212 e in circumferential ring R1 can be substantially the same size as the size of an open cell 1212 e in circumferential ring R4. - As shown in
FIG. 13A , the angle α of the taperedportion 1204 a″ or angle β of the taperedportion 1202 a″ can be between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees, between about 55 degrees and about 65 degrees, preferably about 60 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis. The angle α can be substantially the same as angle β. - However, even if the angle of the tapered
portions 1202 e″, 1204 e″ is substantially the same, an angle γ can be different from an angle δ relative to the longitudinal axis. The angle γ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point (between the taperedportion 1204 e″ and thecylindrical portions 1204 e′) and the axial center of theocclusion device 1200 e. The angle δ can be measured from a line extending through a transition point (between the taperedportion 1202 e″ and thecylindrical portions 1202 a′) and the axial center of theocclusion device 1200 e. Angle δ can be less than angle γ to reduce the force necessary to retract thefirst end portion 1202 e into the delivery system. - During the manufacturing process, after the hypotube is laser cut, two different sized mandrels are inserted into the
occlusion device 1200 e. A first mandrel having a desired shape of thefirst end portion 1202 e can be inserted through a distal end of theocclusion device 1200 e and a second mandrel having a desired shape of thesecond end portion 1204 e can be inserted through a proximal end of theocclusion device 1200 e. The first mandrel can be locked together with the second mandrel. With theocclusion device 1200 e loaded on the first and second mandrels, theocclusion device 1200 e can be heat treated to the shape described herein. - The
occlusion device 1200 e can have an aspect ratio less than or equal to about 2:1 (unconstrained length to unconstrained lobe diameter), such as between about 1:1 and about 2:1 or between about 1.5:1 and about 2:1. An unconstrained length of theocclusion device 1200 e can be between about 10 mm and about 25 mm, in some implementations from about 15 mm to about 22 mm. Thefirst end portion 1202 e having an unconstrained length of less than about 50% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 10 mm), less than about 40% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 8 mm), or less than about 30% of a length of theocclusion device 1200 e (e.g., when the unconstrained length is 20 mm, the length of the proximal portion is less than about 6 mm). An unconstrained expanded diameter of theocclusion device 1200 e can be between about 5 mm and about 15 mm, such as about 10 mm. - The
occlusion device 1200 e can include an expandable frame 1206 e and a membrane 1208 e (not shown) carried by the expandable frame 1206 e (seeFIG. 13A ). The expandable frame 1206 e can define a lumen G therethrough to facilitate delivery of theocclusion device 1200 e over a guide wire (e.g., a 0.018 inch guidewire). Further, the expandable frame 1206 e can have a wall thickness of less than or equal to about 0.003 inches, such as about 0.002 inches. - The first end portions and the
second end portions interconnected struts 1210 e that can be laser cut from a Nitinol hypotube. At least a portion of thecentral portion 1205 e can be abare hypotube section 1205 e′ (e.g., uncut). - A length of each
strut 1210 e can generally vary from an end of theocclusion device 1200 e toward thecentral portion 1205 e of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, a length of eachstrut 1210 e can generally increase from one or both ends of theocclusion device 1200 e to acentral portion 1205 e of the occlusion device (e.g., from about 0.05 cm at the proximal and distal ends to about 0.25 cm at thecentral portion 1205 e). For example, a length of a strut closest to the center can be about 150% of a length of a strut closest to an end of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, a length of a strut closest to the center of the occlusion device can be about 0.09 inches and a length of a strut closest to an end of the occlusion device can be about 0.06 inches. - As an example, a first ring of struts R1 can have an axial length that is about 115% of a length of a second, adjacent ring of struts R2. For example, a first ring of struts R1 can have an axial length of about 0.0910 inches and a second ring of struts R2 can have an axial length of about 0.0785 inches. A second ring of struts R2 can have an axial length that is about 112% of a length of a third, adjacent ring of struts R3. For example, a second ring of struts R2 can have an axial length of about 0.0785 inches and a third ring of struts R3 can have an axial length of about 0.0700 inches. A third ring of struts R3 can have an axial length that is about 113% of a length of a fourth, adjacent ring of struts R4. For example, a third ring of struts R3 can have an axial length of about 0.0700 inches and a second ring of struts R2 can have an axial length of about 0.0620 inches. A fourth ring of struts R4 can have an axial length that is about the same as a fifth adjacent ring of struts R5. For example, a fourth ring of struts R4 and a fifth ring of struts R5 can have an axial length of about 0.0.0620 inches. A fifth ring of struts R5 can have an axial length that is about 103% of a length of a sixth, adjacent ring of struts R6. For example, a fifth ring of struts R5 can have an axial length of about 0.0620 inches and a sixth ring of struts R6 can have an axial length of about 0.06 inches.
- A thickness in a circumferential direction of each
strut 1210 e can generally vary from an end of theocclusion device 1200 e toward thecentral portion 1205 e of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, a thickness of eachstrut 1200 e can generally decrease from one or both ends of the occlusion device toward thecentral portion 1205 e of theocclusion device 1200 e. Varying the lengths and thicknesses of the struts can evenly distribute force across theocclusion device 1200 e, which can decrease the chronic outward pressure theocclusion device 1200 e exerts on the vessel or decrease the total length of theocclusion device 1200 e. In the constrained configuration, a diameter of theocclusion device 1200 e can decrease from the ends of theocclusion device 1200 e toward thecentral portion 1205 e of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, there can be a gradual decrease in diameter at an intermediate portion of thefirst end portion 1202 e and an intermediate portion of thesecond end portion 1204 e. The intermediate portions can be positioned the same distance from a center of theocclusion device 1200 e. The intermediate portions can extend across a same axial length of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, each of the intermediate portions can extend across about less than 5 percent of an axial length of the entire length of theocclusion device 1200 e, such as about three percent. The intermediate portions can begin at a position about 20 percent to about 40 percent of the axial length from an end of the occlusion device, such as between about 20 percent and about 30 percent or between about 30 percent and about 40 percent. Although the profile of theocclusion device 1200 e can be symmetrical in the constrained position, as described above, the first andsecond end portions FIG. 13A ) - When the
occlusion device 1200 e is deployed using the delivery system 200 (described above), the angle θ of theproximal hooks 1217 e of theocclusion device 1200 e can be optimized to maintain engagement between theocclusion device 1200 e and the interlockingattachment member 231 during retraction (described above). For example, the angle θ can be between about 60 degrees and about 90 degrees, such as about 75 degrees. - When expanded, the ratio of strut width/thickness causes the struts and the hooks to twist approximately 90 degrees. Twisting the hooks allows for a relatively “tall” hook while keeping the embolic strut thickness low to provide a greater profile for secure fixation.
- Similar to the
occlusion device 1200 a, the expandable frame 1206 e can be at least partially covered by a thin membrane (partially removed to showtubular section 1250 e) (e.g., between about 10 microns and about 30 microns thick) (seeFIG. 13A ). The membrane should be sufficiently thick to facilitate occlusion, while still minimizing the profile of thecollapsed occlusion device 1200 e. Possible materials for the membrane can include PTFE, PET, silicone, latex, TecoThane, nylon, PET, Carbothane (Bionate), fluoropolymers (e.g., PVDF), SIBS, TecoFlex, Pellethane, Kynar, or PGLA. - As described below, the membrane (not shown) can be applied to the expandable frame 1206 e in a manner that encapsulates at least some of the
struts 1210 e, such that the membrane 1208 e is present along either or both an interior surface and an exterior surface of the expandable frame 1206 e. Possible methods of applying the membrane 1208 e are described in further detail below. - The membrane can cover a portion of the
occlusion device 1200 e that is concave to the direction of the blood flow, which can be more occlusive and resist more migration than occlusion devices that only coat a surface convex to the direction of the blood flow or coat the entire occlusion device or coat the entire occlusion device. For example, the membrane 1208 e can cover at least a portion of or the entire thesecond end portion 1204 e and thefirst end portion 1202 e can be a bare frame. When the barefirst end portion 1202 e is deployed before the coveredsecond end portion 1204 e, the barefirst end portion 1202 e can at least partially anchor theocclusion device 1200 e in the vessel and allow visualization before deploying the coveredsecond end portion 1204 e, which facilitates precise placement of theocclusion device 1200 e. - The membrane can extend to form a thin extended tubular section of
coating 1250 e through which the guidewire (e.g., a 0.018″ guidewire) can be introduced (seeFIG. 13A ). Thethin tube 1250 e acts like a valve (e.g., a duckbill valve) to occlude the guidewire lumen 1252 e and aid in the capture and formation of clots. Anend portion 1251 e of thethin tube 1250 e can have a reduced diameter compared to a remaining portion of thethin tube 1250 e to facilitate the closing of the valve. Thethin tube 1250 e can include aportion 1253 e that tapers toward the reduceddiameter end portion 1251 e. - The
central portion 1205 e enables theocclusion device 1200 e to bend around approximately a 90 degree bend at a vessel bifurcation according to the Trackability Protocol described below (e.g., in a simulated 3 mm vessel having a 7.5 mm radius to centerline of vessel or in a simulated 8 mm vessel having a 20 mm radius to centerline of vessel). Thecentral portion 1205 e can include flexibility features to increase the flexibility of theocclusion device 1200 e. For example, the thickness of thestruts 1210 e near or at thecentral portion 1205 e can be less than the thickness of thestruts 1210 e near or at the ends of theocclusion device 1200 e. - Radiopacity
- As shown in
FIG. 12A , a tubular marker 1214 a can be positioned around acentral portion 1205 a, such that the expanded first andsecond end portions - The shape of the expandable frame fully constrains the tubular marker without crimping the marker to the frame, which reduces stress applied to the underlying frame. Further, since the diameter of the tubular markers is no greater than the outer diameter of the occlusion device, the tubular markers do not increase the delivery profile of the occlusion device. In certain aspects, a coating can be applied over the tubular markers.
- In some embodiments, at least one radiopaque marker (e.g., two, three, or four) can be positioned (e.g., crimped, press-fit) on at least one end of the expandable frame. For example, one radiopaque marker 1214′ can be positioned at the second end portion 1204′ of the
occlusion device 1200 a′, and another radiopaque marker can be positioned at the second end portion of the occlusion device (not shown). Positioning these markers on the ends of an occlusion device having expanding ends (e.g., occlusion device 1200 a-1) facilitates visualization of the occlusion device moving between the compressed and expanded configurations.FIGS. 2Q and 2R illustrate another occlusion deviceO having markers 242′ that are press-fit onto strut endings of the occlusion device O. Themarkers 242′ can include anaperture 246′ and aneck portion 244′ (e.g., a lollipop shape) to facilitate certain retraction capabilities, as described above. - In some embodiments, a fine radiopaque powder can be added to the membrane material to make the entire coating visible. Integrating the radiopaque marker into the coating eliminates the manufacturing step of having to secure a marker to the occlusion device. Alternatively, the fine radiopaque powder can be painted onto the occlusion device or the occlusion device can be dipped into the radiopaque powder.
- In any of the occlusion devices described above, a membrane can be deposited at least substantially uniformly using an electrospinning process. Further, using an electrospinning process, the porosity can be controlled of the membrane can be controlled to achieve different properties. For example, the membrane can be formed having sufficient tensile strength to resist yielding, stretching, or breaking under at least normal blood pressures, preferably at least about 140 mmHg or 160 mmHg. Further, the fibers forming the membrane can have a cross-sectional diameter between about 5 microns and about 25 microns, such that the membrane can be elongated at least about two to five times greater with 25%-75% less force than that of the native material having the same thickness. An average pore size can be less than or equal to about 100 microns or less than or equal to about 50 microns. Additionally, the coated occlusion device can weigh less than or equal to about 1 gram, preferably less than or equal to about 0.6 grams.
- In general, the expandable frame can be coated by applying a dissolved polymer onto the expandable frame to encapsulate at least some of the struts or strands. The membrane material can be heated to form a viscous liquid solution that is placed in a syringe. The membrane material can be advanced by a piston or plunger through a nozzle having one or more outlets, where the material flows out onto a rotating mandrel as fine fibers. The fine fibers can form a fibrous mat or covering of biocompatible covering material on the rotating mandrel. As the membrane material cools, the fibers solidify, and adjacent, contacting fibers are sintered to one another. Controlling the number of layers of fiber that are applied to the rotating mandrel provides control over the porosity of membrane.
- The method can include providing a mandrel in the shape of the expandable frame. Optionally, portions of the mandrel can be masked to outline the form of an inner coating. Thereafter, an inner coating can be applied to the mandrel using an electrospinning process. When the inner coating is complete, the expandable frame can be positioned over the inner coating, such that the expandable frame is in intimate contact with the inner coating. If portions of the expandable frame are intended to remain uncovered, those uncovered portions can be masked before application of the outer coating. For example, the expandable frame can be masked by loading uncovered portions of the expandable frame into a tube. The outer coating can adhere to the inner coating to from a single coating that encapsulates at least some of struts or strand portions.
- Depending on the membrane material, application of the inner coating to the membrane may be unnecessary. For example, if the membrane includes Kynar, a single outer coating can be applied to the expandable frame without the use of a mandrel. The single outer coating can flow around the struts or strands to encapsulate and adhere to the struts or strands. Application of the outer coating alone can also be useful for occlusion device designs that may be difficult to position on a mandrel.
- The suitability of the membrane can be determined using a number of factors. For example, when visually inspecting the membrane, the membrane should not include any cuts, tears, or large gaps. Further, for at least a Kynar membrane, the membrane should be white or opaque, which suggests that the membrane has a porosity and that the membrane is sufficiently flexible. As another example, the coated occlusion device should allow less than or equal to about 200 cc/min at 20 mmHg, such as to between about 50 cc/min and about 150 cc/min, preferably less than about 130 cc/min, less than about 100 cc/min at 20 mmHg or less than about 65 cc/min at 20 mmHg within about five minutes. Further, the
occlusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to no more than about 400 cc/min at 60 mmHg or no more than about 330 cc/min at 60 mmHg, such as to between about 150 cc/min and about 250 cc/min, preferably less than or equal to about 175 cc/min at 60 mmHg within about five minutes. Theocclusion device 1200 a can limit the flow rate through a vessel to about no more than 600 cc/min at about 100 mmHg or 430 cc/min at 100 mmHg, such as to between about 200 mmHg and about 250 mmHg, preferably less than about 225 cc/min at about 100 mmHg within about five minutes, according to the Occlusion Protocol described below. Additionally, the force to load the coated occlusion device should be less than or equal to about 0.5 lbs. - In some embodiments, the mandrel can have a thin, elongated section that extends through the center of the occlusion device. When the
membrane 1208 a is formed, the coating can be applied to the elongated section to produce a thin extended tubular section of coating 1250 a through which the guide wire (e.g., a 0.018″ guidewire) can be introduced (see 13A). Further, depending on the membrane material, the elongated inner mandrel can help eliminate irregular buildup of coating on the mandrel. The elongated mandrel can also aids in reducing stray charges from carrying the coating away from the mandrel. - In any of the embodiments disclosed herein configured for over the wire delivery, a small (e.g., approximately 0.020″) aperture will remain in the membrane following removal of the guide wire. Occlusion will be primarily mechanical due to the membrane, but a small blood flow through the guidewire aperture will gradually stop via natural biological mechanisms. It may be desirable to achieve rapid, essentially completely mechanical occlusion, which can be done by mechanically patching the aperture. This can be accomplished in any of a variety of ways, by placing an occluder across the aperture. The occluder may take the form of a flap of material attached to the membrane of frame or a plug that is forced by blood flow into or across the opening following retraction of the guidewire.
- The occlusion devices described herein can be advanced to the target vessel using any of the delivery systems described herein. In use, the access to the vasculature can be provided using conventional techniques through an incision on a peripheral artery, such as right femoral artery, left femoral artery, right radial artery, left radial artery, right brachial artery, left brachial artery, right axillary artery, left axillary artery, right subclavian artery, or left subclavian artery. An incision can also be made on right carotid artery or left carotid artery in emergencies.
- The guide wire 128 (e.g., 0.018″ guidewire or smaller) can be delivered to the target vessel. Thereafter, the
delivery system guide wire 128 to the target vessel with sufficient trackability as defined herein. Theouter catheter 110, 210 (e.g., 5 F or smaller) and theinner catheter delivery system outer catheter inner catheter delivery system inner catheter distal end outer catheter FIG. 3A . In some embodiments, theouter catheter FIG. 1B-1 or 2N to delivery contrast dye and monitor performance of the occlusion device. In some instances, after the performance assessment, it may be necessary to resheath and reposition the occlusion device to position the occlusion device accurately. - The occlusion device can be released from the
delivery system FIGS. 2A to 2K and related discussion). Alternatively, as shown inFIGS. 3D-3F , thesupport tube 134 can move axially to push the occlusion device off theinner catheter 120. Alternatively, thedelivery system 100 may utilize any of theinterlock assemblies - As described above, in some embodiments, the occlusion device can include one opened end and one closed end (e.g., covered, structurally closed, or otherwise blocked). In some instances, the closed end can be downstream from the opened end. Preferably, the closed end would be on the upstream end of the device. This would have the tendency to minimize “wind-socking” of the device due to blood flow forces and would permit the open downstream end to act as an anchor. Blood pressure on the occluded upstream end would have the effect of foreshortening the device frame, which would secondarily cause an expansion of the distal end accentuating the anchoring force of the device. This effect is particularly evident in a braided frame in which the downstream end is open.
- In other embodiments, the occlusion device can include an hourglass design (see, e.g.,
FIG. 12A or 13A). As described above, it can be preferable to deploy a bare, distal portion prior to deploying a covered, proximal portion. The bare end portion can at least partially anchor the occlusion device in the vessel before deploying the covered second end portion, which facilitates precise placement of the occlusion device. Further, when the covered end portion is upstream (i.e., proximal) from the bare end portion, the increase in arterial pressure at the proximal end increases the radially outward forces that can help the occlusion device resist migration. - In some instances, as shown in
FIG. 2S , the delivery system can include atest balloon 132. Prior to deploying the occlusion device O, thetest balloon 132 can be inflated throughinflation lumen 134 to occlude the vessel temporarily. After the occlusion device O is delivered, thetest balloon 132 can be deflated, and the delivery system can be withdrawn. - In certain variants, the occlusion device can be reinforced using other reinforcing devices or techniques. For example, one or more coils can be deployed within the expandable structure. As another example, the expandable structure can be reinforced with an occlusion balloon. In yet another example, the method can include ligation to close off the target vessel.
- The performance characteristics of the present disclosure are verified using a series of in vitro test protocols, including: (1) Delivery, Deployment, and Retraction Test Protocol; (2) Acute Migration Test Protocol; (3) Occlusion Effectiveness Test Protocol; and (4) Contrast injection Test Protocol. The details of the test protocols are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/449,037 to Cragg et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
- Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments, whether these features, elements, and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.
- The terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, depending on the context, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.
- The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as “about” or “approximately” include the recited numbers. For example, “about 3 mm” includes “3 mm.”
- The ranges provided herein are set forth solely for illustrating typical device dimensions. The actual dimensions of a device constructed according to the principles of the present invention may obviously vary outside of the listed ranges without departing from those basic principles. For example, diameter outside of the preferred ranges may also be used, provided that the functional consequences of the diameter are acceptable for the intended purpose of the catheter. In particular, the lower limit of the diameter for any portion of
catheter body 110 in a given application will be a function of the number of fluid or other functional lumen contained in the catheter, together with the acceptable minimum aspiration flow rate and collapse resistance. - Although certain embodiments and examples have been described herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many aspects of the methods and devices shown and described in the present disclosure may be differently combined and/or modified to form still further embodiments or acceptable examples. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure. A wide variety of designs and approaches are possible. No feature, structure, or step disclosed herein is essential or indispensable.
- Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “expanding an expandable structure” includes “instructing expansion of an expandable structure.”
- Some embodiments have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that the figures are not drawn to scale. Distances, angles, etc. are merely illustrative and do not necessarily bear an exact relationship to actual dimensions and layout of the devices illustrated. Components can be added, removed, and/or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various embodiments can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Additionally, it will be recognized that any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps.
- For purposes of this disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or a group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.
- Moreover, while illustrative embodiments have been described herein, the scope of any and all embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those in the art based on the present disclosure. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to the examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. Further, the actions of the disclosed processes and methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering actions and/or inserting additional actions and/or deleting actions. It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples be considered as illustrative only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the claims and their full scope of equivalents.
Claims (20)
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US20160262769A1 (en) | 2016-09-15 |
US20190350589A1 (en) | 2019-11-21 |
US20150039019A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
WO2015015314A2 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
CN105899150A (en) | 2016-08-24 |
EP3027124A2 (en) | 2016-06-08 |
US9681876B2 (en) | 2017-06-20 |
US10178995B2 (en) | 2019-01-15 |
US20150039018A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
US9848883B2 (en) | 2017-12-26 |
CN105899150B (en) | 2018-07-27 |
US20150039020A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
US20150039017A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
EP3027124B1 (en) | 2022-01-12 |
WO2015015314A3 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
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