US20090149900A1 - Transvascular neural stimulation device - Google Patents
Transvascular neural stimulation device Download PDFInfo
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- US20090149900A1 US20090149900A1 US12/371,153 US37115309A US2009149900A1 US 20090149900 A1 US20090149900 A1 US 20090149900A1 US 37115309 A US37115309 A US 37115309A US 2009149900 A1 US2009149900 A1 US 2009149900A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/056—Transvascular endocardial electrode systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M31/00—Devices for introducing or retaining media, e.g. remedies, in cavities of the body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/0551—Spinal or peripheral nerve electrodes
- A61N1/0558—Anchoring or fixation means therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
- A61N1/36053—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for vagal stimulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
- A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
- A61N1/3611—Respiration control
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
- A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
- A61N1/36114—Cardiac control, e.g. by vagal stimulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
- A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
- A61N1/36114—Cardiac control, e.g. by vagal stimulation
- A61N1/36117—Cardiac control, e.g. by vagal stimulation for treating hypertension
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
- A61N1/3627—Heart stimulators for treating a mechanical deficiency of the heart, e.g. congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
- A61N1/3629—Heart stimulators in combination with non-electric therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/37211—Means for communicating with stimulators
- A61N1/37217—Means for communicating with stimulators characterised by the communication link, e.g. acoustic or tactile
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/37211—Means for communicating with stimulators
- A61N1/37252—Details of algorithms or data aspects of communication system, e.g. handshaking, transmitting specific data or segmenting data
- A61N1/37288—Communication to several implantable medical devices within one patient
Definitions
- This patent document pertains generally to neural stimulation devices and methods, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to transvascular neural stimulation devices and methods.
- the automatic nervous system regulates “involuntary” organs.
- the ANS includes the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
- the sympathetic nervous system is affiliated with stress and the “fight or flight response” to emergencies.
- the parasympathetic nervous system is affiliated with relaxation and the “rest and digest response.”
- the ANS maintains normal internal function and works with the somatic nervous system.
- Autonomic balance reflects the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. A change in autonomic balance is reflected in changes in heart rate, heart rhythm, contractility, remodeling, inflammation and blood pressure. Changes in autonomic balance can also be seen in other physiological changes, such as changes in abdominal pain, appetite, stamina, emotions, personality, muscle tone, sleep, and allergies, for example.
- Reduced autonomic balance (increase in sympathetic and decrease in parasympathetic cardiac tone) during heart failure has been shown to be associated with left ventricular dysfunction and increased mortality.
- Research also indicates that increasing parasympathetic tone and reducing sympathetic tone may protect the myocardium from further remodeling and predisposition to fatal arrhythmias following myocardial infarction.
- Direct stimulation of the vagal parasympathetic fibers has been shown to reduce heart rate via the sympathetic nervous system.
- chronic stimulation of the vagus nerve may be of protective myocardial benefit following cardiac ischemic insult.
- Some target areas can be difficult to stimulate or isolate. For example, it may be difficult to stimulate a nerve that is located deep in the body or behind an organ. Improved neural stimulation devices are needed.
- an apparatus configured to transvascularly stimulate a nerve trunk through a blood vessel.
- the apparatus includes an expandable electrode that is chronically implantable in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk.
- the expandable electrode is configured to abut an area of the vessel wall along a length of the vessel.
- An electrical lead is coupled to the expandable electrode.
- An implantable pulse generator is coupled to the lead and configured to deliver an electrical stimulation signal to the electrode through the lead.
- an electrical signal is delivered from an implanted medical device to an electrode chronically implanted in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk to transvascularly deliver neural stimulation from the electrode to the nerve trunk.
- FIG. 1A shows a medical device implanted in a patient and leads extending into a heart, according to embodiments of the present subject matter.
- FIG. 1B is an illustration of a heart and leads extending into the heart, according to embodiments of the present subject matter.
- FIGS. 1C and 1D are illustrations of a heart and related blood vessels.
- FIG. 1E is an illustration of blood vessels and nerve trunks.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of stimulation targets.
- FIGS. 2C and 2D show neural pathways.
- FIG. 2E is an illustration of an internal jugular vein near a vagus nerve.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are illustrations of expandable electrodes chronically implanted in a blood vessel.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an implantable system for delivering transvascular stimulation.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 are flowcharts that illustrate methods of delivering transvascular stimulation.
- an embodiment of an implantable cardiac device 100 is placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest with leads 200 extending toward the heart.
- At least one lead 200 is coupled to an electrode 295 that is placed in a blood vessel and positioned to transvascularly stimulate a nerve on or near the extravascular surface of the vessel.
- Transvascular stimulation avoids direct contact with nerves during stimulation and reduces problems associated with neural inflammation or injury induced by direct stimulation.
- Leads can be implanted through the vasculature, thus maintaining the integrity of the thorax.
- Transvascular stimulation using intravascularly-fed leads provides relatively non-invasive access to anatomical targets and points of innervation in comparison to cuff electrodes.
- FIGS. 1B-1E and FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate examples of electrode placement.
- FIGS. 2B-2C show neural pathways.
- FIGS. 3A-3B show an example an electrode implanted in a blood vessel.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an example of an implantable system for delivering transvascular stimulation.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 are flow charts that illustrate methods of delivering transvascular stimulation.
- FIG. 3A is shows a cross-section of an example expandable electrode 305 implanted in a blood vessel 310 .
- the expandable electrode includes a mesh, at least part of which is electrically conductive.
- the expandable electrode is formed from Platinum or Platinum-Iridium.
- the expandable electrode 305 is similar to a stent.
- a nerve trunk 320 extends on or near an extravascular surface 325 of the blood vessel 310 .
- An expandable electrode 305 is implanted at or near a location in the blood vessel where the nerve trunk 320 crosses the blood vessel.
- the expandable electrode transmits neural stimulation energy through a predetermined surface area of the wall of a blood vessel. In an example, this predetermined area is about 0.25 to 5 cm 2 .
- the expandable electrode has a length L that provides enough surface area that there is at least some flexibility in the placement of the expandable electrode in the vessel with respect to the target nerve. In an example, the length of the expandable electrode is about 0.5 to 2.0 cm.
- the entire surface area of the expandable electrode that touches the blood vessel wall is conductive.
- at least a part of the surface area of the electrode is non-conductive.
- an electrode can be formed and positioned to deliver stimulation to through a conductive part of the electrode to a portion 330 ( FIG. 3B ) of a blood vessel that is proximate a nerve.
- FIG. 3B shows an end view of the blood vessel and electrode of FIG. 3A .
- the expandable electrode has an expanded diameter D (shown in FIG. 3B ) that is sized for implantation in a blood vessel of a particular size range.
- the expanded diameter D is about 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and the length L of the electrode is about 1.0 cm.
- the expandable electrode is covered with a drug, such as a drug that prevents occlusion, or a drug that reduces inflammation of the blood vessel near the electrode.
- a drug such as a drug that prevents occlusion, or a drug that reduces inflammation of the blood vessel near the electrode.
- the expandable electrode 305 is coupled to a power source that delivers an electrical stimulation.
- the illustrated expandable electrode 305 is coupled to a lead 315 .
- the lead 315 is coupled to an implantable system or device that includes control circuitry, such as the device shown in FIG. 1 or the system shown in FIG. 4 .
- the electrode may be implanted in various locations in the body, including a variety of locations near a trunk or branch of a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve system.
- the location of implanted electrodes 295 , 296 is denoted by an X.
- the implanted electrodes 295 , 296 each transvascularly stimulate a sympathetic nerve or a parasympathetic nerve.
- the electrode 295 transvascularly stimulates a peripheral nerve trunk.
- a peripheral nerve trunk include the vagus nerve 287 , aortic nerve 288 , and carotid sinus nerve 289 , which are shown in FIG. 2C .
- the electrode 295 stimulates a nerve branch, such as a vagal cardiac branch.
- FIGS. 1B , 1 C, and 1 D show examples of blood vessels in which the electrode can be implanted.
- FIG. 1B shows an implantable device 290 , leads 291 , 292 , 293 extending into a heart 201 and a superior vena cava 202 , an aortic arch 203 , and a pulmonary artery 204 . Leads extending into the heart are shown as dotted lines. For simplicity, electrodes are denoted with an X. Lead 291 and electrode 298 are inserted in the superior vena cava (SVC) 202 . The electrode 298 is used to transvascularly stimulate a nerve or nerve trunk on or near the SVC 202 .
- SVC superior vena cava
- FIG. 1B also shows electrodes 294 and 295 , which are examples of sensing or pacing electrodes located in the right and left ventricles respectively.
- Physiological data sensed by one or both of the electrodes 294 , 295 is processed by the device 290 , and a responsive neurostimulation therapy is delivered by one or more of the electrodes 298 , 299 .
- FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate other bloods vessels on the right side and left side of the heart respectively in which an electrode is implantable.
- FIG. 1C shows the right atrium 267 , right ventricle 268 , sinoatrial node 269 , superior vena cava 202 , inferior vena cava 270 , aorta 271 , right pulmonary veins 272 , and right pulmonary artery 273 .
- FIG. 1C shows the right atrium 267 , right ventricle 268 , sinoatrial node 269 , superior vena cava 202 , inferior vena cava 270 , aorta 271 , right pulmonary veins 272 , and right pulmonary artery 273 .
- FIG. 1C shows the right atrium 267 , right ventricle 268 , sinoatrial node 269 , superior vena cava 202 , inferior vena cava 270 , aorta 271
- FIG. 1D shows the left atrium 275 , left ventricle 276 , right atrium 267 , right ventricle 268 , superior vena cava 202 , inferior vena cava 270 , aorta 271 , right pulmonary veins 272 , left pulmonary vein 277 , right pulmonary artery 273 , and coronary sinus 278 .
- An electrode can be implanted in one or more of the blood vessels listed above at a location where a nerve, nerve branch, or nerve trunk passes an extravascular surface of the blood vessel. The implanted electrode transvascularly stimulates a nerve, nerve branch, or nerve trunk through the blood vessel.
- an electrode is implanted in the SVC 202 near a nerve a vagal nerve trunk.
- an electrode is implanted in the coronary sinus 278 near a vagal nerve trunk.
- a cardiac fat pad is transvascularly stimulated by an implanted electrode.
- FIG. 1C illustrates a cardiac fat pad 274 between the superior vena cava and aorta.
- FIG. 1D illustrates a cardiac fat pad 279 located proximate to the right cardiac veins and a cardiac fat pad 280 located proximate to the inferior vena cava and left atrium.
- An electrode implanted in the superior vena cava, aorta, cardiac veins, or inferior vena cava stimulates nerve endings in fat pad 274 or 279 . Nerve endings in the fat pad 280 are stimulated by an electrode located in the coronary sinus.
- electrodes 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 are implanted at locations in blood vessels near a vagus nerve. Portions of arteries are shown cut-away so that the electrodes are visible in the figure.
- the aortic arch 116 , pulmonary artery 118 , carotid arteries 124 , 126 and subclavian arteries 128 , 130 are shown in FIG. 1E .
- the right vagus nerve trunk 120 extends near carotid artery 124 and subclavian artery 128 .
- the left vagus nerve 122 extends near carotid artery 126 and subclavian artery 130 .
- Electrode 131 is implanted in carotid artery 124 .
- the illustrated electrode 131 is an expandable electrode such as a stent.
- Electrode 132 is implanted in carotid artery 126 .
- Electrode 133 is implanted in subclavian artery 128 .
- Electrode 134 is implanted in subclavian artery 130 .
- Electrode 140 is implanted in the carotid sinus 141 near the carotid sinus nerve 142 .
- only one of electrodes 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 140 is implanted in a patient.
- two or more electrodes are implanted in a patient and used to transvascularly stimulate a nerve trunk.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B provide additional illustrations of nerve target examples near the heart.
- FIG. 2A shows left vagus nerve 250 extending next to a subclavian artery 251 .
- Various nerves extend around the arch of the aorta 255 .
- Vagus nerve 250 also extends past the ligamentum arteriosum 256 .
- the anterior pulmonary plexus 257 crosses the left pulmonary artery 258 .
- Right vagus nerve 259 extends past a subclavian artery 260 and the cupola of pleura 261 .
- Cardiac nerves 262 extend past the brachiocephalic trunk 263 near the trachea 264 .
- Cardiac nerves 262 also extend past the arch of an azygos vein 265 to the right pulmonary artery 273 .
- the right lung 281 left lung 282 , esophagus 283 , a lower portion 284 of the left vagus nerve 250 , and a lower portion 285 of the aorta.
- FIG. 2A In the lower portion of FIG. 2A appear the right lung 281 , left lung 282 , esophagus 283 , a lower portion 284 of the left vagus nerve 250 , and a lower portion 285 of the aorta.
- FIG. 2B shows a left phrenic nerve 240 extending past a cupola of pleura 241 , an internal thoracic artery 242 , and left pulmonary artery 258 Vagus nerve 250 , recurrent laryngeal nerves 252 , cardiac nerves 253 , and the anterior pulmonary plexus 257 extend near the left pulmonary artery 258 and ligamentum arteriosum.
- An expandable electrode such as a stent, is chronically implantable in the blood vessels shown in FIG. 2A or 2 B to transvascularly stimulate a nerve or nerve trunk that extends on or near the blood vessel.
- the vagus nerve is transvascularly stimulated from the azygos vein 265 or internal jugular vein.
- FIGS. 2C and 2D show nerve pathways.
- FIG. 2C generally illustrates afferent nerves to vasomotor centers.
- An afferent nerve conveys impulses toward a nerve center.
- a vasomotor center relates to nerves that dilate and constrict blood vessels to control the size of the blood vessels.
- FIG. 2D generally illustrates efferent nerves from vasomotor centers.
- An efferent nerve conveys impulses away from a nerve center.
- Afferent and efferent nerves can be stimulated transvascularly.
- FIG. 2E shows the vagus nerve 286 near the internal jugular vein 287 .
- the vagus nerve 286 is transvascularly stimulated from the internal jugular vein 287 .
- a common carotid artery 124 and subclavian artery 128 are also shown in FIG. 2E .
- nerve trunks innervating other organs such as the lungs or kidneys are transvascularly stimulated.
- an expandable electrode such as a stent is implanted in a blood vessel proximate a nerve or nerve trunk that innervates the lungs or kidneys.
- an implantable device 100 is coupled to a lead 200 that is inserted into a blood vessel and coupled to an electrode 295 .
- An electrical signal is delivered through the lead 200 to the electrode 295 , which transvascularly stimulates a nerve on an extravascular surface of the blood vessel.
- the device 100 can optionally also deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) through one or more CRT leads that are threaded intravenously into the heart.
- CRT leads connect the device 100 to electrodes 300 that are used for sensing or pacing of the atria and/or ventricles.
- Transvascular stimulation electrode 296 is coupled to a CRT lead.
- An optional satellite unit 110 includes an electrode for neural stimulation and a communication circuit that communicates with the device 100 via a wireless link or conduction through the body.
- the satellite unit 110 electrode is implanted in a blood vessel, such as an internal jugular vein, to transvascularly stimulate a nerve, such as a vagus nerve, through the wall of the blood vessel.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example transvascular stimulation system that includes an implantable device 401 , an electrical lead 420 coupled to the implantable device 401 , and an expandable stimulation electrode 425 .
- the implantable device includes a controller circuit 405 , a memory circuit 410 , a telemetry circuit 415 , and a neural stimulation circuit 435 .
- the controller circuit 405 is operable on instructions stored in the memory circuit to deliver an electrical stimulation therapy. Therapy is delivered by the neural stimulation circuit 435 through the lead 420 and the electrode 425 .
- the telemetry circuit 415 allows communication with an external programmer 430 .
- the illustrated system also includes optional sensor circuitry 440 that is coupled to a lead 445 .
- the controller circuit 405 processes sensor data from the sensor circuitry and delivers a therapy responsive to the sensor data.
- Neural stimulation therapies can be used to treat one or more of a variety of conditions, including but not limited to arrhythmias, heart failure, hypertension, syncope, or orthostatic intolerance.
- an efferent peripheral nerve is transvascularly stimulated by an implanted expandable electrode.
- an afferent peripheral nerve is stimulated.
- electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve to reduce chronotropic, ionotropic, and dromotropic responses in the heart.
- electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve trunk during heart failure.
- electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve trunk following a myocardial infarction to protect against arrhythmias or prevent cardiac remodeling.
- Transvascular stimulation of a vagus nerve trunk is used in a number of therapies.
- vagal nerve stimulation simultaneously increases parasympathetic tone and decreases sympathetic myocardial tone.
- a vagus nerve trunk is transvascularly stimulated following cardiac ischemic insult. Increased sympathetic nervous activity following ischemia often results in increased exposure of the myocardium to epinephrine and norepinephrine. These catecholamines activate intracellular pathways within the myocytes, which lead to myocardial death and fibrosis. This effect is inhibited by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves, such as vagus nerves.
- vagal stimulation from the SVC lowers heart rate, overall blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure. Stimulation of the vagal cardiac nerves following myocardial infarction, or in heart failure patients, can be beneficial in preventing further remodeling and arrhythmogenesis.
- transvascular neural stimulation is used to treat other conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or neurogenic hypertension, where an increase parasympathetic cardiac tone and reduction in sympathetic cardiac tone is desired.
- HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- a bradycardia condition is treated by transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve trunk.
- the ionotropic state of the heart is increased by transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve trunk.
- an example method of delivering transvascular neural stimulation includes implanting a medical device, at 505 .
- an electrode is chronically implanted in a blood vessel near a nerve trunk, such as a cardiac peripheral nerve trunk.
- the electrode is an expandable electrode, such as a stent.
- the expandable electrode has an expanded diameter that is dimensioned to fix the electrode in place by frictional forces.
- the expandable electrode includes a drug-eluting coating that prevents occlusion or prevents inflammation of vascular walls or nerves that receives electrical stimulation from the electrode.
- the electrode is implanted in a blood vessel at a location where the nerve trunk extends along an extravascular surface of the blood vessel.
- the electrode is implanted in a blood vessel near a peripheral nerve trunk.
- the peripheral nerve trunk includes a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve.
- the electrode is implanted near a vagal cardiac nerve in a blood vessel such as the SVC, coronary sinus, or an azygos vein.
- the electrode is implanted in an internal jugular vein.
- an electrical signal is delivered from the implanted device to the electrode to transvascularly deliver neural stimulation to a nerve trunk near the blood vessel.
- the electrode delivers an electric pulse therapy that is sufficient to elicit depolarization of a target nerve.
- the stimulation therapy delivers about 1-10 milliamps of electrical stimulation.
- the controller delivers a pulse train of about 10-120 hertz to the electrode. In one example, a pulse train of about 20 hertz is used.
- delivery of transvascular neural stimulation near the heart is timed to occur during the cardiac refractory period to prevent fibrillation.
- transvascularly stimulating a parasympathetic nerve inhibits cardiac remodeling or delivers an antiarrhythmia therapy following a myocardial infarction.
- transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve delivers an antibradycardia therapy.
- FIG. 6 is a flow chart that illustrates another method.
- a medical device is implanted at 605 .
- an electrode is chronically implanted in a blood vessel near a nerve trunk.
- a physiologic property is sensed.
- an intrinsic electrical heart signal is detected.
- blood pressure is detected.
- neural stimulation responsive to the sensed physiologic property is transvascularly delivered through the implanted electrode.
Abstract
This document discusses, among other things, apparatus, systems, and methods for transvascularly stimulation of a nerve or nerve trunk. In an example, an apparatus is configured to transvascularly stimulate a nerve trunk through a blood vessel. The apparatus includes an expandable electrode that is chronically implantable in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk. The expandable electrode is configured to abut a predetermined surface area of the vessel wall along a predetermined length of the vessel. An electrical lead is coupled to the expandable electrode. An implantable pulse generator is coupled to the lead and configured to deliver an electrical stimulation signal to the electrode through the lead. In an example method, an electrical signal is delivered from an implanted medical device to an electrode chronically implanted in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk to transvascularly deliver neural stimulation from the electrode to the nerve trunk.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/103,245, filed Apr. 11, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- This patent document pertains generally to neural stimulation devices and methods, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to transvascular neural stimulation devices and methods.
- The automatic nervous system (ANS) regulates “involuntary” organs. The ANS includes the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is affiliated with stress and the “fight or flight response” to emergencies. The parasympathetic nervous system is affiliated with relaxation and the “rest and digest response.” The ANS maintains normal internal function and works with the somatic nervous system. Autonomic balance reflects the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. A change in autonomic balance is reflected in changes in heart rate, heart rhythm, contractility, remodeling, inflammation and blood pressure. Changes in autonomic balance can also be seen in other physiological changes, such as changes in abdominal pain, appetite, stamina, emotions, personality, muscle tone, sleep, and allergies, for example.
- Reduced autonomic balance (increase in sympathetic and decrease in parasympathetic cardiac tone) during heart failure has been shown to be associated with left ventricular dysfunction and increased mortality. Research also indicates that increasing parasympathetic tone and reducing sympathetic tone may protect the myocardium from further remodeling and predisposition to fatal arrhythmias following myocardial infarction. Direct stimulation of the vagal parasympathetic fibers has been shown to reduce heart rate via the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, some research indicates that chronic stimulation of the vagus nerve may be of protective myocardial benefit following cardiac ischemic insult.
- Some target areas can be difficult to stimulate or isolate. For example, it may be difficult to stimulate a nerve that is located deep in the body or behind an organ. Improved neural stimulation devices are needed.
- Various aspects of the present subject matter relate to an implantable apparatus. In an example, an apparatus is configured to transvascularly stimulate a nerve trunk through a blood vessel. The apparatus includes an expandable electrode that is chronically implantable in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk. The expandable electrode is configured to abut an area of the vessel wall along a length of the vessel. An electrical lead is coupled to the expandable electrode. An implantable pulse generator is coupled to the lead and configured to deliver an electrical stimulation signal to the electrode through the lead.
- Various aspects of the present subject matter relate to a method. In an example method, an electrical signal is delivered from an implanted medical device to an electrode chronically implanted in a blood vessel proximate a nerve trunk to transvascularly deliver neural stimulation from the electrode to the nerve trunk.
- This Summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details about the present subject matter are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which are not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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FIG. 1A shows a medical device implanted in a patient and leads extending into a heart, according to embodiments of the present subject matter. -
FIG. 1B is an illustration of a heart and leads extending into the heart, according to embodiments of the present subject matter. -
FIGS. 1C and 1D are illustrations of a heart and related blood vessels. -
FIG. 1E is an illustration of blood vessels and nerve trunks. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of stimulation targets. -
FIGS. 2C and 2D show neural pathways. -
FIG. 2E is an illustration of an internal jugular vein near a vagus nerve. -
FIGS. 3A and 3B are illustrations of expandable electrodes chronically implanted in a blood vessel. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an implantable system for delivering transvascular stimulation. -
FIGS. 5 and 6 are flowcharts that illustrate methods of delivering transvascular stimulation. - The following detailed description of the present subject matter refers to the accompanying drawings which show, by way of illustration, specific aspects and embodiments in which the present subject matter may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the present subject matter. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. References to “an”, “one”, or “various” embodiments in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references contemplate more than one embodiment. Additionally, the identified embodiments are not necessarily exclusive of each other, as some embodiments may be able to be combined with other embodiments. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of legal equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
- Referring now to
FIG. 1A , an embodiment of an implantablecardiac device 100 is placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest withleads 200 extending toward the heart. At least onelead 200 is coupled to anelectrode 295 that is placed in a blood vessel and positioned to transvascularly stimulate a nerve on or near the extravascular surface of the vessel. Transvascular stimulation avoids direct contact with nerves during stimulation and reduces problems associated with neural inflammation or injury induced by direct stimulation. Leads can be implanted through the vasculature, thus maintaining the integrity of the thorax. Transvascular stimulation using intravascularly-fed leads provides relatively non-invasive access to anatomical targets and points of innervation in comparison to cuff electrodes. -
FIGS. 1B-1E andFIGS. 2A-2B illustrate examples of electrode placement.FIGS. 2B-2C show neural pathways.FIGS. 3A-3B show an example an electrode implanted in a blood vessel.FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an example of an implantable system for delivering transvascular stimulation.FIGS. 5 and 6 are flow charts that illustrate methods of delivering transvascular stimulation. -
FIG. 3A is shows a cross-section of an exampleexpandable electrode 305 implanted in ablood vessel 310. In an example, the expandable electrode includes a mesh, at least part of which is electrically conductive. In an example, the expandable electrode is formed from Platinum or Platinum-Iridium. In an embodiment, theexpandable electrode 305 is similar to a stent. - Referring again to
FIG. 3A , anerve trunk 320 extends on or near anextravascular surface 325 of theblood vessel 310. Anexpandable electrode 305 is implanted at or near a location in the blood vessel where thenerve trunk 320 crosses the blood vessel. In an example, the expandable electrode transmits neural stimulation energy through a predetermined surface area of the wall of a blood vessel. In an example, this predetermined area is about 0.25 to 5 cm2. In an example, the expandable electrode has a length L that provides enough surface area that there is at least some flexibility in the placement of the expandable electrode in the vessel with respect to the target nerve. In an example, the length of the expandable electrode is about 0.5 to 2.0 cm. - In an example, the entire surface area of the expandable electrode that touches the blood vessel wall is conductive. In an alternative example, at least a part of the surface area of the electrode is non-conductive. For example, an electrode can be formed and positioned to deliver stimulation to through a conductive part of the electrode to a portion 330 (
FIG. 3B ) of a blood vessel that is proximate a nerve. -
FIG. 3B shows an end view of the blood vessel and electrode ofFIG. 3A . The expandable electrode has an expanded diameter D (shown inFIG. 3B ) that is sized for implantation in a blood vessel of a particular size range. In one example, where the electrode is size for implantation in the internal jugular vein, the expanded diameter D is about 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and the length L of the electrode is about 1.0 cm. - In an example, the expandable electrode is covered with a drug, such as a drug that prevents occlusion, or a drug that reduces inflammation of the blood vessel near the electrode.
- The
expandable electrode 305 is coupled to a power source that delivers an electrical stimulation. InFIG. 3A , the illustratedexpandable electrode 305 is coupled to alead 315. Thelead 315 is coupled to an implantable system or device that includes control circuitry, such as the device shown inFIG. 1 or the system shown inFIG. 4 . - The electrode may be implanted in various locations in the body, including a variety of locations near a trunk or branch of a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve system.
- Referring again to the example shown in
FIG. 1A , the location of implantedelectrodes electrodes electrode 295 transvascularly stimulates a peripheral nerve trunk. Examples of a peripheral nerve trunk include thevagus nerve 287,aortic nerve 288, andcarotid sinus nerve 289, which are shown inFIG. 2C . In another example, theelectrode 295 stimulates a nerve branch, such as a vagal cardiac branch. -
FIGS. 1B , 1C, and 1D show examples of blood vessels in which the electrode can be implanted.FIG. 1B shows animplantable device 290, leads 291, 292, 293 extending into aheart 201 and asuperior vena cava 202, anaortic arch 203, and apulmonary artery 204. Leads extending into the heart are shown as dotted lines. For simplicity, electrodes are denoted with an X. Lead 291 andelectrode 298 are inserted in the superior vena cava (SVC) 202. Theelectrode 298 is used to transvascularly stimulate a nerve or nerve trunk on or near theSVC 202.CRM lead 292 is intravascularly inserted through a peripheral vein into the coronary sinus and into the left ventricle.Electrode 299 is implanted in the coronary sinus and coupled to theCRM lead 292.FIG. 1B also showselectrodes electrodes device 290, and a responsive neurostimulation therapy is delivered by one or more of theelectrodes -
FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate other bloods vessels on the right side and left side of the heart respectively in which an electrode is implantable.FIG. 1C shows theright atrium 267,right ventricle 268,sinoatrial node 269,superior vena cava 202,inferior vena cava 270,aorta 271, rightpulmonary veins 272, and rightpulmonary artery 273.FIG. 1D shows theleft atrium 275,left ventricle 276,right atrium 267,right ventricle 268,superior vena cava 202,inferior vena cava 270,aorta 271, rightpulmonary veins 272, leftpulmonary vein 277, rightpulmonary artery 273, andcoronary sinus 278. An electrode can be implanted in one or more of the blood vessels listed above at a location where a nerve, nerve branch, or nerve trunk passes an extravascular surface of the blood vessel. The implanted electrode transvascularly stimulates a nerve, nerve branch, or nerve trunk through the blood vessel. In one example, an electrode is implanted in theSVC 202 near a nerve a vagal nerve trunk. In another example, an electrode is implanted in thecoronary sinus 278 near a vagal nerve trunk. - In another example, a cardiac fat pad is transvascularly stimulated by an implanted electrode.
FIG. 1C illustrates acardiac fat pad 274 between the superior vena cava and aorta.FIG. 1D illustrates acardiac fat pad 279 located proximate to the right cardiac veins and acardiac fat pad 280 located proximate to the inferior vena cava and left atrium. An electrode implanted in the superior vena cava, aorta, cardiac veins, or inferior vena cava stimulates nerve endings infat pad fat pad 280 are stimulated by an electrode located in the coronary sinus. - Referring now to
FIG. 1E , in an example,electrodes aortic arch 116,pulmonary artery 118,carotid arteries subclavian arteries FIG. 1E . The rightvagus nerve trunk 120 extends nearcarotid artery 124 andsubclavian artery 128. Theleft vagus nerve 122 extends nearcarotid artery 126 andsubclavian artery 130.Electrode 131 is implanted incarotid artery 124. The illustratedelectrode 131 is an expandable electrode such as a stent.Electrode 132 is implanted incarotid artery 126.Electrode 133 is implanted insubclavian artery 128.Electrode 134 is implanted insubclavian artery 130.Electrode 140 is implanted in thecarotid sinus 141 near thecarotid sinus nerve 142. In an example, only one ofelectrodes -
FIGS. 2A and 2B provide additional illustrations of nerve target examples near the heart.FIG. 2A showsleft vagus nerve 250 extending next to asubclavian artery 251. Various nerves extend around the arch of theaorta 255.Vagus nerve 250 also extends past theligamentum arteriosum 256. The anteriorpulmonary plexus 257 crosses the leftpulmonary artery 258.Right vagus nerve 259 extends past asubclavian artery 260 and the cupola ofpleura 261.Cardiac nerves 262 extend past thebrachiocephalic trunk 263 near thetrachea 264.Cardiac nerves 262 also extend past the arch of anazygos vein 265 to the rightpulmonary artery 273. In the lower portion ofFIG. 2A appear theright lung 281, leftlung 282,esophagus 283, alower portion 284 of theleft vagus nerve 250, and alower portion 285 of the aorta.FIG. 2B shows a left phrenic nerve 240 extending past a cupola ofpleura 241, an internalthoracic artery 242, and leftpulmonary artery 258Vagus nerve 250, recurrentlaryngeal nerves 252,cardiac nerves 253, and the anteriorpulmonary plexus 257 extend near the leftpulmonary artery 258 and ligamentum arteriosum. An expandable electrode, such as a stent, is chronically implantable in the blood vessels shown inFIG. 2A or 2B to transvascularly stimulate a nerve or nerve trunk that extends on or near the blood vessel. In one example, the vagus nerve is transvascularly stimulated from theazygos vein 265 or internal jugular vein. -
FIGS. 2C and 2D show nerve pathways.FIG. 2C generally illustrates afferent nerves to vasomotor centers. An afferent nerve conveys impulses toward a nerve center. A vasomotor center relates to nerves that dilate and constrict blood vessels to control the size of the blood vessels.FIG. 2D generally illustrates efferent nerves from vasomotor centers. An efferent nerve conveys impulses away from a nerve center. Afferent and efferent nerves can be stimulated transvascularly. -
FIG. 2E shows thevagus nerve 286 near the internaljugular vein 287. In an example, thevagus nerve 286 is transvascularly stimulated from the internaljugular vein 287. A commoncarotid artery 124 andsubclavian artery 128 are also shown inFIG. 2E . - In other examples, nerve trunks innervating other organs, such as the lungs or kidneys are transvascularly stimulated. In an example, an expandable electrode such as a stent is implanted in a blood vessel proximate a nerve or nerve trunk that innervates the lungs or kidneys.
- Referring again to the example shown in
FIG. 1A , animplantable device 100 is coupled to a lead 200 that is inserted into a blood vessel and coupled to anelectrode 295. An electrical signal is delivered through thelead 200 to theelectrode 295, which transvascularly stimulates a nerve on an extravascular surface of the blood vessel. Thedevice 100 can optionally also deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) through one or more CRT leads that are threaded intravenously into the heart. The CRT leads connect thedevice 100 toelectrodes 300 that are used for sensing or pacing of the atria and/or ventricles.Transvascular stimulation electrode 296 is coupled to a CRT lead. Some embodiments process intrinsic electrical heart signals and deliver a responsive neural stimulation therapy through one of theelectrodes optional satellite unit 110 includes an electrode for neural stimulation and a communication circuit that communicates with thedevice 100 via a wireless link or conduction through the body. Thesatellite unit 110 electrode is implanted in a blood vessel, such as an internal jugular vein, to transvascularly stimulate a nerve, such as a vagus nerve, through the wall of the blood vessel. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example transvascular stimulation system that includes animplantable device 401, anelectrical lead 420 coupled to theimplantable device 401, and anexpandable stimulation electrode 425. The implantable device includes acontroller circuit 405, amemory circuit 410, atelemetry circuit 415, and aneural stimulation circuit 435. Thecontroller circuit 405 is operable on instructions stored in the memory circuit to deliver an electrical stimulation therapy. Therapy is delivered by theneural stimulation circuit 435 through thelead 420 and theelectrode 425. Thetelemetry circuit 415 allows communication with anexternal programmer 430. The illustrated system also includesoptional sensor circuitry 440 that is coupled to alead 445. Thecontroller circuit 405 processes sensor data from the sensor circuitry and delivers a therapy responsive to the sensor data. - Neural stimulation therapies can be used to treat one or more of a variety of conditions, including but not limited to arrhythmias, heart failure, hypertension, syncope, or orthostatic intolerance. In an example, an efferent peripheral nerve is transvascularly stimulated by an implanted expandable electrode. In another example, an afferent peripheral nerve is stimulated.
- In an example, electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve to reduce chronotropic, ionotropic, and dromotropic responses in the heart. In a therapy example, electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve trunk during heart failure. In another therapy example, electrical stimulation is transvascularly delivered to a parasympathetic nerve trunk following a myocardial infarction to protect against arrhythmias or prevent cardiac remodeling.
- Transvascular stimulation of a vagus nerve trunk is used in a number of therapies. In an example, vagal nerve stimulation simultaneously increases parasympathetic tone and decreases sympathetic myocardial tone. In an example, a vagus nerve trunk is transvascularly stimulated following cardiac ischemic insult. Increased sympathetic nervous activity following ischemia often results in increased exposure of the myocardium to epinephrine and norepinephrine. These catecholamines activate intracellular pathways within the myocytes, which lead to myocardial death and fibrosis. This effect is inhibited by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves, such as vagus nerves. In an example, vagal stimulation from the SVC lowers heart rate, overall blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure. Stimulation of the vagal cardiac nerves following myocardial infarction, or in heart failure patients, can be beneficial in preventing further remodeling and arrhythmogenesis.
- In other examples, transvascular neural stimulation is used to treat other conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or neurogenic hypertension, where an increase parasympathetic cardiac tone and reduction in sympathetic cardiac tone is desired. In another example, a bradycardia condition is treated by transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve trunk. In another example, the ionotropic state of the heart is increased by transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve trunk.
- Referring now to
FIG. 5 , an example method of delivering transvascular neural stimulation includes implanting a medical device, at 505. At 510, an electrode is chronically implanted in a blood vessel near a nerve trunk, such as a cardiac peripheral nerve trunk. In an example, the electrode is an expandable electrode, such as a stent. In an example, the expandable electrode has an expanded diameter that is dimensioned to fix the electrode in place by frictional forces. In an example, the expandable electrode includes a drug-eluting coating that prevents occlusion or prevents inflammation of vascular walls or nerves that receives electrical stimulation from the electrode. In an example, the electrode is implanted in a blood vessel at a location where the nerve trunk extends along an extravascular surface of the blood vessel. In an example, the electrode is implanted in a blood vessel near a peripheral nerve trunk. In an example, the peripheral nerve trunk includes a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve. In an example, the electrode is implanted near a vagal cardiac nerve in a blood vessel such as the SVC, coronary sinus, or an azygos vein. In another example, the electrode is implanted in an internal jugular vein. - Returning to
FIG. 5 , at 515, an electrical signal is delivered from the implanted device to the electrode to transvascularly deliver neural stimulation to a nerve trunk near the blood vessel. In an example, the electrode delivers an electric pulse therapy that is sufficient to elicit depolarization of a target nerve. In an example, the stimulation therapy delivers about 1-10 milliamps of electrical stimulation. In an example, the controller delivers a pulse train of about 10-120 hertz to the electrode. In one example, a pulse train of about 20 hertz is used. In an example, delivery of transvascular neural stimulation near the heart is timed to occur during the cardiac refractory period to prevent fibrillation. - In an example, transvascularly stimulating a parasympathetic nerve inhibits cardiac remodeling or delivers an antiarrhythmia therapy following a myocardial infarction. In another example, transvascularly stimulating a sympathetic nerve delivers an antibradycardia therapy.
-
FIG. 6 is a flow chart that illustrates another method. A medical device is implanted at 605. At 610, an electrode is chronically implanted in a blood vessel near a nerve trunk. At 615, a physiologic property is sensed. In an example, an intrinsic electrical heart signal is detected. In another example, blood pressure is detected. At 620, neural stimulation responsive to the sensed physiologic property is transvascularly delivered through the implanted electrode.
Claims (23)
1. An implantable apparatus for transvasculary stimulating a vagus nerve trunk in a cervical region from an internal jugular vein (IJV) to provide a heart failure therapy, the apparatus comprising:
an expandable electrode chronically implantable in the IJV, the expandable electrode configured to abut an intravascular surface of the IJV in the cervical region proximate the vagus nerve trunk;
an implantable pulse generator configured to use the electrode to transvascularly stimulate the vagus nerve trunk from the IJV;
a controller to operate on programmed instructions for delivering the heart failure therapy using the pulse generator and the electrode, wherein the heart failure therapy includes transvascularly stimulating the vagus nerve in the cervical region.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode is configured to abut a wall of the IJV along a predetermined length of the IJV, wherein the predetermined length is about 1 centimeter.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode has an expanded diameter between about 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode is configured to abut a predetermined surface of a wall of the IJV, wherein the predetermined surface area is about 0.25 to 0.5 cm2.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode includes a mesh, at least part of the mesh being conductive.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode includes a drug-eluting component that is configured to be implanted inside the IJV, wherein the drug-eluting component is adapted to elute a drug to prevent occlusion.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode includes a drug-eluting component that is configured to be implanted inside the IJV, wherein the drug-eluting component is adapted to elute a drug to reduce inflammation.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode included platinum or platinum-iridium.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a right ventricle lead and a left ventricle lead, wherein the apparatus is configured to capture myocardial tissue using the right ventricle lead and the left ventricle lead, and the apparatus is adapted to deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy using the left and right ventricle leads.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a right ventricle lead or a left ventricle lead, wherein the apparatus is configured to pace the right or left ventricle using the right ventricle lead or the left ventricle lead.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode has a surface area to touch a wall of the IJV, and all of the surface area is conductive.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the expandable electrode has a surface area to touch a wall of the IJV, and some of the surface area is non-conductive.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions are further operable on the controller to transvascularly stimulate the vagus nerve trunk to deliver antiarrhythmia therapy following myocardial infarction.
14. A system for transvasculary stimulating a vagus nerve trunk in a cervical region from an internal jugular vein (IJV) in a cervical region to provide a heart failure therapy, the system comprising:
an expandable electrode implantable in the IJV within the cervical region proximate the vagus nerve trunk;
a lead assembly coupled to the expandable electrode, the lead assembly including an electrical lead adapted to be intravascularly fed into the IJV; and
an implantable device coupled to the lead assembly, the implantable device including a controller circuit to communicate with a neural stimulator, wherein the implantable device is programmed with instructions used by the controller to implement the heart failure therapy, wherein the programmed heart failure therapy includes instructions used by the controller to control the neural stimulator to transvascularly stimulate the vagus nerve in the cervical region using the lead and the electrode.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the instructions are further operable on the controller to transvascularly stimulate the vagus nerve trunk to deliver antiarrhythmia therapy following myocardial infarction.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein:
the expandable electrode is configured to abut a predetermined surface area of the internal jugular vein along about 1 centimeter of the IJV, the expandable electrode having an expanded diameter dimensioned and configured to fix the electrode in place in the blood vessel by frictional forces; and
the expandable electrode includes a mesh, at least part of the mesh being conductive.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the expandable electrode includes a drug-eluting coating that prevents inflammation of stimulated tissue.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the expandable electrode has a surface area to touch a wall of the IJV, and all of the surface area is conductive.
19. The system of claim 12 , wherein the expandable electrode has a surface area to touch a wall of the IJV, and some of the surface area is non-conductive.
20. A method, comprising:
implanting an electrode in an internal jugular vein (UV) within a cervical region and proximate to a vagus nerve trunk, wherein the electrode is configured to be chronically implanted in the IJV;
implanting an implantable neural stimulator; and
implementing a programmed heart failure therapy using the electrode and the neural stimulator, wherein the heart failure therapy transvascularly stimulates the vagus nerve trunk in the cervical region from the IJV.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein implanting the electrode includes intravascularly feeding a lead with the electrode into the IJV.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein implanting the electrode includes intravascularly feeding the electrode into the IJV and expanding the electrode after the electrode is fed into a desired position in the IJV.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising implementing a programmed antiarrhythmia therapy using the electrode and the neural stimulator, wherein antiarrhythmia therapy transvascularly stimulates the vagus nerve in the cervical region from the IJV.
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Also Published As
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EP2301623A3 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
EP2301623A2 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
US20150119790A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
US7499748B2 (en) | 2009-03-03 |
JP4965556B2 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
EP1871460A1 (en) | 2008-01-02 |
WO2006110338A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
EP2277583A2 (en) | 2011-01-26 |
US8929990B2 (en) | 2015-01-06 |
EP2277583A3 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
US20060229677A1 (en) | 2006-10-12 |
US20110082537A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
JP2008535624A (en) | 2008-09-04 |
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