US20150021170A1 - Electrolysis device - Google Patents
Electrolysis device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150021170A1 US20150021170A1 US14/373,090 US201214373090A US2015021170A1 US 20150021170 A1 US20150021170 A1 US 20150021170A1 US 201214373090 A US201214373090 A US 201214373090A US 2015021170 A1 US2015021170 A1 US 2015021170A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- branch
- collection container
- water
- electrolyzer
- electrolysis device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C25B9/10—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrolysis device with a water circuit, in which an electrolyzer, a collection container and at least one pump are arranged, wherein the water is pumped by way of at least one pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer.
- Electrolysis devices which use an electrolyzer for the electrolytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen are known from the state of the art.
- a water circuit of such an electrolysis device thereby water from a collection container is fed to the electrolyzer by way of a pump.
- hydrogen exits out of the electrolyzer at one side and this hydrogen is led away in a targeted manner.
- An oxygen-water mixture exits at the other side and this is fed again to the connection container, in which a gas-water separation is then effected.
- All components of the electrolysis device i.e. the collection container, the pump, a heat exchanger for heat discharge, a filter and the electrolyzer or electrolysis stack are installed in series with configurations known from the state of the art, so that a single water flow flows through all these components.
- electrolyzers there are different types of electrolyzers; amongst others the so-called acid or proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEM) which comprises a proton-permeable polymer membrane and therefore can only operate with distilled water, since this would otherwise be damaged.
- PEM proton exchange membrane electrolyzer
- the pump used for feeding the water to the electrolyzer represents a limiting factor, since on account of the distilled water which is used in the circuit and which is extremely aggressive, only pumps lined with plastic instead of stainless steel can be used. These pumps, however, can only be operated with temperatures up to maximal 80° C., which is a problem due to the already above-mentioned series arrangement of the components of the electrolysis device.
- the water is pumped around in the circuit. Since the applied centrifugal pumps are difficult to bleed, their position in the water circuit is usefully directly downstream of the collection container for gas-water separation, into which however the water lead away from the electrolyzer and greatly heated by this is directly introduced.
- this construction has the disadvantage that the temperature-sensitive pump is subjected to a very high water temperature.
- an electrolysis device with a water circuit in which an electrolyzer, a collection container, and at least one pump are arranged, wherein the water is pumped by way of the at least one pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer , wherein the water circuit is branched into at least one first branch and into a second branch which is parallel to the first branch, wherein the electrolyzer is arranged in the first branch and wherein a heat exchanger for cooling the water is arranged in the second branch.
- the basic concept of the present invention is not to cool the water flow fed to the electrolyzer, but to let the cooling be effected in an auxiliary flow.
- the maximal temperature permissible for the operation of the pump can be utilized and on the other hand the electrolyzer can be fed with water at this temperature, which increases the efficiency.
- the cooling is effected in the auxiliary flow and therefore has no direct influence on the electrolysis process.
- the water circuit downstream of the at least one pump branches into the at least one first branch and the second branch.
- This circuit arrangement has the advantage that the circulation of the water in both branches can be effected with only one pump.
- the first branch comprises a first branch return, which runs out into the collection container.
- the second branch has a second return which runs out into the collection container.
- the collection container is designed for gas-water separation.
- the electrolyzer is a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer.
- the water of the water circuit in the second branch is pumped out of the collection container to the heat exchanger by way of a further pump.
- a filter is arranged in the water circuit, in particular in the first branch upstream of the electrolyzer.
- FIGURE is a schematic representation of a water circuit of an electrolysis device according to one embodiment of the invention is shown.
- a water circuit 6 of an electrolysis device 7 is represented in the FIGURE.
- a collection container 1 for the gas-water separation, a pump 2 , a heat exchanger 2 , a filter 4 and an electrolyzer 5 for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen are arranged in the water circuit 6 .
- the electrolyzer 5 it is the case of a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer (PEM) and as a result the water circuit 6 is operated with distilled water.
- PEM proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer
- the water circuit 6 is branched into a first branch 8 and into a second branch 9 which is parallel to the first branch 8 .
- the branching of the water flow pumped by the pump 2 out of the collection container 1 is thereby effected directly downstream or behind the pump 2 , or upstream which is to say in front of the filter 4 .
- the filter 4 and the electrolyzer 5 which brings the heat into the water circuit 6 , are arranged in the first branch 8 .
- the heat exchanger 2 for cooling the water is located in the second branch 9 .
- a first return 10 of the first branch 8 and a second return 11 of the second branch 9 run out into the collection container 1 for gas-water separation, in which the water cooled by the heat exchanger 3 and the water heated by the electrolyzer 5 now mix. With this, a lower water temperature in the collection container 1 is achieved. This is in contrast to the configuration which is known from the state of the art and with which only the water heated by the electrolyzer 5 runs back into the collection container 1 . It is possible without any problem, to use a pump which is lined with plastic, since the water in this manner is cooled already upstream of the pump 2 which pumps the water out of the collection container 1 . However, simultaneously the electrolyzer 5 can also be operated at a higher operating temperature due to this configuration, and the efficiency and its performance can be increased by way of this.
- the first branch 8 as well as the second branch 9 it is furthermore possible for the first branch 8 as well as the second branch 9 to be supplied in each case by their own pump. Moreover, according to a yet further embodiment, it is possible to divide the water circuit 6 into more than two branches.
Abstract
An electrolysis device (7) includes a water circuit (6), in which an electrolyzer (5), a collection container (1) and at least one pump (2) are arranged. The water is pumped by way of the at least one pump (2) out of the collection container (1) to the electrolyzer (5). The water circuit (6) is branched into at least one first branch (8) and into a second branch (9) which is parallel to the first branch (8). The electrolyzer (5) is arranged in the first branch (8) and a heat exchanger (3), for cooling the water, is arranged in the second branch (9).
Description
- This application is a United States National Phase Application of International Application PCT/EP2012/076047 filed Dec. 18, 2012 and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of European Patent Application EP 1 215 1580.3 filed Jan. 18, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- The invention relates to an electrolysis device with a water circuit, in which an electrolyzer, a collection container and at least one pump are arranged, wherein the water is pumped by way of at least one pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer.
- Electrolysis devices which use an electrolyzer for the electrolytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen are known from the state of the art. In a water circuit of such an electrolysis device, thereby water from a collection container is fed to the electrolyzer by way of a pump. Then hydrogen exits out of the electrolyzer at one side and this hydrogen is led away in a targeted manner. An oxygen-water mixture exits at the other side and this is fed again to the connection container, in which a gas-water separation is then effected. All components of the electrolysis device, i.e. the collection container, the pump, a heat exchanger for heat discharge, a filter and the electrolyzer or electrolysis stack are installed in series with configurations known from the state of the art, so that a single water flow flows through all these components.
- There are different types of electrolyzers; amongst others the so-called acid or proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEM) which comprises a proton-permeable polymer membrane and therefore can only operate with distilled water, since this would otherwise be damaged.
- On operation of the electrolysis device, hereby, the pump used for feeding the water to the electrolyzer represents a limiting factor, since on account of the distilled water which is used in the circuit and which is extremely aggressive, only pumps lined with plastic instead of stainless steel can be used. These pumps, however, can only be operated with temperatures up to maximal 80° C., which is a problem due to the already above-mentioned series arrangement of the components of the electrolysis device. As already mentioned, with the known configuration the water is pumped around in the circuit. Since the applied centrifugal pumps are difficult to bleed, their position in the water circuit is usefully directly downstream of the collection container for gas-water separation, into which however the water lead away from the electrolyzer and greatly heated by this is directly introduced. Thus, this construction has the disadvantage that the temperature-sensitive pump is subjected to a very high water temperature.
- Also, it is not possible to connect a heat exchanger for cooling the water heated by the electrolyzer, directly downstream of this electrolyzer, due to the high share of gas bubbles in the water which is led away from the electrolyzer. In contrast, the heat exchanger in the configurations known form the state of the art is arranged downstream of the pump, which however in turn leads to the disadvantage that the water fed to the electrolyzer is cooled by the heat exchanger, by which means the efficiency of the electrolyzer as well as its power reduces.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention, to provide an electrolysis device which at least partly avoids these disadvantages.
- According to the invention, an electrolysis device with a water circuit (cycle) is provided, in which an electrolyzer, a collection container, and at least one pump are arranged, wherein the water is pumped by way of the at least one pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer , wherein the water circuit is branched into at least one first branch and into a second branch which is parallel to the first branch, wherein the electrolyzer is arranged in the first branch and wherein a heat exchanger for cooling the water is arranged in the second branch.
- The basic concept of the present invention is not to cool the water flow fed to the electrolyzer, but to let the cooling be effected in an auxiliary flow. In this manner, on the one hand the maximal temperature permissible for the operation of the pump can be utilized and on the other hand the electrolyzer can be fed with water at this temperature, which increases the efficiency. The cooling is effected in the auxiliary flow and therefore has no direct influence on the electrolysis process.
- According to a preferred embodiment, the water circuit, downstream of the at least one pump branches into the at least one first branch and the second branch. This circuit arrangement has the advantage that the circulation of the water in both branches can be effected with only one pump.
- Advantageously, the first branch comprises a first branch return, which runs out into the collection container.
- Moreover, it is advantageous if the second branch has a second return which runs out into the collection container.
- Preferably, the collection container is designed for gas-water separation.
- Particularly preferably, the electrolyzer is a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer.
- According to a further preferred embodiment, the water of the water circuit in the second branch is pumped out of the collection container to the heat exchanger by way of a further pump.
- Moreover, preferably, a filter is arranged in the water circuit, in particular in the first branch upstream of the electrolyzer.
- It is possible on account of the configuration of the electrolysis device according to the invention, to cool the water already before the pump, but simultaneously to supply the electrolyzer itself with water having a greater temperature or thus operating it with a higher water temperature, so that the efficiency of the installation can be improved.
- The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.
- In the drawings:
- The only FIGURE is a schematic representation of a water circuit of an electrolysis device according to one embodiment of the invention is shown.
- Referring to the drawings in particular, a
water circuit 6 of an electrolysis device 7 according to one embodiment of the invention is represented in the FIGURE. A collection container 1 for the gas-water separation, a pump 2, a heat exchanger 2, a filter 4 and an electrolyzer 5 for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen are arranged in thewater circuit 6. With regard to the electrolyzer 5, it is the case of a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer (PEM) and as a result thewater circuit 6 is operated with distilled water. - In contrast to the configurations known from the state of the art, with which the collection container 1, the pump 2, the heat exchanger 3, the filter 4 and the electrolyzer 5, as already explained, are installed in series, so that only a single water flow flows through all mentioned components, according to the invention, the
water circuit 6 is branched into afirst branch 8 and into asecond branch 9 which is parallel to thefirst branch 8. The branching of the water flow pumped by the pump 2 out of the collection container 1 is thereby effected directly downstream or behind the pump 2, or upstream which is to say in front of the filter 4. - The filter 4 and the electrolyzer 5, which brings the heat into the
water circuit 6, are arranged in thefirst branch 8. The heat exchanger 2 for cooling the water is located in thesecond branch 9. - A
first return 10 of thefirst branch 8 and a second return 11 of thesecond branch 9 run out into the collection container 1 for gas-water separation, in which the water cooled by the heat exchanger 3 and the water heated by the electrolyzer 5 now mix. With this, a lower water temperature in the collection container 1 is achieved. This is in contrast to the configuration which is known from the state of the art and with which only the water heated by the electrolyzer 5 runs back into the collection container 1. It is possible without any problem, to use a pump which is lined with plastic, since the water in this manner is cooled already upstream of the pump 2 which pumps the water out of the collection container 1. However, simultaneously the electrolyzer 5 can also be operated at a higher operating temperature due to this configuration, and the efficiency and its performance can be increased by way of this. - According to a further embodiment which is not shown here, it is furthermore possible for the
first branch 8 as well as thesecond branch 9 to be supplied in each case by their own pump. Moreover, according to a yet further embodiment, it is possible to divide thewater circuit 6 into more than two branches. - While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.
Claims (20)
1. An electrolysis device comprising:
a water circuit;
an electrolyzer connected to the water circuit;
a collection container connected to the water circuit;
a heat exchanger connected to the water circuit; and
at least one pump connected to the water circuit, wherein water is pumped by way of the at least one pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer wherein the water circuit is branched into at least one first branch and into a second branch which is parallel to the first branch, wherein the electrolyzer is arranged in the first branch and wherein the heat exchanger for cooling the water is arranged in the second branch.
2. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the water circuit branches downstream of the at least one pump, into the at least one first branch and the second branch.
3. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the first branch comprises a first branch return which runs out into the collection container.
4. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the second branch comprises a second branch return which runs out into the collection container.
5. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the collection container is designed for gas-water separation.
6. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyzer is a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer.
7. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , wherein the water of the water circuit in the second branch is pumped by way of the pump out of the collection container to the heat exchanger.
8. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , further comprising a filter is arranged in the water circuit, in the first branch upstream of the electrolyzer.
9. An electrolysis device according to claim 1 , further comprising a further pump, wherein:
water of the water circuit in the second branch is pumped by way of the further pump out of the collection container to the heat exchanger; and
water of the water circuit in the first branch is pumped by way of the pump out of the collection container to the electrolyzer.
10. An electrolysis device according to claim 2 , wherein:
the first branch comprises a first branch return which runs out into the collection container; and
the second branch comprises a second branch return which runs out into the collection container.
11. An electrolysis device comprising:
a collection container;
an electrolyzer;
a collection container;
a heat exchanger for cooling water;
a pumping means for pumping fluid; and
fluid paths cooperating with the collection container, the electrolyzer, the collection container, the heat exchanger and the pumping means to form a water circuit comprising a first branch and a second branch which is parallel to the first branch, wherein:
the pumping means pumps water out of the collection container to the electrolyzer and to the heat exchanger;
the electrolyzer is arranged in the first branch;
the heat exchanger is arranged in the second branch.
12. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein:
the pumping means comprises a pump; and
the water circuit branches downstream of the pump, into the first branch and the second branch.
13. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein the fluid paths include a first path return feeding fluid into the collection container, the first path return being a part of the first branch.
14. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein the fluid paths include a second path return feeding fluid into the collection container, the second path return being a part of the second branch.
15. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein the collection container comprises a gas-water separation device.
16. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein the electrolyzer is a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer.
17. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , further comprising a filter arranged in the water circuit.
18. An electrolysis device according to claim 17 , wherein the filter is arranged in the first branch upstream of the electrolyzer.
19. An electrolysis device according to claim 11 , wherein the pumping means comprises:
a first branch pump arranged in the first branch of the water circuit for pumping water out of the collection container to the electrolyzer; and
a second branch pump arranged in the second branch of the water circuit for pumping water out of the collection container to the to the heat exchanger.
20. An electrolysis device according to claim 12 , wherein the fluid paths comprise:
a first branch return feeding fluid into the collection container; and
a second branch return feeding fluid into the collection container.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP12151580.3 | 2012-01-18 | ||
EP12151580.3A EP2617873B1 (en) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-01-18 | Electrolysis device |
PCT/EP2012/076047 WO2013107589A1 (en) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-12-18 | Electrolysis device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150021170A1 true US20150021170A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
Family
ID=47520945
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/373,090 Abandoned US20150021170A1 (en) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-12-18 | Electrolysis device |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150021170A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2617873B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015508457A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20140113959A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104126030A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2859848C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013107589A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110127089A (en) * | 2019-05-10 | 2019-08-16 | 北京控制工程研究所 | A kind of water base propulsion system and method applied to high rail satellite |
US11505871B2 (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2022-11-22 | Hoeller Electrolyzer Gmbh | Method for operating a water electrolysis device |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3758392A (en) * | 1971-05-03 | 1973-09-11 | Carus Corp | Quinone continuous recycle process for electrolytic conversion of benzene to |
US20040231977A1 (en) * | 2003-05-19 | 2004-11-25 | Roselle Brian Joseph | Compositions, devices and methods for stabilizing and increasing the efficacy of halogen dioxide |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2529036A1 (en) * | 1975-06-28 | 1977-01-20 | Francisco Pacheco | Hydrogen generation in electrolytic cell - esp. for prodn. of fuel for motor vehicles, and industrial uses |
US6569298B2 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2003-05-27 | Walter Roberto Merida-Donis | Apparatus for integrated water deionization, electrolytic hydrogen production, and electrochemical power generation |
DE102004026281A1 (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-22 | Lengeling, Gregor, Dipl.-Ing. | Solar powered electrolyzer for generating hydrogen and method of operating such |
US8685224B2 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2014-04-01 | Innovative Energy Systems And Design, Llc | Method and apparatus for hydrogen generation |
-
2012
- 2012-01-18 EP EP12151580.3A patent/EP2617873B1/en active Active
- 2012-12-18 CN CN201280067442.7A patent/CN104126030A/en active Pending
- 2012-12-18 US US14/373,090 patent/US20150021170A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-12-18 KR KR1020147020098A patent/KR20140113959A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-12-18 WO PCT/EP2012/076047 patent/WO2013107589A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-12-18 CA CA2859848A patent/CA2859848C/en active Active
- 2012-12-18 JP JP2014552549A patent/JP2015508457A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3758392A (en) * | 1971-05-03 | 1973-09-11 | Carus Corp | Quinone continuous recycle process for electrolytic conversion of benzene to |
US20040231977A1 (en) * | 2003-05-19 | 2004-11-25 | Roselle Brian Joseph | Compositions, devices and methods for stabilizing and increasing the efficacy of halogen dioxide |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11505871B2 (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2022-11-22 | Hoeller Electrolyzer Gmbh | Method for operating a water electrolysis device |
CN110127089A (en) * | 2019-05-10 | 2019-08-16 | 北京控制工程研究所 | A kind of water base propulsion system and method applied to high rail satellite |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2859848C (en) | 2021-05-04 |
CA2859848A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
EP2617873B1 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
KR20140113959A (en) | 2014-09-25 |
WO2013107589A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
JP2015508457A (en) | 2015-03-19 |
CN104126030A (en) | 2014-10-29 |
EP2617873A1 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
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