US20140050857A1 - Method for manufacture and structure of multiple electrochemistries and energy gathering components within a unified structure - Google Patents
Method for manufacture and structure of multiple electrochemistries and energy gathering components within a unified structure Download PDFInfo
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- US20140050857A1 US20140050857A1 US14/060,387 US201314060387A US2014050857A1 US 20140050857 A1 US20140050857 A1 US 20140050857A1 US 201314060387 A US201314060387 A US 201314060387A US 2014050857 A1 US2014050857 A1 US 2014050857A1
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- electrochemical cells
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 claims 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004518 low pressure chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004549 pulsed laser deposition Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 241000283070 Equus zebra Species 0.000 claims 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel zinc Chemical compound [Ni].[Zn] QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- BSWGGJHLVUUXTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Ag] BSWGGJHLVUUXTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims 1
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aluminum nitride Chemical compound [Al]#N PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;manganese(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn].[Mn+3] CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru]=O Chemical class [Ru]=O ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001746 electroactive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
A method for using an integrated battery and device structure includes using two or more stacked electrochemical cells integrated with each other formed overlying a surface of a substrate. The two or more stacked electrochemical cells include related two or more different electrochemistries with one or more devices formed using one or more sequential deposition processes. The one or more devices are integrated with the two or more stacked electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure as a unified structure overlying the surface of the substrate. The one or more stacked electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as the unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes. The integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more stacked electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other.
Description
- This present application claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/465,243 filed on May 7, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,169 filed on Nov. 6, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/112,707 filed on Nov. 7, 2008, entitled “Method for manufacture and structure of multiple electrochemistries and energy gathering components within a unified structure,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
- According to the present invention, techniques related to energy devices are provided. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to methods to design, manufacture, and structure a multi-component energy device having a unified structure. The individual components can include electrochemical cells, photovoltaic cells, fuel-cells, capacitors, ultracapacitors, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, micro electromechanical turbines, or energy scavengers. The methods and systems described herein are also applicable to a variety of energy systems.
- According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for using an integrated battery and device structure is provided. The method includes using two or more stacked electrochemical cells integrated with each other formed overlying a surface of a substrate. The two or more stacked electrochemical cells include related two or more different electrochemistries with one or more devices formed using one or more sequential deposition processes. The one or more devices are integrated with the two or more stacked electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure as a unified structure overlying the surface of the substrate. The one or more stacked electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as the unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes. The integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more stacked electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other.
- Numerous benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. For example, electrochemical cells described herein present multiple chemistries to accommodate a wider range of voltage and current compared to individual ones. Additionally, energy-scavenging elements are utilized to collect energy and replenish it to other components within the unified structure. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These and other benefits will be described in more detail throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
- These and other objects and features of the present invention and the manner of obtaining them will become apparent to those skilled in the art, and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1—Simplified cross-sectional view of a unified structure including an integrated silicon (Si) solar cell and a thin film battery.
- FIG. 2—Simplified cross-sectional view of a unified structure including two integrated thin film batteries having different chemistry.
- FIG. 3—Simplified cross-sectional view of a unified structure including an integrated hydrogen/oxygen fuel-cell and a thin film battery.
- FIG. 4—Simplified cross sectional view of a unified structure including an integrated ultra-capacitor and a thin film battery.
- A Unified structure including a silicon (Si) solar cell and a thin film battery and their manufacturing method.
- Preparing a stacked cell on the back surface of a silicon (Si) solar cell as shown in
FIG. 1 can be achieved by forming the cell components using physical vapor deposition. A solar cell exploiting p-type silicon is constructed using traditional Si wafers (Czochralski method). After forming a p-n junction by diffusing phosphorous (P) into the wafer, an aluminum (Al) back contact is created (metal back contact inFIG. 1 ), onto the p+ doped region (lower side) of the silicon wafer, using physical vapor deposition. The aluminum layer is grown to a thickness of 1-2 μm. - After the back metal contact is created, a separation layer of electrically insulating and thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN), having a thickness of 3-5 μm, is fabricated onto the aluminum layer using PVD. This layer has the function of removing heat from the two elements and convey it to a heat sink.
- After the cooling element is completed, the battery components are deposited sequentially and conformally by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process: an aluminum (Al) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode layer (3-5 μm thick), a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LIPON) ceramic electrolyte layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium (Li) metal anode layer (3-5 μm thick), and a copper (Cu) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), respectively.
- A Unified structure including two thin film batteries having different chemistry and their manufacturing method.
- Two stacked cells having different electrochemistries are fabricated onto each other by using physical vapor deposition as reported in
FIG. 2 . - The first battery components are deposited using a PVD process onto an aluminum (Al) metal film used as cathode current collector: a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathode layer (3-5 μm thick), a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LIPON) ceramic electrolyte layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium (Li) metal anode layer (3-5 μm thick) and a copper (Cu) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), respectively.
- After the copper (Cu) metal current collector is created, a separation layer of electrically insulating and thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN), having a thickness of 3-5 μm, is fabricated onto the copper layer using PVD. This layer has the function of removing heat from the two elements and convey it to a heat sink.
- After the cooling element is completed, the second battery components are deposited sequentially and conformally by a PVD process: an aluminum (Al) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode layer (3-5 μm thick), a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LIPON) ceramic electrolyte layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium (Li) metal anode layer (3-5 μm thick) and a copper (Cu) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), respectively.
- A Unified structure including a fuel-cell and a thin film battery and their manufacturing method.
- Preparing a stacked cell on the back surface of a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell as shown in
FIG. 3 can be achieved by forming the cell components using physical vapor deposition (PVD). A PEM fuel-cell exploiting proton exchange membranes with high proton conductivity, employing perfluorosulfonate ionomers electrolytes such as Nafion®, is constructed using traditional sol-gel methods for fabricating the membrane and wet slurry for the electrodes. - After assembly of the fuel-cell a separation layer of electrically insulating and thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN), having a thickness of 3-5 μm, is fabricated onto the fuel-cell current collector using PVD. This layer has the function of removing heat from the two elements and conveying it to a heat sink.
- After the cooling element is completed, the battery components are deposited sequentially and conformally by a PVD process. Respectively an aluminum (Al) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode layer (3-5 lam thick), a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LIPON) ceramic electrolyte layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium (Li) metal anode layer (3-5 μm thick) and a copper (Cu) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick).
- A Unified structure including an ultra-capacitor and a thin film battery and their manufacturing method.
- Preparing a stacked cell on the back surface of an electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC), which is also known as an ultra-capacitor) as shown in
FIG. 3 can be achieved by forming the cell components using PVD. In such a hybrid system, the battery provides high energy density while the EDLC enables high power capability in the system. - EDLCs describe a class of energy-storage devices that incorporate active materials including high-surface-area carbons (activated carbons), electroactive polymers, transition metal oxides and nitrides. The separation materials include advanced dielectrics, conventional and advanced polymer electrolytes and ionic conducting materials. Electrodes arrangement can be symmetric or anti-symmetric. In
FIG. 4 an anti-symmetric electrode arrangement is presented for the device electrodes. The electrodes of the capacitor can be formed by high-surface-area materials such as activated carbon of high capacitance redox-active materials such as metal oxides (e.g. hydrous ruthenium oxides, RuO2·0.5H2O) prepared by sol-gel methods with capacitance up to 700 F/g. Using anti-symmetric electrodes and different anode and cathode materials resulting in higher working voltages enhances the energy-storage capability of this element. - After assembly of the ultra-capacitor a separation layer of electrically insulating and thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN), having a thickness of 3-5 μm, is fabricated onto the dielectric material layer using PVD. This layer has the function of removing heat from the two elements and conveying it to a heat sink.
- After the cooling element is completed, the battery components are deposited sequentially and conformally by a PVD process: an aluminum (Al) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode layer (3-5 μm thick), a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LIPON) ceramic electrolyte layer (1-3 μm thick), a lithium (Li) metal anode layer (3-5 μm thick) and a copper (Cu) current collector layer (1-3 μm thick), respectively.
- It is also understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (21)
1-16. (canceled)
17. A method for using an integrated battery and device structure, the method comprising:
providing two or more stacked electrochemical cells integrated with each other formed overlying a surface of a substrate, the two or more stacked electrochemical cells comprising related two or more different electrochemistries; and
performing one or more sequential deposition processes in forming one or more devices integrally with the two or more stacked electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure as a unified structure overlying the surface of the substrate;
whereupon the one or more stacked electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as the unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes; and
wherein the integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more stacked electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other; and
using the integrated battery and device structure in an energy system.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more sequential deposition processes is one of at least evaporation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD), electroplating, atomic layer deposition (ALD), direct laser writing (DLW), sputtering, radio frequency magnetron sputtering, microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), nanoimprint, ion implantation, laser ablation, spray deposition, spray pyrolysis, spray coating, plasma spraying, sol/gel dipping spinning or sintering.
19. A method for using an integrated battery and device structure, the method comprising:
forming, using physical vapor deposition processes using one or more sequential deposition processes, two or more electrochemical cells integrated with each other overlying a surface of a substrate, the two or more electrochemical cells comprising related two or more different electrochemistries, the two or more electrochemical cells being two or more different electrochemistries in a stacked configuration; and
forming one or more devices integrally with the two or more electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure overlying the surface of the substrate, wherein the integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other;
wherein the one or more electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as a unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes that forms the unified structure;
wherein the two or more electrochemical cells are configured as the stack in series and/or in parallel; and
using the integrated battery and device structure in an energy system.
20. The method of claim 3 further comprising a separation region configured for heat transfer provided between the two or more electrochemical cells.
21. The method of claim 4 wherein the separation region configured for thermal transfer is formed from at least diamond (C), poly-diamond (poly-C), alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or silicon carbide.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein the two or more electrochemistries selected from at least lithium (Li), lithium-ion, lithium-metal-polymer (LiM-polymer), lithium (Li)-air, lead (Pb)-acid, nickel metal hydrate (Ni/MH), nickel-zinc (Ni/Zn), zinc (Zn)-air, molten salts (Na/NiCl.sub.2), zebra (NaAlCl.sub.4), nickel-cadmium (Ni/Cd), silver-zinc (Ag/Zn).
23. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensing element.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises one or more fuel-cells.
25. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises one or more photovoltaics.
26. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises one or more capacitors.
27. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises one or more ultracapacitors.
28. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a hybrid combination of units selected from the group consisting of electrochemical cells, fuel-cells, photovoltaic cells, capacitors, ultracapacitors, piezoelectric, thermo-electric, microelectromechanical turbines and energy scavengers.
29. The method of claim 1 further comprising a monitoring device consisting of a data BUS in logic contact and communication with the one or more devices and a central computing and processing unit (CPU), the CPU having control over one or more individual elements.
30. The method of claim 13 wherein the monitoring device is configured to detect temperature T.
31. The method of claim 13 wherein the monitoring device is configured to detect stress within one or more components.
32. The method of claim 13 wherein the monitoring device is configured to detect gas and gaseous reaction by products from operation at least either the one or more electrochemical cells or one or more devices.
33. The method of claim 13 wherein the monitoring device is configured to detect lithium composition and a transition through an anode and a cathode separation layer.
34. The method of claim 1 further comprising one or more monitoring devices to maintain a safe operation of the two or more electrochemical cells or the one or more devices.
35. The method of claim 1 further comprising a cooling system consisting of liquid coolant or liquefied gases activated if temperature rises above a set threshold, the cooling system being in thermal contact with heat sinks designed to remove thermal energy using one or more conducting paths.
36. The method of claim 1 wherein the two or more electrochemical cells is configured using hybrid principles applied to optimize device architecture, schedule, energy and power density along with rechargeability and lifetime.
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WO2010054209A1 (en) | 2010-05-14 |
JP2012508446A (en) | 2012-04-05 |
CN105206791A (en) | 2015-12-30 |
JP5827565B2 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
MY178945A (en) | 2020-10-23 |
KR101865644B1 (en) | 2018-06-08 |
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KR20110091757A (en) | 2011-08-12 |
EP2364507A1 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
CN102210023A (en) | 2011-10-05 |
EP2364507A4 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
EP2364507B1 (en) | 2021-07-28 |
CN102210023B (en) | 2015-09-30 |
US11539070B2 (en) | 2022-12-27 |
US8192789B2 (en) | 2012-06-05 |
US20120219830A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
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