US20150086760A1

US20150086760A1 - Nonwoven web with highly detailed and functionally advantageous bond pattern

Info

Publication number: US20150086760A1
Application number: US14/494,828
Authority: US
Inventors: Mario Castillo
Original assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Current assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date: 2013-09-24
Filing date: 2014-09-24
Publication date: 2015-03-26
Also published as: US20210363676A1; EP3049564B1; EP3049564A1; WO2015047924A1

Abstract

A nonwoven web having an advantageous bond pattern impressed by a bonding pattern on a roller is disclosed. The bonding pattern is selected to have a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, which provides a desirable level of bonding of filaments and/or fibers for mechanical strength, while retaining desirable pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics. The bonding area is also relatively highly dispersed, which provides for a relatively greater number of bonded areas for the selected bonding area percentage. The greater number of bonded areas is believed to provide improved structural integrity while still retaining pliability and/or liquid handling characteristics, and also provide for enhanced visual detail and complexity. The relatively highly dispersed bonding area is believed to be particularly effective for nonwoven web materials having three or more layers, with outer layers of polymeric filaments, and even more particularly, one or two outer layers of fine filaments.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nonwoven web materials are used as components in a variety of products such as but not limited to disposable diapers and absorbent pants, feminine hygiene pads, personal skin cleansing wipes (such as wet wipes and. baby wipes), household cleaning wipes and dusting cloths, Nonwoven web materials are typically formed of natural or synthetic staple fibers, continuous filaments spun from polymeric resins, or a combination thereof. In manufacturing such material, fibers and/or filaments are typically deposited, onto and collected to form a batt on a moving belt, which conveys them to consolidating and bonding mechanisms which compress the batt and consolidate the fibers, and bond them by a chosen mechanism to form a coherent cloth-like web structure.
One bonding method often used is roller bonding, A bonding roller may have its outer cylindrical surface etched, machined or otherwise formed to have a pattern of bonding surfaces with recessed, areas between them. It may be mated with a second roller also having a bonding pattern, or alternatively having a smooth, featureless cylindrical surface (“anvil” roller). The two rollers may be disposed with their axes parallel and. their cylindrical surfaces in contact or near contact, forming a compression passage or nip. When the fiber/filament batt is passed between the two rollers, it is compressed and the bonding pattern is impressed into the batt, which then exits the rollers as a consolidated web. In some applications one or both rollers may be heated, or energy may be supplied, (such as ultrasonic energy) that imparts to or generates heat energy in the fibers and/or filaments as the batt passes between the rollers. In a suitably controlled process for consolidating and. bonding a web including thermoplastic fibers and/or filaments, the heating energy may be controlled, to cause the material(s) forming fibers and/or filaments superimposed and compressed beneath bonding surfaces on the roller to melt, flow together, and for miscible materials, fuse, creating a pattern of thermal bonds corresponding to the pattern of bonding surfaces on the bonding roller.
Bonding by some mechanism is necessary to impart a coherent cloth-like structure to the web and to impart mechanical strength (e.g. tensile strength in the machine and/or cross directions) and dimensional stability to the web, necessary for downstream processing and converting of the web into product components, and to make the web suitable to perform in its end-use application. The extent to which a web is bonded by one or more bond rollers is often expressed in terms of bond area percentage. Bond area percentage is the ratio of the total area of bonded portions of the web, to the total surface area of the web (x 100%). Bond area percentage generally correlates closely with bonding area percentage on the bonding roller(s) used, which is the ratio of the total of the areas of the bonding surfaces, to the total acting surface area(s) of the roller(s) (which is the total of the areas of the bonding surfaces plus total of the areas of the recessed areas).
Generally within operable ranges that are typical of products of the type identified herein increasing thermal bond area percentage of a given nonwoven web will usually increase its tensile strength and structural integrity. This is the result of bonding greater numbers of fibers and/or filaments forming the web. At the same time, however, bonding greater numbers of fibers/filaments may cause the web to be stiffer and less pliable, tending to reduce tactile softness as perceived by consumers. Additionally, bonding greater numbers of fibers/filaments may cause the web to have reduced numbers and/or sizes of inter-fiber passageways (pores) and thereby be less capable of absorbing or allowing liquid to pass therethrough. Accordingly, in applications in which softness, absorbency and/or liquid permeability may be deemed important (such as, for example, when the nonwoven web is used to form a topsheet component of a diaper, or to form a wipe), it may be desirable to limit bond area percentage. However, limiting bond area percentage imposes a limitation on a technique by which a nonwoven web can be imparted with strength and structural integrity, which may be particularly important with lower basis weight nonwoven web materials.
Accordingly, it would, be desirable if improved bonding techniques were available that provide a better balance between imparting strength and structural integrity, and retaining tactile softness, absorbency and/or liquid permeability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a system and process for producing a bonded nonwoven web.

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a system and process for consolidating and bonding a batt of fibers and/or filaments to form a bonded nonwoven web.

FIG. 3 is a plot of Liquid Absorptive Capacity (“Absorbent Capacity”) (g/g) versus Soil Leak Through (Lr) Value of known or commercially available fibrous structures/wipes and fibrous structures/wipes.

FIG. 4 is a Pore Volume Distribution graph of various fibrous structures, including a fibrous structure as described herein, showing the Ending Pore Radius of from 2.5 μm to 200 μm and the Capacity of Water in Pores.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an example of a fibrous structure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of the structure of FIG. 5 taken along line 6-6.

FIG. 7 is a scanning electromicrophotograph of a cross-section of another example of a fibrous structure.

FIG. 8 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of another example of a fibrous structure.

FIG. 9 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of another example of a fibrous structure.

FIG. 10 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of another example of a fibrous structure.

FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of an example of a process for making a fibrous structure.

FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of an example of a patterned belt for use in a process.

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of an example of a filament-forming hole and fluid-releasing hole from a suitable die useful in making a fibrous structure.

FIG. 14 is an example of a pattern that may be imparted to a fibrous structure.

FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of an example of a stack of fibrous structures in a tub.

FIG. 16 is an image of a bonding pattern.

FIG. 17 is an image of a bonding pattern.

FIG. 18 is an image of a bonding pattern.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions
As used herein, the following terms have the meanings set forth:
“Acting roller surface area” is the surface area of a bonding roller that includes a pattern of bonding surfaces and recessed areas, calculated as the product of the axial length measured between the axially outermost extents of recessed areas on the cylindrical surface, and a width measured by 2πr, where r is the radius of the roller at the bonding surfaces.
“Average bonding area dispersion distance” is the average distance from locations within recessed areas of a bonding roller acting roller surface to the nearest bonding surfaces, as reflected by analysis of an imprint of the acting roller surface area according to the Bonding Pattern Analysis method herein.
A “design element” of a bonding pattern is any single continuous discrete bonding surface forming an image of an object, shape, alphanumeric character or icon; or any group of single continuous discrete bonding surfaces that together form a coherent image of an object, shape, alphanumeric character or icon.
A design element is “substantially repeated” on first and second adjacent 100 mm×100 mm square samples each having respective leading and trailing machine direction edges and respective left and right cross direction edges when, relative the edges:
it is located a distance from the leading or trailing machine direction edge of the first sample that is within 10 percent of the distance it is located, from the corresponding leading or trailing machine direction edge of the second, sample, and

- it is located a distance from the left or right cross direction edge of the first sample that is within 10 percent of the distance it is located from the corresponding left or right cross direction edge of the second sample, and
- it has the same rotational orientation on each sample.
- “Fibrous structure” as used, herein means a structure that comprises one or more filaments and/or fibers. In one example, the fibrous structure is a wipe, such as a wet wipe, for example a baby wipe. For example, “fibrous structure” and “wipe” may be used interchangeably herein. In one example, a fibrous structure as described, herein means an orderly arrangement of filaments and/or fibers within a structure in order to perform a function. In another example, a fibrous structure is a nonwoven web.

Non-limiting examples of processes for making fibrous structures include known wet-laid papermaking processes, air-laid papermaking processes including carded and/or spunlaced processes. Such processes typically include steps of preparing a fiber composition in the form of a suspension in a medium, either wet, more specifically aqueous medium, or dry, more specifically gaseous, i.e. with air as medium. The aqueous medium used for wet-laid processes is oftentimes referred to as a fiber slurry. The fibrous slurry is then used to deposit a plurality of fibers onto a forming wire or belt such that an embryonic fibrous structure is formed, after which drying and/or bonding the fibers together results in a fibrous structure. Further processing the fibrous structure may be carried out such that a finished fibrous structure is formed. For example, in typical papermaking processes, the finished fibrous structure is the fibrous structure that is wound on the reel at the end of papermaking, and may subsequently be converted into a finished product, e.g. a sanitary tissue product.
Fibrous structures as contemplated, herein may be homogeneous or may be layered. If layered, the fibrous structures may comprise at least two and/or at least three and/or at least four and/or at least five layers.
As contemplated herein the fibrous structure may be a nonwoven web.
“Nonwoven” for purposes of the present description as used herein and as defined by ED ANA means a sheet of fibers, continuous filaments, or chopped yarns of any nature or origin, that have been formed into a web by any means, and bonded together by any means, with the exception of weaving or knitting. Felts obtained by wet milling are not nonwovens. Wetlaid webs are nonwovens provided that they contain a minimum of 50% by weight of man-made fibers, filaments or other fibers of non-vegetable origin with a length to diameter ratio that equals or exceeds 300 or a minimum of 30% by weight of man-made fibers, filaments or other fibers of non-vegetable origin with a length to diameter ratio that equals or exceeds 600 and a maximum apparent density of 0.40 g/cm³.
The fibrous structures as contemplated herein may be co-formed fibrous structures.
“Co-formed fibrous structure” as used herein means that the fibrous structure comprises a mixture of at least two different materials wherein at least one of the materials comprises a filament, such as a polypropylene filament, and at least one other material, different from the first material, comprises a solid additive, such as a fiber and/or a particulate. In one example, a co-formed fibrous structure comprises solid additives, such as fibers, such as wood pulp fibers and/or absorbent gel materials and/or filler particles and/or particulate spot bonding powders and/or clays, and filaments, such as polypropylene filaments.

- “Solid additive” as used herein means a fiber and/or a particulate.
- “Particulate” as used herein means a granular substance or powder.
- “Fiber” and/or “Filament” as used herein means an elongate particulate having an apparent length greatly exceeding its apparent width, i.e. a length to diameter ratio of at least about 10. For purposes of the present description, a “fiber” is an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) and a “filament” is an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of greater than or equal to 5.08 cm (2 in.).

Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature. Non-limiting examples of fibers include wood pulp fibers, rayon, which in turn includes but is not limited to viscose; lyocell; cotton; wool; silk; jute; linen; ramie; hemp; flax; camel hair; kenaf; and synthetic staple fibers made from polyester, nylons, polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, natural polymers, such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicelluiose derivatives, chitin, chitosan, polyisoprene (cis and trans), peptides, polyhydroxyalkanoates, copolymers of polyolefins such as polyethylene-octene, and biodegradable or compostable thermoplastic libers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyvinyl alcohol filaments, and polycaprolactone filaments. The fibers may be monocomponent or multicomponent, such as bicomponent filaments, round, non-round fibers; and combinations thereof.
Filaments are typically considered continuous or substantially continuous in nature. Filaments are relatively longer than fibers. Non-limiting examples of filaments include meltblown and/or spunbond filaments. Non-limiting examples of materials that can be spun into filaments include natural polymers, such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, chitin, chitosan, polyisoprene (cis and trans), peptides, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and synthetic polymers including, but not limited to, thermoplastic polymer filaments comprising thermoplastic polymers, such as polyesters, nylons, polyolefins such as polypropylene filaments, polyethylene filaments, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, sodium polyacrylate (absorbent gel material) filaments, and copolymers of polyolefins such as polyethylene-octene, and biodegradable or compostable thermoplastic fibers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyvinyl alcohol filaments, and polycaprolactone filaments. The filaments may be monocomponent or multicomponent, such as bicomponent filaments.
“Fibers” may include papermaking fibers. Papermaking fibers useful for purposes described herein include cellulosic fibers commonly known as wood pulp fibers. Applicable wood pulps include chemical pulps, such as Kraft, sulfite, and sulfate pulps, as well as mechanical pulps including, for example, groundwood, thermomechanical pulp and chemically modified thermomechanical pulp. Chemical pulps, however, may be preferred, since they impart a superior tactile sense of softness to tissue sheets made therefrom. Pulps derived from both deciduous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as “hardwood”) and coniferous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as “softwood”) may be utilized. The hardwood and softwood fibers can be blended, or alternatively, can be deposited in layers to provide a stratified, web. U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,981 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,771 are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of disclosing layering of hardwood and softwood, fibers. Also applicable for purposes described herein are fibers derived from recycled, paper, which may contain any or ail of the above categories as well as other non-fibrous materials such as fillers and adhesives used to facilitate the original papermaking.
In addition to the various wood pulp fibers, other cellulosic fibers such as cotton 1 inters, rayon, lyocell and bagasse can be used, for purposes described herein. Other sources of cellulose in the form of fibers or capable of being spun into fibers include grasses and grain sources.
“Sanitary tissue product” as used herein means a soft, low density (i.e. <about 0.15 g/cm³) web useful as a wiping implement for post-urinary and post-bowel movement cleaning (toilet tissue), for otorhmolaryngologieal discharges (facial tissue), and multi-functional absorbent and cleaning uses (absorbent towels). Non-limiting examples of sanitary tissue products include paper towels, bath tissue, facial tissue, napkins, baby wipes, adult wipes, wet wipes, cleaning wipes, polishing wipes, cosmetic wipes, car care wipes, wipes that comprise an active agent for performing a particular function, cleaning substrates for use with implements, such as a Swiffer® cleaning wipe/pad. The sanitary tissue product may be convolutedly wound upon itself about a core or without a core to form a sanitary tissue product roll.
In one example, a sanitary tissue product may be formed from a fibrous structure or nonwoven web as described herein.
Sanitary tissue products for purposes described herein may exhibit a basis weight between about 10 g/m²to about 120 g/m²and/or from about 15 g/m²to about 110 g/m²and/or from about 20 g/m²to about 100 g/m²and/or from about 30 to 90 g/m^2.In addition, a sanitary tissue product for purposes described herein may exhibit a basis weight between about 40 g/m²to about 120 g/m²and/or from about 50 g/m²to about 110 g/m²and/or from about 55 g/m²to about 105 g/m²and/or from about 60 to 100 g/m^2.In one example, the sanitary tissue product exhibits a basis weight of less than 55 g/m²and/or less than 50 g/m²and/or less than 47 g/m²and/or less than 45 g/m²and/or less than 40 g/m²and/or less than 35 g/m²and/or to greater than 20 g/m²and/or greater than 25 g/m²and/or greater than 30 g/m²as measured according to the Basis Weight Test Method described herein.
A sanitary tissue product for purposes described herein may exhibit a CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength of/or greater than 5.0 N and/or greater than 5.5 N and/or greater than 6.0 N as measured according to the CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength Test Method described herein
A sanitary tissue product for purposes described herein may exhibit a density (measured, at 95 g/in²) of less than about 0.60 g/cm³and/or less than about 0.30 g/cm³and/or less than about 0.20 g/cm³and/or less than about 0.10 g/cm³and/or less than about 0.07 g/cm³and/or less than about 0.05 g/cm³and/or from about 0.01 g/cm³to about 0.20 g/cm³and/or from about 0.02 g/cm³to about 0.10 g/cm³.
A sanitary tissue products for purposes described herein may include additives such as softening agents, temporary wet strength agents, permanent wet strength agents, bulk softening agents, silicones, wetting agents, latexes, especially surface-pattern-applied latexes, dry strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and starch, and other types of additives suitable for inclusion in and/or on sanitary tissue products.
“Weight average molecular weight” as used herein means the weight average molecular weight as determined using gel permeation chromatography according to the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering Aspects, Vol. 162, 2000, pg. 107-121.
“Basis Weight” as used herein is the weight per unit area of a sample reported in lbs/3000 ft²or g/m²(gsm).
“Stack” as used herein, refers to an orderly pile of fibrous structures and/or wipes. Based upon the assumption that there are at least three wipes in a stack, each wipe, except for the topmost and bottommost wipes in the stack, will be directly in face to face contact with the wipe directly above and. below itself in the stack. Moreover, when viewed from above, the wipes will be layered on top of each other, or superimposed, such that only the topmost wipe of the stack will be visible. The height of the stack is measured from the bottom of the bottommost wipe in the stack to the top of the topmost wipe in the stack and is provided in units of millimeters (mm).
“Liquid composition” and “lotion” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any liquid, including, but not limited to a pure liquid such as water, an aqueous solution, a colloid, an emulsion, a suspension, a solution and mixtures thereof. The term “aqueous solution” as used herein, refers to a solution that is at least about 20%, at least about 40%, or even at least about 50% water by weight, and is no more than about 95%, or no more than about 90% water by weight.
In one example, the liquid composition comprises water or another liquid solvent. Generally the liquid composition is of sufficiently low viscosity to impregnate the entire structure of the fibrous structure. In another example, the liquid composition may be primarily present at the fibrous structure surface and to a lesser extent in the inner structure of the fibrous structure. In a further example, the liquid composition is releasably carried by the fibrous structure, that is the liquid composition is carried on or in the fibrous structure and is readily releasable from the fibrous structure by applying some force to the fibrous structure, for example by wiping a surface with the fibrous structure.
Liquid compositions useful for purposes described herein may be primarily although are not limited to, oil in water emulsions. In one example, a suitable liquid composition may be composed of at least 80% and/or at least 85% and/or at least 90% and/or at least 95% by weight water.
When present on or in the fibrous structure, the liquid composition may be present at a level of from about 10% to about 1000% of the basis weight of the fibrous structure and/or from about 100% to about 700% of the basis weight of the fibrous structure and/or from about 200% to about 500% and/or from about 200% to about 400% of the basis weight of the fibrous structure.
A suitable liquid composition may comprise an acid. Non-limiting examples of acids that may be used in the liquid composition include adipic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, glutaric acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, gluconic acid, polymeric acids, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, fumaric acid and phthalic acid and mixtures thereof. Suitable polymeric acids can include homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers, and may contain at least 30 mole % carboxylic acid groups. Specific examples of suitable polymeric acids useful herein include straight-chain poly(acrylic) acid and its copolymers, both ionic and nonionic, (e.g., maleic-acrylic, sulfonic-acrylic, and styrene-acrylic copolymers), those cross-linked polyacrylic acids having a molecular weight of less than about 250,000, preferably less than about 100,000 poly (a-hydroxy) acids, poly (methacrylic) acid, and naturally occurring polymeric acids such as carageenic acid, carboxy methyl cellulose, and alginic acid. In one example, the liquid composition comprises citric acid and/or citric acid derivatives.
The liquid composition may also contain salts of the acid or acids used to lower the pH, or another weak base to impart buffering properties to the fibrous structure. The buffering response is due to the equilibrium which is set up between the free acid and its salt. This allows the fibrous structure to maintain its overall pH despite encountering a relatively high amount of bodily waste as would be found post urination or defecation in a baby or adult. In one embodiment the acid salt would be sodium citrate. The amount of sodium citrate present in the lotion would be between 0.01 and 2.0%, alternatively 0.1 and 1.25%, or alternatively 0.2 and 0.7% of the lotion.
In one example, the liquid composition does not contain any preservative compounds.
The liquid composition may include additional ingredients. Non-limiting examples of additional ingredients that may be added include; skin conditioning agents (emollients, humectants) including, waxes such as petrolatum, cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives, di and tri-glycerides including sunflower oil and sesame oil, silicone oils such as dimethicone copolyol, caprylyl glycol and acetoglycerides such as lanolin and. its derivatives, emulsifiers; stabilizers; surfactants including anionic, amphoteric, cationic and non ionic surfactants, colourants, chelating agents including EDTA, sun screen agents, solubilizing agents, perfumes, opacifying agents, vitamins, viscosity modifiers; such as xanthan gum, astringents and external analgesics.
“Pre-moistened” and “wet” are used interchangeably herein and refer to fibrous structures and/or wipes which are moistened with a liquid composition prior to packaging in a generally moisture impervious container or wrapper. Such pre-moistened. wipes, which can also be referred to as “wet wipes” and “towelettes”, may be suitable for use in cleaning babies, as well as older children and adults.
“Saturation loading” and “lotion loading” are used interchangeably herein and refer to the amount of liquid composition applied to the fibrous structure or wipe. In general, the amount of liquid composition applied may be chosen in order to provide maximum benefits to the end product comprised by the wipe. Saturation loading is typically expressed as grams of liquid composition per gram of dry wipe.
Saturation loading, often expressed as percent saturation, is defined as the percentage of the dry fibrous structure or wipe's mass (void of any liquid composition) that a liquid composition present on/in the fibrous structure or wipe represents. For example, a saturation loading of 1.0 (equivalently, 100% saturation) indicates that the mass of liquid composition present on/in the fibrous structure or wipe is equal to the mass of dry fibrous structure or wipe (void of any liquid composition).
The following equation is used, to calculate saturation load of a fibrous structure or wipe:
$Saturation Loading = [\frac{wet wipe mass}{(wipe size) * (basis weight)}] - 1$
“Saturation gradient index” (SGI) is a measure of how well the wipes at the top of a stack retain moisture. The SGI of a stack of wipes is measured as described infra and is calculated as the ratio of the average lotion load of the bottommost wipes in the stack versus the topmost wipes in the stack. The ideal stack of wipes will have an SGI of about 1.0; that is, the topmost wipes will be equally as moist as the bottommost wipes. In the aforementioned embodiments, the stacks have a SGI from about 1.0 to about 1.5.
The saturation gradient index for a fibrous structure or wipe stack is calculated as the ratio of the saturation loading of a set number of fibrous structures or wipes from the bottom of a stack to that of the same number of fibrous structures or wipes from the top of the stack. For example, for an approximately 80 count wipe stack, the saturation gradient index is this ratio using 10 wipes from bottom and top; for an approximately 30 count wipe stack, 5 wipes from bottom and top are used; and for less than 30, only the top and bottom single wipes are used in the saturation gradient index calculation. The following equation illustrates the example of an 80 count stack saturation gradient index calculation:
$Saturation Gradient Index = \frac{average lotion load of bottom 10 wipes in stack}{average lotion load of top 10 wipes in stack}$
A saturation profile, or wetness gradient, exists in the stack when the saturation gradient index is greater than 1.0. In cases where the saturation gradient index is significantly greater than 1.0, e.g. over about 1.5, lotion is draining from the top of the stack and settling in the bottom of the container, such that there may be a noticeable difference in the wetness of the topmost fibrous structures or wipes in the stack compared to that of the fibrous structures or wipes nearest the bottom of the stack. For example, a perfect tub of wipes would have a saturation gradient index of 1.0; the bottommost wipes and topmost wipes would maintain equivalent saturation loading during storage. Additional liquid composition would not be needed to supersaturate the wipes in an effort to keep all of the wipes moist, which typically results in the bottommost wipes being
“Percent moisture” or “% moisture” or “moisture level” as used herein means 100×(the ratio of the mass of water contained in a fibrous structure to the mass of the fibrous structure). The product of the above equation is reported as a %.
“Surface tension” as used, herein, refers to the force at the interface between a liquid composition and air. Surface tension is typically expressed in dynes per centimeter (dynes/cm).
“Surfactant” as used herein, refers to materials which preferably orient toward an interface. Surfactants include the various surfactants known in the art, including: nonicmic surfactants; anionic surfactants; cationic surfactants; amphoteric surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants; and mixtures thereof.
“Visible” as used herein, refers to being capable of being seen by the naked eye when viewed at a distance of 12 inches (in), or 30.48 centimeters (cm), under the unimpeded light of an ordinary incandescent 60 watt light bulb that is inserted in a fixture such as a table lamp. It follows that “visually distinct” as used herein refers to those features of nonwoven wipes, whether or not they are pre-moistened, that are readily visible and discernable when the wipe is subjected to normal use, such as the cleaning of a child's skin.
“Machine Direction” or “MD” as used herein means the direction parallel to the flow of the fibrous structure through the fibrous structure making machine and/or sanitary tissue product manufacturing equipment.
“Cross Machine Direction” or “CD” as used herein means the direction parallel to the width of the fibrous structure making machine and/or sanitary tissue product manufacturing equipment and perpendicular to the machine direction.
“Ply” as used herein means an individual, integral fibrous structure.
“Plies” as used herein means two or more individual, integral fibrous structures disposed in a substantially contiguous, face-to-face relationship with one another, forming a multi-ply fibrous structure and/or multi-ply sanitary tissue product. It is also contemplated that an individual, integral fibrous structure can effectively form a multi-ply fibrous structure, for example, by being folded on itself.
“Total Pore Volume” as used herein means the sum of the fluid holding void volume in each pore range from 2.5 μm to 1000 μm radii as measured according to the Pore Volume Test Method described herein.
“Pore Volume Distribution” as used herein means the distribution of fluid holding void volume as a function of pore radius. The Pore Volume Distribution of a fibrous structure is measured according to the Pore Volume Test Method, described, herein.
As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” when used herein, for example, “an anionic surfactant” or “a fiber” is understood to mean one or more of the material that is claimed or described.
All percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.
Unless otherwise noted, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active level of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources.
FIGS. 1 and 2 depict one example of a system and process for manufacturing a bonded nonwoven web or other fibrous structure. It will be understood that the features of a bonding pattern described, below may be imparted to a nonwoven web manufactured according to a process as depicted, in FIG. 1, but may also be imparted to nonwoven webs manufactured by other systems and/or processes, such as but not limited to those described further below (e.g., with reference to FIG. 11). In the example depicted in FIG. 1, one or more layers 100, 101, 102 of filaments may be spun from polymeric resin(s) melted, and forced under pressure by extruders through beams of spinnerets 300, 301, 302. Alternatively, one or more of the layers such as middle layer 101 may be formed of depositions of natural or synthetic fibers or staple fibers. As they are introduced the filaments and/or fibers may be deposited, onto and accumulated, on a moving belt 310 to form a batt 104. It will be appreciated, that the basis weight, fiber/filament density and/or loft of the batt 104 may be controlled by controlling the rate(s) of deposition of fibers and/or filaments and the speed of the belt 310.
After its formation batt 104 may be conveyed into a compression passage 322 between a pair of rollers 320, 321. One or both of rollers 320, 321 may be a bonding roller with its cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of radially outermost bonding surfaces 323 and recessed areas 324. Alternatively, one of rollers 320, 321 may be an anvil roller having a smooth, featureless cylindrical surface. As batt 104 passes into and through the compression passage 322 between rollers 320, 321, it is compressed and consolidated, and subjected to concentrated compression in the areas beneath the bonding surfaces 323. One or both of rollers 320, 321 maybe heated, or alternatively, energy (such as ultrasonic energy) may be provided at the rollers, that heats the fibers and/or filaments of the batt. Heating energy may be controlled to sufficiently heat the fibers and/or filaments to cause them to partially melt where they are superimposed and compressed beneath the bonding surfaces 323. If polymeric resin(s) forming the fibers and/or filaments are of the same or suitably similar compositions, or are otherwise miscible when melted, thermal fusing and bonding of superimposed fibers and/or filaments may be caused to occur beneath the bonding surfaces 323 in the compression passage 322. If polymeric resins of compositions that differ such that they are immiscible when melted are used to form differing fibers and/or filaments, they may still form bonds as the dissimilar resins are forced to flow together under pressure such that a physically intermingled structure of the immiscible polymers results. In another alternative, an adhesive may be introduced at or upstream of rollers 320, 321 such that adhesive bonds between superimposed fibers and/or filaments or fibers beneath the bonding surfaces 323 are formed as the batt passes through the compression passage 322. A bonded nonwoven web 105 exits the compression passage 322. The nonwoven web will bear a pattern of bonded areas 106 and unbonded areas 107 closely corresponding in configuration to the pattern of bonding surfaces 323 and recessed areas 324 on the bonding roller 320. It will be understood that a pattern of bonded areas 106 may be impressed into a batt to form a bonded nonwoven by more than one bonding roller, i.e., a series of bonding rollers each impressing a portion of a final combination pattern of bonded, areas appearing in the nonwoven web.
Following consolidation and bonding, nonwoven web 105 may be gathered on a roll 330 for transportation, storage and. later use. Alternatively, the web 105 may be conveyed, directly to downstream processing/converting equipment in the same manufacturing line.
A bonding roller such as roller 320 will have a bonding area. This is the total area of the bonding surfaces 323. Bonding area percentage is the ratio of the total area of the bonding surfaces 323, divided by the sum of the total area of the bonding surfaces 323 plus the total area of the recessed areas (e.g., recessed areas 324 in FIG. 2) between the bonding surfaces, x 100%. For nonwoven webs of the type typically used to make components of diapers and. personal cleansing wipes (such as baby wipes), it may be desired that the bonding area percentage of the bonding roller be 6 percent to 14 percent, more preferably 7 percent to 13 percent, and even more preferably 8 percent to 12 percent, or even 9 percent to 11 percent. It is believed that a bonding area percentage within one or more of these ranges strikes a favorable balance between imparting a desired level of tensile strength and structural integrity to the nonwoven web, and allowing the web to retain desired levels of loft, liquid absorption capacity and/or uptake and/or permeability, and pliability/tactile softness. In addition to its functional aspects, a bonding pattern may be configured to a pattern of bonded areas having decorative or aesthetically pleasing features. For example, see the pattern depicted in FIG. 14, with bonded areas 106 in the shapes of fanciful hearts and butterflies, and unbonded, areas 107.
It has been discovered that imparting particular attributes to the bonding pattern may improve its effectiveness at imparting strength and structural integrity, preserve or improve softness and absorbency levels, and provide a way to enhance the visual appeal of the pattern, for a given bonding area percentage. Any bonding area is distributed, or dispersed, across the nonwoven through whatever particular bonding pattern is chosen. However, it has been discovered that a greater dispersion of bonding area enables more visually complex bond, pattern designs (for aesthetic purposes), and, as bonding area is dispersed to greater extents, beneficial structural effects are realized. As dispersion of bonding area is increased, the number of potential bonded areas or bond sites is generally increased, while their average size in one or more dimensions (or their average area) is generally decreased. This is believed, to enable maintenance or even improvement of the mechanical (tensile) strength of the bonded web as compared to a bonded web of the same composition but with less dispersed bonded area and same bond area percentage. This is also believed to enable maintenance of the absorbency and/or liquid permeability performance. Further, and particularly with a web having outer layers formed of accumulations of meltblown or other fine filaments, or scrim, the increase in the number of bonded areas or bond sites may substantially improve the web's resistance to separation or peeling of the outer layers from the remainder of the web structure because fine filaments will accumulate at a substantially greater numerical density per unit basis weight of deposition—as compared, with coarser fibers such as spunbond filaments—which contributes to the increased number and numerical density of bonded areas or bond sites imparted to the web. In another aspect, in a web having an internal layer of natural fibers or synthetic staple fibers and outer layers of filaments, the increase in the number of bonded, sites resulting from greater dispersion may substantially improve the web's resistance to abrasion and/or linting (wherein the fibers in the internal layer are dislodged and escape the web structure). (For purposes herein, “fine” filaments are filaments having an average diameter from 0.1 to 10 micrometers.)
The dispersion of the bonded area of a nonwoven web may be challenging to characterize, measure, and quantify. First, with respect to a nonwoven web, difficulties lie in attempting to precisely distinguish bonded areas from unbonded areas, particularly at the boundaries therebetween where the fibrous structure makes the boundaries somewhat indistinct visually. Second, there is an infinite variety of bond pattern design elements and designs that may be conceived, and attempting to characterize the combination of all elements in a design in a way that reflects dispersion can be frustrating.
With respect to the first challenge, it is noted that the bonded area and bond, pattern impressed on a nonwoven web generally reflects that pattern(s) of bonding surfaces 324 on the bonding roller(s) used. Thus, the dispersion of bonded area of the web reflects the dispersion of bonding area among the bonding surfaces 323 of the one or more bonding rollers 320 used. The area of the bonding surfaces 323 and the dispersion of bonding area embodied in their design and pattern may be analyzed, using the Bonding Pattern Analysis method herein.
With respect to the second challenge, bonding area dispersion may be characterized according to average bonding area dispersion distance. Generally, greater dispersion is reflected in smaller average bonding area dispersion distance. For example, if the same bonding area is dispersed in two regular patterns of circular bonding surfaces, the two patterns differing only by the size and spacing of the individual bonding surfaces, the pattern with the smaller bonding surfaces will have the smaller spacing and the greater number of bonding surfaces, thus have a smaller average bonding area dispersion distance. Generally for any particular bonding pattern and bonding area, regularly arranged or irregularly arranged, smaller bonding surfaces more closely spaced have greater dispersion, and vice versa. Increasing dispersion, reflected in limiting average bonding area dispersion distance, provides for greater detail and visual complexity. It is believed that significant structural benefits as described above may be imparted to a nonwoven web using a bonding pattern having an average bonding area dispersion distance no greater than 5.0 mm, more preferably no greater than 4.5 mm, more preferably no greater than 4.0 mm, more preferably no greater than 3.5, and still more preferably no greater than 3.0 mm.
On the other hand, if bonding area is too greatly dispersed, the space between bonding surfaces may become so small, or “pinched,” that groups of filaments and/or fibers may be forced into the spaces and wedge and catch between the bonding projections on the bonding roller as the web passes through the compression passage between the rollers. This may cause the filaments and/or fibers to be pulled away from the web as it exits the compression passage. This creates a possibility for the web to tear and for the bonding roller to become fouled, either of which can necessitate a costly line shutdown. These conditions may be exacerbated in some circumstances when heating energy is supplied and portions of fibers are somewhat melted, as they pass through the compression passage. For these reasons, it may be desired that average bonding area dispersion distance be no less than 1.0 mm, more preferably no less than 1.5 mm, and still more preferably no less than 2.0 mm.
A bonding pattern having the features described above may be beneficial with a nonwoven web of any particular fiber/filament composition and layering configuration, but may be especially beneficial with a nonwoven web formed according to the description below. In a particular example, when a nonwoven web is a multilayer structure having two respective outer layers of polymeric filaments, the bonding pattern may be used to bond, filaments of one outer layer to filaments of the other outer layer. This may be particularly beneficial if one or both of the outer layers are formed, if fine filaments, wherein a finely dispersed bonding area creates a relatively great number bonded areas among the comparatively numerically dense deposits of fine filaments.
The extent of pattern irregularity is reflected in variation in the pattern with respect to pattern repeat distances in the machine and/or cross directions, and in varying design, spacing and rotational orientations of design elements present in the pattern. Irregularity provides for more interesting visual/aesthetic effects. In combination with a suitable level of dispersion (i.e., limiting average bonding area dispersion distance), a high level of visual detail and complexity in addition to structural benefits as described above, may be achieved. One way in which the irregularity of a bonding pattern may be characterized lies in a comparison of adjacent 100 mm by 100 mm square samples of the bonding pattern. This sample size may be considered relevant because it is somewhat comparable with the sizes of several types of wipes products. If a bonding pattern does not include a design element that is substantially repeated on any two adjacent 100 mm×100 mm square samples of the bonding pattern, the pattern may take on interesting visual variability and complexity. Additional examples of suitable pattern variability are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/928,507, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith.
A bonding pattern having the features described above may be beneficial with a nonwoven web of any particular fiber/filament composition and layering configuration, but may be especially beneficial with a nonwoven web formed, according to the description below.
Although decorative patterns that add texture and visual appeal, and may even affect liquid absorption and transfer properties, may be impressed or otherwise formed into a nonwoven web through various embossing and/or forming techniques (e.g., hydro-molding or hydroembossing), when the nonwoven web is to be used to form pre-moistened wipes (“wet wipes”) it may be preferred that a bonding technique is used to impart the pattern, and more particularly, a bonding technique that creates bonded areas that are substantially resistant to bond degradation in the presence of aqueous liquid. Such techniques may include, but are not necessarily limited to, bonding with a water-impervious adhesive, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding etc. This helps ensure that the structural and visual benefits of the pattern of bonded areas of the web are substantially retained when the nonwoven web material is wetted.

Fibrous Structure

It has surprisingly been found that a fibrous structures as described, herein can exhibit a Liquid Absorptive Capacity higher than other known structured and/or textured fibrous structures as measured according to the Liquid Absorptive Capacity Test Method described herein.
FIG. 3 shows that fibrous structures and/or wipes as described herein may exhibit a distinctive combination of Liquid Absorptive Capacity and Soil Leak Through.
FIG. 4 shows that fibrous structures and/or wipes as described herein may exhibit distinctive pore volume distributions.
Fibrous structures as described herein may include a plurality of filaments, a plurality of solid additives, such as fibers, and a mixture of filaments and solid, additives.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show schematic representations of an example of a fibrous structure contemplated herein. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the fibrous structure 10 may be a co-formed fibrous structure. The fibrous structure 10 comprises a plurality of filaments 12, such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers 14. The filaments 12 may be randomly arranged as a result of the process by which they are spun and/or formed into the fibrous structure 10. The wood, pulp fibers 14, may be randomly dispersed throughout the fibrous structure 10 in the x-y plane. The wood pulp fibers 14 may be non-randomly dispersed throughout the fibrous structure in the z-direction. In one example (not shown), the wood pulp fibers 14 are present at a higher concentration on one or more of the exterior, x-y plane surfaces than within the fibrous structure along the z-direction.
FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional, SEM microphotograph of another example of a fibrous structure 10 a as contemplated herein, including a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions 15 a and 15 b. The microregion 15 a (typically referred to as a “pillow”) exhibits a different value of a common intensive property than microregion 15 b (typically referred to as a “knuckle”). In one example, the microregion 15 b is a continuous or semi-continuous network and the microregion 15 a are discrete regions within the continuous or semi-continuous network. The common intensive property may be caliper. In another example, the common intensive property may be density.
As shown in FIG. 8, another example of a fibrous structure contemplated herein is a layered fibrous structure 10 b. The layered fibrous structure 10 b comprises a first layer 16 comprising a plurality of filaments 12, such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, in this example, wood pulp fibers 14. The layered fibrous structure 10 b further comprises a second layer 18 comprising a plurality of filaments 20, such as polypropylene filaments. In one example, the first and second layers 16, 18, respectively, are sharply defined zones of concentration of the filaments and/or solid additives. The plurality of filaments 20 may be deposited directly onto a surface of the first layer 16 to form a layered fibrous structure that comprises the first and second layers 16, 18, respectively.
Further, the layered fibrous structure 10 b may comprise a third layer 22, as shown in FIG. 8. The third layer 22 may comprise a plurality of filaments 24, which may be the same or different from the filaments 20 and/or 16 in the second 18 and/or first 16 layers. As a result of the addition of the third layer 22, the first layer 16 is positioned, for example sandwiched, between the second layer 18 and the third layer 22. The plurality of filaments 24 may be deposited directly onto a surface of the first layer 16, opposite from the second layer, to form the layered fibrous structure 10 b that comprises the first, second and third layers 16, 18, 22, respectively.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional schematic representation of another example of a fibrous structure contemplated herein, which includes a layered fibrous structure 10 c. The layered fibrous structure 10 c includes a first layer 26, a second layer 28 and optionally a third layer 30. The first layer 26 includes a plurality of filaments 12, such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers 14. The second layer 28 may include any suitable filaments, solid additives and/or polymeric films. In one example, the second layer 28 includes a plurality of filaments 34. In one example, the filaments 34 includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylalcohol derivatives and mixtures thereof
In yet another example, a fibrous structure may include two outer layers consisting of 100% by weight filaments and an inner layer consisting of 100% by weight fibers.
In another example of a fibrous structure contemplated herein, instead of being layers of fibrous structure 10 c, the material forming layers 26, 28 and 30, may be in the form of plies wherein two or more of the plies may be combined to form a fibrous structure. The plies may be bonded together, such as by thermal bonding and/or adhesive bonding, to form a multi-ply fibrous structure.
Another example of a fibrous structure contemplated herein is shown in FIG. 10. The fibrous structure 10 d may comprise two or more plies, wherein one ply 36 includes any suitable fibrous structure described herein, for example fibrous structure 10 as shown and described in FIGS. 5 and 6 and another ply 38 including any suitable fibrous structure, for example a fibrous structure including filaments 12, such as polypropylene filaments. The fibrous structure of ply 38 may be in the form of a net and/or mesh and/or other structure that includes pores that expose one or more portions of the fibrous structure 10 d to an external environment and/or at least to liquids that may come into contact, at least initially, with the fibrous structure of ply 38. In addition to ply 38, the fibrous structure 10 d may further comprise ply 40. Ply 40 may comprise a fibrous structure comprising filaments 12, such as polypropylene filaments, and may be the same or different from the fibrous structure of ply 38.
Two or more of the plies 36, 38 and 40 may be bonded together, such as by thermal bonding and/or adhesive bonding, to form a multi-ply fibrous structure. After a bonding operation, especially a thermal bonding operation, it may be difficult to distinguish the plies of the fibrous structure 10 d and the fibrous structure 10 d may visually and/or physically be a similar to a layered fibrous structure in that one would have difficulty separating the once individual plies from each other. In one example, ply 36 may comprise a fibrous structure that exhibits a basis weight of at least about 15 g/m²and/or at least about 20 g/m²and/or at least about 25 g/m²and/or at least about 30 g/m²up to about 120 g/m²and/or 100 g/m²and/or 80 g/m²and/or 60 g/m²and the plies 38 and 42, when present, independently and individually, may comprise fibrous structures that exhibit basis weights of less than about 10 g/m²and/or less than about 7 g/m²and/or less than about 5 g/m²and/or less than about 3 g/m²and/or less than about 2 g/m²and/or to about 0 g/m²and/or 0.5 g/m².
Plies 38 and 40, when present, may help retain the solid additives, in this case the wood pulp fibers 14, on and/or within the fibrous structure of ply 36 thus reducing lint and/or dust (as compared to a single-ply fibrous structure comprising the fibrous structure of ply 36 without the plies 38 and 40) resulting from the wood pulp fibers 14 becoming free from the fibrous structure of ply 36.
Fibrous structures as contemplated herein may include any suitable amount of filaments and any suitable amount of solid additives. For example, the fibrous structures may comprise from about 10% to about 70% and/or from about 20% to about 60% and/or from about 30% to about 50% by dry weight of the fibrous structure of filaments and from about 90% to about 30% and/or from about 80% to about 40% and/or from about 70% to about 50% by dry weight of the fibrous structure of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers. In one example, the fibrous structures include filaments.
Filaments and solid additives may be present at weight ratios of filaments to solid additives of from at least about 1:1 and/or at least about 1:1.5 and/or at least about 1:2 and/or at least about 1:2.5 and/or at least about 1:3 and/or at least about 1:4 and/or at least about 1:5 and/or at least about 1:7 and/or at least about 1:10.
Fibrous structures and/or any sanitary tissue products comprising such fibrous structures may be subjected, to any post-processing operations such as embossing operations, printing operations, tuft-generating operations, thermal bonding operations, ultrasonic bonding operations, perforating operations, surface treatment operations such as application of lotions, silicones and/or other materials, folding, and mixtures thereof.
Non-limiting examples of suitable polypropylenes for making the filaments are commercially available from Lyondell-Basell and Exxon-Mobil.
Any hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic materials within the fibrous structure, such as polypropylene filaments, may be surface treated and/or melt treated with a hydrophilic modifier. Non-limiting examples of surface treating hydrophilic modifiers include surfactants, such as Triton X-100, Non-limiting examples of melt treating hydrophilic modifiers that are added to the melt, such as the polypropylene melt, prior to spinning filaments, include hydrophilic modifying melt additives such as VW351 and/or S-1416 commercially available from Polyvel, Inc. and Irgasurf commercially available from Ciba. The hydrophilic modifier may be associated with the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material at any suitable level known in the art. In one example, the hydrophilic modifier is associated with the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material at a level of less than about 20% and/or less than about 15% and/or less than about 10% and/or less than about 5% and/or less than about 3% to about 0% by dry weight of the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material.
Fibrous structures contemplated herein may include optional additives, each, when present, at individual levels of from about 0% and/or from about 0.01% and/or from about 0.1% and/or from about 1% and/or from about 2% to about 95% and/or to about 80% and/or to about 50% and/or to about 30% and/or to about 20% by dry weight of the fibrous structure. Non-limiting examples of optional additives include permanent wet strength agents, temporary wet strength agents, dry strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and/or starch, softening agents, lint reducing agents, opacity increasing agents, wetting agents, odor absorbing agents, perfumes, temperature indicating agents, color agents, dyes, osmotic materials, microbial growth detection agents, antibacterial agents and mixtures thereof.
A fibrous structure contemplated herein may itself be a sanitary tissue product. It may be wound about a core to form a roll. It may be combined with one or more other fibrous structures as a ply to form a multi-ply web product. In one example, a co-formed fibrous structure as described herein may be wound about a core to form a roll of co-formed sanitary tissue product. Rolls of sanitary tissue products may also be coreless.
Fibrous structures as contemplated herein may exhibit a Liquid Absorptive Capacity of at least 2.5 g/g and/or at least 4.0 g/g and/or at least 7 g/g and/or at least 12 g/g and/or at least 13 g/g and/or at least 13.5 g/g and/or to about 30.0 g/g and/or to about 20 g/g and/or to about 15.0 g/g as measured according to the Liquid Absorptive Capacity Test Method described herein.

Wipe

A fibrous structure, as described above, may be utilized to form a wipe, “Wipe” may be a general term to describe a piece of material, generally non-woven material, used in cleansing hard surfaces, food, inanimate objects, toys and body parts. In particular, many currently available wipes may be intended for the cleansing of the perianal area after defecation. Other wipes may be available for the cleansing of the face or other body parts. Multiple wipes may be attached together by any suitable method to form a mitt.
The material from which a wipe is made should be strong enough to resist tearing during normal use, yet still provide softness to the user's skin, such as a child's tender skin. Additionally, the material should be at least capable of retaining its form for the duration of the user's cleansing experience.
Wipes may be generally of sufficient dimension to allow for convenient handling. Typically, the wipe may be cut and/or folded to such dimensions as part of the manufacturing process. In some instances, the wipe may be cut into individual portions so as to provide separate wipes which are often stacked and interleaved in consumer packaging. In other embodiments, the wipes may be in a web form where the web has been slit and folded to a predetermined width and provided with means (e.g., perforations) to allow individual wipes to be separated from the web by a user. Suitably, an individual wipe may have a length between about 100 mm and about 250 mm and a width between about 140 mm and about 250 mm. In one embodiment, the wipe may be about 200 mm long and about 180 mm wide and/or about 180 mm long and about 180 mm wide and/or about 170 mm long and about 180 mm wide and/or about 160 mm long and about 175 mm wide. The material of the wipe may generally be soft and flexible, potentially having a structured surface to enhance its cleaning performance.
It is also contemplated that the wipe may be a laminate of two or more materials. Commercially available laminates, or purposely built laminates are contemplated. The laminated materials may be joined, or bonded together in any suitable fashion, such as, but not limited, to, ultrasonic bonding, adhesive, glue, fusion bonding, heat bonding, thermal bonding and combinations thereof. In another alternative the wipe may be a laminate including one or more layers of nonwoven web materials and one or more layers of film. Examples of such optional films, include, but are not limited to, polyolefin films, such as, polyethylene film. An illustrative, but non-limiting example of a nonwoven web material which is a laminate is a laminate of a 16 gsm nonwoven polypropylene and a 0.8 mm 20 gsm polyethylene film.
Wipes may also be treated to improve the softness and texture thereof by processes such as hydroentanglement or spunlacing. The wipes may be subjected to various treatments, such as, but not limited to, physical treatment, such as ring rolling, as described, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,679; structural elongation, as described, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,801; consolidation, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,914,084, 6,114,263, 6,129,801 and 6,383,431; stretch aperturing, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,628,097, 5,658,639 and 5,916,661; differential elongation, as described in WO Publication No. 2003/0028165 A1; and other solid state formation technologies as described in U.S. Publication No. 2004/0131820A1 and U.S. Publication No. 2004/0265534A1 and zone activation and the like; chemical treatment, such as, but not limited to, rendering part or all of the substrate hydrophobic, and/or hydrophilic, and the like; thermal treatment, such as, but not limited to, softening of fibers by heating, thermal bonding and the like; and combinations thereof.
A wipe may be manufactured to have a basis weight of at least about 30 grams/m²and/or at least about 35 grams/m²and/or at least about 40 grams/m². In one example, a wipe may be manufactured to have a basis weight of at least about 45 grams/m². In another example, the wipe basis weight may be less than about 100 grams/m². In another example, wipes may have a basis weight between about 45 grams/m²and about 75 grams/m², and in yet another embodiment a basis weight between about 45 grams/m²and about 65 grams/m².
A wipe may be manufactured to have a macroscopic surface that is substantially flat. In another example the wipe may be manufactured to have a surface that includes macroscopically visible details formed by raised and/or lowered portions. These can be in the form of logos, indicia, trademarks, geometric patterns, images of the surfaces that the substrate is intended to clean (i.e., infant's body, face, etc.). They may be randomly arranged on the surface of the wipe or be in a repetitive pattern of some form. They may be imparted by embossing, bonding or a combination thereof.
A wipe as contemplated herein may be manufactured so as to be biodegradable. For example, a wipe can be made from a biodegradable material such as a polyesteramide, or high wet strength cellulose. A fibrous structure contemplated herein is a pre-moistened wipe, such as a baby wipe. A plurality of pre-moistened wipes may be stacked one on top of the other and may be contained in a container, such as a plastic tub or a film wrapper. A stack of pre-moistened wipes (typically but not necessarily about 40 to 80 wipes/stack) may exhibit a height of from about 50 to about 300 mm and/or from about 75 to about 125 mm. Pre-moistened wipes may be moistened with an aqueous liquid composition, such as a lotion. Pre-moistened wipes may be stored long term in a stack in a liquid impervious container or film pouch without all of the lotion draining from the top of the stack to the bottom of the stack. Pre-moistened. wipes may be manufactured as described herein to exhibit a Liquid Absorptive Capacity of at least 2.5 g/g and/or at least 4.0 g/g and/or at least 7 g/g and/or at least 12 g/g and/or at least 13 g/g and/or at least 13.5 g/g and/or to about 30.0 g/g and/or to about 20 g/g and/or to about 15.0 g/g as measured according to the Liquid Absorptive Capacity Test Method described herein.
In another example, pre-moistened wipes may be manufactured as described herein to exhibit a saturation loading (g liquid composition to g of dry wipe) of from about 1.5 to about 6.0 g/g. The liquid composition may exhibit a surface tension of from about 20 to about 35 and/or from about 28 to about 32 dynes/cm. Pre-moistened wipes may exhibit a dynamic absorption time (DAT) from about 0.01 to about 0.4 and/or from about 0.01 to about 0.2 and/or from about 0.03 to about 0.1 seconds as measured according to the Dynamic Absorption Time Test Method described herein.
Pre-moistened wipes may be disposed in a stack that exhibits a height of from about 50 to about 300 mm and/or from about 75 to about 200 mm and/or from about 75 to about 125 mm, wherein the stack exhibits a saturation gradient index of from about 1.0 to about 2.0 and/or from about 1,0 to about 1.7 and/or from about 1.0 to about 1.5.
Fibrous structures or wipes contemplated herein may be saturation loaded with a liquid composition to form a pre-moistened fibrous structure or wipe. The loading may occur individually, or after the fibrous structures or wipes are place in a stack, such as within a liquid impervious container or packet. In one example, the pre-moistened wipes may be saturation loaded with from about 1.5 g to about 6.0 g and/or from about 2.5 g to about 4.0 g of liquid composition per g of wipe.
Fibrous structures contemplated herein may be placed in the interior of a container, which may be liquid impervious, such as a lidded plastic tub or a sealed package formed of flexible polymeric film, for storage and eventual sale to the consumer. The wipes may be folded and stacked. The wipes may be folded in any of various known folding patterns, such as C-folding. Z-folding and quarter-folding. Use of a Z-fold pattern may enable a folded stack of wipes to be interleaved with overlapping portions. Alternatively, a supply of wipes may consist of a continuous strip of material which has cross-wise perforations between each wipe, wherein wipes may be successively torn away along the perforations. The continuous strip may be folded accordion-fashion to create a stack, or may be wound into a roll. The folded stack or roll may be disposed in a container, which may be liquid impervious, and the container may be provided with a dispensing opening and a closing lid, flap, or resealable opening mechanism.
Fibrous structures or wipes as contemplated herein may further include designs printed thereon, which may provide aesthetic appeal. Non-limiting examples of printed designs include figures, patterns, alphanumeric characters, pictures and combinations thereof.
To further illustrate the fibrous structures contemplated. Table 1 sets forth properties of known and/or commercially available fibrous structures and examples of fibrous structures as contemplated herein.

TABLE 1

						CD Wet
						Initial	43% or	30% or
	Basis	Liquid Abs.	Lotion	Soil Leak		Tensile	more of pores	more of pores
Contains	Wt.	Capacity	Release (g)	Through		Strength	between 91	between 121
Filament	[gsm]	[g/g]	[g]	Lr Value	SGI	[N/5 cm]	and 140 μm	and 200 μm

Invention	Yes	61.1	13.6	0.279	1.0	1.21	8.7	Yes	Yes
Invention	Yes	44.1	14.8	0.333	1.7	1.11	6.6	Yes	Yes
Invention	Yes	65.0	16.0	0.355	0.9	1.21	6.0	No	Yes
Huggies ®	Yes	64.0	11.5	0.277	0.0	1.05	5.1	No	No
Natural Care
Huggies ®	Yes	62.5	9.78	0.268	0.0	1.34	3.8	No	No
Natural Care
Bounty ®	No	43.4	12.0	—	2.0	—	—	No	No
Paper Towel
Pampers ®	No	57.4	12.0	0.281	19.2	<1.5	12.5	Yes	No
Baby Fresh
Pampers ®	No	57.7	7.32	0.258	8.7	1.20	11.3	No	Yes
Baby Fresh
Pampers ®	No	67.1	7.52	0.285	4.3	1.32	8.2	No	No
Thickcare

Table 2 sets forth, the average pore volume distributions of known and/or commercially available fibrous structures and examples of fibrous structures as contemplated herein.

TABLE 2

Pore					Pampers ®	Pampers ®
Radius		Huggies ®		Bounty ®	Baby Fresh	Sensitive Wipes
(micron)	Huggies ®	Wash Cloth	Duramax	(no filaments)	(no filaments)	(no filaments)	Invention	Invention

2.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
5	0	3.65	5.4	5.15	3.65	2.85	4.15	3.1
10	3.05	3.95	19.85	24.15	1.25	0.85	1.3	0.6
15	1.85	0.95	95.6	46.2	0	0	0	0
20	0	0	53.95	27.95	0	0	0	0
30	13.65	0	73.85	36.3	0	0	0	0
40	85.45	0	57.15	22.85	0	0	0	0
50	116.95	0	61.25	27.5	0	0	0	0
60	196.5	92.95	66.9	35.3	12.75	1.2	17.15	16.45
70	299.15	141.55	58.35	33	25.55	3.05	65.75	44.7
80	333.8	129.25	52.95	30.8	32.45	7	83.2	72.4
90	248.15	148.05	46.55	30.25	56.7	30.75	111.65	104.8
100	157.55	160.2	45.7	29.6	112.7	56.1	169.4	152.8
120	168.05	389.35	90.85	59.95	858.65	306.15	751.65	626.85
140	81.6	448.2	86	65	427.05	600.4	873.85	556.95
160	50.6	502.05	73.2	71.4	40.25	666.05	119.3	64.65
180	34.05	506.45	60.2	75.25	18.3	137.9	20.15	16.95
200	27.2	448	47.05	86.25	10.5	31.95	14.7	11.9
225	23.9	404.85	47.3	130.1	8.8	14.1	15.15	12.45
250	19.85	242.2	41	146.8	10.3	10.65	14.8	12.35
275	18.05	140	36.15	153.8	6.15	7.25	12.1	10.2
300	15.7	98.6	33.25	123	5.85	6.2	13.65	9.55
350	22.9	146.15	53.65	137.95	9.6	10.1	21.15	16.2
400	17.8	135.25	52.8	45.95	8.9	8.45	17.6	19.15
500	33.5	259.05	254.35	43.9	14.55	13.5	38.1	33.65
600	21.85	218.5	279.45	11.45	14.45	12.7	56.85	23
800	20.05	235	135.8	8.3	61.45	108	59.05	33.05
1000	9.2	83	0	0	23.25	36.75	47.95	52.95
Total (mg)	2020.4	4937.2	1928.55	1508.15	1763.1	2071.95	2528.65	1894.7

91-140	20.2%	20.2%	11.5%	10.2%	79.3%	46.5%	71.0%	70.5%
Pore Range
101-200	18%	46%	19%	24%	77%	84%	70%	67%
Pore Range
121-200	10%	39%	14%	20%	28%	69%	41%	34%
Pore Range
141-225	7%	38%	12%	24%	4%	41%	7%	6%
Pore Range

		Pampers ®	Pampers ®
Pore Radius		Thickcare	Baby Fresh
(micron)	Huggies ®	(no filaments)	(no filaments)	Invention

2.5	0	0	0	0
5	5.1	5.2	4.5	5.5
10	3.3	3.3	2.2	2.6
15	2	2.4	0.8	2
20	2.1	1.2	2	0.7
30	8.5	12.3	0.8	1.7
40	39.6	43.3	4.3	3.3
50	98.3	83.6	2.5	0.7
60	70.2	107.3	2.8	2.1
70	118.2	174.2	6	1.4
80	156.9	262.4	19.5	1.9
90	255.3	297.4	9.8	1.8
100	342.1	188.7	17	7.5
120	396.3	168.8	38.4	80.4
140	138.3	55.9	69.7	306.9
160	70.5	22.8	133.1	736
180	45.8	16.7	448.1	1201.1
200	28.3	13.8	314.2	413
225	31.9	16.5	362.2	131.5
250	30.5	11.7	206.6	55.6
275	26.4	11.9	138.3	24.9
300	23.8	11.9	78.7	13.6
350	37.4	18.9	77.1	23.3
400	28.5	16.5	37.6	20
500	44.2	24.2	37.9	30.3
600	27.6	28.8	32.6	24.5
800	41.1	66.5	35.3	39.5
1000	24.7	32	16.3	27.9
Total (mg)	2096.9	1698.2	2098.3	3159.7

91-140	41.8%	24.3%	6.0%	12.5%
Pore Range
101-200	32%	16%	48%	87%
Pore Range
121-200	13%	6%	46%	84%
Pore Range
141-225	8%	4%	60%	79%
Pore Range

Method for Making a Fibrous Structure

A non-limiting example of another method for making a fibrous structure suitable for purposes described herein is represented in Fig. 11. The method shown in Fig. 11 includes the step of mixing a plurality of solid additives 14 with a plurality of filaments 12. In one example, the solid additives 14 are wood pulp fibers, such as SSK fibers and/or Eucalyptus fibers, and the filaments 12 are polypropylene filaments. The solid additives 14 may be combined with the filaments 12, such as by being delivered to a stream of filaments 12 from a hammermill 42 via a solid additive spreader 44 to form a mixture of filaments 12 and solid additives 14. The filaments 12 may be created by meltblowing from a meltblow die 46. The mixture of solid additives 14 and filaments 12 are collected on a collection device, such as a belt 48 to form a fibrous structure 50. The collection device may be a patterned and/or molded belt that results in the fibrous structure exhibiting a surface pattern, such as a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions. The molded belt may have a three-dimensional pattern on it that gets imparted to the fibrous structure 50 during the process. For example, the patterned belt 52, as shown in Fig. 12, may comprise a reinforcing structure, such as a fabric 54, upon which a polymer resin 56 is applied in a pattern. The pattern may comprise a continuous or semi-continuous network 58 of the polymer resin 56 within which one or more discrete conduits 60 are arranged.
The fibrous structures may be made using a die comprising at least one filament-forming hole, and/or 2 or more and/or 3 or more rows of filament-forming holes from which filaments are spun. At least one row of holes contains 2 or more and/or 3 or more and/or 10 or more filament-forming holes. In addition to the filament-forming holes, the die comprises fluid-releasing holes, such as gas-releasing holes, in one example air-releasing holes, that provide attenuation to the filaments formed from the filament-forming holes. One or more fluid-releasing holes may be associated with a filament-forming hole such that the fluid exiting the fluid-releasing hole is parallel or substantially parallel (rather than angled like a knife-edge die) to an exterior surface of a filament exiting the filament-forming hole. In one example, the fluid exiting the fluid-releasing hole contacts the exterior surface of a filament formed from a filament-forming hole at an angle of less than 30° and/or less than 20° and/or less than 10° and/or less than 5° and/or about 0°. One or more fluid releasing holes may be arranged around a filament-forming hole. In one example, one or more fluid-releasing holes are associated with a single filament-forming hole such that the fluid exiting the one or more fluid releasing holes contacts the exterior surface of a single filament formed, from the single filament-forming hole. In one example, the fluid-releasing hole permits a fluid, such as a gas, for example air, to contact the exterior surface of a filament formed from a filament-forming hole rather than contacting an inner surface of a filament, such as what happens when a hollow filament is formed.
In one example, the die may have a filament-forming hole positioned within a fluid-releasing hole. The fluid-releasing hole 62 may be concentrically or substantially concentrically positioned around a filament-forming hole 64 such as is shown in FIG. 13.
After the fibrous structure 50 has been formed on the collection device, such as a patterned belt or a woven fabric for example a through-air-drying fabric, the fibrous structure 50 may be calendered, for example, while the fibrous structure is still on the collection device. In addition, the fibrous structure 50 may be subjected to post-processing operations such as embossing, thermal bonding (such as described, above), tuft-generating operations, moisture-imparting operations, and surface treating operations to form a finished fibrous structure. One example of a surface treating operation that the fibrous structure may be subjected to is the surface application of an elastomeric binder, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), latexes, and other elastomeric binders. Such an elastomeric binder may aid in reducing the lint created from the fibrous structure during use by consumers. The elastomeric binder may be applied to one or more surfaces of the fibrous structure in a pattern, especially a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions, or in a manner that covers or substantially covers the entire surface(s) of the fibrous structure.
In one example, the fibrous structure 50 and/or the finished fibrous structure may be combined with one or more other fibrous structures. For example, another fibrous structure, such as a filament-containing fibrous structure, such as a polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be associated with a surface of the fibrous structure 50 and/or the finished fibrous structure. The polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be formed by meltblowing polypropylene filaments (filaments that comprise a second polymer that may be the same or different from the polymer of the filaments in the fibrous structure 50) onto a surface of the fibrous structure 50 and/or finished fibrous structure. In another example, the polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be formed by meltblowing filaments comprising a second polymer that may be the same or different from the polymer of the filaments in the fibrous structure 50 onto a collection device to form the polypropylene filament fibrous structure. The polypropylene filament fibrous structure may then be combined with the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure to make a two-ply fibrous structure—three-ply if the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure is positioned between two plies of the polypropylene filament fibrous structure like that shown in FIG. 8 for example. The polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be thermally bonded to the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure via a thermal bonding operation.
In yet another example, the fibrous structure 50 and/or finished fibrous structure may be combined with a filament-containing fibrous structure such that the filament-containing fibrous structure, such as a polysaccharide filament fibrous structure, such as a starch filament fibrous structure, is positioned between two fibrous structures 50 or two finished fibrous structures like that shown in FIG. 10 for example.
In one example, the method for making a fibrous structure as contemplated herein may include the step of combining a plurality of filaments and optionally, a plurality of solid additives to form a fibrous structure that exhibits the properties of fibrous structures contemplated herein. In one example, the filaments may include thermoplastic filaments. In one example, the filaments may include polypropylene filaments. In still another example, the filaments may include natural polymer filaments. The method may further include subjecting the fibrous structure to one or more processing operations, such as calendaring the fibrous structure. In yet another example, the method may include the step of depositing the filaments onto a patterned, belt that creates a non-random, repeating pattern of micro regions.
In still another example, two plies of fibrous structure 50 including anon-random, repeating pattern of microregions may be associated with one another such that protruding microregions, such as pillows, face inward, into the two-ply fibrous structure formed.
The process for making fibrous structure 50 may be close coupled (where the fibrous structure is convolutedly wound into a roll prior to proceeding to a converting operation) or directly coupled (where the fibrous structure is not convolutedly wound into a roll prior to proceeding to a converting operation) with a converting operation to emboss, print, deform, surface treat, thermal bond, cut, stack or other post-forming operation known to those in the art. For purposes herein, direct coupling means that the fibrous structure 50 can proceed directly into a converting operation rather than, for example, being convolutedly wound into a roll and then unwound to proceed through a converting operation.
In one example, the fibrous structure may be embossed, cut into sheets, and collected in stacks of fibrous structures such as wipes and/or wet wipes.
The process suitable for purposes herein may include preparing individual roils and/or sheets and/or stacks of sheets of fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising such fibrous structure(s) that are suitable for consumer use.

Non-limiting Examples of Processes for Making a Fibrous Structure Contemplated Process Example 1

A 20%: 27.5 %47.5%: 5% blend of Lyondell-Basell PH835 polypropylene : Lyondell-Basell Metocene MF650W polypropylene : Exxon-Mobil PP3546 polypropylene : Polyvel S-1416 wetting agent is dry blended, to form a melt blend. The melt blend is heated to 475° F. through a melt extruder. A 15.5 inch wide Biax 12 row spinnerette with 192 nozzles per cross-direction inch, commercially available from Biax Fiberfilm Corporation, is utilized. 40 nozzles per cross-direction inch of the 192 nozzles have a 0.018 inch inside diameter while the remaining nozzles are solid, i.e. there is no opening in the nozzle. Approximately 0.19 grams per hole per minute (glint) of the melt blend is extruded from the open nozzles to form meltblown filaments from the melt blend. Approximately 375 SCFM of compressed, air is heated such that the air exhibits a temperature of about 395° F. at the spinnerette. Approximately 475 g/minute of Golden Isle (from Georgia Pacific) 4825 semi-treated SSK pulp is defibrillated through a hammermill to form SSK wood pulp fibers (solid additive). Air at a temperature of about 85 to 90° F. and about 85% relative humidity (RH) is drawn into the hammermill. Approximately 1200 SCFM of air carries the pulp fibers to a solid additive spreader. The solid additive spreader turns the pulp fibers and. distributes the pulp fibers in the cross-direction such that the pulp fibers are injected into the meltblown filaments in a perpendicular fashion (with respect to the flow of the meltblown filaments) through a 4 inch×15 inch cross-direction (CD) slot. A forming box surrounds the area where the meltblown filaments and pulp fibers are commingled. This forming box is designed to reduce the amount of air allowed to enter or escape from this commingling area; however, there is an additional 4 inch×15 inch spreader opposite the solid, additive spreader designed to add cooling air. Approximately 1000 SCFM of air at approximately 80° F. is added through this additional spreader. A forming vacuum pulls air through a collection device, such as a patterned belt, thus collecting the commingled meltblown filaments and pulp fibers to form a fibrous structure comprising a pattern of non-random, repeating microregions. The fibrous structure formed by this process comprises about 75% by dry fibrous structure weight of pulp and about 25% by dry fibrous structure weight of meltblown filaments.
Optionally, a meltblown layer of the meltblown filaments, such as a scrim, can be added to one or both sides of the above formed, fibrous structure. This addition of the meltblown layer can help reduce the lint created from the fibrous structure during use by consumers and is preferably performed prior to any thermal bonding operation of the fibrous structure. The meltblown filaments for the exterior layers can be the same or different than the meltblown filaments used on the opposite layer or in the center layer(s).
The fibrous structure may be convolutedly wound to form a roil of fibrous structure. The end edges of the roll of fibrous structure may be contacted with a material to create bond regions.

Process Example 2

A 20%: 27.5% 47.5%: 5% blend of Lyondell-Basell PH835 polypropylene : Lyondell-Basell Metocene MF650W polypropylene : Exxon-Mobil PP3546 polypropylene : Polyvel S-1416 wetting agent is dry blended, to form a melt blend. The melt blend is heated to about 405° F. through a melt extruder. A 15.5 inch wide Biax 12 row spinnerette with 192 nozzles per cross-direction inch, commercially available from Biax Fiberfilm Corporation, is utilized. 64 nozzles per cross-direction inch of the 192 nozzles have a 0.018 inch inside diameter while the remaining nozzles are solid, i.e. there is no opening in the nozzle. Approximately 0.21 grams per hole per minute (ghm) of the melt blend is extruded from the open nozzles to form meltblown filaments from the melt blend. Approximately 500 SCFM of compressed air is heated such that the air exhibits a temperature of about 395° F. at the spinnerette. Approximately 1000 g/minute of Golden Isle (from Georgia Pacific) 4825 semi-treated SSK pulp is defibrillated through a hammermill to form SSK wood, pulp fibers (solid additive). Air at a temperature of about 90° F. and about 75% relative humidity (RH) is drawn into the hammermill. Approximately 2000 SCFM of air carries the pulp fibers to two solid additive spreaders. The solid additive spreaders turns the pulp fibers and distributes the pulp fibers in the cross-direction such that the pulp fibers are injected into the meltblown filaments in a perpendicular fashion (with respect to the flow of the filaments) through two 4 inch×15 inch cross-direction (CD) slots. A forming box surrounds the area where the meltblown filaments and pulp fibers are commingled. This forming box is designed to reduce the amount of air allowed to enter or escape from this commingling area. The two slots are oriented opposite of one another on opposite sides of the meltblown filament spinnerette. A forming vacuum pulls air through a collection device, such as a non-patterned forming belt or through-air-drying fabric, thus collecting the commingled meltblown filaments and pulp fibers to form a fibrous structure. The fibrous structure formed by this process comprises about 80% by dry fibrous structure weight of pulp and about 20% by dry fibrous structure weight of meltblown filaments.
Optionally, a meltblown layer of the meltblown filaments, such as a scrim, can be added to one or both sides of the above formed fibrous structure. This addition of the meltblown layer can help reduce the lint created from the fibrous structure during use by consumers and is preferably performed prior to any thermal bonding operation of the fibrous structure. The meltblown filaments for the exterior layers can be the same or different than the meltblown filaments used on the opposite layer or in the center layer(s).
The fibrous structure may be convolutedly wound to form a roil of fibrous structure. The end edges of the roll of fibrous structure may be contacted with a material to create bond regions.

Non-limiting Examples of Fibrous Structures

Fibrous Structure Example 1
A pre-moistened wipe contemplated herein may be prepared as follows. A fibrous structure of about 44 g/m²that comprises a thermal bonded pattern as shown in FIG. 14 is saturation loaded with a liquid composition formulated as described herein to an average saturation loading of about 358% of the basis weight of the wipe. The wipes are then Z-folded and placed in a stack to a height of about 82 mm as shown in FIG. 15.
Fibrous Structure Example 2
A pre-moistened. wipe contemplated herein may be prepared as follows. A fibrous structure of about 61 g/m²that comprises a thermal bonded pattern as shown in FIG. 14 is saturation loaded, with a liquid composition as described herein to an average saturation loading of about 347% of the basis weight of the wipe. The wipes are then Z-folded and placed in a stack to a height of about 82 mm as shown in FIG. 15.
Fibrous Structure Example 3
A pre-moistened wipe contemplated herein may be prepared, as follows. A fibrous structure generally made as described above in the second non-limiting process example exhibits a basis weight of about 65 g/m²and comprises a thermal bond pattern as shown in FIG. 14 is saturation loaded with a liquid composition formulated as described herein to an average saturation loading of about 347% of the basis weight of the wipe. The wipes are then Z-folded and placed in a stack to a height of about 82 mm as shown in FIG. 15.

Non-Limiting Examples of Bonding Patterns

A bonding pattern according to the image shown in FIG. 16 is used in current PAMPERS brand baby wipes. The pattern was analyzed according to the Bond Pattern Analysis method herein. Analysis revealed that the pattern has a bonding area of 6.3 percent and an average bonding area dispersion distance of 5.5 mm.
A bonding pattern according to the image shown in FIG. 17 was analyzed according to the Bond Pattern Analysis method herein. Analysis revealed that the pattern has a bonding area of 9.9 percent and an average bonding area dispersion distance 1.8 mm. It can be seen that the image of FIG. 17 has much greater detail and. complexity that the image of FIG. 16. It is believed, that, when a bonding pattern have a bonding area dispersion such as as shown in FIG. 17 is used to bond a multilayer nonwoven web having outer layers of filaments as described herein, the web will exhibit substantially improved resistance to peeling away of the outer layers, and resistance to linting, as compared to the same web bonded with the pattern of FIG. 16. At the same time, it is believed that desirable pliability and liquid uptake and/or absorption characteristics of the web are retained.
Another example of a bonding pattern conforming to the description of a highly dispersed bond area herein is depicted, in FIG. 18.
The images depicted in FIGS. 17 and 18 are images of an entire pattern to be reflected, in the entire acting roller surface area of a bonding roller. The machine direction is vertical with respect to these figures. The top and bottom edges shown in the images would, be uninterruptedly joined about the circumference of the actual bonding roller such that the design elements are continuous.

Test Methods

Unless otherwise indicated, all tests described herein including those described under the Definitions section and the following test methods are conducted on samples that have been conditioned in a conditioned room at a temperature of 23° C.±2.2° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±10% for 24 hours prior to the test. All tests are conducted in such conditioned room.
For the dry test methods described herein (Liquid Absorptive Capacity, Fore Volume Distribution, Basis Weight, and Dynamic Absorption Time), if the fibrous structure or wipe comprises a liquid composition such that the fibrous structure or wipe exhibits a moisture level of about 100% or greater by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe, then the following pre-conditioning procedure needs to be performed on the fibrous structure or wipe before testing. If the fibrous structure or wipe comprises a liquid composition such that the fibrous structure or wipe exhibits a moisture level of less than about 100% by weight but greater than about 10% by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe, dry the fibrous structure or wipe in an oven at 85° C. until the fibrous structure or wipe contains less than 3% moisture by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe prior to completing the dry test methods.
To pre-condition a fibrous structure or wipe comprising a moisture level of about 100% or greater by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe use the following procedure. Fully saturate the fibrous structure or wipe by immersing the fibrous structure or wipe sequentially in 2 L of fresh distilled water in each of 5 buckets, where the water is at a temperature of 23° C.±2.2° C. Gently, agitate the fibrous structure or wipe in the water by moving the fibrous structure or wipe from one side of each bucket to the other at least 5 times, but no more than 10 times for 20 seconds in each of the 5 buckets. Remove the fibrous structure or wipe and then place horizontally in an oven at 85° C. until the fibrous structure or wipe contains less than 3% moisture by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe. After the fibrous structure or wipe exhibits less than 3% moisture, remove from the oven and allow the fibrous structure or wipe to equilibrate to about 23° C.±2.2° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±10% for 24 hours prior to the testing. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the fibrous structure and/or wipe is not compressed.
For the wet test methods described herein (Soil Leak Through, CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength, Lotion Release, Saturation Loading, and. Saturation Gradient Index), if the fibrous structure or wipe comprises a moisture level of 0% to less than about 100% by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe, then the following pre-conditioning procedure needs to be performed on the fibrous structure or wipe prior to testing. If the fibrous structure or wipe comprises a moisture level of about 100% or greater, then the following pre-conditioning procedure is not performed on the fibrous structure or wipe.
To pre-condition a fibrous structure or wipe comprising a moisture level of 0% to less than about 100% by weight of the fibrous structure or wipe, add an amount of distilled water to the fibrous structure or wipe to achieve a 3.5 g/g saturation loading on the fibrous structure or wipe.
After the fibrous structure or wipe is saturation loaded to a 3.5 g/g saturation loading, allow the fibrous structure or wipe to equilibrate to about 23° C.±2.2° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±10% for 24 hours prior to the testing. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the fibrous structure and/or wipe is not compressed.
Liquid Absorptive Capacity Test Method
The following method, which is modeled after EDANA 10.4-02, is suitable to measure the Liquid Absorptive Capacity of any fibrous structure or wipe.
Prepare 5 samples of a pre-conditioned/conditioned fibrous structure or wipe for testing so that an average Liquid Absorptive Capacity of the 5 samples can be obtained.
Materials/Equipment

1. Flat stainless steel wire gauze sample holder with handle (commercially available from Humboldt Manufacturing Company) and flat stainless steel wire gauze (commercially available from McMaster-Carr) having a mesh size of 20 and having an overall size of at least 120 mm×120 mm
2. Dish of size suitable for submerging the sample holder, with sample attached, in a test liquid, described below, to a depth of approximately 20 mm
3. Binder Clips (commercially available from Staples) to hold the sample in place on the sample holder
4. Ring stand
5. Balance, which reads to four decimal places
6. Stopwatch
7. Test liquid: deionized water (resistivity>18 megaohms·cm)

Procedure
Prepare 5 samples of a fibrous structure or wipe for 5 separate Liquid Absorptive Capacity measurements. Individual test pieces are cut from the 5 samples to a size of approximately 100 mm×100 mm, and if an individual test piece weighs less than 1 gram, stack test pieces together to make sets that weigh at least 1 gram total. Fill the dish with a sufficient quantity of the test liquid described above, and allow it to equilibrate with room test conditions. Record the mass of the test piece(s) for the first measurement before fastening the test piece(s) to the wire gauze sample holder described above with the clips. While trying to avoid, the creation of air bubbles, submerge the sample holder in the test liquid to a depth of approximately 20 mm and allow it to sit undisturbed for 60 seconds. After 60 seconds, remove the sample and sample holder from the test liquid. Remove all the binder clips but one, and attach the sample holder to the ring stand with the binder clip so that the sample may vertically hang freely and drain for a total of 120 seconds. After the conclusion of the draining period, gently remove the sample from the sample holder and record, the sample's mass. Repeat for the remaining four test pieces or test piece sets.
Calculation of Liquid Absorptive Capacity
Liquid Absorptive Capacity is reported in units of grams of liquid composition per gram of the fibrous structure or wipe being tested. Liquid Absorptive Capacity is calculated as follows for each test that is conducted:
$LiquidAbsorptive Capacity = \frac{M_{X} - M_{i}}{M_{i}}$
In this equation, M_iis the mass in grams of the test piece(s) prior to starting the test, and M_xx is the mass in grams of the same after conclusion of the test procedure. Liquid Absorptive Capacity is typically reported as the numerical average of at least five tests per sample.
Pore Volume Distribution Test Method
Pore Volume Distribution measurements are made on a TRI/Autoporosimeter (TRI/Princeton Inc. of Princeton, N.J.). The TRI/Autoporosimeter is an automated computer-controlled instrument for measuring pore volume distributions in porous materials (e.g., the volumes of different size pores within the range from 2.5 to 1000 □μm effective pore radii). Complimentary Automated Instrument Software, Release 2000.1, and Data Treatment Software, Release 2000.1 is used to capture, analyze and output the data. More information on the TRI/Autoporosimeter, its operation and data treatments can be found in The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 162 (1994), pgs 163-170, incorporated here by reference.
As used in this application, determining Pore Volume Distribution involves recording the increment of liquid that enters a porous material as the surrounding air pressure changes. A sample in the test chamber is exposed, to precisely controlled, changes in air pressure. The size (radius) of the largest pore able to hold liquid is a function of the air pressure. As the air pressure increases (decreases), different size pore groups drain (absorb) liquid. The pore volume of each group is equal to this amount of liquid, as measured by the instrument at the corresponding pressure. The effective radius of a pore is related to the pressure differential by the following relationship.
Pressure differential=[(2)γcosΘ]/effective radius
where γ=liquid surface tension, and Θ=contact angle.
Typically pores are thought of in terms such as voids, holes or conduits in a porous material It is important to note that this method uses the above equation to calculate effective pore radii based on the constants and equipment controlled pressures. The above equation assumes uniform cylindrical pores. Usually, the pores in natural and manufactured porous materials are not perfectly cylindrical, nor all uniform. Therefore, the effective radii reported here may not equate exactly to measurements of void dimensions obtained by other methods such as microscopy. However, these measurements do provide an accepted means to characterize relative differences in void structure between materials.
The equipment operates by changing the test chamber air pressure in user-specified increments, either by decreasing pressure (increasing pore size) to absorb liquid, or increasing pressure (decreasing pore size) to drain liquid. The liquid volume absorbed at each pressure increment is the cumulative volume for the group of all pores between the preceding pressure setting and the current setting.
In this application of the TRI/Autoporosimeter, the liquid is a 0.2 weight % solution of octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton X-100 from Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Co. of Danbury, Conn.) in 99.8 weight % distilled water (specific gravity of solution is about 1.0). The instrument calculation constants are as follows: ρ (density)=1 g/cm³; γ (surface tension)=31 dynes/cm; cos Θ=1. A 0.22 μm Millipore Glass Filter (Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.; Catalog # G8WP09025) is employed on the test chamber's porous plate. A plexiglass plate weighing about 24 g (supplied with the instrument) is placed on the sample to ensure the sample rests flat on the Millipore Filter. No additional weight is placed cm the sample.
The remaining user specified inputs are described below. The sequence of pore sizes (pressures) for this application is as follows (effective pore radius in μm): 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000. This sequence starts with the fibrous structure or wipe sample dry and saturates it as the pore settings increase (typically referred to with, respect to the procedure and. instrument as the 1st absorption).
In addition to the fibrous structure or wipe sample being tested, a blank condition (no sample between a plexiglass plate and Millipore Filter) is run to account for any surface and/or edge effects within the test chamber. Any pore volume measured for this blank condition is subtracted from the applicable pore grouping of the fibrous structure or wipe sample being tested. If upon subtracting the blank condition the result is 0 or negative then report a 0 for that pore range. This data treatment can be accomplished, manually or with the available TRI/Autoporosimeter Data Treatment Software, Release 2000.1.
Percent (%) Total Pore Volume is a percentage calculated by taking the volume of fluid in the specific pore radii range divided by the Total Pore Volume. The TRI/Autoporosimeter outputs the volume of fluid within a range of pore radii. The first data obtained is for the “5.0 micron” pore radii which includes fluid absorbed between the pore sizes of 2.5 to 5.0 micron radius. The next data obtained is for “10 micron” pore radii, which includes fluid absorbed between the 5.0 to 10 micron radii, and. so on. Following this logic, to obtain the volume held within the range of 91-140 micron radii, one would sum the volumes obtained in the range titled “100 micron”, “110 micron”, “120 micron”, “130 micron”, and finally the “140 micron” pore radii ranges. For example, % Total Pore Volume 91-140 micron pore radii=(volume of fluid between 91-140 micron pore radii)/Total Pore Volume. Total Pore Volume is the sum of all volumes of fluid between 2.5 micron and 1000 micron pore radii.
Basis Weight Test Method
Basis weight is measured prior to the application of any end-use lotion, cleaning solution, or other liquid composition, etc. to the fibrous structure or wipe, and follows a modified ED ANA 40.3-90 (February 1996) method as described, herein below.

1. Cut at least three test pieces of the fibrous structure or wipe to specific known dimensions, preferably using a pre-cut metal die and die press. Each test piece typically has an area of at least 0.01 m².
2. Use a balance to determine the mass of each test piece in grams; calculate basis weight (mass per unit area), in grams per square meter (gsm), using equation (1).

$\begin{matrix} Basis Weight = \frac{Mass of Test Piece (g)}{Area of Test Piece (m^{2})} & (1) \end{matrix}$

3. For a fibrous structure or wipe sample, report the numerical average basis weight for all test pieces.
4. If only a limited amount of the fibrous structure or wipe is available, basis weight may be measured and reported as the basis weight of one test piece, the largest rectangle possible.

Dynamic Absorption Time (DAT) Test Method
DAT provides a measure of the ability of the fibrous structure or wipe to absorb a test liquid and the time it takes for the test liquid to be absorbed by the fibrous structure or wipe, which is in turn used, as a measure of how well a fibrous structure or wipe will absorb liquid into the fibrous structure or wipe.
The DAT test method measures the dimensions of a drop of a liquid composition, in this case a drop of a lotion, from the moment it is in contact with a fibrous structure or wipe to when the drop is absorbed by the fibrous structure or wipe. The method also measures the rate of change of the dimensions of the drop with respect to time. Fibrous structures or wipes characterized by low DAT and low initial contact angle values may be more absorbent than those characterized by higher DAT and/or higher initial contact angle values.
Dynamic Absorbency Test (DAT) measurements of a fibrous structure or wipe are made utilizing a Thwing Albert DAT Fibro 1100 (Thwing Albert, Pa.). The DAT Fibro 1100 is an automated computer-controlled instrument for measuring contact angle of a drop of a liquid composition on porous materials and the time it takes for the drop of a liquid composition to absorb into the fibrous structure or wipe. Contact angle refers to the angle formed, by the fibrous structure or wipe and the tangent to the surface of the liquid composition drop in contact with the fibrous structure or wipe. More information on absorbency of sheet materials using an automated contact angle tester can be found in ASTM D 5725-95.
The DAT contact angle measurements provide a means that is used in the art to characterize relative differences in absorbent properties of materials.
The equipment operates by controlling the volume and the ejection pulse of a small drop of a liquid composition discharged directly onto the surface of a fibrous structure or wipe. The height, base and angle produced as the liquid composition drop settles and becomes absorbed into the fibrous structure or wipe are determined based on an internal calibrated gray scale. In this application, a DAT Fibre 1100 series model (high speed camera resolution for porous absorbent paper substrates) is calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions and using a 0.292 calibration sled. The instrument is set to discharge a 4 microliter (μL) drop of a liquid composition, a stroke pulse of 8, canula tip of 340, drop bottom of 208, and paper position of 134.
The fibrous structure or wipe samples to be tested are cut to approximately 0.5 inches in length and not exceeding the width of the sample sled associated with the testing equipment. The fibrous structure or wipe samples are cut along the MD direction of the fibrous structure or wipe to minimize neckdown and structural changes during handling. The fibrous structure or wipe samples as well as the liquid composition(s) to be dropped onto the fibrous structures or wipes are allowed to equilibrate to 23°±2.2° C. and 50% relative humidity for at least 4 hours. The liquid composition(s) are prepared by filling a clean dry syringe (0.9 mm diameter, part #1100406, Thwing Albert) at least halfway. The syringe should, be rinsed with the liquid composition of interest prior to the test and this can be achieved by filling/emptying the syringe 3 consecutive times with the liquid composition. In the present measurements, the liquid composition used is an aqueous composition that contains distilled water and a nonionic surfactant; namely, Triton® X 100, which is commercially available from Dow Chemical Company, at levels to result in the aqueous composition exhibiting a surface tension of 30 dynes/cm. The fibrous structure or wipe and the liquid composition are loaded into the instrument according to the manufacturer's instructions. The controlling software is designed to eject the liquid composition onto the fibrous structure or wipe and measure the following parameters: time for the liquid composition to absorb into fibrous structure or wipe, contact angle, base, height, and volume.
A total of 10 measurements of the time the liquid, composition drop takes to be absorbed, by the fibrous structure or wipe for each side of the fibrous structure or wipe are made. The reported DAT value (in seconds) is the average of the 20 measurements (10 from each side) of a fibrous structure or wipe.
Soil Leak Through Test Method
The following method is used, to measure the soil leak through value for a fibrous structure or wipe.
First, prepare a test composition to be used in the soil leak through test. The test composition is prepared by weighing out 8.6 g of Great Value Instant chocolate pudding mix (available from WalMart—do not use LowCal or Sugar Free pudding mix). Add 10 ml. of distilled water to the 8.6 g of mix. Stir the mix until smooth to form the pudding. Cover the pudding and let stand at 23° C.±2.2° C. for 2 hours before use to allow thorough hydration of the pudding mix.
The Great Value Instant chocolate pudding mix can be purchased at http://www.walmart.com/ip/Great-Value-Chocolate-Instant-Pudding-3.9-oz/10534173. The ingredients listed on the Great Value Instant chocolate pudding mix are the following: Sugar, Modified Food Starch, Dextrose, Cocoa Powder Processed With Alkali, Disodium Phosphate, Contains 2% Or Less Of Nonfat Dry Milk, Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate, Salt, Natural And Artificial Flavoring, Mono- And Diglycerides (Prevent Foaming), Palm Oil, Red 40, Yellow 5, Blue 1, Titanium Dioxide (For Color). Allergy Warning: Contains Milk. May Contain Traces Of Eggs, Almonds, Coconut, Pecans, Pistachios, Peanuts, Wheat And Soy.
Transfer the test composition to a syringe using a sterile tongue depressor for ease of handling.
Tare weight of a piece of wax paper. The basis weight of the wax paper is about 35 gsm to about 40 gsm. Wax paper is supplied from the Reynolds Company under the Cut-Rite brand name. Weigh out 0.6±0.05 g of the test composition on the wax paper. Prepare 5 samples of a fibrous structure or wipe to be tested. The 5 samples of fibrous structure or wipe are cut, if necessary to dimensions of 150 mm×150 mm. One of the 5 samples will be the control sample (no test composition will be applied, to it). On a flat surface, place the wax paper with the test composition onto one of the remaining 4 test samples of fibrous structure or wipe that has been folded, in half to create a two-ply structure such that the test composition is positioned between an exterior surface of the fibrous structure or wipe and the wax paper. Gently place a 500 g balance weight with a 1⅝ inch diameter (yielding about 0.5 psi) on the wax paper, e.g.,) for 10 seconds making sure not to press on the weight when placing the weight on the wax paper. 500 gram balance weights are available from the McMaster-Carr Company, After the 10 seconds, remove the weight and gently unfold the fibrous structure or wipe. Examine the soil color visible from the interior surface of the de facto “second ply” (the surface of the portion of the fibrous structure or wipe that is facing inward and is not the backside of the portion of the fibrous structure or wipe to which the test composition was applied). A Hunter Color Lab Scan is used to examine this interior surface. The color may diffuse over time; so examine the wipes at a consistent time interval (within 10 minutes after placing the weight on the wax paper) for better sample to sample comparison. Repeat the test composition application procedure for the remaining test samples of fibrous structure or wipe.
The color present on the interior surface of each test sample of fibrous structure or wipe to be analyzed is then analyzed using a Hunter Color Lab instrument.

- Hunter Color Lab Scan Procedure

(Calibration)
1. Set scale to XYZ.
2. Set observer to 10.
3. Set both illuminations to D65.
4. Set procedure to none and click ok.
5. Check to see if read procedures is set to none.
6. Place green plate on port and click read sample. Enter sample ID green.
7. Place white plate on port and click read sample. Enter sample ID white.
8. Open calibration excel file, click on file save as and enter today's date,
9. Go back to test page of hunter color and highlight XY&Z numbers, click on edit, copy.
10. Open up today's calibration sheet and paste numbers in the value read cell. Check value read to actual value. Values must be within specs to pass.
11. Printout calibration report.
(Test)
1. Click on active view.
2. Set Scale to Cielab.
3. Set both illuminate to C.
4. Set observer to 2.
5. Set procedure to none.
6. Click ok,
7. Click clear ail
8. Scan the control sample to measure and record the L value of the control sample.
9. After removing the weight from a test sample of fibrous structure or wipe as described above, unfold the test sample and place the test sample of fibrous structure or wipe on instrument port such that the color of the interior surface of the de facto “second ply” as described above can be analyzed. Place a fresh piece of wax paper on top of the test sample to avoid contaminating the instrument.
10. Click read sample to measure and record the L value of the test sample. Enter name of sample. Click ok. Repeat for the remaining test samples,
11. After the L values of the 4 test samples have been measured and recorded, average the L values for the 4 test samples.
12. Calculate the Soil Leak Through Lr Value for the fibrous structure or wipe tested by determining the difference between the L value of the control sample and the average L value of the 4 test samples.
The reported Soil Leak Through Lr Value is the difference in the L color value from the Hunter Color Lab between the control sample and the test sample of the fibrous structure or wipe. A Soil Leak Through Lr Value of less than 20 and/or less than 15 and/or less than 10 and/or less than 5 and/or less than 2 is desirable. The lower the value, the more the fibrous structure or wipe prevents soil leak through.
A suitable equivalent to the Great Value Instant chocolate pudding mix test composition can be made by the following procedure for use in the test method described above.
First, a test composition for testing purposes is prepared. In order to make the test composition, a dry powder mix is first made. The dry powder mix comprises dehydrated tomato dices (Harmony House or NorthBay); dehydrated spinach flakes (,Harmony House or NorthBay); dehydrated cabbage (Harmony House or NorthBay); whole psyllium husk (available from Now Healthy Foods that has to be sieved with 600 μm cutoff to collect greater than 600 μm particles and then ground to collect 250-300 μm particles) (alternatively available from Barry Farm as a powder that has to be sieved to collect 250-300 μm particles); palmitic acid (95% Alfa Aeser B20322); and calcium stearafe (Alfa Aeser 39423). Next add food grade yeast powders commercially available as Provesta® 000 and Ohly® HTC (both commercially available from Ohly Americas, Hutchinson, Minn.).
If grinding of the vegetables needs to be performed, an IKA A11 basic grinder (commercially available from VWR or Rose Scientific LTD) is used. To grind the vegetables, add the vegetable flakes to the grinding bowl. Fill to the mark (within the metal cup, do not over fill). Power on for 5 seconds. Stop. Tap powder 5 times. Repeat power on (for 5 seconds), stop and tap powder (5 times) procedure 4 more times. Sieve the ground powder by stacking a 600 μm opening sieve on top of a 300 μm opening sieve such that powders of 300 μm or less are collected. Regrind any remaining powders that are larger than 300 μm one time. Collect powders of 300 μm or less.
The test composition is prepared by mixing the above identified ingredients in the following levels in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3

Soil Powder Premix	Grams	%

Tomato Powder	20.059	18.353
Psyllium Husk	0.599	0.548
Cabbage	2.145	1.963
Spinach Powder	8.129	7.438
Provesta 000	40.906	37.428
Ohly HCT	16.628	15.214
Palmitic acid/Calcium Stearate (2:1)	20.827	19.056

The palmitic acid/calcium stearate blend is prepared by grinding together and collecting powders of 300 μm or less from a blend of 20.0005 g palmitic acid and 10.006 g calcium stearate.
To make up the test composition, 21 g of distilled water at 23° C.±2.2° C. is added to every 9 g of the soil powder preraix described above in Table 3 used in a suitable container. A tongue depressor is used to stir the composition until the composition, which may be a paste, is homogeneous, about 2 minutes of stirring. Cover the container loosely with a piece of aluminum foil and let stand for 2 hours at 23° ±2.2° C. Next add 4 drops of FD&C Red Dye #40 and stir until completely mixed, about 2 minutes of stirring. The test composition is ready for use in the soil leak through test.
CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength Test Method
The CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength of a fibrous structure or wipe is determined using a modified EDANA 20.2.89 method, which generally sets forth the following test method.
Cut 5−50±0.5 mm wide (MD) and more than 150 mm long (CD) test strips (so that a distance of 100 mm can be obtained between the jaws of the dynamometer) of the fibrous structure or wipe to be tested with a laboratory paper cutter or a template and scalpel (not scissors, as the test pieces must be cut out cleanly according to ERT 130).
Using a tensile testing machine (dynamometer) with a constant rate of extension (100 mm/min) and jaws 50 mm wide (capable of holding the cut sample securely across their full widths without damage) and fitted with a system for recording force—elongation curves.
Place a strip to be tested in the jaws of the tensile testing machine, the jaws being 100 mm=1 mm apart.
Apply a constant rate of extension (100 mm/min) and record the force-elongation curve.
Discard, the results from any test strip where the break occurs in the clamp or where any break reaches the jaws.
Establish the scale of force-elongation curve. Use the force-elongation curve to determine the CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength in newtons (N), If several peak values for the applied force occur during the test, take the highest value as the CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength of the strip and note this in the test report. Repeat the procedure on additional strips from the fibrous structure wipe to get an average CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength from 5 samples, which is the reported CD Wet Initial Tensile Strength in N to the nearest 0.1 N.
Lotion Release Test Method
The lotion release of a fibrous structure or wipe is determined by wiping the fibrous structure or wipe over a defined area, using a defined pressure and default speed of the instrument.
A wiping apparatus capable of simulating a wiping process is used. A suitable wiping apparatus is available from Manfred Führer GmbH, D-60489 Frankfurt, GERMANY. The wiping apparatus has a surface on which a skin analogue (a self-adhesive DC fix foil 40 cm×40 cm available from Konrad Hornschuch AG, 74679 Weissbach, GERMANY,) is placed. The wiping apparatus further has a mechanical arm with a wiping hand (180 mm×78 mm) attached that applies a wiping pressure of 8.5 g/cm²to the skin analog.
To ran the test, place the skin analogue on the surface of the wiping apparatus. With nitrile/powder free gloves on, weigh a fibrous structure or wipe to be tested to get its initial mass. Unfold the fibrous structure or wipe, if folded, and place it onto the already stuck skin analogue. Gently place the wiping hand on the top of the fibrous structure or wipe. Tightly attach the fibrous structure or wipe to the wiping hand such that only a 180 mm×78 mm portion of the fibrous structure or wipe will come into contact with the skin analogue when the wiping movements of the wiping hand are performed. Ensure that the wiping apparatus is on and perform 3 wiping movements. The first wiping movement is a 90° stroke of the wiping arm including the wiping hand and fibrous structure or wipe attached, thereto. The second wiping movement is a 90° return stroke over the same portion of the skin analogue that the first wiping movement traveled. The third, wiping movement is another 90° stroke of the wiping arm including the wiping hand and fibrous structure or wipe attached thereto, like the first wiping movement, and it travels over the same portion of the skin analogue as the first and second wiping movements. Carefully remove the fibrous structure or wipe from the wiping hand being careful not to wipe the fibrous structure or wipe on the skin analogue while removing it from the wiping hand. Weigh the fibrous structure or wipe again to obtain the final mass. The lotion release for the fibrous structure or wipe is the difference between the initial mass of the fibrous structure or wipe and the final mass of the fibrous structure or wipe. Clean the skin analogue with a dry tissue. Repeat the procedure again starting with weighing the next fibrous structure or wipe to get its initial mass. The reported lotion release value is the average lotion release value of 10 tested fibrous structures or wipes.
Bonding Pattern Analysis
Obtain a full scale and dimensionally accurate electronic image of the full bonding roller pattern, which has the radially outermost bonding surfaces shown in black and the recessed (non-bonding) areas shown in white. If an electronic image is not available it can be generated by any known method, including using impression paper run through the nip between the bonding roller and an anvil roller, followed by converting the image on the impression paper into an electronic Image. The initial resolution of the bonding roller image must be at least 10 pixels/mm. Analyses are performed using ImageJ software (ver. 1.46 or equivalent, National Institute of Health, USA).
Open the full bonding roller image in ImageJ, and convert the image type to 8 bit (0=white, 255=black). Next, process the image to make it binary. Based, on the actual dimensions of the image, set the scale so that image is dimensionally accurate. Adjust the image size to a resolution of 10 pixels/mm. If more than one bonding roller is used in series to bond a web in a bonding pattern, combine the separate images from each bonding roller to create a single image representative of the final bonding pattern. Bonding roller images can be combined, using the image calculator “AND” function.
The bonding roller image will be analyzed both as a whole, as well as in separate 100 mm square portions. Determine the number of 100 mm adjacent squares that will fit along the length and width of the bonding roller image by dividing the cross direction width (mm) by 100 and rounding down to the nearest whole number, and then doing the same for the machine direction length (mm). Create a rectangular region of interest with a width equal to the number of 100 mm squares that will fit along the machine direction width of the bonding roller image multiplied by 100 mm, and a length equal to the number of 100 mm squares that will fit along the machine direction length of the bonding roller image multiplied by 100 mm. Center this region of interest on the bonding roller image. For example, in a bonding roller image with the dimensions of 310 mm cross direction width by 620 mm machine direction length, there would, be three 100 mm squares that would fit along the cross direction width (310/100=3 rounded down to nearest whole number), and six 100 mm squares that would fit along the machine direction length (620/100=6 rounded down to nearest whole number). The rectangular region of interest created would be 300 mm (3 multiplied by 100 mm) by 600 mm (6 multiplied by 100 mm). It would then be centered on the bonding roller image, with 5 mm along either side of the image and 10 mm along the top and bottom of the image outside of the region of interest.
Crop the bonding roller image to remove the portion of the image outside of the region of interest. Convert the bonding roller image to a binary image, where the bonding pattern is still shown in black (black=255). Create a 100 mm square region of interest and. place it in the upper left of the bonding roller image. Using the image duplicate function create a new separate image of that particular 100 mm square region. Relocate the 100 mm square region of interest on the bonding roller image to the next adjacent 100 mm square along the row, and create a new duplicate image of that particular region. Continue to do this for all of the separate 100 mm square regions within the image. Referring back to the previous example of the 300 mm by 600 mm cropped bonding roller image, it would contain a total of 18 separate and contiguous 100 mm square images.
Calculation of Bonding Area Percentage
The bonding area percentage for an image is calculated by dividing the number of black pixels (black=255) in the image by the total pixel count for the image, multiplied by 100 percent. The black pixel count and the total pixel count are obtained from a histogram of the image. Calculate and record the bonding area percentage for the entire bonding roller image, as well as for each of the individual 100 mm square images. Report ail of these to nearest 0.1%.
Average Bonding Area Dispersion Distance Measurement
The average bonding area dispersion distance measurement is a reflection of the bonding area dispersion. This value is obtained from a Euclidian Distance Map, which measures the distance from each of the pixels corresponding to recessed (non-bonding) areas to the nearest pixel corresponding to a bonding surface. Begin with the scaled binary image previously used for the Bonding Area Percentage calculation, and invert the Look Up Table (LUT) for the image. This will change the bonding surface pixels from black to white, and the recessed (non-bonding) pixels from white to black. Generate a distance map of the binary image. Measure and record the mean of the entire distance map image. Convert the mean pixel distance to actual dispersion distance using the resolution scaling factor (10 pixels/mm). Measure the dispersion distance for the entire bonding roller image, as well as for each of the individual 100 mm square images. Report ail of these to nearest 0.1 mm.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated, and. described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended, to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A nonwoven web formed at least in part of filaments, libers or a combination thereof, comprising a pattern of bonded areas at which differing ones of the fibers and/or filaments are bonded together, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces of the one or more rollers in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm; and the combination of the patterns of bonding surfaces of all of said bonding rollers includes at least one design element that is not substantially repeated on any two adjacent 100 mm×100 mm samples of the combined acting rolling surface areas.

2. The nonwoven web of claim 1 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded areas.

3. The nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer.

4. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof.

5. The nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin.

6. The nonwoven web of claim 1 having opposing first and second macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface.

7. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fine filaments.

8. The nonwoven web of claim 1 comprising fibers.

9. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers.

10. The nonwoven web of claim 8 wherein the fibers are natural fibers.

11. A nonwoven web comprising a first layer of polymeric filaments, a second layer of polymeric filaments, and third layer disposed at least partially between the first and second layers, and further comprising a pattern of bonded, areas at which polymeric filaments of the first layer are bonded with polymeric filaments of the second layer, the pattern of bonded areas having been impressed into the nonwoven web by one or more bonding rollers each having a cylindrical surface bearing a pattern of bonding surfaces, the bonding surfaces in combination forming a bonding area having a bonding area percentage from 6 to 14 percent, wherein the bonding area has an average bonding area dispersion distance of no greater than 5 mm.

12. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein at least one of the first and second layers comprises fine filaments.

13. The nonwoven web of claim 11 further comprising polymeric filaments that are thermally fused at the bonded, areas.

14. The nonwoven web of claim 11 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic polymer.

15. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone and mixtures thereof.

16. The nonwoven web of claim 14 wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a polyolefin.

17. The nonwoven web of claim 11 having opposing first and second, macroscopic planar outer surfaces, wherein polymeric filaments are present at the first outer surface and are bonded at the bonded areas to polymeric filaments that are present at the second outer surface.

18. The nonwoven web of any of claim 11 wherein the third layer comprises fibers.

19. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are cellulose or wood pulp fibers.

20. The nonwoven web of claim 18 wherein the fibers are natural fibers.