US20090074361A1 - Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber - Google Patents
Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber Download PDFInfo
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- US20090074361A1 US20090074361A1 US12/276,877 US27687708A US2009074361A1 US 20090074361 A1 US20090074361 A1 US 20090074361A1 US 27687708 A US27687708 A US 27687708A US 2009074361 A1 US2009074361 A1 US 2009074361A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fiber
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- optic connector
- core
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3833—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture
- G02B6/3846—Details of mounting fibres in ferrules; Assembly methods; Manufacture with fibre stubs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
- G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3801—Permanent connections, i.e. wherein fibres are kept aligned by mechanical means
- G02B6/3806—Semi-permanent connections, i.e. wherein the mechanical means keeping the fibres aligned allow for removal of the fibres
Abstract
A fiber optic connector having a double-clad specialty optical stub fiber with a deep index core-to-inner-cladding profile and a raised index outer-cladding profile. The double-clad optical stub fiber abuts against a single-clad field optical fiber of the single-mode type to form an interface across which the primary mode traverses without significantly interfering with higher-order modes. The ratio of the radius of the inner cladding to the radius of the core of the stub fiber is less than 6.5:1. The index profile of the refractive index of the inner cladding is deep relative to the refractive index of the core to confine the primary mode within the core. The raised refractive index of the outer-cladding pulls the higher-order modes deeper into that region, reducing interference with the primary mode. The respective core diameters of the field and stub fibers are matched to avoid mode-field diameter mismatch.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/683,809, filed Mar. 8, 2007 and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention relates generally to fiber optic connectors, and, more particularly, to a field-terminated, pre-polished fiber optic connector having a double-clad stub fiber for minimizing optical interference effects caused by excitation of higher-order modes.
- Field-terminated pre-polished fiber optic connectors include an interface at which two optical fibers, a field optical fiber (“field fiber”) and an internal stub optical fiber (“stub fiber”), are coupled. Such connectors include a pre-polished front face that enables a connection with another compatible fiber optic connector. In such a connector, the stub fiber is essentially disposed between two interfaces: the field fiber-stub fiber interface, and the connector interface with the compatible connector at the pre-polished front face.
- Ideally, all of the light energy passing through the core of a single-mode field fiber will continue unimpeded across the interface into the core of the stub fiber in the pre-polished fiber optic connector. In this ideal scenario, the interface between the field fiber and the stub fiber is said to have a coupling efficiency, η1, equal to one, because all light traveling in the core of the field fiber becomes coupled into a primary mode, designated as LP01 for single-mode fibers, and travels through the stub fiber core. But in reality, optical interference effects occur as a result of misalignment of the cores of the field and stub fibers or mismatch of the mode-field diameter (MFD) or optical-power distribution for the field and stub fibers. This misalignment or mismatch excites unwanted higher-order coherent modes, such as the LP11 and LP02 modes for single-mode fibers, which interfere with one another within the short length of the stub fiber. This interference can be constructive or destructive, which, in the latter case, causes an overall increase in insertion loss of the connector interface.
- A need exists for a pre-polished quick-terminated fiber optic connector that overcomes these and other problems.
- A field-terminated pre-polished fiber optic connector assembly for terminating a single-clad optical field fiber includes a double-clad optical stub fiber and an alignment member. The alignment member receives the cleaved end of the field-terminated optical field fiber, which abuts against an end of the double-clad optical stub fiber forming an interface at the point of abutment. The double-clad optical stub fiber includes a core having a radius rc, an inner cladding having a radius r1, and an outer cladding having a radius r2. The ratio r1:rc is less than 6.5:1. The refractive index of the inner cladding is down-doped to result in an effective refractive index that is at least 0.0025 lower than that of the core but higher than that of the outer cladding's refractive index. The mode field diameter (MFD) of the double-clad optical stub fiber approximately matches the MFD of the field fiber. In one implementation, the optical field fiber and double-clad optical stub fiber are of the single-mode type. In another implementation, the optical field fiber and double-clad optical stub fiber are of the multimode type. The optical field fiber can also be a double-clad fiber.
- A method of terminating a single-clad optical field fiber includes positioning an end of a field fiber in a fiber optic connector assembly such that that end contacts an end of a double-clad optical stub fiber that is at least partially disposed within the fiber optic connector assembly.
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FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side illustration of an exemplary field-terminated pre-polished fiberoptic connector 10 for terminating afield fiber 12, according to an aspect of the present invention; and -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional illustration of a double-clad stub fiber 14 that is incorporated in the exemplary fiberoptic connector 10 ofFIG. 1 and an index profile of the respective indices of refraction of the core and claddings of the double-clad stub fiber 14. -
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side illustration of a field-terminated pre-polished fiberoptic connector 10 for terminating afield fiber 12, according to an aspect of the present invention. Thefield fiber 12 is a single-mode optical fiber having a single cladding. Theconnector 10 couples together thefield fiber 12 with astub fiber 14, which forms aninterface 16 where the twofibers connector 10. Theconnector 10 is optionally of the type generally described in commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 7,011,454, entitled “Reversible Fiber Optic Stub Fiber Connector,” issued Mar. 14, 2006, though other fiber optic connectors can be used. Analignment member 18 may comprise v-groove planks for aligning ends of thefibers ferrule 20 surrounds part of thestub fiber 14, and a pre-polished end of thestub fiber 14 is positioned at a pre-polishedfront face 22 of theferrule 20 so that together they can be received in an appropriately configured port in a patch panel or other device. Aconventional buffer 24 surrounds part of thefield fiber 12. - Light passing through the core of the
field fiber 12 is in a primary or fundamental mode (LP01 for single-mode fibers), which describes the radial and azimuthal electromagnetic field distribution in an optical fiber. At theinterface 16, there may be either a slight misalignment of the respective cores of thefield fiber 12 and thestub fiber 14 when the two are brought together during installation or a mismatch in the mode-field diameter (MFD) across the respective exposed end faces of thefibers field fiber 12 is radially Gaussian, as exhibited in the LP01 mode, light energy near the core-cladding interface excites additional higher-order modes, such as the second-order mode LP11 and third-order mode LP02, which can result in modal interference at the pre-polishedfront face 22. The excited modes of light are coherent and travel in different paths according to different propagation constants, so when they reach thefront face 22 at the end of thestub fiber 14, depending upon the phase difference, the modes can interfere with each other. This interference is wavelength-dependent, and can be constructive (when the electric field of the modes combine together) or destructive (when the electric field from one mode cancels out electric field from another). An undesirable increase in insertion loss is caused by destructive interference. - Core misalignment can be minimized to an extent by enforcing tight geometries in the fibers, such as by incorporating into the connector 10 a stub fiber with a high concentricity, K (or low concentricity error). However, even use of a high-concentricity stub fiber may not eliminate undesirable modal interference altogether, so the present invention proposes a double-
clad specialty fiber 14 having a relatively narrow ratio between the respective radii of the inner cladding and the core and a deep index-of-refraction depression for the inner cladding relative to the core and the outer cladding. The combination of the narrow inner cladding-to-core radii ratio and deep core-to-inner cladding index depression substantially confines the primary mode within the core of thefiber 14 and allows the unwanted higher-order modes to extend toward the raised-index outer cladding region, thereby reducing modal overlap in the core. Preferably, thestub fiber 14 has a high concentricity (or low concentricity error) no greater than 0.5 μm to minimize interference caused by a misalignment of the respective cores of thefield fiber 12 and thestub fiber 14. -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional illustration of the double-clad stub fiber 14 having acore 30, aninner cladding 32, and anouter cladding 34, each having a respective index of refraction nc, n1, and n2 and a respective radius rc, r1, and r2. In the double-clad stub fiber 14 shown inFIG. 2 , the refractive index of theinner cladding 32 is less than the refractive indices of both thecore 30 and theouter cladding 34. The refractive index of theinner cladding 32 is down-doped with, for example, Fluorine or Boron, to result in an effective refractive index that is at least 0.0025 lower than that of thecore 30. Instead of down-doping the refractive index of theinner cladding 32, the refractive index of thecore 30 can be up-doped with, for example, Germanium. The raised refractive index of theouter cladding 34, n2, is less than the refractive index of thecore 30, nc. The double-clad stub fiber 14 differs from commonly available depressed-cladding fiber in that the clad-to-core ratios produce the desired effect as discussed herein. The deep index depression between the respective refractive indices of theinner cladding 32 and thecore 30 substantially contains the primary mode within the core, while the raised refractive index of theouter cladding 34 allows the higher-order modes to extend over a larger diameter making them more likely to interact with theouter cladding 34. - It has been found that if the ratio between the radii of the inner cladding and the core of a double-clad fiber is too large, higher-order modes will tend to be contained within the core resulting in high insertion loss due to modal interference. The ratio for the radii of the
inner cladding 32 and the core 30 (r1:rc) is less than 6.5:1. A preferred ratio for the radii of theinner cladding 32 and thecore 30 is on the order of 4.5:1. Other such ratios of less than 6.5:1, such as 5.5:1 and 3.5:1, can also be made to adequately contain the primary mode within thecore 30 while spreading the higher-order modes to theouter cladding 34 by adjusting the refractive indices. Because the energy in the higher-order modes is concentrated a distance away from the optic axis, their energies tend to extend further into theouter cladding 34. - A deep core-to-inner cladding index depression is desirable to contain the primary mode within the
core 30. The depth of this depression is typically characterized by the relative refractive index difference, called A, which is given by the following equation: -
- where nc is the refractive index of the
core 30, n1 is the refractive index of theinner cladding 32, and n2 is the refractive index of theouter cladding 34. The relative refractive index difference, Δ, is typically expressed as a percentage. Preferably, Δ is at least about 0.4% but no greater than 2.5%. - As a result, the overall index profile of the
stub fiber 14 resembles a narrow and deep refractive-index trench. The narrow and deep depression profile confines the primary mode without also confining undesired quantities of the higher-order modes. Those higher-order modes will tend to spread to the raisedouter cladding 34 where they are contained by the raised index ring of theouter cladding 34. - Preferably, the diameter of the
core 30 of the double-cladstub fiber 14 matches the core diameter of thefield fiber 12, thereby matching the MFD of bothfibers field fiber 12 and thestub fiber 14 does not increase insertion loss or multi-path interference. In one embodiment, thestub fiber 14 is a single-mode fiber like thefield fiber 12. - The illustrated and above-described embodiments of the invention are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection in any way. To the contrary, the invention is considered to include embodiments not specifically shown or described herein. For example, although the
ferrule 20 is shown adjacent to thealignment member 18 inFIG. 1 with theinterface 16 within thealignment member 18, in other implementations, the interface between the field andstub fibers connector 10 can be of the LC, SC, FJ, ST, or MTP-type. Similarly, while in the embodiments described above, the field andstub fibers stub fibers field fiber 12 is described as a single-clad fiber, it can alternatively be a double-clad fiber, just like thestub fiber 14, such as used in a dispersion-shifted fiber or depressed clad fiber for bending sensitivity. Finally, in addition to thestub fiber 14 having a high concentricity, K, thefield fiber 12 could also have a high concentricity for better alignment and less offset between the cores of the field andstub fibers stub fiber 14 may have a typical concentricity. - While particular embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise construction and compositions disclosed herein and that various modifications, changes, and variations may be apparent from the foregoing descriptions without departing from the invention.
Claims (16)
1. A field-terminated pre-polished fiber optic connector assembly for terminating a field fiber, comprising:
a double-clad optical stub fiber, said double-clad stub fiber including a core having an index of refraction nc, an inner cladding having an index of refraction n1, and an outer cladding having an index of refraction n2, wherein the relative refractive index difference,
is at least about 0.32%; and
an alignment member that receives part of said field fiber, an end of said field fiber abutting against an end of said double-clad optical stub fiber forming an interface at the point of abutment within said fiber optic connector assembly.
2. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein said core has a radius rc said inner cladding has a radius r1, and said outer cladding has a radius r2, wherein the ratio r1:rc is less than 6.5:1.
3. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein said core has a radius rc, said inner cladding has a radius r1, and said outer cladding has a radius r2, wherein the ratio r1:rc is less than 4.5:1.
4. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 wherein n2 is greater than n1.
5. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a ferrule adjacent said alignment member.
6. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 5 , wherein at least part of said double-clad optical stub fiber is disposed within said ferrule.
7. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein the double-clad optical stub fiber has a low core/clad concentricity error no greater than 0.5 μm.
8. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein the mode field diameter (MFD) of said double-clad optical stub fiber substantially matches the MFD of said field fiber.
9. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein said field fiber is a single-clad optical fiber.
10. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein said field fiber is a double-clad optical fiber.
11. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 1 , wherein said field fiber is of the single-mode type.
12. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 11 , wherein said double-clad optical stub fiber is of the single-mode type.
13. The fiber optic connector assembly of claim 2 , wherein said field fiber and said double-clad optical stub fiber are of the single-mode type, and wherein said field fiber is a single-clad optical fiber.
14. A field-terminated pre-polished fiber optic connector assembly for terminating a single-clad, single-mode optical field fiber, comprising:
a double-clad, single-mode optical stub fiber including a core having a radius rc, an inner cladding having a radius r1, and an outer cladding having a radius r2, wherein the ratio r1:rc is less than 6.5:1;
said core having an index of refraction nc, said inner cladding having an index of refraction n1, and said outer cladding having an index of refraction n2, wherein the effective relative index difference,
is at least about 0.32%; and
an alignment member that receives part of said single-clad optical field fiber, an end of said single-clad optical field fiber abutting against an end of said double-clad optical stub fiber such that said ends form an interface at a point of abutment within said fiber optic connector assembly.
15. A method of terminating a single-clad optical field fiber, comprising positioning an end of said field fiber in a field-terminated pre-polished fiber optic connector assembly such that said end of said field fiber abuts against an end of a double-clad optical stub fiber that is at least partially disposed within said fiber optic connector assembly, said double-clad optical stub fiber including a core having a radius rc, an inner cladding having a radius r1, and an outer cladding having a radius r2, wherein the ratio r1:rc is less than 6.5:1;
wherein the core has an index of refraction nc, the inner cladding has an index of refraction n1, and the outer cladding has an index of refraction n2, the difference between nc and n1 being greater than 0.0025 and a relative index difference of the double-clad optical stub fiber,
is at least about 0.32%.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the mode field diameter (MFD) of said double-clad optical stub fiber substantially matches the MFD of said optical field fiber.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/276,877 US20090074361A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2008-11-24 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/683,809 US7455460B2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2007-03-08 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
US12/276,877 US20090074361A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2008-11-24 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/683,809 Continuation US7455460B2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2007-03-08 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
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US20090074361A1 true US20090074361A1 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
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Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/683,809 Expired - Fee Related US7455460B2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2007-03-08 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
US12/276,877 Abandoned US20090074361A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2008-11-24 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/683,809 Expired - Fee Related US7455460B2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2007-03-08 | Fiber optic connector with double-clad stub fiber |
Country Status (7)
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US (2) | US7455460B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2122399A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5498799B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101425396B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101627329A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2009009373A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008109755A1 (en) |
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CN104216074A (en) * | 2014-09-15 | 2014-12-17 | 苏州天孚光通信股份有限公司 | Optical fiber interface module high in concentricity |
US10156672B2 (en) | 2014-10-22 | 2018-12-18 | Corning Incorporated | Double clad light diffusing fiber, connector system and illuminaire |
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GB0911359D0 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2009-08-12 | Fibreco Ltd | Expanded beam optical fibre connection |
WO2011047027A2 (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2011-04-21 | Ipg Photonics Corporation | Optical fiber apparatus with suppression of higher order modes |
WO2012141877A1 (en) * | 2011-04-15 | 2012-10-18 | Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Improving pump absorption and efficiency for fiber lasers/amplifiers |
JP2013020027A (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2013-01-31 | Fujitsu Ltd | Optical transmission line and method of manufacturing the same |
EP3460550B1 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2022-03-16 | CommScope Technologies LLC | Multi-fiber fiber optic connector |
CN104364686B (en) | 2012-02-07 | 2016-11-16 | 泰科电子瑞侃有限公司 | Cable termination assembly and method for adapter |
KR20140126393A (en) | 2012-02-20 | 2014-10-30 | 에이디씨 텔레커뮤니케이션스 인코포레이티드 | Fiber optic connector, fiber optic connector and cable assembly, and methods for manufacturing |
US8764311B2 (en) | 2012-03-30 | 2014-07-01 | Corning Cable Systems Llc | Single-mode optical fibers for optical fiber connectors |
US8948559B2 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2015-02-03 | Ofs Fitel, Llc | Multiple LP mode fiber designs for mode division multiplexing |
US8939654B2 (en) | 2012-09-27 | 2015-01-27 | Adc Telecommunications, Inc. | Ruggedized multi-fiber fiber optic connector with sealed dust cap |
AU2014293291B2 (en) | 2013-07-22 | 2018-06-14 | Commscope Asia Holdings B.V. | Expanded beam fiber optic connector, and cable assembly, and methods for manufacturing |
AU2014293293B2 (en) * | 2013-07-22 | 2018-06-07 | Commscope Technologies Llc | Fiber optic cable and connector assembly including integrated enhanced functionality |
US9042692B2 (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-05-26 | Corning Cable Systems Llc | Universal optical fibers for optical fiber connectors |
US9720185B2 (en) | 2014-05-23 | 2017-08-01 | Commscope Technologies Llc | Systems and method for processing optical cable assemblies |
EP3788423A4 (en) | 2018-05-04 | 2022-02-09 | Nuburu, Inc. | Triple clad fiber |
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- 2008-03-06 MX MX2009009373A patent/MX2009009373A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-03-06 KR KR1020097018570A patent/KR101425396B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-03-06 EP EP08731551A patent/EP2122399A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-03-06 JP JP2009552891A patent/JP5498799B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-03-06 WO PCT/US2008/056062 patent/WO2008109755A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-11-24 US US12/276,877 patent/US20090074361A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN104216074A (en) * | 2014-09-15 | 2014-12-17 | 苏州天孚光通信股份有限公司 | Optical fiber interface module high in concentricity |
US10156672B2 (en) | 2014-10-22 | 2018-12-18 | Corning Incorporated | Double clad light diffusing fiber, connector system and illuminaire |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2122399A1 (en) | 2009-11-25 |
KR101425396B1 (en) | 2014-08-01 |
JP5498799B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
US7455460B2 (en) | 2008-11-25 |
KR20090118053A (en) | 2009-11-17 |
WO2008109755A1 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
CN101627329A (en) | 2010-01-13 |
MX2009009373A (en) | 2009-09-14 |
US20080219624A1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
JP2010521007A (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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