US20090318823A1 - Air sampling apparatus and methods - Google Patents
Air sampling apparatus and methods Download PDFInfo
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- US20090318823A1 US20090318823A1 US12/456,814 US45681409A US2009318823A1 US 20090318823 A1 US20090318823 A1 US 20090318823A1 US 45681409 A US45681409 A US 45681409A US 2009318823 A1 US2009318823 A1 US 2009318823A1
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- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Norphytane Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000025865 Ulcer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008855 peristalsis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000397 ulcer Toxicity 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/08—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
- A61B5/097—Devices for facilitating collection of breath or for directing breath into or through measuring devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/24—Suction devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/24—Suction devices
- G01N2001/247—Syringes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/24—Suction devices
- G01N2001/248—Evacuated containers
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/132,869, filed 23 Jun. 2008 and entitled “Air Sampling Apparatus and Methods.”
- This invention relates to the field of sampling air from the lungs and specifically to the field of obtaining a sample of a person's air, including alveolar air from the alveoli of the lungs of a person.
- Air from the lungs of a person can be used for many different types of testing that would otherwise require the person to undergo an invasive procedure. For example, alveolar air can be analyzed for, but not limited to, the noninvasive diagnosis of a wide variety of conditions including the noninvasive diagnosis of stomach infections related to a high incidence of ulcers, enzymatic deficiencies, and metabolic conditions and/or abnormalities. Crucial to any such testing is the ability to get an accurate sample containing a sufficient volume of air representative of true alveolar air, necessary for specific testing. A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of ‘rollers’, ‘shoes’ or ‘wipers’ attached to the external circumference compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of tube under compression closes (or ‘occludes’) thus forcing the fluid to be pumped to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam (‘restitution’) fluid flow is induced to the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.
- Because the only part of the pump in contact with the fluid being pumped is the interior of the tube, it is easy to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the pump. Furthermore, since there are no moving parts in contact with the fluid, peristaltic pumps are inexpensive to manufacture. Their lack of valves, seals and glands makes them comparatively inexpensive to maintain, and the use of a hose or tube makes for a relatively low-cost maintenance item compared to other pump types.
- A simple to use, inexpensive, and user-friendly apparatus is desired to collect and store human breath samples, and also to accurately extract samples from the storage.
- The present invention is particularly suited for transferring air samples from a container to a gas or liquid analyzer. These samples are required to be kept at very pristine conditions, with no outside air influencing sample results.
- The present invention incorporates is a closed system coupled to breath collection apparatus, such as a bag. One exemplary bag is described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,477. In general, the invention involves capturing the air in a vacuum state, accessing the air sample by a hollow needle, and using a peristaltic pump to take the pressure down to atmospheric level, in a completely closed system to avoid introduction of waste air or contaminants into the sample.
-
FIG. 1 is a side view of a breath collection bag of the present invention, coupled to a sensing mechanism for color analysis. -
FIG. 2A is a side view, with portions cut away, of an alternate embodiment of a breath collection bag, coupled to a sensing mechanism for color analysis. -
FIG. 2B is a cross sectional view of a breath collection bag of the present invention shown inFIG. 1 , coupled to a sensing mechanism for color analysis. -
FIG. 3 is a side schematic view of an air sample extractor. -
FIG. 4 is a side schematic view of an air sample extractor in use. -
FIG. 5 is a side view of an air sample collection apparatus such as a syringe. -
FIG. 6 is a flow profile. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a sample extraction apparatus and method for transferring the air sample to an analyzer. -
FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing of an alternate embodiment of a sample extraction apparatus and method for transferring the air sample to an analyzer. -
FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing of a alternate sample extraction apparatus and method for collecting an air sample into an analyzer. - Although the disclosure hereof is detailed and exact to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the physical embodiments herein disclosed merely exemplify the invention which may be embodied in other specific structures. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention.
- Referring now to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , a side view of a breath collection bag of the present invention, coupled to a sample container. A breath intake structure is provided for a patient to breathe in, so that the breath can be captured by the breath collection bag. The breath sample, now consisting of preferably just alveolar air, is ready to be transferred into thetest tube 50. It is noted thatsyringe 25 is initially empty, but is then filled by peristaltic pressure. - It is preferable, though not required, that the bag is of two ply construction, the two plies sealed together. Of course, more or less plies may be used in the bag construction. The bag structure is preferably expandable, and constructed of a supple, inert, and airtight material. One such supple and airtight material that performs suitably is thin polyester film, but foil laminate and a variety of other materials could also perform suitably. It should be easily recognizable to one skilled in the art that any number of materials other than foil laminate can be used for the
bag structure 10. Other examples of materials that could be used for constructing the present invention include for illustration, but not by way of limitation: Tedlar®, Saranex®, Saran®, and Teflon®. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the material can vary widely based on the characteristics of the gases desired to be sampled. The materials chosen should be inert and exhibit relative impermeability to the gases desired to sample, and any materials chosen that are relatively permeable to the gases desired to sample would not be preferred. -
FIGS. 1 and 2 show that a tube, vial, bottle or bag sample container can be coupled to a device, including asyringe type device 25, for capturing breath. - Referring now to
FIGS. 3 and 4 , a closed loop system is disclosed. In this system, thetest tube 25 is evacuated of waste air in theperistaltic pump tubing 37 onceperistaltic pump 20 engages, filling initiallyempty syringe 25 with waste air. Waste air is air in theperistaltic pump tubing 37 that is not air intended to be sampled or analyzed. - Referring now to
FIG. 7 , a schematic drawing of a sample extraction apparatus and method for transferring the air sample to an analyzer is shown. An evacuated tube orcontainer 25 is filled with a substance to be analyzed, and apierceable septum 26 is provided to maintain the sample prior to extraction for further downstream testing. Theseptum 26 is pierced and thepump 20 extracts the sample to theanalyzer 30. Thepump 20 is started and runs for a period of time that matches the flow profile shown inFIG. 6 , whereby the pump would stop at a time when the flow reaches zero or very close to zero. Alternatively, aflowmeter 28 would provide an electronic signal to control electronics to stop thepump 20 at zero or near zero flow condition. When thepump 20 stops, the operator would active the gas or liquated analyzer. - It is preferred that the sample extractor operates on timed runs based on a typical flow profile shown in
FIG. 6 , such as test tubes holding breath samples. A universal device could also monitor flow and control on/off with a microprocessor unit. - Referring now to
FIG. 8 , a schematic drawing of an alternate embodiment of a sample extraction apparatus and method for transferring the air sample to an analyzer is shown. In this embodiment, drying filter bottle is evacuated bypump 20, and the air existpump 20 intosolenoid valves 40. The sample is coupled to a drying tub, which is also coupled tosolenoid valves 40, and a sample loop is downstream. The exit of the sample loop, is coupled to a column as shown, with the preferable suppliers shown onFIG. 8 . 60-80 mesh, matrix packed gas chromatography is preferred, with thesensor 30 provided coupled to output source. In this sense, a closed loop is provided. -
FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing of an alternate sample extraction apparatus and method for collecting an air sample into an analyzer. In contrast to earlier referenced embodiments, in which removal of samples from evacuated spaces or filled sample containers (tubes, vials, bottles, or bags) is shown, the method and apparatus shown inFIG. 9 can be used to collect samples from their target area which can be an open environment, such as environmental or medical situations, sanitation situations, mining applications, or utilities. In such situations, monitoring ambient or moving air for particular gases or contaminants may be desirable. - Instead of using syringe to collect sample (
FIG. 7 ), or a bag (FIG. 1 ), one can use avacuum tube 75 exposed to the sampling target, which can be either at atmospheric or non-atmospheric pressure. This system uses aperistaltic pump 20 which draws a vacuum back on through thevacuum tube 75 extracts sample out and pushes the sample to either a container 25 (such as thecontainer 25 used to initially store sample as shown inFIG. 7 ), or directly to a gas orliquid analyzer 30. This positive pumping method differs from prior art movement of air samples in that traditional water displacement techniques, in which water is introduced to the sample in order to evacuate the sample from the space now occupied by the water is used. Alternatively, nitrogen injection has been used and introduced into the sample to likewise evacuate the sample from the space it formerly occupied. - In one method of the present invention, the
pump 20 can be programmable as is known in the art, in order to turn on and off and collect a predetermined volume of sample, or a operate for a predetermined amount of time. In this method, aggregate sampling can be accomplished by operating thepump 20 either continuously or at intervals until a predetermined volume is collected. The systems and methods of the present invention can be used to operatepumps 20 that are programmable or otherwise operated in a manner for turning on and off to collect aggregate samples. For instance, some sampling procedures require a predetermined volume for testing. Alternatively, concentrators are used to aggregate samples to measure for very small concentrations of sample analyte. In this manner, theprogrammable pump 20 can operate throughflowmeter 28 and either volume or time calculations can be performed on the sample aggregation. Referring to theflow meter 28, this has been incorporated into the system so that a predetermined volume can be collected, or if less than the full volume of a container is withdrawn, concentration can be accurately determined. - Alternatively, pump 20 can be operated for a predetermined amount of time at a predetermined flow rate to result in a predetermined volume. This technique could be used to either fill a container for samples, or to send a predetermined volume of sample to the instrument for measurement (e.g., concentrators where material is adsorbed or absorbed into the concentrator). Alternatively, a predetermined amount of sample, or an aliquot can be transported positively into the
analyzer 30. In a case where sample collection is required, a certain amount is pumped out over time into a sample collection bag (e.g., 10 ml every 60 minutes over 24 hours to result in a predetermined volume). This technique can be applied to any type of vessel or atmosphere that contains desired sample, and after passing through thepump 20, could result in either collection incollector 25 or analysis intoanalyzer 30. This technique, as opposed to displacing the sample with water or a benign gas (e.g., nitrogen) keeps the sample in its pure form, reducing the amount of contaminants introduced into the analysis. - If necessary or desirable, a chromatographic footprint can be created for ambient contaminants in the system, or pump 20 plus
tube 75, and that footprint could be subtracted from the results of theanalyzer 30. - A closed system is disclosed without contaminating connections or sample transfer techniques, and the present methods can be utilized to target atmospheric or non-atmospheric targets. A closed system is defined as a system not subject to the atmosphere between the situs of the target analyte and the gas or liquid analyzer.
- The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention, which is defined by the claims.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/456,814 US9011348B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2009-06-23 | Air sampling apparatus and methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US13286908P | 2008-06-23 | 2008-06-23 | |
US12/456,814 US9011348B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2009-06-23 | Air sampling apparatus and methods |
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US20090318823A1 true US20090318823A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
US9011348B2 US9011348B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120226183A1 (en) * | 2010-08-30 | 2012-09-06 | Quintron Instrument Company | Evacuated air chamber |
CN103487479A (en) * | 2013-09-27 | 2014-01-01 | 无锡市尚沃医疗电子股份有限公司 | Handheld expired air analyzer |
US20150005657A1 (en) * | 2012-02-09 | 2015-01-01 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Gas sampling device and method |
US11320419B2 (en) * | 2020-01-30 | 2022-05-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Sampling of breath gas |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170086447A1 (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2017-03-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Carbon dioxide source for arthropod vector surveillance |
US11117093B2 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2021-09-14 | Perma Pure Llc | Method for a portable sampling system |
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