US20140169875A1 - Precast wall system - Google Patents
Precast wall system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140169875A1 US20140169875A1 US14/187,570 US201414187570A US2014169875A1 US 20140169875 A1 US20140169875 A1 US 20140169875A1 US 201414187570 A US201414187570 A US 201414187570A US 2014169875 A1 US2014169875 A1 US 2014169875A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- retaining wall
- precast
- wall block
- precast retaining
- rear panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010485 coping Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/025—Retaining or protecting walls made up of similar modular elements stacked without mortar
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
- E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
- E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
- E02D5/80—Ground anchors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/39—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra
- E04C1/395—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra for claustra, fences, planting walls, e.g. sound-absorbing
Definitions
- Modular earth retaining walls are commonly used for architectural and site development applications. Such walls are subjected to very high pressures exerted by lateral movements of the soil, temperature and shrinkage effects, and seismic loads.
- FIGS. 1A-1E are views of an exemplary precast wall system modular block in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a view of the precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary mechanical geogrid connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIGS. 3A-3B are views of an exemplary system of reinforcement of a precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIGS. 4A-4B are views of an exemplary precast wall systems including the precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 5 illustrates the addition of a modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E to an exemplary precast wall system in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- FIG. 6A-6B are views of a drainage material installed on a precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 4A-4B and 5 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including a cap unit in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 8 illustrates the addition of backfill to a modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E to an exemplary precast wall system in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- FIG. 9 is a view of the precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary soil nail connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including a traffic barrier in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIGS. 11A-11B are views of exemplary precast wall system modular blocks including extended web portions in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate precast wall system modular blocks including straight, convex and concave front face portions in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including the soil nail connection of FIG. 9 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including the mechanical geogrid connection of FIG. 2 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 15A-15E are views of another exemplary precast wall system modular block in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 16 is a view of an exemplary precast wall system including the precast wall system modular block of FIGS. 15A-15E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 17 illustrates the placement of the modular block of FIGS. 15A-15E to an exemplary precast wall system of FIG. 16 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- FIG. 18 is a cross sectional view of an exemplary precast wall system of FIG. 16 including a coping unit in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 19 illustrates the addition of backfill to the modular block of FIGS. 15A-15E to an exemplary precast wall system of FIG. 16 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- FIG. 20A-20D is a view of the precast wall system modular blocks of FIGS. 15A-15E in an exemplary precast wall system of FIG. 16 including an exemplary earth anchor or soil nail connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure;
- FIG. 21 is a cross sectional view an exemplary precast wall system of FIG. 16 including a traffic barrier in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure
- Modular or segmental earth retaining walls commonly comprise courses or tiers of modular units or blocks.
- the blocks are typically made of concrete.
- the blocks are typically dry-stacked (i.e., no mortar or grout is used), and often include one or more features adapted to properly locate adjacent blocks and/or courses with respect to one another, and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course.
- the weight of the blocks is typically in the range of fifty to several thousand pounds per unit.
- Modular retaining walls commonly are used for architectural and site development applications. Such walls are subjected to high loads exerted by the soil behind the walls. These loads are affected by, among other things, the character of the soil, the presence of water, surcharge loads, and seismic loads.
- modular retaining wall systems often comprise one or more layers of soil reinforcement material extending behind the tiers of blocks back into the soil behind the blocks.
- the modular blocks can include blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations.
- FIGS. 1A-1E shown is an exemplary embodiment of a modular block 100 including a horizontally oriented rectangular front face portion 103 including a front surface 106 , a rear surface 109 , a top surface 113 , and a bottom surface 116 .
- Other embodiments can include, but are not limited to, vertically oriented rectangular front face portions and/or front face portions of different dimensions.
- the front face portion 103 may include a front surface 106 that is sculptured or textured as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C .
- the front surface 106 may have a straight 100 , convex 1210 , or concave 1220 profile as illustrated in FIGS. 12A-12C , respectively.
- a filler 1206 , 1209 , 1212 is included in the mold to provide the desired shape.
- a mold liner 1203 is used to produce the desired texture of the front face portion 103 .
- the front face portion 103 of modular block 100 has a height of about 18 inches, a width of about 48 inches, and a thickness of about 4 inches.
- the front face portion 103 of modular block 100 may have a height of about 30 inches, a width of about 75 inches, and a thickness of about 5 inches.
- Other embodiments may have front face portions 103 with other dimensional combinations (height ⁇ width) such as, but not limited to, about 18 inches by about 24 inches, about 18 inches by about 48 inches, about 36 inches by about 24 inches, and about 36 inches by about 90 inches.
- the thickness and front surface texture of the front face may vary between embodiments.
- the modular block 100 also includes one or more web portions 123 extending from the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 .
- two web portions 123 extend from the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 .
- a single web portion 123 may extend from the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 .
- the web portion(s) 123 extends from (or beyond) the rear surface 109 a depth of about 14 inches. If the thickness of the front face portion 103 is about 4 inches, the overall depth of the exemplary modular block 100 is about 18 inches. In other embodiments (as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11B ), the extension depth of the web portion 123 can vary.
- a web portion 123 includes a vertical center portion 126 that extends from the top surface 113 to the bottom surface 116 of the front face portion 103 .
- Protrusions 129 extend from the lower sides of the vertical center portion 126 .
- the protrusions 129 are substantially triangular.
- the substantially triangular protrusions 129 may extend rearward along at least a portion of the web portion 123 .
- the substantially triangular protrusion 129 along the outer surface of the web portion 123 extends the entire length of the web portion 123 and the substantially triangular protrusion 129 along the inner surface of the web portion 123 extends along only a portion of the web portion 123 .
- the vertical center portion 126 has a thickness of about 3 inches and the substantially triangular protrusions 129 extend from the sides of the vertical center portion 126 about 5 inches.
- the vertical center portion 126 may have a thickness of about 3.5 inches and the substantially triangular protrusions 129 extend from the sides of the vertical center portion 126 about 5.5 inches.
- Web portions 123 may also include one or more lifting and/or attachment holes 133 , such as illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1A-1E .
- the lifting holes 133 may be positioned in a centroid position to maintain the modular block in a level orientation when raised and during installation. This location of the lifting holes 133 also allows for pivoting of the block.
- the modular block 100 may also include a rear panel portion 143 that extends between adjacent web portions 123 .
- the rear panel portion 143 extends from the top surface to the bottom surface of the web portions 123 .
- the height of the rear panel portion 143 may be less than the height of the web portions 123 .
- the rear panel portion 143 may include a protrusion that extends toward the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 from an inner surface of the rear panel portion 143 .
- the protrusion may be substantially triangular.
- the rear panel portion 143 may also include an opening 146 that extends through the rear panel portion 143 . In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 A- 1 E, the opening 146 is a vertical slot that is approximately centered in the rear panel portion 143 .
- FIG. 2 provides a view of the precast wall system modular block 100 of FIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary mechanical geogrid connection.
- a polymer geogrid 153 wrapped around the rear panel portion 143 may extend longitudinally into backfill soil to provide additional support to a wall system including the modular block 100 .
- an anchor bar 906 FIG. 9
- the corners 149 at the top and/or bottom of the rear panel portion 143 may be curved, rounded, or tapered (as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E ) to reduce wear of the material of the geogrid 153 when installed.
- FIG. 9 The corners 149 at the top and/or bottom of the rear panel portion 143 may be curved, rounded, or tapered (as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E ) to reduce wear of the material of the geogrid 153 when installed.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a precast wall system 1400 including the geogrid 153 extending into the earth behind the wall system 1400 .
- the geogrid 153 wraps around the rear panel portion 143 and extends rearward from both the top and bottom of the rear panel portion 143 . As shown in FIG.
- the construction of the retaining wall system 1400 can be summarized as follows: a plurality of stacked rows of precast retaining wall blocks 100 , each of the wall blocks 100 comprising a front surface, a top surface, a bottom surface, and an opening defined by internal walls between the top and bottom surfaces; and a geogrid material 153 having a planar elongated body with first and second parts embedded in soil and a third part connecting the first and second parts and extending through the opening of at least one of the wall blocks 100 .
- FIGS. 3A-3B shown is an exemplary system of reinforcement that can be included in a modular block 100 .
- the modular block 100 is reinforced with reinforcing rods (or rebar).
- a plurality of rebar rods 309 (e.g., two or four) are positioned horizontally within the front face portion 103 (e.g., at the top and bottom) as illustrated in FIG. 3A .
- Additional rebar rods 303 extend through each of the web portions 123 such that the rebar rods 306 hook around at least one of the horizontal rebar rods 309 within the front face portion 103 and extend vertically within the front face portion 103 as illustrated in FIG. 3B .
- the rebar rods 303 in the web portions 123 are formed in a C-shape, which extends from the rear of the web portions 123 into the front face portion 103 , with the opening of the C-shape within the front face portion 103 .
- rebar rods extend horizontally through the rear panel portion 143 into the web portions 123 .
- the horizontal rebar rods in the rear panel portion 143 may be extensions of bars 303 or may be separate rebar rods.
- Vertical rebar rods 306 may be included in the ends of the web portions 123 and/or adjacent to the vertical slot 146 in the rear panel portion 143 to provide additional reinforcing at stress points. In other embodiments, additional rebar rods and/or shapes may be utilized.
- the precast wall systems include a plurality of courses of modular blocks 100 .
- the precast wall systems may include blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations.
- Each modular block 100 may be configured so as to mate with at least one other modular block 100 when the blocks are stacked atop one another to form a modular retaining wall 400 as illustrated in FIG. 5 . This mating restricts relative movement between vertically adjacent modular blocks 100 in at least one horizontal direction and allows adjacent courses of blocks 100 to be aligned with one another.
- the modular blocks 100 can include locking means that secure the blocks 100 together to further increase wall stability.
- the locking means may be provided on one or more web portions 109 by aligning elements 136 such as, but not limited to, tabs or nodes that extend from the bottom of the protrusions 129 .
- the aligning elements 136 of FIGS. 1A-1E extend along the bottom of the protrusions 129 from the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 towards the rear of the web portion 123 to form an alignment seat 139 .
- the aligning elements 136 may extend rearward along a portion of the substantially triangular protrusion 129 or along the entire length of the substantially triangular protrusion 129 .
- the alignment seat 139 When stacked atop one or more blocks 100 , the alignment seat 139 is positioned atop the vertical center portion 126 of a web portion 123 of a block in the lower course.
- the front of the aligning elements 136 is aligned with the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 to allow the modular blocks 100 to be properly located with modular blocks 100 in the lower course and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course.
- An aligning element 136 extends along each side of the vertical center portion 126 to align the block 100 and limit lateral movement of the block 100 .
- the aligning elements 136 are tabs having a height of about 1.5 inches and a depth of about 6 inches. Alternatively, the height may be about 2 inches.
- the modular blocks 100 in the bottom course may not include alignment seats 139 (e.g., formed by aligning elements 136 ) to facilitate leveling.
- drainage materials 430 and 630 may be secured to roll down the rear surface 109 of the front face portion 103 between the web portions 123 .
- Drainage materials 430 / 630 include, but are not limited to, filter fabric and prefabricated plastic drainage board.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary precast wall system 700 including six courses of blocks 100 .
- the depth of the web portions 123 is increased for the lower courses for overall structure stability and to resist soil and surcharge loads.
- the additional depth when combined with the triangular protrusions 123 , provides added stabilization and support for the wall system.
- Other groupings may be utilized in other embodiments (e.g., different web depths for each course or groups of three as in FIG. 10 ).
- the web portions 123 of each course extend back into the earth to create a gravity system to resist overturning and sliding of the precast wall system.
- Stone and/or soil 803 can be deposited between the web portions to provide additional downward force on the web portions 123 of the modular block 100 to resist overturning or sliding.
- the substantially triangular protrusions 129 are obliged at opposing sides of the vertical center portion 126 to create an arch of the stone and/or soil 803 placed between the web portions 123 , which creates a downward force on the web portions 123 of the modular block 100 to resist movement of the block 100 from its stationary position, therein creating a stable mass to resist overturning and sliding.
- the web portions 123 may be extended beyond the rear panel portion 143 , as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11B , to provide additional stability to the wall system.
- the web portions 1103 extending rearward beyond the rear panel portion 143 of modular block 1110 of FIG. 11A may extend to a depth of about 60 inches while the web portions 1103 extending rearward beyond the rear panel portion 143 of modular block 1120 of FIG. 11B may extend to a depth of about 96 inches.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a soil nail connection that may also be utilized to connect a modular block 100 of a precast wall system to a cut face of earth behind the wall system.
- an anchor bar 906 such as a threaded bar, extends into the modular block 100 through the vertical slot, and is secured by a fastener, e.g., a nut 916 , washer 919 , and/or plate 909 , to a soil nail bar or earth anchor that has been fixed in the cut face of the earth behind the wall system.
- the anchor bar 906 may include other securing means such as, but not limited to, a pin and washer combination or a bolt head.
- the anchor bar 906 may include a plurality of sections that are coupled together to provide the desired length.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a precast wall system 1300 including the anchor bar 906 extending into the earth behind the wall system 1300 . As depicted, the anchor bar 906 extends rearward from the vertical slot 146 of the rear panel portion 143 .
- interlocking means such as, but not limited to, a rebar rod may be placed in channels or recesses of adjacent blocks 100 to provide additional horizontal alignment and stability.
- the precast wall system 700 includes a cap unit 703 placed on the top course of modular blocks 100 .
- the cap unit 703 includes one or more alignment seats on a bottom surface. In other embodiments, the cap unit 703 may not include alignment seats on the bottom surface.
- one or more modular blocks in the top course of the precast wall system 1000 includes a traffic barrier 1003 .
- the traffic barrier 1003 is connected to the modular block, e.g., to the web portions 123 .
- the modular block may be fabricated with the traffic barrier 1003 may be integrated into the modular block.
- the modular block/traffic barrier may be fabricated with reinforcing rods (rebar) 1006 extending through the traffic barrier 1003 into the web portions 123 . This allows for the elimination of a typical moment slab for the traffic barrier.
- the modular block helps to prevent tipping of the traffic barrier 1003 when impacted (e.g., by a moving vehicle).
- the modular retaining wall system transfers the backfill load to the skeletal system of the blocks to act together as a “gravity” system to resist earth and surcharge pressure.
- FIGS. 15A-15E Shown is an exemplary embodiment of a modular block 1500 including a horizontally-oriented, rectangular front face portion 1503 including a front surface 1506 , a rear surface 1509 , a top surface 1513 , and a bottom surface 1516 .
- Other embodiments can include, but are not limited to, vertically oriented rectangular front face portions and/or front face portions of different dimensions.
- the front face portion 1503 may include a front surface 1506 that is sculptured or textured as illustrated in FIG. 15A .
- a mold liner is used to produce the desired texture of the front face portion 1506 .
- the front face portion 1503 of modular block 1500 has a height of about 48 inches, a width of about 96 inches, and a thickness that varies from the outside of 4 inches to the inside of 8 inches.
- the front face portion 1503 has a height of about 18 inches, a width of about 36 inches, and a thickness that varies between 2 inches and 5 inches.
- the modular block 1500 also includes one or more web portions 1523 extending from the rear surface 1509 of the front face portion 1503 .
- a single web portion 1523 extends from the rear surface 1509 of the front face portion 1503 .
- the web portion(s) 1523 extends from (or beyond) the rear surface 1509 to a depth of about 64 inches. If the thickness of the front face portion 1503 is about 8 inches, the overall depth of the exemplary modular block 1500 is about 72 inches. In other embodiments (as illustrated in FIG. 21 ), the extension depth of the web portion 1523 can vary.
- the web portion 1523 includes a vertical center portion 1526 that extends from the top surface 1513 to the bottom surface 1516 of the front face portion 1503 .
- Protrusions 1529 extend from the lower sides of the vertical center portion 1526 .
- the protrusions 1529 are substantially triangular.
- the substantially triangular protrusions 1529 may extend rearward along at least a portion of the web portion 1523 .
- the substantially triangular protrusion 1529 along both sides of the outer surface of the web portion 1523 extends the entire length of the web portion 1523 .
- FIGS. 15A-15E the substantially triangular protrusion 1529 along both sides of the outer surface of the web portion 1523 extends the entire length of the web portion 1523 .
- the vertical center portion 1526 has a thickness of about 5 inches and the substantially triangular protrusions 1529 extend from the sides of the vertical center portion 1526 about 9 inches.
- the vertical center portion 1526 may have a thickness of about 3 inches and the substantially triangular protrusions 1529 extend from the sides of the vertical center portion 1526 about 6 inches.
- Web portion 1523 may also include one or more lifting and/or attachment holes 1533 , such as illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 15A-15E .
- the lifting holes 1533 may be positioned in a centroid position to maintain the modular block in a level orientation when raised and during installation. This location of the lifting holes 1533 also allows for pivoting of the block.
- the precast wall system 1610 includes a plurality of courses of modular blocks 1500 .
- the precast wall system 1610 may include blocks 1500 of different sizes, shapes, and orientations.
- Each modular block 1500 may be configured so as to mate with at least one other modular block 1500 when the blocks are stacked atop one another to form the modular retaining wall 1610 as illustrated in FIG. 17 . This mating restricts relative movement between vertically adjacent modular blocks 1500 in at least one horizontal direction.
- the modular blocks 1500 can include locking means that secure the blocks 1500 together to further increase wall stability.
- the locking means may be provided on web portions 1509 by aligning elements 1536 such as, but not limited to, tabs or nodes that extend from the bottom of the protrusions 1529 .
- the aligning elements 1536 of FIGS. 15A-15E extend along the bottom of the protrusions 1529 from the rear surface 1509 of the front face portion 1503 towards the rear of the web portion 1523 to form an alignment seat 1539 .
- the aligning elements 1536 may extend rearward along a portion of the substantially triangular protrusion 1529 or along the entire length of the substantially triangular protrusion 1529 .
- the alignment seat 1539 When stacked atop one or more blocks 1500 , the alignment seat 1539 is positioned atop the vertical center portion 1526 of a web portion 1523 of a block in the lower course.
- the front of the aligning elements 1536 is aligned with the rear surface 1509 of the front face portion 1503 to allow the modular blocks 1500 to be properly located with modular blocks 1500 in the lower course and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course.
- An aligning element 1536 extends along each side of the vertical center portion 1526 to align the block 1500 and limit lateral movement of the block 1500 .
- the aligning elements 1536 are tabs having a height of about 5 inches and a depth of about 10 inches. Alternatively, the height may be about 3 inches. Various tab widths and depths can be provided to allow alignment with the top of a web portion 1523 in the lower course.
- the modular blocks 1500 in the bottom course may lock behind the leveling pad 1804 (e.g., formed by aligning elements 1536 ).
- FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary precast wall system 2100 including three courses of blocks 1500 .
- the depth of the web portions 1523 is increased for the lower courses for overall structure stability and to resist soil and surcharge loads.
- the additional depth when combined with the triangular protrusions 1529 , provides added stabilization and support for the wall system.
- Other groupings may be utilized in other embodiments (e.g., different web depths for each course as in FIG. 21 ).
- the web portions 1523 of each course extend back into the earth to create a gravity system to resist overturning and sliding of the precast wall system.
- Stone and/or soil 1903 (as illustrated in FIG. 19 ) can be deposited on and between the web portions to provide additional downward force on the web portions 1523 of the modular block 1500 to resist overturning or sliding.
- the substantially triangular protrusions 1529 are obliged at opposing sides of the vertical center portion 1526 to create an arch of the stone and/or soil 1903 placed between the web portions 1523 , which creates a downward force on the web portions 1523 of the modular block 1500 to resist movement of the block 1500 from its stationary position, therein creating a stable mass to resist overturning and sliding.
- FIGS. 20A-20D illustrate a soil nail or earth anchor connection that may also be utilized to connect a modular block 1500 of a precast wall system 1610 to a cut face of earth behind the wall system 1610 .
- an anchor bar 2006 such as a threaded bar, extends between the modular blocks 1500 and is secured by a concrete, poured-in-place reinforced beam, or beamed connection.
- the reinforced concrete beam is shown in phantom lines in FIGS. 20A-20D .
- the beam is poured through openings that are defined in the web portion 1523 to provide direct contact to the modular block wall blocks 1500 .
- the poured in place concrete encapsulates the nut, washer, and soil nail or earth anchor to provide corrosion protection.
- the soil nail bar, or earth anchor has been fixed in the cut face of the earth behind the wall system.
- the precast wall system 1800 includes a cap unit 1803 placed on the top course of modular blocks 1500 .
- one or more modular blocks 1500 in the top course of the precast wall system 2100 includes a traffic barrier 2103 .
- the traffic barrier 2103 is connected to the modular block 1500 , e.g., to the web portions 1523 .
- the modular block helps to prevent tipping of the traffic barrier 2103 when impacted (e.g., by a moving vehicle).
Abstract
Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems related to modular earth retaining wall systems. In one embodiment, among others, a precast retaining wall block configured for assembly into a retaining wall includes a front face portion, a web portion extending outwardly from a rear surface of the front face portion, a rear panel portion, and a geogrid material wrapped around at least a portion of the rear panel portion and extending outwardly from the rear panel portion.
Description
- This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/762,827, filed Feb. 8, 2013, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/224,754, filed Sep. 2, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,388,258, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of PCT application no. PCT/US2010/026373, filed Mar. 5, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/157,958, filed Mar. 6, 2009, both of the foregoing of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- Modular earth retaining walls are commonly used for architectural and site development applications. Such walls are subjected to very high pressures exerted by lateral movements of the soil, temperature and shrinkage effects, and seismic loads.
- Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
-
FIGS. 1A-1E are views of an exemplary precast wall system modular block in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 2 is a view of the precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary mechanical geogrid connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIGS. 3A-3B are views of an exemplary system of reinforcement of a precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIGS. 4A-4B are views of an exemplary precast wall systems including the precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 5 illustrates the addition of a modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E to an exemplary precast wall system in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 6A-6B are views of a drainage material installed on a precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 4A-4B and 5 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including a cap unit in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 8 illustrates the addition of backfill to a modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E to an exemplary precast wall system in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 9 is a view of the precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary soil nail connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including a traffic barrier in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIGS. 11A-11B are views of exemplary precast wall system modular blocks including extended web portions in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate precast wall system modular blocks including straight, convex and concave front face portions in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including the soil nail connection ofFIG. 9 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view an exemplary precast wall system including the mechanical geogrid connection ofFIG. 2 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 15A-15E are views of another exemplary precast wall system modular block in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 16 is a view of an exemplary precast wall system including the precast wall system modular block ofFIGS. 15A-15E in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 17 illustrates the placement of the modular block ofFIGS. 15A-15E to an exemplary precast wall system ofFIG. 16 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 18 is a cross sectional view of an exemplary precast wall system ofFIG. 16 including a coping unit in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 19 illustrates the addition of backfill to the modular block ofFIGS. 15A-15E to an exemplary precast wall system ofFIG. 16 in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; -
FIG. 20A-20D is a view of the precast wall system modular blocks ofFIGS. 15A-15E in an exemplary precast wall system ofFIG. 16 including an exemplary earth anchor or soil nail connection in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; and -
FIG. 21 is a cross sectional view an exemplary precast wall system ofFIG. 16 including a traffic barrier in accordance various embodiments of the disclosure; - Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems related to modular earth retaining wall systems. Reference will now be made in detail to the description of the embodiments as illustrated in the drawings, wherein like reference numbers indicate like parts throughout the several views.
- Modular or segmental earth retaining walls commonly comprise courses or tiers of modular units or blocks. The blocks are typically made of concrete. The blocks are typically dry-stacked (i.e., no mortar or grout is used), and often include one or more features adapted to properly locate adjacent blocks and/or courses with respect to one another, and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course. The weight of the blocks is typically in the range of fifty to several thousand pounds per unit. Modular retaining walls commonly are used for architectural and site development applications. Such walls are subjected to high loads exerted by the soil behind the walls. These loads are affected by, among other things, the character of the soil, the presence of water, surcharge loads, and seismic loads. To handle the loads, modular retaining wall systems often comprise one or more layers of soil reinforcement material extending behind the tiers of blocks back into the soil behind the blocks.
- Generally speaking, the modular blocks can include blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations. With reference to
FIGS. 1A-1E , shown is an exemplary embodiment of amodular block 100 including a horizontally oriented rectangularfront face portion 103 including afront surface 106, arear surface 109, atop surface 113, and abottom surface 116. Other embodiments can include, but are not limited to, vertically oriented rectangular front face portions and/or front face portions of different dimensions. Thefront face portion 103 may include afront surface 106 that is sculptured or textured as illustrated inFIGS. 1A-1C . Thefront surface 106 may have a straight 100, convex 1210, or concave 1220 profile as illustrated inFIGS. 12A-12C , respectively. During fabrication, afiller mold liner 1203 is used to produce the desired texture of thefront face portion 103. - In one embodiment, the
front face portion 103 ofmodular block 100 has a height of about 18 inches, a width of about 48 inches, and a thickness of about 4 inches. Alternatively, thefront face portion 103 ofmodular block 100 may have a height of about 30 inches, a width of about 75 inches, and a thickness of about 5 inches. Other embodiments may havefront face portions 103 with other dimensional combinations (height×width) such as, but not limited to, about 18 inches by about 24 inches, about 18 inches by about 48 inches, about 36 inches by about 24 inches, and about 36 inches by about 90 inches. In addition, the thickness and front surface texture of the front face may vary between embodiments. - The
modular block 100 also includes one ormore web portions 123 extending from therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E , twoweb portions 123 extend from therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103. In other embodiments, asingle web portion 123 may extend from therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103. In one embodiment, the web portion(s) 123 extends from (or beyond) the rear surface 109 a depth of about 14 inches. If the thickness of thefront face portion 103 is about 4 inches, the overall depth of the exemplarymodular block 100 is about 18 inches. In other embodiments (as illustrated inFIGS. 11A-11B ), the extension depth of theweb portion 123 can vary. - A
web portion 123 includes avertical center portion 126 that extends from thetop surface 113 to thebottom surface 116 of thefront face portion 103.Protrusions 129 extend from the lower sides of thevertical center portion 126. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E , theprotrusions 129 are substantially triangular. The substantiallytriangular protrusions 129 may extend rearward along at least a portion of theweb portion 123. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E , the substantiallytriangular protrusion 129 along the outer surface of theweb portion 123 extends the entire length of theweb portion 123 and the substantiallytriangular protrusion 129 along the inner surface of theweb portion 123 extends along only a portion of theweb portion 123. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E , thevertical center portion 126 has a thickness of about 3 inches and the substantiallytriangular protrusions 129 extend from the sides of thevertical center portion 126 about 5 inches. Alternatively, thevertical center portion 126 may have a thickness of about 3.5 inches and the substantiallytriangular protrusions 129 extend from the sides of thevertical center portion 126 about 5.5 inches. -
Web portions 123 may also include one or more lifting and/or attachment holes 133, such as illustrated in the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E . The lifting holes 133 may be positioned in a centroid position to maintain the modular block in a level orientation when raised and during installation. This location of the lifting holes 133 also allows for pivoting of the block. - The
modular block 100 may also include arear panel portion 143 that extends betweenadjacent web portions 123. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-1E , therear panel portion 143 extends from the top surface to the bottom surface of theweb portions 123. In other embodiments, the height of therear panel portion 143 may be less than the height of theweb portions 123. Therear panel portion 143 may include a protrusion that extends toward therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103 from an inner surface of therear panel portion 143. The protrusion may be substantially triangular. Therear panel portion 143 may also include anopening 146 that extends through therear panel portion 143. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1A-1E, theopening 146 is a vertical slot that is approximately centered in therear panel portion 143. -
FIG. 2 provides a view of the precast wall systemmodular block 100 ofFIGS. 1A-1E including an exemplary mechanical geogrid connection. Apolymer geogrid 153 wrapped around therear panel portion 143 may extend longitudinally into backfill soil to provide additional support to a wall system including themodular block 100. In another embodiment, an anchor bar 906 (FIG. 9 ) may be attached through thevertical slot 146 of therear panel portion 143 to provide additional support to the wall system. Thecorners 149 at the top and/or bottom of therear panel portion 143 may be curved, rounded, or tapered (as illustrated inFIGS. 1A-1E ) to reduce wear of the material of thegeogrid 153 when installed.FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating aprecast wall system 1400 including thegeogrid 153 extending into the earth behind thewall system 1400. As depicted, thegeogrid 153 wraps around therear panel portion 143 and extends rearward from both the top and bottom of therear panel portion 143. As shown inFIG. 14 , the construction of theretaining wall system 1400 can be summarized as follows: a plurality of stacked rows of precast retaining wall blocks 100, each of the wall blocks 100 comprising a front surface, a top surface, a bottom surface, and an opening defined by internal walls between the top and bottom surfaces; and ageogrid material 153 having a planar elongated body with first and second parts embedded in soil and a third part connecting the first and second parts and extending through the opening of at least one of the wall blocks 100. - With reference to
FIGS. 3A-3B , shown is an exemplary system of reinforcement that can be included in amodular block 100. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3A-3B , themodular block 100 is reinforced with reinforcing rods (or rebar). A plurality of rebar rods 309 (e.g., two or four) are positioned horizontally within the front face portion 103 (e.g., at the top and bottom) as illustrated inFIG. 3A .Additional rebar rods 303 extend through each of theweb portions 123 such that therebar rods 306 hook around at least one of thehorizontal rebar rods 309 within thefront face portion 103 and extend vertically within thefront face portion 103 as illustrated inFIG. 3B . In some embodiments, therebar rods 303 in theweb portions 123 are formed in a C-shape, which extends from the rear of theweb portions 123 into thefront face portion 103, with the opening of the C-shape within thefront face portion 103. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3A-3B , rebar rods extend horizontally through therear panel portion 143 into theweb portions 123. The horizontal rebar rods in therear panel portion 143 may be extensions ofbars 303 or may be separate rebar rods.Vertical rebar rods 306 may be included in the ends of theweb portions 123 and/or adjacent to thevertical slot 146 in therear panel portion 143 to provide additional reinforcing at stress points. In other embodiments, additional rebar rods and/or shapes may be utilized. - With reference to
FIGS. 4A-4B , shown are exemplaryprecast wall systems modular blocks 100. In some embodiments, the precast wall systems may include blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations. Eachmodular block 100 may be configured so as to mate with at least one othermodular block 100 when the blocks are stacked atop one another to form amodular retaining wall 400 as illustrated inFIG. 5 . This mating restricts relative movement between vertically adjacentmodular blocks 100 in at least one horizontal direction and allows adjacent courses ofblocks 100 to be aligned with one another. To provide for this mating, themodular blocks 100 can include locking means that secure theblocks 100 together to further increase wall stability. - Referring back to the exemplary embodiment of
FIGS. 1A-1E , the locking means may be provided on one ormore web portions 109 by aligningelements 136 such as, but not limited to, tabs or nodes that extend from the bottom of theprotrusions 129. The aligningelements 136 ofFIGS. 1A-1E extend along the bottom of theprotrusions 129 from therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103 towards the rear of theweb portion 123 to form analignment seat 139. The aligningelements 136 may extend rearward along a portion of the substantiallytriangular protrusion 129 or along the entire length of the substantiallytriangular protrusion 129. When stacked atop one ormore blocks 100, thealignment seat 139 is positioned atop thevertical center portion 126 of aweb portion 123 of a block in the lower course. The front of the aligningelements 136 is aligned with therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103 to allow themodular blocks 100 to be properly located withmodular blocks 100 in the lower course and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course. An aligningelement 136 extends along each side of thevertical center portion 126 to align theblock 100 and limit lateral movement of theblock 100. In one embodiment, the aligningelements 136 are tabs having a height of about 1.5 inches and a depth of about 6 inches. Alternatively, the height may be about 2 inches. Various tab widths and depths can be provided to allow alignment with the top of aweb portion 123 in the lower course. Themodular blocks 100 in the bottom course may not include alignment seats 139 (e.g., formed by aligning elements 136) to facilitate leveling. - As illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 6A-6B,
drainage materials rear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103 between theweb portions 123.Drainage materials 430/630 include, but are not limited to, filter fabric and prefabricated plastic drainage board. -
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplaryprecast wall system 700 including six courses ofblocks 100. In the embodiment ofFIG. 7 , the depth of theweb portions 123 is increased for the lower courses for overall structure stability and to resist soil and surcharge loads. The additional depth, when combined with thetriangular protrusions 123, provides added stabilization and support for the wall system. Other groupings may be utilized in other embodiments (e.g., different web depths for each course or groups of three as inFIG. 10 ). - The
web portions 123 of each course extend back into the earth to create a gravity system to resist overturning and sliding of the precast wall system. Stone and/orsoil 803 can be deposited between the web portions to provide additional downward force on theweb portions 123 of themodular block 100 to resist overturning or sliding. Referring now to themodular block 100 ofFIG. 8 , the substantiallytriangular protrusions 129 are obliged at opposing sides of thevertical center portion 126 to create an arch of the stone and/orsoil 803 placed between theweb portions 123, which creates a downward force on theweb portions 123 of themodular block 100 to resist movement of theblock 100 from its stationary position, therein creating a stable mass to resist overturning and sliding. In some embodiments, theweb portions 123 may be extended beyond therear panel portion 143, as illustrated inFIGS. 11A-11B , to provide additional stability to the wall system. For example, theweb portions 1103 extending rearward beyond therear panel portion 143 ofmodular block 1110 ofFIG. 11A may extend to a depth of about 60 inches while theweb portions 1103 extending rearward beyond therear panel portion 143 ofmodular block 1120 ofFIG. 11B may extend to a depth of about 96 inches. -
FIG. 9 illustrates a soil nail connection that may also be utilized to connect amodular block 100 of a precast wall system to a cut face of earth behind the wall system. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 9 , ananchor bar 906, such as a threaded bar, extends into themodular block 100 through the vertical slot, and is secured by a fastener, e.g., a nut 916, washer 919, and/orplate 909, to a soil nail bar or earth anchor that has been fixed in the cut face of the earth behind the wall system. In other embodiments, theanchor bar 906 may include other securing means such as, but not limited to, a pin and washer combination or a bolt head. In some embodiments, theanchor bar 906 may include a plurality of sections that are coupled together to provide the desired length.FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating aprecast wall system 1300 including theanchor bar 906 extending into the earth behind thewall system 1300. As depicted, theanchor bar 906 extends rearward from thevertical slot 146 of therear panel portion 143. - Referring back to the exemplary
precast wall system 700 ofFIG. 7 , the front of the aligningelements 136 are seated against therear surface 109 of thefront face portion 103 to align thefront face 106 of ablock 100 in an upper course with thefront face 106 of ablock 100 in a lower course. In some embodiments, interlocking means such as, but not limited to, a rebar rod may be placed in channels or recesses ofadjacent blocks 100 to provide additional horizontal alignment and stability. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 7 , theprecast wall system 700 includes acap unit 703 placed on the top course ofmodular blocks 100. In one embodiment, thecap unit 703 includes one or more alignment seats on a bottom surface. In other embodiments, thecap unit 703 may not include alignment seats on the bottom surface. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 10 , one or more modular blocks in the top course of theprecast wall system 1000 includes atraffic barrier 1003. In one embodiment, thetraffic barrier 1003 is connected to the modular block, e.g., to theweb portions 123. Alternatively, the modular block may be fabricated with thetraffic barrier 1003 may be integrated into the modular block. For example, the modular block/traffic barrier may be fabricated with reinforcing rods (rebar) 1006 extending through thetraffic barrier 1003 into theweb portions 123. This allows for the elimination of a typical moment slab for the traffic barrier. The modular block helps to prevent tipping of thetraffic barrier 1003 when impacted (e.g., by a moving vehicle). - In the embodiment of
FIGS. 1A-1E as well as an additional embodiment as illustrated inFIGS. 15A-15E , the modular retaining wall system transfers the backfill load to the skeletal system of the blocks to act together as a “gravity” system to resist earth and surcharge pressure. - Another embodiment of a precast wall system modular block will now be described with reference to
FIGS. 15A-15E . Shown is an exemplary embodiment of amodular block 1500 including a horizontally-oriented, rectangularfront face portion 1503 including afront surface 1506, arear surface 1509, atop surface 1513, and abottom surface 1516. Other embodiments can include, but are not limited to, vertically oriented rectangular front face portions and/or front face portions of different dimensions. Thefront face portion 1503 may include afront surface 1506 that is sculptured or textured as illustrated inFIG. 15A . A mold liner is used to produce the desired texture of thefront face portion 1506. - In a specific embodiment, among other possible embodiments, the
front face portion 1503 ofmodular block 1500 has a height of about 48 inches, a width of about 96 inches, and a thickness that varies from the outside of 4 inches to the inside of 8 inches. - In another specific embodiment, the
front face portion 1503 has a height of about 18 inches, a width of about 36 inches, and a thickness that varies between 2 inches and 5 inches. - The
modular block 1500 also includes one ormore web portions 1523 extending from therear surface 1509 of thefront face portion 1503. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 15A-15E , asingle web portion 1523 extends from therear surface 1509 of thefront face portion 1503. In one embodiment, the web portion(s) 1523 extends from (or beyond) therear surface 1509 to a depth of about 64 inches. If the thickness of thefront face portion 1503 is about 8 inches, the overall depth of the exemplarymodular block 1500 is about 72 inches. In other embodiments (as illustrated inFIG. 21 ), the extension depth of theweb portion 1523 can vary. - The
web portion 1523 includes avertical center portion 1526 that extends from thetop surface 1513 to thebottom surface 1516 of thefront face portion 1503.Protrusions 1529 extend from the lower sides of thevertical center portion 1526. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 15A-15E , theprotrusions 1529 are substantially triangular. The substantiallytriangular protrusions 1529 may extend rearward along at least a portion of theweb portion 1523. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 15A-15E , the substantiallytriangular protrusion 1529 along both sides of the outer surface of theweb portion 1523 extends the entire length of theweb portion 1523. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 15A-15E , thevertical center portion 1526 has a thickness of about 5 inches and the substantiallytriangular protrusions 1529 extend from the sides of thevertical center portion 1526 about 9 inches. Alternatively, thevertical center portion 1526 may have a thickness of about 3 inches and the substantiallytriangular protrusions 1529 extend from the sides of thevertical center portion 1526 about 6 inches. -
Web portion 1523 may also include one or more lifting and/orattachment holes 1533, such as illustrated in the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS. 15A-15E . The lifting holes 1533 may be positioned in a centroid position to maintain the modular block in a level orientation when raised and during installation. This location of the lifting holes 1533 also allows for pivoting of the block. - With reference to
FIG. 16 , shown is an exemplaryprecast wall system 1610 in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. Theprecast wall system 1610 includes a plurality of courses ofmodular blocks 1500. In some embodiments, theprecast wall system 1610 may includeblocks 1500 of different sizes, shapes, and orientations. Eachmodular block 1500 may be configured so as to mate with at least one othermodular block 1500 when the blocks are stacked atop one another to form themodular retaining wall 1610 as illustrated inFIG. 17 . This mating restricts relative movement between vertically adjacentmodular blocks 1500 in at least one horizontal direction. To provide for this mating, themodular blocks 1500 can include locking means that secure theblocks 1500 together to further increase wall stability. - Referring back to the exemplary embodiment of
FIGS. 15A-15E , the locking means may be provided onweb portions 1509 by aligningelements 1536 such as, but not limited to, tabs or nodes that extend from the bottom of theprotrusions 1529. The aligningelements 1536 ofFIGS. 15A-15E extend along the bottom of theprotrusions 1529 from therear surface 1509 of thefront face portion 1503 towards the rear of theweb portion 1523 to form analignment seat 1539. The aligningelements 1536 may extend rearward along a portion of the substantiallytriangular protrusion 1529 or along the entire length of the substantiallytriangular protrusion 1529. When stacked atop one ormore blocks 1500, thealignment seat 1539 is positioned atop thevertical center portion 1526 of aweb portion 1523 of a block in the lower course. The front of the aligningelements 1536 is aligned with therear surface 1509 of thefront face portion 1503 to allow themodular blocks 1500 to be properly located withmodular blocks 1500 in the lower course and to provide resistance to shear forces from course to course. An aligningelement 1536 extends along each side of thevertical center portion 1526 to align theblock 1500 and limit lateral movement of theblock 1500. In one embodiment, the aligningelements 1536 are tabs having a height of about 5 inches and a depth of about 10 inches. Alternatively, the height may be about 3 inches. Various tab widths and depths can be provided to allow alignment with the top of aweb portion 1523 in the lower course. Themodular blocks 1500 in the bottom course may lock behind the leveling pad 1804 (e.g., formed by aligning elements 1536). -
FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplaryprecast wall system 2100 including three courses ofblocks 1500. In the embodiment ofFIG. 21 , the depth of theweb portions 1523 is increased for the lower courses for overall structure stability and to resist soil and surcharge loads. The additional depth, when combined with thetriangular protrusions 1529, provides added stabilization and support for the wall system. Other groupings may be utilized in other embodiments (e.g., different web depths for each course as inFIG. 21 ). - The
web portions 1523 of each course extend back into the earth to create a gravity system to resist overturning and sliding of the precast wall system. Stone and/or soil 1903 (as illustrated inFIG. 19 ) can be deposited on and between the web portions to provide additional downward force on theweb portions 1523 of themodular block 1500 to resist overturning or sliding. Referring now to themodular block 1500 ofFIG. 19 , the substantiallytriangular protrusions 1529 are obliged at opposing sides of thevertical center portion 1526 to create an arch of the stone and/orsoil 1903 placed between theweb portions 1523, which creates a downward force on theweb portions 1523 of themodular block 1500 to resist movement of theblock 1500 from its stationary position, therein creating a stable mass to resist overturning and sliding. -
FIGS. 20A-20D illustrate a soil nail or earth anchor connection that may also be utilized to connect amodular block 1500 of aprecast wall system 1610 to a cut face of earth behind thewall system 1610. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS. 20A-20D , ananchor bar 2006, such as a threaded bar, extends between themodular blocks 1500 and is secured by a concrete, poured-in-place reinforced beam, or beamed connection. The reinforced concrete beam is shown in phantom lines inFIGS. 20A-20D . The beam is poured through openings that are defined in theweb portion 1523 to provide direct contact to the modular block wall blocks 1500. Preferably, the poured in place concrete encapsulates the nut, washer, and soil nail or earth anchor to provide corrosion protection. The soil nail bar, or earth anchor, has been fixed in the cut face of the earth behind the wall system. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 18 , theprecast wall system 1800 includes acap unit 1803 placed on the top course ofmodular blocks 1500. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 21 , one or moremodular blocks 1500 in the top course of theprecast wall system 2100 includes a traffic barrier 2103. In one embodiment, the traffic barrier 2103 is connected to themodular block 1500, e.g., to theweb portions 1523. The modular block helps to prevent tipping of the traffic barrier 2103 when impacted (e.g., by a moving vehicle). - It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.
Claims (20)
1. A retaining wall, comprising:
a precast retaining wall block comprising an opening defined by interior walls of the precast retaining wall block and extending from a top surface and a bottom surface of the precast retaining wall block; and
a geogrid material that wraps around a rear panel portion of the precast retaining wall block, a first end of the geogrid material and a second end of the geogrid material extending outwardly from the precast retaining wall block and embedded in an earth material for support.
2. The retaining wall of claim 1 , wherein the interior walls of the precast retaining wall block comprise a front face portion, a first web portion, a second web portion, and the rear panel portion.
3. The retaining wall of claim 2 , wherein the first web portion and the second web portion of the precast retaining wall block are adjacent to the front face portion and extend outwardly from a rear surface of the front face portion.
4. The retaining wall of claim 2 , wherein the first web portion and the second web portion each comprise a respective vertical center portion extending from the top surface to the bottom surface of the precast retaining wall block.
5. The retaining wall of claim 4 , further comprising at least one bottom protrusion extending outwardly from a lower portion of the respective vertical center portion.
6. The retaining wall of claim 2 , wherein the precast retaining wall block further comprises;
a first anchor bar extending within the front face portion between a left side and a right side of the front face portion; and
a second anchor bar extending through a second opening of the rear panel portion that is configured to hook around the first anchor bar.
7. The retaining wall of claim 2 , wherein the precast retaining wall block is a first precast retaining wall block of a plurality of precast retaining wall blocks, and further comprising a second precast retaining wall block adjacent to the first precast retaining wall block.
8. The retaining wall of claim 7 , further comprising a drainage material on a rear surface of the front face portion of both the first precast retaining wall block and the second retaining wall block between the first web portion of the first precast retaining wall block and the second web portion for the second precast retaining wall block.
9. The retaining wall of claim 1 , wherein the rear panel portion comprises a second opening extending from an interior wall of the rear panel portion to an outer wall of the rear panel portion.
10. The retaining wall of claim 1 , wherein the retaining wall comprises a plurality of precast retaining wall blocks, individual ones of the plurality of precast retaining wall blocks having a respective geogrid material wrapped around a respective rear panel portion of a respective retaining wall block.
11. A precast retaining wall system comprising:
a first course comprising a first precast retaining wall block; and
a second course comprising a second precast retaining wall block, the second course being on top of the first course;
the first precast retaining wall block and the second precast retaining wall block each comprising:
a front face portion comprising a front surface, a rear surface, a top surface, and a bottom surface;
at least two web portions adjacent to the front face portion and extending outwardly from the rear surface of the front face portion;
a rear panel portion extending between the at least two web portions;
a opening defined by interior walls of the front face portion, the at least two web portions, and the rear panel portion; and
a geogrid material having a planar elongated body with a first part, a second part, and a third part, the first part and the second part extending outwardly from the rear panel portion and embedded in an earth material, and the third part connecting the first part and the second part and extending through the opening.
12. The precast retaining wall system of claim 11 , wherein the at least two web portions extend beyond the rear panel portion of the respective precast retaining wall block.
13. The precast retaining wall system of claim 11 , wherein the second precast retaining wall block further comprises a soil nail connection extending through a second opening of the rear panel portion and secured in the earth material.
14. The precast retaining wall system of claim 11 , further comprising a traffic barrier coupled to the first course or the second course.
15. The precast retaining wall system of claim 11 , further comprising an earth anchor connecting a beamed connection to material behind the precast retaining wall system.
16. A precast retaining wall block comprising:
a front face portion comprising a front surface, a rear surface, a top surface, and a bottom surface;
at least two web portions adjacent to the rear surface of the front face portion and extending outwardly from the rear surface;
a rear panel portion extending between the at least two web portions; and
a geogrid material wrapped around at least a portion of the rear panel portion and extending outwardly from the rear panel portion,
the precast retaining wall block being configured for assembly into a retaining wall comprising a plurality of stacked rows of at least a plurality of precast retaining wall blocks.
17. The precast retaining wall block of claim 16 , wherein the at least two web portions comprise a plurality of bottom protrusions and a vertical center portion extending from the top surface to the bottom surface of the front face portion.
18. The precast retaining wall block of claim 16 , wherein at least a portion of the geogrid material is embedded in an earth material.
19. The precast retaining wall block of claim 16 , further comprising a first reinforcing bar extending within the front face portion between a left side and a right side of the front face portion.
20. The precast retaining wall block of claim 16 , wherein the rear panel portion further comprises an opening extending from an interior wall of the rear panel portion through an exterior wall of the rear panel portion, and further comprising an anchor connection extending through the opening of the rear panel portion and configured to be secured in an earth material behind the precast retaining wall block.
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20130149033A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
US8684635B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
US20110318100A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
US8388258B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 |
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