US20100027095A1 - Balanced light valve - Google Patents
Balanced light valve Download PDFInfo
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- US20100027095A1 US20100027095A1 US12/183,094 US18309408A US2010027095A1 US 20100027095 A1 US20100027095 A1 US 20100027095A1 US 18309408 A US18309408 A US 18309408A US 2010027095 A1 US2010027095 A1 US 2010027095A1
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- electric potential
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- pixel region
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/19—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
- G02F1/195—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169 by using frustrated reflection
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/465—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using masks, e.g. light-switching masks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/315—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching based on the use of controlled internal reflection
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to an apparatus for forming images on a surface, and more particularly to improvements to an electro-optic light modulator.
- Electro-optic materials are those whose optical properties change in accordance with the strength of an electric field established within them. These materials make possible an electrically controlled electro-optic modulator for use in a light valve array.
- One well known form of electro-optic modulator arrays are total internal reflection (TIR) modulators which can be employed in laser-based imaging systems for example.
FIGS. 1A and 1B schematically show plan and side views of aconventional TIR modulator 10 comprising amember 12 which includes an electro-optic material and a plurality ofelectrodes surface 18 ofmember 12.Surfaces input radiation 25 to refract and undergo total internal reflection atsurface 18. - In this typical conventional configuration,
various electrodes electrodes 15 in each of the groups are coupled together and driven with corresponding one of individually addressable voltages sources V1, V2, V3, V4 . . . Vn which are operated in accordance with various image data signals. To simplify interconnect and driver requirements, allelectrodes 16 are interconnected to a common source (e.g. a ground potential). In this case,electrodes 16 are coupled in a serpentine fashion among all the groups S. - Upon the application of a suitable voltage by one of the voltage sources V1, V2, V3, V4 . . . Vn to a corresponding one of the electrode groups S1, S2, S3, S4 . . . S, an electric field is established in a portion of the of the electro-optic material referred to as a pixel region. The application of the voltage alters the refractive index of the electro-optic material, thereby changing a birefringent state of the pixel region. Under the application of the corresponding drive voltage, the arrangement of
electrodes output radiation 27 is emitted fromsurface 22 and is directed by one or more lenses (not shown) towards a surface of a recording media (also not shown) to form an image pixel thereon. In the case when a suitable voltage is applied to a particular electrode group S, the corresponding pixel region assumes a second birefringent state in whichoutput radiation 27 is emitted fromsurface 22 in a diffracted form which can be blocked by an obstruction such as an aperture to not form an image pixel. - Various image features are formed on a recording media by combining image pixels into arrangements representative of the image features. It is a common desire to form high quality images with reduced levels of artifacts. In particular, the visual quality of the formed image features is typically dependant on the visual characteristics of the formed image pixels themselves. For example, one important characteristic is the contrast between an image feature and surrounding regions of the recording media. Poor contrast can lead to the formation of various image features whose edges lack sharpness or are otherwise poorly defined. Another important characteristic is the accurate placement of the image pixels on the recording media.
- The conventional method of driving the arrangement of
electrodes output radiation 27 can arise.FIG. 1C schematically shows a subset of electrode groups S1, S2, S3, and S4 driven with various voltage levels by their corresponding voltage sources as follows: (V1:V); (V2:V); (V3:0); and (V4:V). Voltage level V corresponds to a drive voltage level selected to cause substantial diffraction to be created by a pixel region whereasvoltage level 0 corresponds to a voltage level (i.e. a ground potential in this case) selected to not cause substantial diffraction to be created by a pixel region. When a pixel region is made non-diffracting (e.g. the pixel region corresponding to electrode group S3) the average electric potential of theelectrodes electrodes TIR modulator 10. This can give rise to long-range electric fields that deflect radiation that is propagated within the electro-optic material to produce a beam steering effect. Although the long-range fields can be relatively weak, they typically interact with the radiation over a longer path length than the shorter range diffraction grating fields. - One possible consequence of this deflection is that image pixels formed on the recording media can be shifted and a placement error arises. The degree of the placement error can vary in accordance with the image data which controls the selective application of the drive voltages. Another possible consequence can include an increase in the diffraction broadening of an image pixel since the
output radiation 27 is deflected to one side in the pupil of the imaging system, thereby reducing the effective aperture of the system. Other possible consequences can include an increased sensitivity to aberrations in the imaging system. - There is, therefore, a need for improved TIR modulators that can mitigate beam steering effects. There is also a need for improved TIR modulators that can reduce occurrences of improperly formed image pixels.
- Briefly, according to one aspect of the present invention radiation from an illumination source is directed to a total internal reflector (TIR) modulator. The modulator includes a an electro-optic member with a plurality of individually addressable pixel regions comprised of a plurality of electrodes arranged in a first and second set. At least one electrode of the first set is adjacent to at least one electrode of the second set and at least one of the pixel regions is controlled to form at least one image pixel on a surface. A first electric potential is imposed on the first set of electrodes selected from a first predetermined group of electric potential values. A second electric potential is imposed on the second set of electrodes selected from a second predetermined group of electric potential values. The first and second predetermined groups of electric potential values together comprise at least three different electric potential values.
- The invention and its objects and advantages will become more apparent in the detailed description of the preferred embodiment presented below.
- Embodiments and applications of the invention are illustrated by the attached non-limiting drawings. The attached drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and may not be to scale.
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FIG. 1A is a prior art schematic plan view of a conventional TIR modulator; -
FIG. 1B is a prior art schematic side view of the conventional TIR modulator ofFIG. 1A ; -
FIG. 1C is a prior art schematic showing a subset of electrode groups of the conventional TIR modulator ofFIG. 1A driven by various voltage levels; -
FIG. 2 schematically shows an imaging apparatus as per an example embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 3A is a schematic plan view of a light modulator as per an example embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 3B is a schematic side view of the light modulator ofFIG. 3A ; -
FIG. 4 schematically shows a subset of electrode groups of the modulator ofFIG. 3A driven by various voltage levels; -
FIG. 5 is graph comparing simulated exposure profiles at the boundary of diffracting and non-diffracting regions created in a balanced light modulator of the present invention and in an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator; -
FIG. 6A is a graph simulating two period pixel exposure profiles associated with the formation of an image pixel as compared between a balanced light modulator of the present invention and an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator; -
FIG. 6B is a graph simulating one period pixel exposure profiles associated with the formation of an image pixel as compared between a balanced light modulator of the present invention and an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator; and -
FIG. 7 shows a graph which simulates how radiation emitted by an illumination source is utilized by a balanced light modulator of the present invention and by an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator. - The present invention will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or in cooperation more directly with the apparatus in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art.
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FIG. 2 schematically shows animaging apparatus 100 employed by an example embodiment of the invention.Imaging apparatus 100 includes anillumination source 102 which can include a laser for example. Suitable lasers can include laser diode arrays which are relatively easy to modulate, have relatively low cost and have relatively small size. The choice ofillumination source 102 can be motivated by the properties ofrecording media 130 that is to be imaged byimaging apparatus 100. One or moreoptical elements 110 are positioned along the path ofradiation 125 emitted byillumination source 102 towardslight modulator 200.Optical elements 110 can include one or more lenses employed tocondition radiation 125 in various ways. For example, when diode laser arrays are employed, various degrees of beam divergence can exist along a plurality of directions. Beam divergence can include fast axis divergence and slow axis divergence for example.Optical elements 110 can include various lenses adapted to correct these divergences such as micro-lenses or crossed cylindrical lenses.Optical elements 110 can include various elements adapted to mix or reflect various radiation beams such as light pipes and fly's eye integrators for example.Optical elements 110 can include various lenses adapted to focus or redirectradiation 125 emitted byillumination source 102. -
Radiation 125 that is directed ontolight modulator 200 is modulated in accordance withcontroller 160 which selectively controlsvarious pixel regions 210 oflight modulator 200 to form various radiation beams.Image data 120 is employed bycontroller 160 to generate various radiation beams which are directed along a path towards an imageable surface of arecording media 130 to formvarious image pixels 140 thereon as required byimage data 120. Other radiations beams not required by the formation ofvarious image pixels 140 are directed elsewhere. In this illustrated embodiment, the radiation beams required to formimage pixels 140 pass through anaperture 150 while radiation beams not required to formimage pixels 140 are obstructed byaperture 150. One or more lenses (not shown) may be employed to direct radiation beams fromlight modulator 200 towardsaperture 150. One or moreoptical elements 170 are employed to direct various radiation beams onto the imageable surface ofrecording media 130. Various other embodiments of the invention need not employaperture 150, and radiation beams not required by the formation ofvarious image pixels 140 may fall by design outside the entrance pupil of a lens ofoptical elements 170. - Radiation beams can be used to form
image pixels 140 onrecording media 130 by different methods. For example, radiation beams can be used to ablate a surface ofrecording media 130. Radiation beams can be used to cause transference of an image-forming material from a donor element to a surface of recording media 130 (e.g. a thermal transfer process). Recordingmedia 130 can include an image modifiable surface, wherein a property or characteristic of the modifiable surface is changed when irradiated by a radiation beam. - Interactions between the radiation beams and the
recording media 130 can vary during the formation ofcorresponding image pixels 140. For example, various arrangements ofimage pixels 140 can be formed from plurality of imagings referred to as “shots.” During each shot,imaging apparatus 100 is positioned relative to a region ofrecording media 130. Once positioned,light modulator 200 is activated to form a first group ofimage pixels 140 on the region ofrecording media 130. Once theseimage pixels 140 are formed, relative movement betweenlight modulator 200 andrecording media 130 is effected to positionapparatus 100 in the vicinity of an adjacent region and another shot is taken to form a next group ofimage pixels 140 on the adjacent region.Various image pixels 140 can also be formed by scanning. Scanning can include establishing relative movement betweenlight modulator 200 andrecording media 130 as thelight modulator 200 is activated to form the desiredimage pixels 140. Relative movement can include moving one or both oflight modulator 200 andrecording media 130. In some example embodiments of the invention, scanning can be performed by deflecting radiation beams emitted bylight modulator 200 relative torecording media 130 to form theimage pixels 140. -
FIGS. 3A and 3B schematically show corresponding plan and side views of one exemplary embodiment oflight modulator 200. In this example embodiment of the invention,light modulator 200 is a TIR light modulator.Light modulator 200 includes amember 212 comprising an electro-optic material 213. Electro-optic material 213 can include lithium niobate (LiNbO3) or lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) for example. Electro-optic material 213 can include a suitably chosen material which exhibits birefringent characteristics in response to the application of a suitable electric field. A plurality ofelectrodes surface 218 ofmember 212.Member 212 includessurfaces radiation 125 to refract and undergo total internal reflection atsurface 218. Other example embodiments of the invention can employ other orientations between various ones ofsurfaces radiation 125 to cause the total internal reflection. - As shown in
FIG. 3A , each of theelectrodes travel 126 ofradiation 125.Electrodes electrodes surface 218. Other metal deposition methods can include evaporation. Coatedsurface 218 is then coated with a suitable photo-resist which is patterned by exposure to light (e.g. ultraviolet light) through a suitable mask. A development of the photo-resist removes the photo-resist locally according to the pattern, and theelectrodes surface 218 and the patterned photo-resist. The photo-resist is then dissolved so that the metal deposited on the photo-resist is removed while leaving other metal attached to surface 218 in areas where the photo-resist was absent during sputtering. In this illustrated embodiment of the invention,electrodes - In this illustrated embodiment,
various electrodes 215 are coupled to one another to form a plurality of first electrode sets X1, X2, X3, X4 . . . Xn (collectively referred to as first electrode sets X) whilevarious electrodes 216 are coupled to one another to form a plurality of second electrode sets Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 . . . Yn (collectively referred to as second electrode sets Y). Each of the first and second electrode sets X and Y include four (4)respective electrodes electrodes 215 within a given first electrode set X are electrically driven by a corresponding one of individually controllable first voltage sources: VX1, VX2, VX3, VX4 . . . VXn (collectively referred to as first voltage sources VX). Each of theelectrodes 216 within a given second electrode set Y are electrically driven by a corresponding one of individually controllable second voltage sources: VY1, VY2, VY3, VY4 . . . VYn (collectively referred to as second voltage sources VY). - First and second electrode sets X and Y are arranged such that an
electrode 215 is adjacent to anelectrode 216. In this example embodiment of the invention, each of the first electrodes sets X are arranged with another of the electrode sets Y such that their respective electrodes are interdigitated with respect to one another. In this example embodiment of the invention, each of the interdigitated electrode sets X and Y belongs to an electrode group T (i.e. one of electrode groups T1, T2, T3, T4 . . . Tn). Each of thevarious pixels regions 210 oflight modulator 200 include a portion of electro-optic material 213 and one of the electrode groups T. Accordingly, in this example embodiment of the invention, each of thepixel regions 210 includes an electrode group T which includes first and second electrode sets X and Y that are separately drivable with respect to one another. That is, an electric field can be established with the electro-optic material 213 corresponding to a givenpixel region 210 by appropriately driving one or both of the voltage sources VX and VY corresponding to the givenpixel region 210. In this illustrated embodiment, both voltage sources VX and VY corresponding to givenpixel region 210 are driven to impart various birefringent states on the portion of the electro-optic material associated with the givenpixel region 210. Each of thepixel regions 210 is individually addressable by controlling a corresponding group of voltage sources VX and VY. In this regard, various groups of voltage sources VX and VY can be operated independently of other groups of voltage sources VX and VY. - Each of the groups of voltage sources VX and VY is selectively operated by controller 160 (not shown in
FIG. 3A ) to activate acorresponding pixel region 210 between various states.Controller 160, which can include one or more controllers is used to control one or more systems ofimaging apparatus 100 including, but not limited to, thelight modulator 200. In this example embodiment,controller 160 is programmed to addresslight modulator 200 in accordance withimage data 120 which includes information representing an image to be formed. Various systems can be controlled using various control signals and by implementing various methods.Controller 160 can be configured to execute suitable software and can include one or more data processors, together with suitable hardware, including by way of non-limiting example: accessible memory, logic circuitry, drivers, amplifiers, A/D and D/A converters, input/output ports and the like.Controller 160 can comprise, without limitation, a microprocessor, a computer-on-a-chip, the CPU of a computer or any other suitable microcontroller. -
FIG. 4 schematically shows a subset of the electrode groups T (i.e. electrode groups T1, T2, T3, and T4) oflight modulator 200 driven by their corresponding voltage sources VX and VY to establish various electric potentials on each of the first electrode sets X and on each of the second electrode sets Y associated with each of the electrode groups T. In particular, first voltage sources VX1, VX2, and VX4 are driven to apply a voltage VA to each of their corresponding first electrode sets X1, X2, and X4 to impose an electric potential PA thereon. Second voltage sources VY1, VY2, and VY4 are driven to apply a voltage VB to each of their corresponding second electrode sets Y1, Y2, and Y4 to impose an electric potential PB thereon. First and second voltage drives VX3 and VY3 are driven to apply a voltage VC to each of their corresponding first and second electrode sets X3 and Y3 to impose an electric potential PC thereon. It is understood that only the subset of electrode groups T1, T2, T3, and T4 is depicted for clarity and other electrode groups T oflight modulator 200 can be activated in a similar fashion. - In various example embodiments of the invention, electric potentials PA, PB, and PC are selectively imposed on the first and second electrode sets X and Y of each of the electrode groups T in accordance with a desired activation state of a
pixel region 210 associated with each of the electrode groups T. Activation states can include for example: an ON state in which apixel region 210 is activated to form animage pixel 140 onrecording media 130 and an OFF state in which apixel region 210 is activated not to form acorresponding image pixel 140 onrecording media 130. In various example embodiments of the invention, various ones of electric potentials PA, PB, and PC are selectively applied to the first and second electrode sets X and Y of each of the electrode groups T to impart a desired birefringent state on a portion of the electro-optic material 213 associated with each of the electrode groups T. In this example embodiment, electric potentials PA, PB, and PC are each different from one another. - In this example embodiment of the invention, it desired that each
pixel region 210 corresponding to electrode groups T1, T2, and T4 be activated in accordance with an OFF state while thepixel region 210 corresponding to electrode group T3 be activated in accordance with an ON state. In this example embodiment, the electric potentials applied to each of the first electrode sets X are selected from a first group comprising a plurality of predetermined electric potential values including values corresponding to each of electric potentials PA and PC. The electric potentials applied to each of the second electrode sets Y are selected from a second group comprising a plurality of predetermined electric potential values including values corresponding to each of electric potentials PB and PC. In this example embodiment, electric potentials values corresponding to each of electric potentials PA and PB are different from one another. In this example embodiment, the electric potential values corresponding to each of the electric potentials PC are different from the electric potential values corresponding to each of the electric potentials PA and PB. In this example embodiment, the first group of electric potential values includes at least one electric potential value that is not common with any of the electric potential values of the second group of electric potential values. In this example embodiment, the second group of electric potential values includes at least one electric potential value that is not common with any of the electric potential values of the first group of electric potential values. In this example embodiment, the first group of electric potential values and the second group of electric potential values together comprise three different electric potential values. The electric potential values can be the same or different from the electric potentials that are imposed as a result of their selection. In some cases, various losses can cause differences. - In various example embodiments, electric potential information is maintained. The electric potential information can specify a first combination of electric potentials to impose on associated first and second set of the electrodes X and Y in the event that a first activation state is desired. The electric potential information can specify a second combination of electric potentials to impose on the first and second sets of the electrodes X and Y in the event that a second activation state different from the first activation state is desired. In some of these embodiments, the first combination of electric potentials comprises a plurality of electric potentials that are not common with any of the electric potentials of the second combination of electric potentials. A desired activation state is determined and electric potential imposed on each of the first and second sets of the electrodes X and Y according to the electric potential information corresponding to the determined desired activation state.
- The selection of an electric potential value from each of the predetermined first and second groups of electric potential values can be based at least on
image data 120. In an illustrated embodiment, controller 160 (not shown inFIG. 4 ) has selected a combination of electric potential values corresponding to common electric potentials PC according to a first image data signal (i.e. an ON image data signal) and a combination of different electric potential values corresponding to electric potentials PA and PB according to a different second image data signal (i.e. an OFF image data signal). - In this example embodiment, an electric potential difference between the combination of electric potentials PC applied to electrode group S3 is substantially null and a first birefringent state corresponding to this electric potential difference is imposed on the associated
pixel region 210. This first birefringent state can be selected to not cause substantial diffraction in the radiation emitted from the associatedpixel region 210. In this example embodiment, an electric potential difference between the combination of electric potentials PA and PB applied to each of the electrode groups T1, T2, and T4 is sufficient to impose a second birefringent state on each of their associatedpixel regions 210. This second birefringent state can be selected to cause substantial diffraction in the radiation emitted from each of the associatedpixel regions 210. - In various example embodiments of the invention, each of the electric potentials PA, PB, and PC is selected such that an average of the electric potentials applied to an electrode group T to impart a first birefringent state onto its associated
pixel region 210 is approximately equal to an average of the electric potentials applied to an electrode group T to impart a second birefringent state onto its associatedpixel region 210. In this example embodiment, the values of PA, PB, and PC are selected such that the sum of electric potentials PC and PC is approximately equal to the sum of electric potentials PA and PB. For example, in this illustrated embodiment, first and second voltage sources VX3 and VY3 are driven to apply a voltage VC impose an electric potential PC of approximately 0 Volts (i.e. a ground potential) on each of their corresponding first and second electrode sets X3 and Y3. Each of first voltage drives VX1, VX2, and VX4 are driven to apply a voltage VA to each of their corresponding first electrode sets X1, X2, and X4 to impose an electric potential PA of +V/2 Volts thereon. Each of second voltage drives VY1, VY2, and VX4 are driven to apply a voltage VB to each of their corresponding second electrode sets Y1, Y2, and Y4 to impose an electric potential PB of −V/2 Volts thereon. In this example embodiment of the invention, voltages VA and VB impose corresponding electric potentials PA and PB that are different from one another. Specifically, electric potentials PA and PB are each substantially equal in magnitude, but comprise different polarities. - Accordingly, an electric potential difference sufficient to establish the first desired birefringent state (i.e. 0 Volts in this example) exists in electrode group T3 while an electric potential difference sufficient to establish the second birefringent state (i.e. V Volts in this example) exists in each of electrode groups T1, T2, and T4. In this example embodiment,
light modulator 200 is driven such that the sums of the electric potentials combinations used to create each of the different birefringent states are approximately equal to one another. That is, a first sum of electrical potentials PC and PC (i.e. the sum of 0 Volts and 0 Volts) approximately equals a second sum of electrical potentials PA and PB (i.e. the sum of +V/2 Volts and −V/2 Volts). Unlike the aforementionedconventional TIR modulator 10 in which a variance of V/2 Volts was created in the average electrical potentials between non-diffracting and diffracting regions ofTIR modulator 10, such variances are reduced in thelight modulator 200 of the present invention.Light modulator 200 is driven in a balanced manner as opposed to the un-balanced manner that conventionallight TIR modulator 10 was driven. - Numerous advantageous can accompany light modulators produced or operated as per various embodiments of the invention. For example, the presence of the aforementioned long-range electric fields can be reduced. Image pixel positional variances associated with beam steering effects can be reduced. Improvements in the edge sharpness of formed
image pixels 140 can also be achieved. For example,FIG. 5 is graph comparing simulated exposure profiles at the boundary of a diffracting and non-diffracting region created in a balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention and in an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator. Each of the diffracted and non-diffracted regions is shown to be approximately three periods wide, wherein one period corresponds to a pair of the electrodes (i.e. one first electrode X and one second electrode Y). The boundary transition for the balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention is steeper (i.e. sharper) than that of the unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator. A steeper boundary transition can lead to better defined image feature edges. - Other advantages can include improvements in the exposure profiles associated with the formation of a given
image pixel 140. For example,FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs simulating the exposure profiles associated with the formation of an image pixel as compared between a balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention and an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator.FIG. 6A compares exposure profiles formed bypixel regions 210 comprising two pairs of first and second electrodes X and Y (i.e. a two period pixel exposure profile). The exposure profile associated with the balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention is shown to be “fuller” than that of the unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator. A fuller profile can lead to less variation in theimage pixels 140 as a consequence of variations in the exposure. -
FIG. 6B compares exposure profiles formed bypixel regions 210 comprising a single pair of first and second electrodes X and Y (i.e. a one period pixel exposure profile). In this case, the exposure profile associated with the un-balanced conventional TIR light modulator is significantly deficient in its overall exposure and is likely not suitable for forming acorresponding image pixel 140. In contrast, the balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention provides significantly greater exposure. Variouslight modulators 200 provided by the present invention might therefore be used to formimage pixels 140 with higher resolutions, and in this case, resolutions as small as those associated with a single pair of first and second electrodes X and Y. - It is to be noted the various profiles of the TIR
light modulator 200 inFIGS. 6A and 6B exceed unity. The intensity of imaging radiation associated with the various exposure profiles plotted inFIGS. 6A and 6B is relative to the intensity of an un-diffracted radiation beam emitted by an associated pixel region. Whenimage data 120 is imposed by a TIR light modulator, imaging radiation appears at angles intermediate between zero and first diffraction orders. Subsequent diffraction of the imaging radiation by an order blocker (e.g. aperture 150) causes the final exposure profile to have an oscillatory form. This effect is responsible for the overshoot of the final intensity at the transition between diffracting and non-diffracting regions of the TIR light modulator. In some cases, this effect can cause the peak intensity to exceed unity. - One possible reason for the improvements provided by various embodiments of the invention is that a balanced
light modulator 200 makes better use of the pupil of a lens used to image radiation emitted by the light modulator 200 (e.g. a lens associated with optical element 170).Light modulators 200 of the present invention can also make better use of the illumination.FIG. 7 shows a graph which simulates how radiation emitted byillumination source 102 is utilized by a balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention and by an unbalanced conventional TIR light modulator. In this case each of the modulators is modeled with a two period pixel configuration. Typically, the utilization of the radiation varies with the angle at which the radiation passes through the system. InFIG. 7 , the angle is expressed as a fraction of the diffraction angle and the illumination is shown extending from −0.25 to +0.25. In the case of the unbalanced conventional TIR modulator, the illumination contribution varies quite strongly as a function of the angle. This can lead to various problems such as those previously mentioned in regards to exposure profile shape and overall exposure levels. These problems can be especially sensitive to the details of the illumination angular distribution. In the case of the balancedlight modulator 200 of the present invention,FIG. 7 shows that the illumination contribution does not vary significantly as a function of the angle, a result which can lead to enhanced imaging characteristics. - In other example embodiments of the invention,
light modulator 200 can be driven using different techniques. For example, a common electric potential PC imposed on each of the first and second electrode sets X and Y of a particular electrode group T need not be selected to be a null or a ground potential. A first voltage source VX and its corresponding second voltage source VY can be driven to apply voltages VC to impose non-zero electric potentials of VO Volts on each of the corresponding first and second electrode sets X and Y in accordance with a first desired birefringent state. When a change from the first birefringent state to a second birefringent state is desired (i.e. for example when change in a image data signal is encountered), the first voltage source VX can be driven to adjust voltage VC applied to the first electrode set X by a first amount (e.g. V/2 Volts) to create an adjusted voltage equal to VC+V/2, and the second voltage source VY can be driven to adjust the voltage applied to the second electrode set Y by a second amount (e.g. V/2 Volts) to create an adjusted voltage equal to VC−V/2. The applied voltages are selected such that the sum of the voltages applied to the first and second electrode sets X and Y during the establishment of the first birefringent state (i.e. the sum of VO and VO) approximately equals the sum of the adjusted voltages applied to the first and second electrode sets X and Y during the establishment of the second birefringent state (i.e. the sum of VO+V/2 and VO−V/2). Each of the initially applied voltages are selected to create an electric potential difference suitable for the establishment of the first birefringent state and each of the adjusted applied voltages are selected to create an electric potential difference suitable for the establishment of the second birefringent state. In this example embodiment, each of the applied voltages is selected to cause each of the electric potentials applied to each of the first and second electrodes X and Y during the establishment of either birefringent state to be uni-polar in nature. A uni-polar drive can be employed to simplify drive requirements. - In some example embodiments of the invention, the sum of the electric potentials applied to each of the first and second associated electrodes sets X and Y is adjusted to be equal for each birefringent state while approximating an electric potential difference required by a particular state. For example, an electric potential of 50 Volts can be imposed on a first electrode set X while imposing an electric potential of 40 Volts on an associated second electrode set Y to create a 10 volt electric potential difference required by a first birefringent state. A second birefringent state requiring at least an 80 Volt electric potential difference can be achieved by changing the electric potential imposed on the first set of electrodes X to 90V and by changing the electric potential imposed on the second set of the electrodes Y to 0 Volts to create the necessary electric potential difference required by the second birefringent state while maintaining equal sums (i.e. in this example embodiment, a first sum of 50+40 Volts is approximately equal to a second sum of 90+0 Volts). In this example embodiment, all of the electric potentials are selected from electric potential values that are different from each other.
- In some example embodiments of the invention, the equality of the sums (or averages) of the electrode electric potentials between first and second birefringent states is not exact, but rather approximate. For example, a first birefringent state in which an electric potential of 40 Volts is imposed on each of the first and second electrode sets X and Y can be changed to second birefringent state in which the electric potential imposed on the first electrode set X is adjusted to 85 Volts (i.e. the electric potential of 40V is increased by an amount equal to 45 Volts) while the electric potential imposed on the second electrode set Y is adjusted to 5 Volts (i.e. the electric potential of 40 Volts is decreased by an amount equal to 35 Volts). In this example, embodiment, the applied voltages are not varied by the same amount but by amounts which are approximately equal to one another to within 10 volts. Although the sums of the electrical potentials are not exact but approximate (i.e. a difference of 5 Volts exists), the difference is significantly less than the 35V difference that would exist in
conventional TIR modulator 10 operated under the same conditions. In some example embodiments of the invention, the lesser of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of two different birefringent states is at least 80% of the greater of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of the two different birefringent states. In other example embodiments of the invention, the lesser of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of two different birefringent states is at least 90% of the greater of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of the two different birefringent states. In yet other example embodiments, the lesser of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of two different birefringent states is at least 95% of the greater of the sums (or averages) of the electric potentials associated with each of the two different birefringent states. - In some example embodiments of the invention, a plurality of different birefringent states can be imposed in the electro-
optic material 213 of a givenpixel region 210 such that various degrees of diffraction are established for each of the states. In some example embodiments, a first birefringent state can be associated with an electric potential difference that is not null but some value associated with a diffraction amount that is tolerable by the required activation state. A first birefringent state can be used to create a partial diffractive state that can be used to adjust the output radiation emitted from an associatedpixel region 210. The partial diffraction state can be associated with an ON activation state and can differ from a diffraction state associated with an OFF activation state. For example, in various embodiments of the invention an electric potential difference in the range of 0 to 20 Volts between associated first and second electrodes sets X and Y can be associated with an ON activation state while an electric potential difference of about 80 Volts can be associated with an OFF activation state. A ratio of the electric potential differences associated with two different birefringent states or two different activation states can be 25% or less in some example embodiments, 12% or less in other example embodiments, and 5% or less in yet other example embodiments. In some example embodiments, different ratios can be associated withdifferent pixel regions 210. - The greater of the electric potential differences created between the electrodes of an associated electrode sets X and Y (e.g. the previously described 80 Volt difference associated with an OFF activation state) is typically referred to as the operating potential difference. A difference between the sums of the electric potentials applied to each of the first and second associated electrodes sets X and Y during different activation states can arise and in some example embodiments a ratio of this difference to the operating potential difference associated with the first and second associated electrodes sets X and Y can be 50% or less. In other example embodiments, this ratio can be 30% or less, and even 20% or less in yet other embodiments. Alternatively, when considering a difference between the averages of the electric potentials applied to each of the first and second associated electrodes sets X and Y during different activation states, a ratio of the average voltage differences to the operating potential value can be 25% or less in some embodiments, 15% or less in other embodiments and 10% or less in yet other embodiments.
- The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention.
-
- 10 TIR modulator
- 12 member
- 15 electrodes
- 16 electrodes
- 18 surface
- 20 surface
- 22 surface
- 25 input radiation
- 27 output radiation
- 100 imaging apparatus
- 102 illumination source
- 110 optical element(s)
- 120 image data
- 125 radiation
- 126 direction of travel
- 130 recording media
- 140 image pixel
- 150 aperture
- 160 controller
- 170 optical element(s)
- 200 light modulator
- 210 pixel region
- 212 member
- 213 electro-optic material
- 215 electrode
- 216 electrode
- 218 surface
- 220 surface
- 222 surface
- PA electric potential
- PB electric potential
- PC electric potential
- S1 electrode group
- S2 electrode group
- S3 electrode group
- S4 electrode group
- Sn electrode group
- T1 electrode group
- T2 electrode group
- T3 electrode group
- T4 electrode group
- Tn electrode group
- V1 voltage source
- V2 voltage source
- V3 voltage source
- V4 voltage source
- Vn voltage source
- VA voltage
- VB voltage
- VC voltage
- VX1 first voltage source
- VX2 first voltage source
- VX3 first voltage source
- VX4 first voltage source
- VXn first voltage source
- VY1 second voltage source
- VY2 second voltage source
- VY3 second voltage source
- VY4 second voltage source
- VYn second voltage source
- X1 first electrode set
- X2 first electrode set
- X3 first electrode set
- X4 first electrode set
- Xn first electrode set
- Y1 second electrode set
- Y2 second electrode set
- Y3 second electrode set
- Y4 second electrode set
- Yn second electrode set
Claims (33)
Priority Applications (2)
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US12/183,094 US7656571B1 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Balanced light valve |
PCT/US2009/004418 WO2010014247A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2009-07-31 | Balance light valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/183,094 US7656571B1 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Balanced light valve |
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US7656571B1 US7656571B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 |
US20100027095A1 true US20100027095A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
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US12/183,094 Active US7656571B1 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Balanced light valve |
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US (1) | US7656571B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010014247A1 (en) |
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US8111444B2 (en) * | 2010-03-24 | 2012-02-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Total internal reflection light valve |
US8023170B1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2011-09-20 | Eastman Kodak Company | Total internal reflection modulator |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4281904A (en) * | 1979-06-21 | 1981-08-04 | Xerox Corporation | TIR Electro-optic modulator with individually addressed electrodes |
US4406521A (en) * | 1981-01-29 | 1983-09-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Light valve imaging apparatus having improved addressing electrode structure |
US4780732A (en) * | 1988-03-21 | 1988-10-25 | Xerox Corporation | Dual interaction TIR modulator |
US5291566A (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 1994-03-01 | Xerox Corporation | Total internal reflection electro-optic modulator for multiple axis and asymmetric beam profile modulation |
US5734491A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1998-03-31 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electro-optic modulator with threshold bias |
US5841579A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-11-24 | Silicon Light Machines | Flat diffraction grating light valve |
US6288822B2 (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 2001-09-11 | Teloptics Corporation | Discrete element light modulating microstructure devices |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6084626A (en) * | 1998-04-29 | 2000-07-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Grating modulator array |
US6504524B1 (en) * | 2000-03-08 | 2003-01-07 | E Ink Corporation | Addressing methods for displays having zero time-average field |
JP2010503950A (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2010-02-04 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Controllable light guide |
-
2008
- 2008-07-31 US US12/183,094 patent/US7656571B1/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-07-31 WO PCT/US2009/004418 patent/WO2010014247A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4281904A (en) * | 1979-06-21 | 1981-08-04 | Xerox Corporation | TIR Electro-optic modulator with individually addressed electrodes |
US4406521A (en) * | 1981-01-29 | 1983-09-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Light valve imaging apparatus having improved addressing electrode structure |
US4780732A (en) * | 1988-03-21 | 1988-10-25 | Xerox Corporation | Dual interaction TIR modulator |
US5291566A (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 1994-03-01 | Xerox Corporation | Total internal reflection electro-optic modulator for multiple axis and asymmetric beam profile modulation |
US5841579A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-11-24 | Silicon Light Machines | Flat diffraction grating light valve |
US5734491A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1998-03-31 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electro-optic modulator with threshold bias |
US6288822B2 (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 2001-09-11 | Teloptics Corporation | Discrete element light modulating microstructure devices |
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US7656571B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 |
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