US20090166218A1

US20090166218A1 - Pulsed electrolytic cell

Info

Publication number: US20090166218A1
Application number: US12/398,052
Authority: US
Inventors: Irving I. Dardik
Original assignee: Energetics Technologies LLC
Current assignee: Energetics Technologies LLC
Priority date: 2001-05-30
Filing date: 2009-03-04
Publication date: 2009-07-02
Also published as: JP2004527661A; EP1404897A1; CN1273645C; WO2002097166A1; US20030213696A1; US20020179433A1; CA2448661A1; EP1404897A4; JP2010174379A; CN1529770A

Abstract

A power generator is provided with an electrolytic cell containing an electrically-conductive heavy or light water based electrolyte in which is immersed an electrode pair whose anode is formed of platinum and whose cathode is formed of palladium. Applied across these electrodes is a train of voltage pulse packets, each comprised of a cluster of pulses. The amplitude and duration of each pulse in the packet, the duration of the intervals between pulses, and the duration of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with superlooping waves in which each wave is modulated by waves of different frequency and amplitude. Each packet of voltage pulses gives rise to a surge of current in the electrolyte which flows between the electrodes and causes the heavy or light water to decompose, oxygen being released at the anode while deuterium or hydrogen ions migrate toward the palladium cathode. The successive surges of ions produced by the train of pulse packets bombard the palladium cathode, to bring about dense hydrogen or deuterium packing which results in heat generation in excess of energy input to the cell.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/161,158, filed May 30, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/294,537, filed May 30, 2001.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the use of electrolytic cells and more particularly to a power generator that includes an electrolytic cell across whose anode and cathode electrodes electrical power is applied in a predetermined pattern.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The main object of this invention is to provide a power generator that includes a cell having a pair of electrodes immersed in an electrically-conductive heavy or light water based electrolyte, to which electrodes electrical pulses are applied which are in a predetermined pattern.
The significant feature of the present invention which distinguishes it from a prior cell in which the current through the electrolyte is pulsed, is that in a cell in accordance with the invention, pulsing takes place in a unique, novel and nonobvious pattern.
More specifically, an object of this invention is to provide a power generator that yields more energy in the form of heat than is applied to the cell in the form of electricity.
Briefly stated, these objects are attained in a power generator provided with an electrolytic cell containing an electrically-conductive hydrogen or deuterium containing electrolyte in which is immersed an electrode pair whose anode and cathode are formed of platinum, palladium, titanium, nickel or any other suitable metal. The electrolyte may be based on any suitable fluid such as light water, heavy water, and liquid metals, etc. or may also be a suitable solid material. Applied across these electrodes is a train of voltage pulse packets, each comprised of a cluster of pulses.
The amplitude and duration of each pulse in the packet, the duration of the intervals between pulses, and the duration of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with superlooping waves in which each wave is modulated by waves of different frequency. Each packet of voltage and current pulses gives rise to a surge of current in the electrolyte which flows between the electrodes and causes the electrolyte (e.g., heavy or light water) to decompose, oxygen being released, for example, at the platinum anode while hydrogen (or isotopic hydrogen, e.g., deuterium) ions migrate toward, for example, the palladium cathode. The successive surges of ions produced by the train of pulse packets bombard the cathode to bring about dense hydrogen or deuterium packing. The dense packing in the cathode results in the generation of energy in the form of heat. The energy generated in the form of heat is greater than the electric energy applied to the electrolytic cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention as well as other objects and features thereof, reference is made to the following detailed description to be read in conjunction with the annexed drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates superlooping wave phenomena.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an electrolytic cell in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates the pattern of electrical pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell; and

FIG. 4 illustrates the pattern of electrical pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell with pulse packets switched off during relaxation periods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Superlooping:
In the present invention, applied to the electrodes of the cell are voltage pulses to produce a pulsed current flow in the cell. However, these pulses are not of constant amplitude and duration but are in a pattern in which the amplitude and duration of the pulses and the intervals therebetween are modulated to give rise to a dense packing, for example, of deuterium in the palladium cathode that promotes energy generation.
This pulse pattern is in accordance with superlooping activity as set forth in the theory advanced in the Irving I. Dardik article “The Great Law of the Universe” that appeared in the March/April 1994 issue of the “Cycles” Journal. This article is incorporated herein by reference.
As pointed out in the Dardik article, it is generally accepted in science that all things in nature are composed of atoms that move around in perpetual motion. In contradistinction, the Dardik hypothesis is that all things in the universe are composed of waves that wave, this activity being referred to as “superlooping.” Superlooping gives rise to and is matter in motion; i.e., both change simultaneously to define matter-space-time.
Thus in nature, changes in the frequency and amplitude of a wave are not independent from one another, but are concurrently one and the same, representing two different hierarchical levels simultaneously. Any increase in wave frequency at the same time creates a new wave pattern, for all waves incorporate therein smaller waves and varying frequencies.
Every wave necessarily incorporates smaller waves, and is contained by larger waves. Thus each high-amplitude low-frequency major wave is modulated by many higher frequency lower-amplitude minor waves. Superlooping is an ongoing process of waves waving within one another.
FIG. 1 (adapted from the illustrations in the Dardik article) schematically illustrates superlooping wave phenomena. FIG. 1 depicts low-frequency major wave 110 modulated, for example, by minor waves 120 and 130. Minor waves 120 and 130 have progressively higher frequencies (compared to major wave 110). Other minor waves of even higher frequency may modulate major wave 110, but are not shown for clarity.
In this new principle of waves waving the wave frequency and wave intensity (amplitude squared) are varied simultaneously and continuously. The two different kinds of energy, i.e., energy carried by the waves that is proportional to their frequency, and energy proportional to their intensity are also simultaneous and continuous. Energy therefore is waves waving, or “wave/energy.” In a power generator in accordance with the invention, the pattern of pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell is derived from super-looping wave activity.
The Power Generator:
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown one preferable embodiment of a power generator in accordance with the invention provided with an electrolytic cell having a vessel 10. Vessel 10 contains electrolyte 11. Electrolyte 11 may be any suitable liquid electrolyte, such as heavy water, light water, molten metals, etc. For purposes of illustration, electrolyte 11 may, for example, be heavy water which is rendered electrically conductive by a suitable amount of a suitable salt dissolved therein.
Immersed in the electrolyte is an anode-cathode electrode pair formed by a cathode 12 and an anode 13. Cathode 12 and anode 13 may be made of any suitable metal such as palladium, platinum, titanium, nickel, etc. For purposes of illustration, cathode 12 may, for example, be a strip of palladium and anode 13 may, for example, be a coil of platinum. Anode coil 13 surrounds the strip of palladium metal so that the electrodes are bridged by the conductive electrolyte 11 and a voltage impressed across the electrodes causes a current to flow therebetween.
In a generator in accordance with the invention, a d-c voltage source 14 is provided whose output is applied across the electrodes 12 and 13 of the cell through an electronic modulator 14 whose operation is controlled by a programmed computer 16, whereby the modulator yields voltage pulses whose amplitude and duration as well as the duration of the intervals between pulses are determined by the program. The maximum amplitude of the pulses corresponds to the full output of the d-c source 14. Thus if the source provides a 45 VDC output, the maximum amplitude of the pulses will be 45 VDC, and the amplitudes of pulses having a lesser amplitude will be more or less below 45 VDC, depending on the program.
Computer 16 is programmed to activate electronic modulator 15 so as to yield a train of pulse packets, each packet being formed by a cluster of pulses that assume the pattern shown in FIG. 3. Thus the first packet in the train, Packet I, is composed of five pulses P₁to P₅which progressively vary in amplitude, pulse P₁being of the lowest amplitude and pulse P₅being of the highest amplitude. The respective durations of pulses P₁to P₅, vary progressively, so that pulse P₁is of the shortest duration and pulse P₅is of the longest duration. The intervals A between successive pulses in the cluster forming the packet vary progressively in duration. Thus the first interval between pulses P₄and P₅is shortest in duration, and the last interval between pulses P₄and P₅is longest in duration. While the packets are shown as being composed of five pulses, in practice they may have a fewer or a greater number of pulses. The duration of a packet may in practice be about thirty seconds, and the intervals between successive packets may be in a range of two to five seconds.
The second packet in the train, Packet II, is also composed of five pulses P₆to P₁₀, but their amplitudes and durations, and the intervals between pulses are the reverse of those in the pulse cluster of Packet I. Hence pulse P₆is of the greatest amplitude and that of P₁₀of the lowest amplitude.
The third packet in the train, Packet III, is formed of a cluster of five pulses P₁₁to P₁₅whose amplitudes and durations, and the intervals between pulses correspond to those in Packet I. The intervals between successive packets in the train have a duration B that changes from packet to packet.
The varying amplitudes of the pulses in the successive packets conform to the amplitude envelope of a major wave W₁. The varying durations of the pulses in the packets conform to the amplitude envelope of a minor wave W₂whose frequency differs from that of major wave W₁. The varying durations of the intervals between the pulses in a packet conforms to the amplitude envelope of still another minor wave W₃of different frequency. And the varying durations of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in accordance with the amplitude envelope of yet another minor wave W₄of different frequency.
A second modulator 20 may be implemented in order to measure the resistivity of cathode 12. Preferably, second modulator 20 may generate an AC current and pass the AC current through cathode 12. This AC current is preferably at a different frequency than the pulses produced by electronic modulator 15. In this way, no substantial interference exists between the pulses produced by modulator 15 and the current produced by second modulator 20.
In the proposed configuration shown in FIG. 3, the current provided by modulator 20 may be used to measure the resistivity of cathode 12. This measurement may be obtained by passing an AC current, which may be substantially constant—i.e., the amplitude of the peaks and valleys of the current and the frequency of the current are substantially constant-, through cathode 12 while measuring the voltage potential across the cathode. The change in voltage potential reflects the change in resistivity based on the relationship V(voltage)=I(current)*R(resistance). The measured resistivity change may then be used to indicate the level of hydrogen or deuterium packing in the cathode. As described above, dense packing may be a necessary precursor for the success of a cell according to the invention.
It will be understood that in FIG. 3 for purposes of clarity only small portions of minor waves W₂, W₃and W₄superimposed on wave W₁are shown. Further for clarity, the amplitudes and frequencies of superlooping minor waves W₂, W₃, and W₄, relative to each other and relative to major wave W₁, are not drawn to scale. In fact the maximum amplitude of the minor waves may be proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the major wave. Thus, minor waves W₂and W₃(which are located at about the peak amplitude of major wave W₁) are likely to have much larger maximum amplitudes than the maximum amplitude of minor wave W₄(which is located at about the bottom of a valley in wave W1). The maximum amplitude of minor waves W₂and W₃at the peak of the major wave may even be comparable to the peak amplitude of major wave W₁. Other illustrative examples of superlooping minor waves within major waves and their frequency and amplitude distribution are provided by the FIGS. shown in the Dardik article “The Great Law of the Universe” incorporated herein by reference.
With continued reference to FIG. 3, the pattern of the voltage pulses which constitute the train is governed by superlooping waves W₁to W₄and the current which flows between the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte is pulsed accordingly.
Thus instead of a steady stream of hydrogen or deuterium ions migrating toward the palladium cathode, the ions travel in clusters, each created by a packet of pulses, to produce a high intensity surge of hydrogen or deuterium ions that bombards the palladium cathode. The surges of hydrogen or deuterium ions which repeatedly bombard the palladium electrode give rise to a dense hydrogen or deuterium packing in the palladium to produce heat.
Highly effective computer pulse pattern programs afford optimum results, resulting in the greatest amount of heat at the palladium cathode. These can be determined empirically by modifying the program to find the most effective pattern. One example of the most effective pulse pattern is to incorporate a relaxation period corresponding to the downward phases of the major wave W₁. Pulse packets in the pulse train may be completely turned off during the relaxation periods corresponding to the downward phases. FIG. 4. illustrates a pulse pattern with pulses (e.g., packet P₂, FIG. 3) completely switched off during the relaxation period.
The program is using analytic formulation of superlooping waves which it digitizes so as to derive a train of pulses at the proper amplitude. The aforementioned Dardik article illustrates various forms of superlooping waves.
While there has been shown a preferred embodiment of a power generator, it is to be understood that many changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. The electrode pair may be formed by concentric tubes, rather than by a strip surrounded by a coil as illustrated in FIG. 2.

Claims

1. An apparatus for generating heat energy comprising:

an electrolytic cell containing an electrically conductive water based electrolyte having immersed therein an anode-cathode pair of electrodes; and

means applying across the electrodes a train of current pulse packets each comprised of a cluster of pulses, to cause a correspondingly pulsed current to flow between the electrodes, causing the water to decompose whereby oxygen is released at the anode electrode while hydrogen or deuterium ions migrate toward the cathode electrode, each packet of pulses producing a surge of ions which bombard the cathode electrode, successive surges producing a dense packing of hydrogen or deuterium in the cathode generating heat energy in excess of input energy.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the amplitude and duration of each pulse in the packet, the duration of the intervals between these pulses and the duration of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with superlooping waves in which lower frequency waves are modulated by higher frequency waves.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said train of pulse packets is produced by a d-c source whose output is applied to the electrodes through an electronic modulator controlled by a computer which is programmed to amplify the pulses in the predetermined pattern established by the train of pulse packets produced by the d-c source.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cathode electrode includes palladium.

5. A pulsed electrolytic cell comprising:

a container having disposed therein an electrically conductive water based electrolyte;

an anode electrode immersed in the electrolyte;

a cathode electrode immersed in the electrolyte; and

a modulating direct current electrical power source electrically connected to the anode and cathode electrodes operable to modulate electrical power applied to the electrodes in a predetermined pattern in which each major wave of current through the electrodes is modulated by at least one minor wave of current of varying amplitude and higher frequency.

6. The cell of claim 5 wherein the power source generates a train of superlooping current pulse packets through the electrolyte and the electrodes.

7. The cell of claim 5 wherein the amplitudes of each of the plurality of minor waves are proportional to an instantaneous amplitude of the major wave.

8. The cell of claim 7 wherein the cathode electrode includes palladium.

9. The cell of claim 8 wherein the anode electrode includes platinum.

10. A method for generating heat energy comprising:

providing a container having disposed therein an electrically conductive water or heavy water based electrolyte, an anode electrode immersed in the electrolyte, and a cathode electrode immersed in the electrolyte;

connecting a direct current electrical power source to the anode and cathode electrodes; and

modulating direct current electrical power applied by the source to the electrodes in a predetermined pattern in which a major wave of current through the electrodes is modulated by a plurality of minor waves of current of varying amplitude and frequency.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein modulating comprises generating a train of superlooping current pulse packets through the electrolyte and the electrodes.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein amplitudes of each of the minor waves are proportional to an instantaneous amplitude of the major wave.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein the cathode includes palladium.

14. A method for generating heat energy in an electrolytic cell having an electrically conductive water based electrolyte, an anode electrode immersed in the electrolyte, and a cathode electrode immersed therein, the method comprising:

applying a direct current source to the anode and cathode electrodes; and

modulating direct current from the source in a predetermined pattern of major and minor waves to form pulse packets of current pulses in the electrodes in which amplitude of the minor waves in the packets are proportional to instantaneous amplitude of the major wave.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the cathode electrode includes palladium.

16. The method of claim 14 wherein the anode includes platinum.