US20130059497A1 - Multilayered Composite - Google Patents
Multilayered Composite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130059497A1 US20130059497A1 US13/564,925 US201213564925A US2013059497A1 US 20130059497 A1 US20130059497 A1 US 20130059497A1 US 201213564925 A US201213564925 A US 201213564925A US 2013059497 A1 US2013059497 A1 US 2013059497A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- eptfe
- composite structure
- ptfe
- nanofibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/12—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
- A61L31/125—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix
- A61L31/129—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix containing macromolecular fillers
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- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/146—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
- B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
- B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
- B32B27/322—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins comprising halogenated polyolefins, e.g. PTFE
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2240/00—Manufacturing or designing of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2240/001—Designing or manufacturing processes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
- A61F2250/0067—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L2400/12—Nanosized materials, e.g. nanofibres, nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes; Nanostructured surfaces
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L2400/18—Modification of implant surfaces in order to improve biocompatibility, cell growth, fixation of biomolecules, e.g. plasma treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/02—Types of fibres, filaments or particles, self-supporting or supported materials
- B01D2239/025—Types of fibres, filaments or particles, self-supporting or supported materials comprising nanofibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
- B01D2239/0604—Arrangement of the fibres in the filtering material
- B01D2239/0631—Electro-spun
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/03—3 layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/20—All layers being fibrous or filamentary
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/24—All layers being polymeric
- B32B2250/242—All polymers belonging to those covered by group B32B27/32
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
- B32B2262/0253—Polyolefin fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/02—Organic
- B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
- B32B2266/025—Polyolefin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2535/00—Medical equipment, e.g. bandage, prostheses, catheter
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D10B2321/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons
- D10B2321/042—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons polymers of fluorinated hydrocarbons, e.g. polytetrafluoroethene [PTFE]
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2509/00—Medical; Hygiene
- D10B2509/06—Vascular grafts; stents
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31544—Addition polymer is perhalogenated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
- Y10T442/66—Additional nonwoven fabric is a spun-bonded fabric
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/674—Nonwoven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
- Y10T442/677—Fluorinated olefin polymer or copolymer sheet or film [e.g., TeflonR, etc.]
Definitions
- Electrostatic spinning of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into continuous fiber allows for the formation of non-woven sheets, tubes, and coatings with potential for multiple other applications and forms.
- the process of electrostatic spinning is well known in the literature and the patenture as represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,158,416; 4,432,916; 4,287,139; 4,143,196; 4,043,331; 4,689,186 and 6,641,773 each of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. While most of these patents pertain to soluble polymers or thermoplastics, none pertain directly to the formation of fibers or mat from virtually insoluble polymers or those that do not flow readily on heating to elevated temperatures.
- a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite includes forming a dispersion of polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, the dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs. Nanofibers from the dispersion are electrospun onto a first ePTFE layer. A second ePTFE layer is applied onto the nanofibers to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
- a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite structure includes electrospinning a dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs and comprising polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, onto a first side of an ePTFE layer.
- the process further includes electrospinning a dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs and comprising polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, onto a second side of the ePTFE layer to form a composite structure.
- the composite structure is heated.
- a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite structure includes forming a dispersion of polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, the dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs. Nanofibers from the dispersion are electrospun onto a first ePTFE layer. A substrate is applied onto the nanofibers to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
- electrospun materials such as PTFE
- ePTFE electrospun materials
- a wide range of electrospun materials when combined in layers with ePTFE membranes and/or other substrates can create composite membrane structures with new and unique properties.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an SEM image of a multilayered composite construction in accordance with the present disclosure
- FIGS. 2-5 illustrate cross-sectional views of different multilayered composites in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the present invention is related to multilayered composites comprising one or more electrospun (also referred to herein as “espin” and/or “espun” and/or “espinning”) membranes attached to one or more expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (also referred to herein as “ePTFE”) membranes.
- the espin membranes can include polytetrafluoroethylene (also referred to herein as “espin PTFE”), however, many other suitable materials can be espun and used in addition to or in combination with such espin PTFE.
- suitable materials that can be espun in accordance with the present disclosure include nylons, polyurethanes (PU), polyesters, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), or the like.
- Polymers that can be placed in a solution have the potential to be espun.
- Polymer particles that can be made into dispersions such as, PTFE, FEP, and the like
- the dispersions espun PTFE must be sintered to develop the desired properties, but many polymers espun from solution develop their properties during spinning and drying. The attachment of the espin layer(s) can occur during sintering.
- the high molecular weight of the polytetrafluoroethylene that is present in the espin PTFE layer and the ePTFE layer melts at the sintering temperatures, but does not flow.
- PTFE present in each of the layers has an opportunity to form physical bonding between adjacent layers. Compression of the layers to force more intimate contact is advantageous.
- the multi-layered composite is particularly useful in medical, industrial, filtration, military and consumer applications.
- a particularly preferred ePTFE is an air permeable expanded membrane.
- a membrane which is exemplary for demonstrating the invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,423 which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Another exemplary membrane is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,152 which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the construction can be a two layer or multiple layer composite of the materials described herein.
- FIG. 2 a cross-section of a multilayer composite in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated.
- the composite includes an ePTFE layer 1 and an espin layer 2 .
- FIG. 1 illustrates an SEM image of such a multilayered composite in which the espin layer is espin PTFE.
- Advantages of such a configuration include an asymmetrical flow structure because pore size can be controlled.
- the presence of the espin material can result in improved adhesion of the composite to subsequent layers.
- the espin material can also result in modification of the ePTFE surface properties.
- FIG. 3 another cross-section of a multilayer composite in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated.
- the composite includes an ePTFE layer 1 , an espin layer 2 , and an ePTFE layer 1 .
- the espin layer 2 is sandwiched between the ePTFE layers 1 .
- Such a configuration allows the mechanical properties of the composite to be modified, as desired. For example, material recovery can be improved after compression.
- the espin material selection can be adjusted to improve bonding properties between layers.
- any espun material that has adhesive potential can act to bond layers together.
- Espun PTFE can act to bond the ePTFE layers together.
- Espun PU can also bond ePTFE layers together.
- espun PTFE must be heated to 385° C. to develop bonding characteristics while materials such as PU can create a bonding situation at much lower temperatures.
- FIG. 4 a cross-sectional view of an espin layer 2 , an ePTFE layer 1 , and an espin layer 2 are illustrated as FIG. 4 .
- the ePTFE layer 1 is sandwiched between the espin layers 2 .
- Advantages of such a construction include modulation of surface properties through the espin layer including a) better adhesion to the composite construction if desired, b) changing the surface functionality of the composite, c) manipulation of cellular in-growth and response, and d) increased porosity for improved ingress of other materials.
- FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of a cross-section of a multilayer composite construction in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the composite includes a substrate layer 3 , an espin layer 2 , and an ePTFE layer 1 .
- the substrate layer can include woven and nonwoven fabrics of natural or man-made fibers, plastic or ceramic membranes, metal, ceramic, and plastic meshes, or the like.
- metal stents are a type of metal mesh.
- Such a construction allows for a structure which has increased robustness and durability, while maintaining porosity, air permeability and other desired properties of porous materials.
- the composite can be thermally or adhesively bonded to other woven or nonwoven porous substrates.
- Such a composite also results in improved pore size distribution and improved durability, which can be very beneficial in filtration applications where debris and particulate are contacting the media surface at high velocities.
- the overall filtration efficiency can be improved as a result of the microstructure of the espin fiber entanglement.
- the electrospun layer is preferably applied directly to the membrane through electrospinning methods understood by those skilled in the art; however, it could also be applied using mechanical nips or lamination as well. These latter techniques include pressing an electrospun layer onto a second material layer and heating to a complimentary temperature. The pressing technique may use a flat press or mechanical nip roller.
- the properties and characteristics are a compilation of both a non-woven and a membrane.
- the composite can be prepared with controlled fiber, node and fibril sizes and manipulated mechanical values such as bond strength, elongation properties and tensile strengths.
- the properties and characteristics of the composite can be a compilation of the individual properties of the substrate layer, espin layer, and the ePTFE layers.
- the composite can be prepared with controlled fiber, node and fibril sizes and manipulated mechanically, such as to improve bond strength, elongation properties and tensile strengths, in the final composite.
- Typical construction of multiple layers may produce thickness ranging from about 0.0001 inches to about 0.25 inches overall thicknesses at widths of about 0.032 inches to about 80 inches.
- the individual layers can have a thickness that varies from about 0.0001 inches to about 0.25 inches.
- Final material size varies greatly as the composites can be produced as sheets or tubes at continuous roll lengths.
- the composite internodal distance (IND) can be about 0.1 to about 200 ⁇ m with porosity ranging from about 20 to 90%.
- Pore structure as defined by ASTM F316, incorporated by reference herein, can range from about 0.05 to about 50 ⁇ m. Due to the construction of the composites, the IND, pore size and porosity can vary from layer to layer, within the cross section of the composite, depending on the construction. An example would be an asymmetrical construction where pores change in size from large to small based on layer evaluations from surface to surface throughout the media.
- the process can require a dispersion or suspension of PTFE solids between about 10 to 85% by weight to aid in the processing of the collected fibrous mat into a form that has sufficient green strength.
- PTFE poly(ethylene glycol)
- other suitable polymers can be utilized for the espin dispersion. If the solid content in the dispersion is too low, there will be no, or poor, mechanical integrity to the resulting material. Second, the selection of the polymer used to increase the viscosity of the solution, suspension or dispersion to be spun must be selected carefully.
- a narrow particle size distribution PTFE powder is provided in an aqueous dispersion.
- the particle size would preferably be about 0.05 to 0.8 ⁇ .
- About 1 to 10 wt % by weight of a fiberizing polymer is added to the volume of PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the fiberizing polymer should have a high solubility in water with a solubility of greater than about 0.5 wt % being preferred. It is preferable that the fiberizing polymer has an ash content of less than about 5 wt %, when sintered at about 400° C., with even lower being more preferred.
- particularly preferred fiberizing polymers can include dextran, alginates, chitosan, guar gum compounds, starch, polyvinylpyridine compounds, cellulosic compounds, cellulose ether, hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polycarboxylates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene imine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polylactic acid, polymethacrylic acid polyitaconic acid, poly 2-hydroxyelthyl acrylate, poly 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide, poly n-isopropylacrylamde, poly 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, poly(methoxyethylene), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl alcohol) 12% acetyl, poly(2,4-dimethyl-6-triazinylethylene), poly(3-morpholinylethylene), poly(N-1,2,4-triazo
- a particularly preferred fiberizing polymer is polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight between about 50,000 to 4,000,000 amu polyethyleneoxide.
- the PTFE and fiberizing polymer dispersion is preferably allowed to homogenize.
- the polymer solution is allowed to form slowly, without agitation, followed by transfer to a jar roller that will turn it at a constant rate for several more days.
- the present disclosure contemplates the use of dispersions of greater than 50,000 cPs to provide for more uniform and consistent fiber formation as well as faster builds. It is preferred to create a uniform solution that has little to no air trapped in the resulting highly viscous mixture.
- the dispersion is of uniform consistency it is preferably filtered to remove any clumps or gels. The filtered dispersion with the desired viscosity is then loaded, in a controlled pumping device with a fixed conductive element which acts as the charge source.
- a particularly preferred conductive element is one with one or several orifices.
- the orifice size is preferably, but not limited to, about 0.01 to 3.0 mm in diameter.
- the ejection volume from the pumping device is set to a predetermined rate that is dependent on the form being made and the desired fiber diameters.
- the charge source is preferably connected to the positive side of a precision DC power supply.
- the negative side of the power supply is preferably connected to the collection surface or target. The polarity can be reversed but this is not preferred.
- the surface can be a drum, device or sheet.
- the surface can be a metal, ceramic or polymeric material with particularly preferred materials selected from stainless steel, cobalt chrome, nickel titanium (nitinol) and magnesium alloys.
- the voltage on the power supply is increased to the desired voltage to uniformly draw out the polymer/PTFE solution.
- the applied voltage is typically from about 2,000 to 80,000 volts.
- the charge induced by the connection of the power supply repels the charged polymer away from the charge source and attracts them to the collection surface.
- the collection target is preferably placed perpendicular to the pump and orifice system and is moved in at least one direction such that the entire surface is uniformly covered, with the fibers drawn towards the target.
- the material is preferably cured, sintered, and dried (which can occur simultaneously or in a series of steps), either in place, by placing the entire collection surface in an oven, or by removing the sheet tube or other form from the collection surface and sintering it in an oven.
- the fiber and fabrics can be spun onto an expanded structure.
- the structure can then be removed or contracted.
- the fabric shrinks to a smaller size without cracking.
- Another method involves spinning the fibers and fabrics onto a structure which can then be expanded and/or contracted prior to or during sintering.
- the range of contraction or expansion and contraction is on the order of about 3 to 100% and depends upon the thickness and size of the electrodeposited fabric.
- the espin layer can be placed upon a surface which also contracts during sintering.
- contraction or expansion/contraction must occur in at least one or more of the directions in the plane of the fabric.
- a fabric deposited upon a cylindrical surface the fabric must be contracted or contracted/expanded radially and/or longitudinally.
- a spherical surface the fabric must be contracted or contracted/expanded radially.
- the espin layer is preferably fibrous.
- Particularly preferred espin fibers have a diameter of at least 0.1 g.
- the product, after sintering, has fibers deposited in a density such there is a range of distances of 0.1 to 50 ⁇ between points of contact.
- the viscosity of the dispersion may be changed by the addition or removal of water from the dispersion without changing the PEO to PTFE ratio.
- a radially expanded ePTFE tube or biaxial oriented sheet is placed over a round or flat base plate to form a desired geometric shape.
- the espin polymer layer is applied at a desired thickness, typically about 0.5 to 1000 ⁇ m, onto the ePTFE or onto a surface which is then mated to the ePTFE membrane, resulting in a composite structure.
- espin coating is applied wet to the ePTFE, it is allowed to dry before moving to the next process. However, if it is processed as a single espin sheet and has dried, it will be mated to the oriented porous ePTFE layer. The mating process between the materials can be repeated multiple times until a desired multilayered composite structure is created.
- the ePTFE/espin composite is then covered with a non-sticking release foil.
- the composite construction is placed in an oven at temperatures of about 35° C. to about 485° C. to allow all materials to bond together.
- the bonding temperature selection is based on material selection.
- An 80 g thick stainless steel (SS) sheet 46 cm ⁇ 36 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum.
- the drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- a traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec.
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the SS sheet.
- a voltage of 10.0 kV was employed.
- PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 60 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 40 ⁇ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers.
- the sheet containing the PTFE membrane was removed from the drum and dried overnight.
- IND intermodal distance
- the SS sheet holding the dried espin PTFE membrane was then directly positioned over the SS sheet holding the ePTFE membrane and the two sheets brought together such that the ePTFE and espin PTFE membranes were in intimate contact.
- the SS foil/ePTFE/espin PTFE/SS foil structure was then wrapped onto a 3′′ ID stainless steel tube to create the assembly.
- the entire assembly was then wrapped in unsintered 40 ⁇ thick ePTFE membrane with 5 wraps tightly applied around the entire assembly. This was then placed in an oven at 385° C. for 15.5 minutes. Sintering temperature and time may vary depending on the composite's thickness and basis weight. After sintering, the assembly was removed from the oven and placed in a cooling air box to cool for 30-60 minutes. After cooling, the ePTFE membrane was unwrapped and a 22 cm ⁇ 28 cm portion was removed from the center of the espin/ePTFE composite.
- Examples 2-6 were made similarly with the modifications from Example 1 and are shown in Table I.
- the major predictor of the Mean Pore Size Diameter is the ePTFE membrane IND.
- the pore size is also affected by the pressure applied on the composite during sintering as shown by comparison of the composite thicknesses of Examples 1 and 4 with greater pressure yielding a smaller pore size.
- the thickness of the espin PTFE layer also has an effect as shown by Examples 1, 2, and 3 with greater thickness yielding a smaller pore size.
- IND intermodal distance
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the SS sheet. A voltage of 9.2 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 240 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 2 ⁇ thick covering of PU fibers. The sheet containing the PTFE/PU composite membrane was removed from the drum and dried overnight.
- Example 8 was made similarly with the modifications from Example 7 shown in Table II. Again a thicker layer of the espin PU resulted in decreased pore size.
- a biaxially (Biax) expanded approximately 10 cm long ePTFE tube with an intermodal distance (IND) of 30 ⁇ , internal diameter (ID) of 4 mm, wall thickness (WT) of 0.4 mm, and porosity of 80.33% was stretched over and centered along a 10 mm exterior diameter (OD) aluminum rod of 35 cm length.
- the tube assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning tube assembly.
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the Biax tube. A voltage of 9.3 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the tube for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 20 ⁇ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers.
- an ePTFE membrane of basis weight 8.426 g/m2 and thickness of 30 ⁇ was wrapped 6 times around the tube assembly.
- the tube assembly was then wrapped in 80 ⁇ thick stainless steel foil followed by being further wrapped 5 times with unsintered 40 ⁇ thick ePTFE membrane applied tightly around the entire assembly.
- the tube assembly was then placed into an oven preheated to 385° C. for 4.0 minutes. After removal from oven, cooling, and unwrapping the composite tube was determined to have a thickness of 0.149 mm.
- a 40 ⁇ thick aluminum foil sheet 46 cm ⁇ 6.2 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum.
- the drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the aluminum foil. A voltage of 18.0 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 80 ⁇ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The aluminum foil containing the PTFE membrane was removed from the drum and dried.
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the espin PTFE/ePTFE assembly. A voltage of 16.0 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the assembly for 15 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 60 ⁇ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The assembly was removed from the drum, dried, and placed onto a fixture. The assembly was then placed upright into an oven preheated to 385° C. for 4.0 minutes.
- a 40 ⁇ thick non stick aluminum foil sheet 43 cm ⁇ 38 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum.
- An approximately 35 cm ⁇ 30 cm ePTFE sheet with a basis weight of 4.997 gsm, thickness of 7 ⁇ , and porosity of 72% was placed over, centered, and affixed onto the aluminum foil.
- the drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- a traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec.
- the return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the ePTFE membrane sheet.
- a voltage of 17.5 kV was employed.
- PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 50 ⁇ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers.
- the aluminum foil sheet containing the ePTFE/espin PTFE composite membrane was then removed from the drum and dried overnight. After drying the green strength was sufficient to allow the removal of the ePTFE/espin PTFE composite membrane from the foil.
- a 5 cm wide section of the composite membrane was wound 3 times around a 5 cm long, 0.5 cm OD porous metal tube with the espin layer in contact with the tube.
- the entire assembly was then placed on a fixture, wrapped in aluminum foil and then wrapped with unsintered 40 ⁇ thick ePTFE membrane tightly applied around the entire assembly.
- the assembly was then placed in an oven at 385° C. for 4 mins. After cooling the composite membrane had good appearance and adherence to the metal tube.
- Type II ePTFE/espin PU Examples Espin ePTFE ePTFE PTFE/ePTFE Mean Membrane Membrane PU Viscosity Espin PU Composite Pore Size Example Thickness IND cPs thickness Thickness Diameter Membrane 0.2968 ⁇ 7 23 ⁇ 2-5 ⁇ 500 2 ⁇ 25 ⁇ 0.2809 ⁇ 8 23 ⁇ 2-5 ⁇ 500 1 ⁇ 24 ⁇ 0.2930 ⁇
- any ranges of values set forth in this specification are to be construed as written description support for claims reciting any sub-ranges having endpoints which are whole number values within the specified range in question.
- a disclosure in this specification of a range of 1-5 shall be considered to support claims to any of the following sub-ranges: 1-4; 1-3; 1-2; 2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and 4-5.
Abstract
In accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite is provided. The process includes forming a dispersion of polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, the dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs. Nanofibers from the dispersion are electrospun onto a first ePTFE layer. A second ePTFE layer is applied onto the nanofibers to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
Description
- The present application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/852,989 having a filing date of Aug. 9, 2010 which is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/232,252 having a filing date of Aug. 7, 2009, which is incorporated by reference herein.
- Electrostatic spinning of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into continuous fiber allows for the formation of non-woven sheets, tubes, and coatings with potential for multiple other applications and forms. The process of electrostatic spinning is well known in the literature and the patenture as represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,158,416; 4,432,916; 4,287,139; 4,143,196; 4,043,331; 4,689,186 and 6,641,773 each of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. While most of these patents pertain to soluble polymers or thermoplastics, none pertain directly to the formation of fibers or mat from virtually insoluble polymers or those that do not flow readily on heating to elevated temperatures. A review of the literature and patenture revealed limited reference to the process whereby a polymer that meets the properties of limited solubility and inability to readily flow upon heating such as PTFE can be formed into a fiber suitable for electrostatic spinning into various structures. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,323,525 and 4,044,404, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, provide information related to processing and electrostatic spinning of PTFE from an aqueous or other dispersion.
- However, such conventional processes have several shortcomings. Such processes describe the use of low viscosity PTFE dispersions (15,000 cPs) which do not result in uniform or consistent fiber formation. Furthermore, such processes describe the use of a grounded spinning head and a charged target. Observation shows various levels of degradation in samples produced by reverse polarity. Conventional processes also fail to accommodate for shrinkage of a mat during sintering.
- Thus, a need exists for processes that address the deficiencies described above. Materials made from such processes would also be particularly beneficial.
- In accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite is provided. The process includes forming a dispersion of polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, the dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs. Nanofibers from the dispersion are electrospun onto a first ePTFE layer. A second ePTFE layer is applied onto the nanofibers to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
- In other embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite structure is disclosed. The process includes electrospinning a dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs and comprising polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, onto a first side of an ePTFE layer. The process further includes electrospinning a dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs and comprising polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, onto a second side of the ePTFE layer to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
- In still other embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for forming a multilayered electrospun composite structure is described. The process includes forming a dispersion of polymeric nanofibers, a fiberizing polymer, and a solvent, the dispersion having a viscosity of at least about 50,000 cPs. Nanofibers from the dispersion are electrospun onto a first ePTFE layer. A substrate is applied onto the nanofibers to form a composite structure. The composite structure is heated.
- Through diligent research the inventors have determined that electrospun materials, such as PTFE, when applied to ePTFE membranes constitutes an additional application, form, and use of electrospun materials. Furthermore, the inventors have determined that a wide range of electrospun materials when combined in layers with ePTFE membranes and/or other substrates can create composite membrane structures with new and unique properties.
- Other features and aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in greater detail below.
- A full and enabling disclosure, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures in which:
-
FIG. 1 illustrates an SEM image of a multilayered composite construction in accordance with the present disclosure; and -
FIGS. 2-5 illustrate cross-sectional views of different multilayered composites in accordance with the present disclosure. - Reference now will be made in detail to various embodiments of the disclosure, one or more examples of which are set forth below. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the disclosure, not limitation of the disclosure. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
- The present invention is related to multilayered composites comprising one or more electrospun (also referred to herein as “espin” and/or “espun” and/or “espinning”) membranes attached to one or more expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (also referred to herein as “ePTFE”) membranes. In certain embodiments, the espin membranes can include polytetrafluoroethylene (also referred to herein as “espin PTFE”), however, many other suitable materials can be espun and used in addition to or in combination with such espin PTFE. For example, other suitable materials that can be espun in accordance with the present disclosure include nylons, polyurethanes (PU), polyesters, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), or the like. Polymers that can be placed in a solution have the potential to be espun. Polymer particles that can be made into dispersions (such as, PTFE, FEP, and the like) also have the potential to be espun. The dispersions (espun PTFE) must be sintered to develop the desired properties, but many polymers espun from solution develop their properties during spinning and drying. The attachment of the espin layer(s) can occur during sintering.
- For example, in certain embodiments the high molecular weight of the polytetrafluoroethylene that is present in the espin PTFE layer and the ePTFE layer melts at the sintering temperatures, but does not flow. Thus, PTFE present in each of the layers has an opportunity to form physical bonding between adjacent layers. Compression of the layers to force more intimate contact is advantageous. The multi-layered composite is particularly useful in medical, industrial, filtration, military and consumer applications.
- A particularly preferred ePTFE is an air permeable expanded membrane. A membrane which is exemplary for demonstrating the invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,423 which is incorporated herein by reference. Another exemplary membrane is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,152 which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Numerous configurations are contemplated in accordance with the present disclosure. For instance, the construction can be a two layer or multiple layer composite of the materials described herein.
- Referring to
FIG. 2 , a cross-section of a multilayer composite in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated. The composite includes anePTFE layer 1 and anespin layer 2.FIG. 1 illustrates an SEM image of such a multilayered composite in which the espin layer is espin PTFE. Advantages of such a configuration include an asymmetrical flow structure because pore size can be controlled. In addition, the presence of the espin material can result in improved adhesion of the composite to subsequent layers. Importantly, the espin material can also result in modification of the ePTFE surface properties. - Turning to
FIG. 3 , another cross-section of a multilayer composite in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated. The composite includes anePTFE layer 1, anespin layer 2, and anePTFE layer 1. Theespin layer 2 is sandwiched between the ePTFE layers 1. Such a configuration allows the mechanical properties of the composite to be modified, as desired. For example, material recovery can be improved after compression. The espin material selection can be adjusted to improve bonding properties between layers. In this regard, any espun material that has adhesive potential can act to bond layers together. Espun PTFE can act to bond the ePTFE layers together. Espun PU can also bond ePTFE layers together. In certain embodiments, espun PTFE must be heated to 385° C. to develop bonding characteristics while materials such as PU can create a bonding situation at much lower temperatures. - In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a cross-sectional view of an
espin layer 2, anePTFE layer 1, and anespin layer 2 are illustrated asFIG. 4 . TheePTFE layer 1 is sandwiched between the espin layers 2. Advantages of such a construction include modulation of surface properties through the espin layer including a) better adhesion to the composite construction if desired, b) changing the surface functionality of the composite, c) manipulation of cellular in-growth and response, and d) increased porosity for improved ingress of other materials. -
FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of a cross-section of a multilayer composite construction in accordance with the present disclosure. The composite includes asubstrate layer 3, anespin layer 2, and anePTFE layer 1. The substrate layer can include woven and nonwoven fabrics of natural or man-made fibers, plastic or ceramic membranes, metal, ceramic, and plastic meshes, or the like. For instance, metal stents are a type of metal mesh. Such a construction allows for a structure which has increased robustness and durability, while maintaining porosity, air permeability and other desired properties of porous materials. The composite can be thermally or adhesively bonded to other woven or nonwoven porous substrates. Such a composite also results in improved pore size distribution and improved durability, which can be very beneficial in filtration applications where debris and particulate are contacting the media surface at high velocities. In addition, the overall filtration efficiency can be improved as a result of the microstructure of the espin fiber entanglement. - The electrospun layer is preferably applied directly to the membrane through electrospinning methods understood by those skilled in the art; however, it could also be applied using mechanical nips or lamination as well. These latter techniques include pressing an electrospun layer onto a second material layer and heating to a complimentary temperature. The pressing technique may use a flat press or mechanical nip roller.
- The properties and characteristics are a compilation of both a non-woven and a membrane. The composite can be prepared with controlled fiber, node and fibril sizes and manipulated mechanical values such as bond strength, elongation properties and tensile strengths.
- The properties and characteristics of the composite can be a compilation of the individual properties of the substrate layer, espin layer, and the ePTFE layers. The composite can be prepared with controlled fiber, node and fibril sizes and manipulated mechanically, such as to improve bond strength, elongation properties and tensile strengths, in the final composite.
- Typical construction of multiple layers may produce thickness ranging from about 0.0001 inches to about 0.25 inches overall thicknesses at widths of about 0.032 inches to about 80 inches. The individual layers can have a thickness that varies from about 0.0001 inches to about 0.25 inches. Final material size varies greatly as the composites can be produced as sheets or tubes at continuous roll lengths. The composite internodal distance (IND) can be about 0.1 to about 200 μm with porosity ranging from about 20 to 90%. Pore structure as defined by ASTM F316, incorporated by reference herein, can range from about 0.05 to about 50 μm. Due to the construction of the composites, the IND, pore size and porosity can vary from layer to layer, within the cross section of the composite, depending on the construction. An example would be an asymmetrical construction where pores change in size from large to small based on layer evaluations from surface to surface throughout the media.
- In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the process can require a dispersion or suspension of PTFE solids between about 10 to 85% by weight to aid in the processing of the collected fibrous mat into a form that has sufficient green strength. However, as described above, other suitable polymers can be utilized for the espin dispersion. If the solid content in the dispersion is too low, there will be no, or poor, mechanical integrity to the resulting material. Second, the selection of the polymer used to increase the viscosity of the solution, suspension or dispersion to be spun must be selected carefully.
- Additionally, when sintering or bonding espin layers it is necessary to insure that temperatures are selected to properly sinter the material, such that the resulting product has good mechanical integrity.
- To produce a non-woven espin PTFE material, a narrow particle size distribution PTFE powder is provided in an aqueous dispersion. The particle size would preferably be about 0.05 to 0.8μ. About 1 to 10 wt % by weight of a fiberizing polymer is added to the volume of PTFE aqueous dispersion. The fiberizing polymer should have a high solubility in water with a solubility of greater than about 0.5 wt % being preferred. It is preferable that the fiberizing polymer has an ash content of less than about 5 wt %, when sintered at about 400° C., with even lower being more preferred. Without limit thereto, particularly preferred fiberizing polymers can include dextran, alginates, chitosan, guar gum compounds, starch, polyvinylpyridine compounds, cellulosic compounds, cellulose ether, hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polycarboxylates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene imine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polylactic acid, polymethacrylic acid polyitaconic acid, poly 2-hydroxyelthyl acrylate, poly 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide, poly n-isopropylacrylamde, poly 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, poly(methoxyethylene), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl alcohol) 12% acetyl, poly(2,4-dimethyl-6-triazinylethylene), poly(3-morpholinylethylene), poly(N-1,2,4-triazolyethylene), poly(vinyl sulfoxide), poly(vinyl amine), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), poly(g-glutamic acid), poly(N-propanoyliminoethylene), poly(4-amino-sulfo-aniline), poly[N-(p-sulphophenyl)amino-3-hydroxymethyl-1,4-phenyleneimino-1,4-phenylene)], isopropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl, hydroxylpropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, alginic ammonium salts, i-carrageenan, N-[(3′-hydroxy-2′,3′-dicarboxy)ethyl]chitosan, konjac glocomannan, pullulan, xanthan gum, poly(allyammonium chloride), poly(allyammonium phosphate), poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride), poly(benzyltrimethylammonium chloride), poly(dimethyldodecyl(2-acrylamidoethyly) ammonium bromide), poly(4-N-butylpyridiniumethylene iodine), poly(2-N-methylpridiniummethylene iodine), poly(N methylpryidinium-2,5-diylethenylene), polyethylene glycol polymers and copolymers, cellulose ethyl ether, cellulose ethyl hydroxyethyl ether, cellulose methyl hydroxyethyl ether, poly(1-glycerol methacrylate), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid) 90:10, poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), poly(2-methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium bromide), poly(2-vinyl-1-methylpyridinium bromide), poly(2-vinylpyridine N-oxide), poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-2-methacryloxyethyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide), poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(acrylamide/2-methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium bromide) 80:20, poly(acrylamide/acrylic acid), poly(allylamine hydrochloride), poly(butadiene/maleic acid), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol)bis(2-aminoethyl), poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol)-bisphenol A diglycidyl ether adduct, poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide), poly(ethylene/acrylic acid) 92:8, poly(1-lysine hydrobromide), poly(1-lysine hydrobromide), poly(maleic acid), poly(n-butyl acrylate/2-methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium bromide), poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone/2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), dimethyl sulfatequaternary, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate), poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20®), poly(styrenesulfonic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), N-methyl-4(4′-formylstyryl)pyridinium, methosulfate acetal, poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(vinylamine) hydrochloride, poly(vinylphosphonic acid), poly(vinylsulfonic acid) sodium salt, polyaniline, and combinations thereof. Again, however, such fiberizing polymers are also contemplated for use with other polymer espin dispersions.
- A particularly preferred fiberizing polymer is polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight between about 50,000 to 4,000,000 amu polyethyleneoxide. After mixing, the PTFE and fiberizing polymer dispersion is preferably allowed to homogenize. In a particularly preferred method the polymer solution is allowed to form slowly, without agitation, followed by transfer to a jar roller that will turn it at a constant rate for several more days. The present disclosure contemplates the use of dispersions of greater than 50,000 cPs to provide for more uniform and consistent fiber formation as well as faster builds. It is preferred to create a uniform solution that has little to no air trapped in the resulting highly viscous mixture. Once the dispersion is of uniform consistency it is preferably filtered to remove any clumps or gels. The filtered dispersion with the desired viscosity is then loaded, in a controlled pumping device with a fixed conductive element which acts as the charge source.
- A particularly preferred conductive element is one with one or several orifices. The orifice size is preferably, but not limited to, about 0.01 to 3.0 mm in diameter. The ejection volume from the pumping device is set to a predetermined rate that is dependent on the form being made and the desired fiber diameters. The charge source is preferably connected to the positive side of a precision DC power supply. The negative side of the power supply is preferably connected to the collection surface or target. The polarity can be reversed but this is not preferred.
- The surface can be a drum, device or sheet. The surface can be a metal, ceramic or polymeric material with particularly preferred materials selected from stainless steel, cobalt chrome, nickel titanium (nitinol) and magnesium alloys. The voltage on the power supply is increased to the desired voltage to uniformly draw out the polymer/PTFE solution.
- The applied voltage is typically from about 2,000 to 80,000 volts. The charge induced by the connection of the power supply repels the charged polymer away from the charge source and attracts them to the collection surface.
- The collection target is preferably placed perpendicular to the pump and orifice system and is moved in at least one direction such that the entire surface is uniformly covered, with the fibers drawn towards the target. Once the collection surface has been adequately covered the material is preferably cured, sintered, and dried (which can occur simultaneously or in a series of steps), either in place, by placing the entire collection surface in an oven, or by removing the sheet tube or other form from the collection surface and sintering it in an oven.
- It is well known to those skilled in the art that espin fabrics undergo shrinkage upon sintering. While not limited to any theory the shrinkage is believe to occur in two steps. Initially, the fibers and fabrics as spun contain both water and a fiberizing polymer as previously described. Upon completion of spinning the samples dry and undergo a small degree of fiber rearrangement. At a later time the samples are heated by exposing the fibers and fabrics to temperatures of about 35° C. to about 485° C. for a period of time.
- To accommodate for shrinkage, the fiber and fabrics can be spun onto an expanded structure. The structure can then be removed or contracted. During sintering of the espin layer, the fabric shrinks to a smaller size without cracking. Another method involves spinning the fibers and fabrics onto a structure which can then be expanded and/or contracted prior to or during sintering. The range of contraction or expansion and contraction is on the order of about 3 to 100% and depends upon the thickness and size of the electrodeposited fabric. Alternatively the espin layer can be placed upon a surface which also contracts during sintering.
- For a sheet of fabric, if the direction of the deposition is given as the perpendicular to the plane of the fabric then contraction or expansion/contraction must occur in at least one or more of the directions in the plane of the fabric. For a fabric deposited upon a cylindrical surface the fabric must be contracted or contracted/expanded radially and/or longitudinally. For a spherical surface the fabric must be contracted or contracted/expanded radially. These basic concepts of contraction and/or expansion/contraction can be applied to any electrospun fabric independent to the shape of the surface upon which it was spun. Thus, very complex fabric shapes based upon espin fabric become possible.
- The espin layer is preferably fibrous. Particularly preferred espin fibers have a diameter of at least 0.1 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment the product, after sintering, has fibers deposited in a density such there is a range of distances of 0.1 to 50μ between points of contact.
- The present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following examples.
- The following general guidelines are used for the processing examples described herein of various ePTFE and espin composite constructions.
- 1. In espin PTFE embodiments, the viscosity of the dispersion may be changed by the addition or removal of water from the dispersion without changing the PEO to PTFE ratio.
- 2. A radially expanded ePTFE tube or biaxial oriented sheet is placed over a round or flat base plate to form a desired geometric shape.
- 3. The espin polymer layer is applied at a desired thickness, typically about 0.5 to 1000 μm, onto the ePTFE or onto a surface which is then mated to the ePTFE membrane, resulting in a composite structure.
- 4. If the espin coating is applied wet to the ePTFE, it is allowed to dry before moving to the next process. However, if it is processed as a single espin sheet and has dried, it will be mated to the oriented porous ePTFE layer. The mating process between the materials can be repeated multiple times until a desired multilayered composite structure is created.
- 5. The ePTFE/espin composite is then covered with a non-sticking release foil.
- 6. Once the composite is positioned against a base tool, pressure is applied to the surface of the foil, thereby aiding the bonding process.
- 7. The composite construction is placed in an oven at temperatures of about 35° C. to about 485° C. to allow all materials to bond together. The bonding temperature selection is based on material selection.
- 8. Once the part is removed from the oven and cooled at a rate of about 15 to 25 degrees per minute, it is uncovered and tested for specified properties.
- An 80 g thick stainless steel (SS) sheet 46 cm×36 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum. The drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- An approximately 80,500 cPs espinning dispersion based on a mixture of 4.2% (PEO/PTFE), 300,000 amu polyethylene oxide and Daikin D210 60% PTFE dispersion which had been allowed to homogenize and then turned and filtered to achieve a smooth consistency was placed into a 10 ml plastic syringe fitted with a 21 gauge needle. The syringe was placed into a KD Scientific Model 780200L syringe pump and set to a 0.5 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tip was positioned at approximately 13 cm from the rotating drum assembly. The rotation of the drum assembly was approximately 30 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the SS sheet. A voltage of 10.0 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 60 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 40μ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The sheet containing the PTFE membrane was removed from the drum and dried overnight.
- A biaxially (Biax) expanded approximately 35 cm×40 cm ePTFE sheet with an intermodal distance (IND) of 10-30μ, thickness of 34μ, and bubble point<3μ was placed over and centered onto a 46 cm×36 cm stainless steel sheet.
- The SS sheet holding the dried espin PTFE membrane was then directly positioned over the SS sheet holding the ePTFE membrane and the two sheets brought together such that the ePTFE and espin PTFE membranes were in intimate contact. The SS foil/ePTFE/espin PTFE/SS foil structure was then wrapped onto a 3″ ID stainless steel tube to create the assembly. The entire assembly was then wrapped in unsintered 40μ thick ePTFE membrane with 5 wraps tightly applied around the entire assembly. This was then placed in an oven at 385° C. for 15.5 minutes. Sintering temperature and time may vary depending on the composite's thickness and basis weight. After sintering, the assembly was removed from the oven and placed in a cooling air box to cool for 30-60 minutes. After cooling, the ePTFE membrane was unwrapped and a 22 cm×28 cm portion was removed from the center of the espin/ePTFE composite.
- Examples 2-6 were made similarly with the modifications from Example 1 and are shown in Table I. In general, the major predictor of the Mean Pore Size Diameter is the ePTFE membrane IND. However, the pore size is also affected by the pressure applied on the composite during sintering as shown by comparison of the composite thicknesses of Examples 1 and 4 with greater pressure yielding a smaller pore size. The thickness of the espin PTFE layer also has an effect as shown by Examples 1, 2, and 3 with greater thickness yielding a smaller pore size.
- A biaxially (Biax) expanded approximately 35 cm×40 cm ePTFE sheet with an intermodal distance (IND) of 10-30μ, thickness of 34μ, and bubble point<3μ was placed over and centered onto a 46 cm×36 cm stainless steel sheet.
- An approximately 500 cPs espinning solution based on a mixture of Chronoflex AR (AdvanSource Biomaterials) (PU) 11% in a mixture of 37.5% acetone and 62.5% Dimethylacetamide was placed into a 10 ml plastic syringe fitted with a 21 gauge needle. The syringe was placed into a KD Scientific Model 780200L syringe pump and set to a 0.35 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tip was positioned at approximately 13 cm from the rotating drum assembly. The rotation of the drum assembly was approximately 30 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the SS sheet. A voltage of 9.2 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 240 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 2μ thick covering of PU fibers. The sheet containing the PTFE/PU composite membrane was removed from the drum and dried overnight.
- Example 8 was made similarly with the modifications from Example 7 shown in Table II. Again a thicker layer of the espin PU resulted in decreased pore size.
- A biaxially (Biax) expanded approximately 10 cm long ePTFE tube with an intermodal distance (IND) of 30μ, internal diameter (ID) of 4 mm, wall thickness (WT) of 0.4 mm, and porosity of 80.33% was stretched over and centered along a 10 mm exterior diameter (OD) aluminum rod of 35 cm length. The tube assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning tube assembly.
- An approximately 94,000 cPs espinning dispersion based on a mixture of 4.2% (PEO/PTFE), 300,000 amu polyethylene oxide and Daikin D210 60% PTFE dispersion which had been allowed to homogenize and then turned and filtered to achieve a smooth consistency was placed into a 10 ml plastic syringe fitted with a 16 gauge needle. The syringe was placed into a Harvard Model 702100 syringe pump and set to a 0.5 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tip was positioned at approximately 13 cm from the rotating tube assembly. The rotation of the tube assembly was approximately 60 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the tube with a rate of travel of 2.5 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the Biax tube. A voltage of 9.3 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the tube for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 20μ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers.
- After allowing the tube assembly to dry overnight an ePTFE membrane of basis weight 8.426 g/m2 and thickness of 30μ was wrapped 6 times around the tube assembly. The tube assembly was then wrapped in 80μ thick stainless steel foil followed by being further wrapped 5 times with unsintered 40μ thick ePTFE membrane applied tightly around the entire assembly. The tube assembly was then placed into an oven preheated to 385° C. for 4.0 minutes. After removal from oven, cooling, and unwrapping the composite tube was determined to have a thickness of 0.149 mm.
- Examples 10-15 were made similarly with the particulars of each Example shown in Table III.
- A 40μ thick aluminum foil sheet 46 cm×6.2 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum. The drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- An espinning dispersion based on a mixture of 5.2% (PEO/PTFE) 300,000 amu polyethylene oxide and Daikin D210, 60% PTFE dispersion which had been allowed to homogenize and then turned and filtered to achieve a smooth consistency was placed into a 10 ml plastic syringe fitted with a 16 gauge needle. The syringe was placed into a KD Scientific Model 780200L syringe pump and set to a 0.09 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tip was positioned at approximately 20 cm from the rotating drum assembly. The rotation of the drum assembly was approximately 30 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the aluminum foil. A voltage of 18.0 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 80μ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The aluminum foil containing the PTFE membrane was removed from the drum and dried.
- After drying the green strength of the composite allowed the removal of the PTFE membrane from the foil and placement, centering, and loose wrapping of a 10 cm×6.5 cm portion of the PTFE membrane around a 1.0 cm exterior diameter (OD) aluminum tube twice. An ePTFE membrane: thickness −130μ, IND—12.45μ, and porosity of −51% was then wrapped 3 times around the espin PTFE to create a tube/espin PTFE/ePTFE assembly. The tube assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning tube assembly.
- An espinning dispersion based on a mixture of 5.2% (PEO/PTFE) 300,000 amu polyethylene oxide and Daikin D210, 60% PTFE dispersion which had been allowed to homogenize and then turned and filtered to achieve a smooth consistency was placed into a 10 ml plastic syringe fitted with a 16 gauge needle. The syringe was placed into a KD Scientific Model 780200L syringe pump and set to a 0.05 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tip was positioned at approximately 11.5 cm from the rotating tube assembly. The rotation of the tube assembly was approximately 30 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the tube with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the espin PTFE/ePTFE assembly. A voltage of 16.0 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the assembly for 15 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 60μ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The assembly was removed from the drum, dried, and placed onto a fixture. The assembly was then placed upright into an oven preheated to 385° C. for 4.0 minutes.
- A 40μ thick non stick aluminum foil sheet 43 cm×38 cm was wrapped around a rotating drum. An approximately 35 cm×30 cm ePTFE sheet with a basis weight of 4.997 gsm, thickness of 7μ, and porosity of 72% was placed over, centered, and affixed onto the aluminum foil. The drum assembly was placed into a rotating chuck such that it was positioned to allow espinning along the entire length of the turning drum assembly.
- An approximately 163,000 cPs espinning dispersion based on a mixture of 4.2% (PEO/PTFE), 300,000 amu polyethylene oxide and Daikin D210 60% PTFE dispersion which had been allowed to homogenize and then turned and filtered to achieve a smooth consistency was placed into two 10 ml plastic syringes fitted with 16 gauge needles. The syringes were placed into a KD Scientific Model 780200L syringe pump and set to a 0.75 ml/hour pumping rate. The needle tips were positioned at approximately 20.3 cm from the rotating drum assembly. The rotation of the drum assembly was approximately 30 rpm. A traverse was used to move the espinning needle along the length of the drum with a rate of travel of 3.0 mm/sec. The return points for the traverse were set at the ends of the ePTFE membrane sheet. A voltage of 17.5 kV was employed. PTFE was electrospun onto the drum for 30 minutes under these conditions to yield an approximately 50μ (as deposited post sintering) thick covering of PTFE fibers. The aluminum foil sheet containing the ePTFE/espin PTFE composite membrane was then removed from the drum and dried overnight. After drying the green strength was sufficient to allow the removal of the ePTFE/espin PTFE composite membrane from the foil.
- A 5 cm wide section of the composite membrane was wound 3 times around a 5 cm long, 0.5 cm OD porous metal tube with the espin layer in contact with the tube. The entire assembly was then placed on a fixture, wrapped in aluminum foil and then wrapped with unsintered 40μ thick ePTFE membrane tightly applied around the entire assembly. The assembly was then placed in an oven at 385° C. for 4 mins. After cooling the composite membrane had good appearance and adherence to the metal tube.
-
-
TABLE I Type I: ePTFE/espin PTFE Examples PTFE Espin ePTFE ePTFE Dispersion PTFE/ePTFE Mean Membrane Membrane Viscosity Espin PTFE Composite Pore Size Example Thickness IND cPs Thickness Thickness Diameter Membrane 1.3029 μ 1 34μ 10-30μ 80,500 40μ 31μ 0.5564 μ 2 34μ 10-30μ 80,500 50μ 31μ 0.4690 μ 3 34μ 10-30μ 80,500 80μ 32μ 0.4401μ 4 34μ 10-30μ 87,000 40μ 30μ 0.5406μ Membrane 0.2968μ 5 23μ 2-5μ 101,000 20μ 18μ 0.2915μ 6 23μ 2-5μ 105,000 30μ 22μ 0.2921μ -
TABLE II Type I: ePTFE/espin PU Examples Espin ePTFE ePTFE PTFE/ePTFE Mean Membrane Membrane PU Viscosity Espin PU Composite Pore Size Example Thickness IND cPs thickness Thickness Diameter Membrane 0.2968 μ 7 23μ 2-5μ 500 2μ 25μ 0.2809μ 8 23μ 2-5μ 500 1μ 24μ 0.2930μ -
TABLE III Type II: ePTFE/espin PTFE/ePTFE Examples Example 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Rod 10 mm 12 mm 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 26 mm Diameter Tube IND 30μ 40μ 40μ 40μ 40μ 40μ 40μ Tube ID 4 mm 4.1 mm 4.1 mm 4.1 mm 4.1 mm 4.1 mm 4.1 mm Tube WT 0.4 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.65 mm 0.65 mm 0.65 mm 0.65 mm Tube 80.33% 78.97% 78.97% 78.97% 78.97% 78.97% 78.97% Porosity Membrane 8.426 gsm 8.426 gsm 8.426 gsm 15.500 gsm 15.500 gsm 15.500 gsm 15.500 gsm Basis Weight Membrane 40μ 40μ 40μ 75μ 75μ 75μ 75μ Thickness Membrane 6 4 6 4 5 5 4 Layers Sintering 4 min 4 min 5 min 6 min 6.5 min 6.33 min 8.33 min Time Composite 0.149 mm 0.143 mm 0.137 mm 0.185 mm 0.232 mm 0.244 mm 0.220 mm Thickness - In the interests of brevity and conciseness, any ranges of values set forth in this specification are to be construed as written description support for claims reciting any sub-ranges having endpoints which are whole number values within the specified range in question. By way of a hypothetical illustrative example, a disclosure in this specification of a range of 1-5 shall be considered to support claims to any of the following sub-ranges: 1-4; 1-3; 1-2; 2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and 4-5.
- These and other modifications and variations to the present disclosure can be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments can be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the disclosure.
Claims (20)
1. A composite structure comprising
a plurality of electrospun nanofibers on a first surface of a first expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) layer,
wherein the nanofibers have a density such that there is a range of distances of about 0.1μ to about 50μ between points of contact of the nanofibers.
2. The composite structure of claim 1 , wherein the electrospun nanofibers comprise poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE).
3. The composite structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers comprise nylon, polyurethane, polyester, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or combinations thereof.
4. The composite structure of claim 1 , further comprising a second plurality of electrospun nanofibers on a second surface of the first ePTFE layer opposite to the first surface, wherein the second plurality of nanofibers have a density such that there is a range of distances of about 0.1μ to about 50μ between points of contact of the nanofibers.
5. The composite structure of claim 1 , further comprising a second ePTFE layer.
6. The composite structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of electrospun nanofibers are sandwiched between and bind together the first ePTFE layer and the second ePTFE layer.
7. The composite structure of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate layer.
8. The composite structure of claim 7 , wherein the plurality of electrospun nanofibers are sandwiched between and bind together the substrate layer and the first ePTFE layer.
9. The composite structure of claim 7 , wherein the substrate layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a woven or nonwoven fabric of natural or man-made fibers, a plastic or ceramic membrane, and a metal, ceramic, or plastic mesh.
10-12. (canceled)
13. The composite structure of claim 23 , wherein the nanofibers comprise PTFE.
14. The composite structure of claim 23 , wherein the nanofibers comprise nylon, polyurethane, polyester, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or combinations thereof.
15. The composite structure of claim 23 , further comprising a third layer, the third layer comprising a plurality of electrospun nanofibers with a density such that there is a range of distances of about 0.1μ to about 50μ between points of contact of the nanofibers, wherein the third layer is joined to the first layer, second layer, or combinations thereof.
16. The composite structure of claim 23 , further comprising a third layer, the third layer comprising ePTFE, wherein the third layer is joined to the first layer, second layer, or combinations thereof.
17. The composite structure of claim 23 , further comprising a third layer, the third layer comprising a substrate layer.
18. The composite structure of claim 17 , wherein the third layer comprises woven or nonwoven fabric, plastic or ceramic membrane, or metal, ceramic, or plastic mesh.
19.-20. (canceled)
21. The composite structure of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of electrospun nanofibers on the first surface and the second plurality of electrospun nanofibers on the second surface both comprise electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE).
22. The composite structure of claim 10, wherein the metal mesh comprises a stent.
23. The composite structure of claim 1 , wherein the electrospun nanofibers are bonded to the first ePTFE layer.
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US13/743,668 US20130238086A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2013-01-17 | Electrospun PTFE Encapsulated Stent & Method of Manufature |
US14/331,375 US20150012108A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-07-15 | Multilayered composite |
US14/631,909 US20150182668A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-02-26 | Electrospun PTFE Encapsulated Stent & Method of Manufacture |
US14/852,656 US20160160413A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2015-09-14 | Multilayered composite |
US14/858,556 US20160067374A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-09-18 | Composite prosthetic devices |
US14/967,597 US20160296351A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-12-14 | Electrospun ptfe encapsulated stent and method of manufacture |
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US14/331,375 Continuation US20150012108A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-07-15 | Multilayered composite |
US14/852,656 Continuation US20160160413A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-09-14 | Multilayered composite |
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US12/852,989 Active 2030-12-01 US8257640B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2010-08-09 | Multilayered composite structure with electrospun layer |
US13/564,927 Active 2030-11-12 US9034031B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2012-08-02 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer and method for making the same |
US13/564,925 Abandoned US20130059497A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2012-08-02 | Multilayered Composite |
US13/957,931 Abandoned US20130325109A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2013-08-02 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer & method for making the same |
US14/331,375 Abandoned US20150012108A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-07-15 | Multilayered composite |
US14/331,422 Abandoned US20150012082A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2014-07-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer and method for making the same |
US14/852,656 Abandoned US20160160413A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-09-14 | Multilayered composite |
US14/858,619 Abandoned US20160030154A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2015-09-18 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer and method for making the same |
US15/069,988 Abandoned US20160289874A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2016-03-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer & method for making the same |
US15/069,989 Abandoned US20160331512A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2016-03-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer & method for making the same |
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US12/852,989 Active 2030-12-01 US8257640B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2010-08-09 | Multilayered composite structure with electrospun layer |
US13/564,927 Active 2030-11-12 US9034031B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2012-08-02 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer and method for making the same |
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US14/331,375 Abandoned US20150012108A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-07-15 | Multilayered composite |
US14/331,422 Abandoned US20150012082A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2014-07-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer and method for making the same |
US14/852,656 Abandoned US20160160413A1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-09-14 | Multilayered composite |
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US15/069,988 Abandoned US20160289874A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2016-03-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer & method for making the same |
US15/069,989 Abandoned US20160331512A1 (en) | 2009-08-07 | 2016-03-15 | Prosthetic device including electrostatically spun fibrous layer & method for making the same |
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