US20080306590A1 - Prosthesis and Method of Manufacturing a Prosthesis - Google Patents

Prosthesis and Method of Manufacturing a Prosthesis Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20080306590A1
US20080306590A1 US11/883,211 US88321106A US2008306590A1 US 20080306590 A1 US20080306590 A1 US 20080306590A1 US 88321106 A US88321106 A US 88321106A US 2008306590 A1 US2008306590 A1 US 2008306590A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
prosthesis
shell
cells
lubricant
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/883,211
Inventor
Jonathan Hamilton
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Smart Implant PLC
Original Assignee
Smart Implant PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Smart Implant PLC filed Critical Smart Implant PLC
Assigned to SMART IMPLANT PLC reassignment SMART IMPLANT PLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAMILTON, JONATHAN
Publication of US20080306590A1 publication Critical patent/US20080306590A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/12Mammary prostheses and implants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/14Macromolecular materials
    • A61L27/18Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a prosthesis and a method of manufacturing a prosthesis in particular but not limited to a mammary prosthesis.
  • Mammary prostheses are used to enhance the appearance of human breasts, normally female breasts.
  • the prostheses are used to add volume to a breast which may be required after removal of a tumour, or to enhance the aesthetic appeal of a breast.
  • a mammary prosthesis typically comprises a resilient plastics material bladder which is filled with a liquid.
  • the bladder is normally manufactured from a silicone rubber filled with a gel, typically a silicone gel.
  • a problem with silicone gel is rupturing of the bladder which releases the gel in the patient's body. If a bladder ruptures in vitro the released gel cannot be recovered, or at least not all of it.
  • osmotic pressure Another phenomenon which also likely acts as a driving force is osmotic pressure.
  • osmosis is the “movement of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane.”
  • a semi-permeable membrane as of a living cell
  • body fluid of which there is plenty in supply, will tend to move into the prosthesis because of osmotic pressure in an attempt to equalize the concentrations of silicone gel on opposite sides of the shell.
  • silicone gel which is at a higher concentration inside the shell than in the human body and is at least to some degree a solute, experiences osmotic pressure to move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through the shell, i.e. from the prosthesis into the body.
  • bladders filled with silicone gel have been banned due to the health risks associated with it.
  • prostheses have been developed which comprise a bladder filled with liquid other than silicone gel, for example saline solution. This solves the problem of the leaking which causes capsular contraction. If such a prosthesis ruptures the patient doesn't need surgery to remove the liquid, since saline is harmless to the human body.
  • a problem associated with saline filled prostheses is that these prostheses are generally inserted empty into a patient and filled in vitro by means of a filler tube and non return valve. These systems are often problematic and leakage of saline through the filler tube arrangement often occurs.
  • Another problem with conventional prostheses is that details of implanted prostheses are not readily ascertainable from outside the body. In some instances it is necessary to determine details, such as size and type of implant or the date on which the prostheses was implanted on short notice and preferably without surgical procedure. Such instances may include a medical emergency such as may arise following an accident. It may also occur during routine procedures.
  • a further aspect of breast prostheses that is problematic relates to the manufacturing of the prostheses.
  • a bladder is formed which include an opening at the operatively posterior side of the bladder. This opening is needed in the forming of the bladder to enable removal from the mould on which the bladder is formed.
  • the opening is sealed by means of a disc which is placed inside the opening and adhered to the bladder by means of pressure.
  • a problem with this type of seal is that it is not a seal that is formed by means of a bond between the two surfaces forming part of the seal, but rather an adhesion type seal of the disc against the bladder which, after the bladder has been filled, relies on pressure from the gel inside the bladder to maintain the seal. It is possible to disengage such a seal by exerting on the disc from the outside.
  • a human prosthesis comprising a resilient shell at least partly filled with a biocompatible granular substance, and preferably for the prosthesis to comprise a human mammary prosthesis.
  • the granular substance to comprise a plurality of biocompatible synthetic cells, preferably cells manufactured from a resilient material, and preferably for the resilient material to comprise a medical grade silicone.
  • micro glass balloons to be dispersed in each cell, preferably between 2% and 10%, further preferably between 4% and 8%, still further preferably between 5% and 7%, and more preferably about 6% micro glass balloons by volume.
  • micro-balloons comprise commercially available micro-balloons with a diameter of about 1 micron each.
  • each cell has a lenticular shape, alternatively an ovoid or a bean shape and for the shell to be filled, at least partly, with cells having a range of sizes.
  • each cell having a lenticular shape has a circular diameter of about 6 mm and a height of about 2 mm.
  • each cell comprises a hollow capsule encapsulating a fluid, preferably a biocompatible fluid, further preferably oil, still further preferably a vegetable oil, and yet further preferably soy bean oil; alternatively a biocompatible gas, further preferably air, still further preferably sterilized air.
  • a fluid preferably a biocompatible fluid, further preferably oil, still further preferably a vegetable oil, and yet further preferably soy bean oil; alternatively a biocompatible gas, further preferably air, still further preferably sterilized air.
  • each hollow cell has a wall thickness of about 0.1 mm.
  • a further feature of the invention provides for each cell to include at least one tracer adapted to be detectable by means of external diagnostic equipment.
  • the cells are located within a lubricant, preferably a biocompatible lubricant.
  • the shell of the prosthesis to include a filling aperture, for the aperture to comprise a recessed portion in the shell, preferably a circular recess, and for a complimentary circular seal to be securable in the recess to seal the shell.
  • the circular seal to be securable to the shell by means of glue, preferably silicone glue.
  • the recess to include a right circular cylindrical outer wall and for the seal to include a complimentary right circular cylindrical circumference.
  • the seal comprises a membrane and a plug.
  • the membrane to be securable to the operative base of the recess and for the plug to be securable onto the membrane in the recess.
  • the membrane prefferably has a thickness of about 0.1 mm and for the plug to have a thickness of about 0.9 mm.
  • plug and the membrane are manufactured from the same material as the shell, preferably a medical grade silicone material.
  • the shell surrounding the recess to be thickened such that the operatively inner surface of the shell inside of the aperture is substantially step-less.
  • the invention also provides for the mammary prosthesis to comprise a shell which contains a filler material, for the shell to comprise at least one resilient layer and at least one layer being substantially non-permeable with respect to at least the filler material of the shell; and for the filler material to comprise, preferably a biocompatible granular substance, alternatively a fluid filler material, in particular a silicone gel or a saline based fluid.
  • the resilient layer to comprise a sealed operatively outer container
  • the non-permeable layer to comprise a sealed operatively inner container which contains the filler material and for the inner container to be contained by the outer container, and preferably for the prosthesis to include a lubricant between the inner container and outer container.
  • non-permeable layer pre-permeable also with respect to body fluids.
  • the surface area of the inner container to be greater than the surface area of the outer container, and preferably at least twice as large, alternatively for the surface area of the inner container to be at least as great as the maximum surface area to which the outer container may be stretched elastically.
  • the non-permeable layer to comprise a composite layer
  • the composite layer to comprise a nylon layer located between a polyester and polyethylene layer.
  • the lubricant within which the cells are located to include a hydrophilic polymer, preferably a water soluble polymer or hydrogel, and further preferably polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and for the non-permeable layer to include at least a polyethylene layer.
  • a hydrophilic polymer preferably a water soluble polymer or hydrogel
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • hydrophilic polymer to be mixed with a saline solution, and preferably for the lubricant to comprise about 15% hydrophilic polymer and about 85% saline solution.
  • the prosthesis in one embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture volume (cm 3 ) Cells (g) (g) 200 82.352 82.352 225 92.646 92.646 250 102.94 102.94 275 113.234 113.234 300 123.528 123.528 325 133.822 133.822 350 144.116 144.116 375 154.41 154.41 400 164.704 164.704 425 174.998 174.998 450 185.292 185.292
  • the prosthesis in a further embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • prosthesis in a yet further embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture volume (cm 3 ) Cells (g) (g) 200 95 95 225 106.875 106.875 250 118.75 118.75 275 130.625 130.625 300 142.5 142.5 325 154.375 154.375 350 166.25 166.25 375 178.125 178.125 400 190 190 425 201.875 201.875 450 213.75 213.75
  • the non-permeable layer to comprise a composite layer which comprises at least a composite polyethylene and aluminium layer, for the lubricant to include glycerine, and preferably for the lubricant to comprise a combination of water and glycerine.
  • the aluminium layer to be a vapour deposited layer on the polyethylene layer and for the vapour deposited aluminium layer to have a thickness in the range of about 12 micron to 18 micron.
  • the non-permeable layer prefferably has a thickness of between about 20 micron and about 70 micron, preferably between about 40 micron and 55 micron, more preferably to have a thickness of about 48 micron.
  • the granular substance which fills the prosthesis to be contained in an inner container, preferably manufactured from a biocompatible resilient mesh.
  • the outer container to contain a plurality of inner containers, for each of the plurality of inner containers to contain a plurality of cells, and for each inner container to comprise a non-permeable layer including a nylon layer located between a polyester and polyethylene layer and within which the plurality of cells are located in a hydrophilic polymer lubricant; alternatively for each inner container to comprise a non-permeable layer including at least a composite polyethylene and aluminium layer within the plurality of cells are located in a lubricant which includes glycerine, preferably a lubricant which comprises a combination of water and glycerine.
  • the shell has a predetermined shaped corresponding to that of a breast.
  • the tracer to comprise a metal particle, preferably a titanium particle, contained in the cell.
  • the prosthesis includes identification means bearing data relating to at least the size of the prosthesis, preferably the number of cells contained within the prosthesis, and further preferably for the identification means to comprise an identification tab on which the data is printed.
  • the prosthesis to include a remotely activatable data transmission device configured to transmit a predetermined data carrying signal in response to remote activation thereof.
  • the transmission device comprises a data transponder, preferably in the form of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, and for the RFID to be remotely activatable by means of an energy field, preferably a magnetic field.
  • RFID Radio Frequency Identification
  • the prosthesis to comprise a human mammary prosthesis, for the prosthesis to comprise a biocompatible resilient container filled with a biocompatible granular substance and at least one data transmission device, preferably an RFID tag.
  • the RFID tag is incorporated into a cell of the granular substance, alternatively for the RFID tag to be incorporated into the shell, further alternatively to be incorporated into the filler opening seal of the shell.
  • the prosthesis is also provided for the prosthesis to be manufactured in a range of sizes and for each size to include a predetermined number of cells.
  • a method of manufacturing cells for use in a human mammary prosthesis comprising coating two plates, which each has a plurality of cavities therein and in which each cavity corresponds to a semi-portion of a cell, with a liquid resilient material, arranging the two plates to align each individual cavity of one plate with another individual cavity of the other plate, allowing the resilient material to set, removing the plates from each other, and removing cells formed between the formations from the plates.
  • the method includes placing a tracer in one semi-portion of each cell prior to arranging the plates together.
  • the method to include trimming excess resilient material located around the circumference of each cell, and preferably for the excess material to be trimmed by integral trimming formations in at least one of the plates, each trimming formation surrounding a half-portion cavity and being shaped and configured to press against the surface of the opposing plate upon aligning of the plates to trim excess resilient material from the formed cell.
  • a method of filling a shell for a human mammary prosthesis with a filler material comprising the steps of securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
  • the method includes the step of filling the shell with a plurality of biocompatible resilient cells, prior to securing the membrane to the filler aperture, and thereafter injecting a predetermined amount of the liquid lubricant through the needle, preferably a glycerine and water mixture.
  • a method of filling a shell of a human mammary prosthesis which includes the steps of filling an inner container, as defined above, with a predetermined number of biocompatible synthetic cells and a predetermined volume of liquid lubricant, sealing the inner container, inserting the inner container into an outer container, as defined above, securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
  • the method includes evacuating substantially all air from the shell prior to injecting the lubricant into the shell.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a biocompatible synthetic cell of the prosthesis of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the prosthesis of FIG. 1 implanted into a female breast;
  • FIG. 4 is shows a sectional view of a second embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention which includes an inner container;
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of a laminate used for the inner container of the prosthesis of FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of layers used for the inner and outer containers of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of layers used for the inner and outer containers of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a third embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 10 to 14 are sectional views showing one embodiment of a method of filling a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention.
  • FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a mould used to manufacture biocompatible synthetic cell according to the invention.
  • FIG. 16 shows detail of a part of the mould of FIG. 15 .
  • FIG. 1 A first embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis ( 1 ) according to the invention is shown in the drawings.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) shown in FIG. 1 comprises a resilient shell ( 2 ) filled with a granular substance which in this embodiment is a plurality of cells ( 3 ).
  • the shell ( 2 ) also includes a lubricant ( 4 ) amongst the cells ( 3 ).
  • the cells ( 3 ) are manufactured from a biocompatible synthetic and resilient material, namely a silicone rubber. As shown in FIG. 2 each cell ( 3 ) has a lenticular shape having a circular diameter of about 6 mm and a height of about 2 mm.
  • Each cell ( 3 ) includes a plurality of micro glass balloons (not shown) dispersed throughout it. These hollow micro glass balloons are minute in size, each measuring only about one micron in diameter. The micro balloons are mixed into the silicone rubber from which the cells ( 3 ) are manufactured and remains dispersed therein. This means the micro glass balloons cannot migrate from the cells ( 3 ).
  • micro glass balloons are included at about 6% by volume, although it has been established that inclusion of micro balloons in the range of between 2% and 10%, between 4% and 8%, and between 5% and 7% also yields acceptable results.
  • the micro balloons are included in the cells ( 3 ) to render the cells ( 3 ) visible during medical examination.
  • the medical grade silicone rubber, from which the cells ( 3 ) are manufactured, are normally relatively transparent, not only to the human eye but also to X-rays.
  • the inclusion of the micro glass balloons renders the cells ( 3 ) opaque and visible during a breast examination. This is important since an examining physician may want to be certain that he does not confuse the cells ( 3 ) of the prosthesis ( 1 ) with a lump in the breast. By making the cells ( 3 ) visible under an X-ray the physician can clearly identify the cells ( 3 ).
  • the inclusion of the micro glass balloons also serves another purpose.
  • the cells ( 3 ) may be located easily by making use of an X-ray or MRI scanner.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) includes a filling aperture ( 5 ) which is closed with a circular seal ( 6 ).
  • the filling aperture ( 5 ) comprises a circular recessed portion ( 7 ) in the shell ( 2 ).
  • the seal ( 6 ) is circular and is securable in the recess ( 7 ) to seal the shell ( 2 ).
  • the seal ( 6 ) is secured to the shell ( 2 ) by means of a silicone glue.
  • the seal ( 6 ) includes two layers, which includes a membrane ( 8 ) and a plug ( 9 ).
  • the membrane ( 8 ) is first secured the shell ( 2 ) at the base of the recess ( 7 ), after which the plug ( 9 ) is secured onto the membrane ( 8 ).
  • the membrane ( 8 ) and plug ( 9 ) are manufactured from the same medical grade silicone rubber as the shell ( 2 ) and the cells ( 3 ).
  • the shell ( 2 ) is thickened ( 10 ) in the area surrounding the recess ( 7 ) such that the operatively inner surface ( 11 ) of the shell ( 2 ) around the aperture ( 5 ) is substantially step-less. This is to keep the inner surface ( 11 ) of the shell ( 2 ) smooth to ensure unimpeded movement of the cells ( 3 ) inside the shell ( 2 ).
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) is implanted in the normal manner into a female patient's breast ( 12 ), as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) is surgically implanted using normal surgical techniques.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) is implanted underneath the breast tissue ( 13 ) in the pectoral muscle ( 14 ), but it may also be implanted above the pectoral muscle ( 14 ) as is commonly done in human mammary prosthesis procedures.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) is implanted with the filling aperture ( 5 ) and seal ( 6 ) at the operatively back of the prosthesis ( 1 ), to eliminate the chance of this thicker portion of the prosthesis ( 1 ) being felt through the breast tissue ( 13 ) of the patient.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) provides more of a natural feel to the breast ( 12 ) than conventional saline or gel filled prostheses do. This is due to the lubricated silicone cells ( 3 ) which are free to move around inside the shell ( 2 ) and which mimics natural breast tissue.
  • the prosthesis ( 1 ) is manufactured to a specific predetermined size, and includes a known predetermined number of cells ( 3 ).
  • FIG. 4 A second embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis ( 20 ) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • This prosthesis ( 20 ) includes a resilient shell ( 21 ), which forms an outer container, and within which an inner container ( 22 ) is located.
  • the inner container ( 22 ) contains a plurality of the biocompatible synthetic cells ( 23 ), as shown in FIG. 2 , and a lubricant ( 24 ).
  • the inner container ( 22 ) of the prosthesis of FIG. 4 comprises a laminate, as shown in FIG. 5 , of a nylon layer ( 25 ) which is sandwiched between polyester layer ( 26 ) and a polyethylene layer ( 27 ).
  • This composite inner layer ( 28 ) which forms the inner container ( 22 ) is non-permeable to at least the filler material ( 29 ) of the prosthesis ( 20 ) and body fluids of the recipient of the prosthesis ( 20 ).
  • the prosthesis of FIG. 4 includes a lubricant in the form of a glycerine based lubricant ( 24 ), which lubricates the cells ( 23 ) within the inner container ( 22 ).
  • the inner layer ( 28 ) is effective in limiting the passage of the lubricant ( 24 ) from the prosthesis ( 20 ) to the body of a recipient thereof. It also limits the ingress of body fluids from the recipient into the prosthesis ( 20 ).
  • the inner layer ( 28 ) therefore acts as an osmotic barrier which reduces the osmotic driving force which seeks to balance the concentrations of solutes on opposite sides of the barrier, in this case the shell ( 21 ), of the prosthesis ( 20 ).
  • FIG. 6 A second embodiment of a construction of inner and outer containers for a prosthesis according to the invention is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the prosthesis (not shown) includes a filler material in the form of a plurality of cells ( 30 ) in a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant ( 31 ).
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the latter ( 31 ) acts as a lubricant for the cells ( 30 ) within the inner container ( 32 ).
  • the PVP is a water soluble polymer and is hydrophilic, which means that it easily bonds with water by means of a hydrogen bond. In this way, the PVP is easily dissolved in water to form the lubricant ( 31 ) in the present instance.
  • the inner container ( 32 ) is formed by the inner layer ( 33 ), which comprises polyethylene.
  • the PVP based lubricant ( 31 ) does not move through the polyethylene inner layer ( 33 ) under force of osmosis and the inner container ( 32 ) therefore provides an effective barrier to prevent loss of the lubricant ( 31 ) from the prosthesis.
  • FIG. 6 shows the general construction of the layers of the prosthesis, namely the outer layer ( 34 ) which forms the shell ( 35 ) which contains the entire contents of the prosthesis.
  • the inner layer ( 33 ) which is separated from the outer layer ( 34 ) by a layer of lubricant ( 36 ), which is the same as the lubricant ( 31 ) used between the cells ( 30 ).
  • the cells ( 30 ) within the PVP based lubricant ( 31 ) are located underneath the inner layer ( 33 ).
  • FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment of a construction of inner and outer containers for a prosthesis according to the invention, which comprises an outer layer ( 37 ) similar to the outer layer ( 34 ) of FIG. 6 .
  • an inner layer ( 38 ) comprised of polyethylene which carries a layer of aluminium ( 39 ).
  • the aluminium layer ( 39 ) is adhered to the polyethylene inner layer ( 38 ) by means of a vapour deposition process.
  • a layer of lubricant ( 40 ) which is comprised of a mixture of glycerine and water.
  • the laminate ( 43 ) shown in FIG. 7 has a total thickness of about 48 micron, with the vapour deposited aluminium layer having a thickness in the range of about 12 micron to 18 micron.
  • the total thickness of the laminate ( 43 ) may vary between about 20 micron and about 70 micron.
  • the embodiments of the laminates in combination with the respective lubricants shown in FIGS. 5 to 7 are effective in enclosing the cells and lubricant.
  • the laminates and lubricants may be used in prostheses such as shown in FIG. 4 , i.e. a single outer container in the form of the silicone shell ( 21 ) and a single inner container ( 22 ).
  • FIG. 8 A third embodiment of a prosthesis ( 50 ) according to the invention in shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the prosthesis ( 50 ) includes an outer container in the form of a silicone shell ( 51 ), an inner container ( 52 ) within which a plurality of small sachets ( 53 ) are contained.
  • the inner container ( 52 ) and sachets ( 53 ) are manufactured from the laminates shown in any of FIGS. 5 to 7 .
  • Each of the sachets ( 53 ) contains a plurality of the biocompatible synthetic cells ( 54 ).
  • Each sachet ( 53 ) includes lubricant ( 55 ) between the cells ( 54 ) and the inner container ( 52 ) includes lubricant ( 56 ) within which the sachets ( 53 ) are located. There is also lubricant ( 57 ) between the shell ( 51 ) and inner container ( 52 ).
  • the inner containers ( 22 , 52 ) show in FIGS. 4 and 8 have surface areas which are greater than the surface area of their respective outer containers or shells ( 2 , 51 ).
  • the respective surface areas of the inner containers ( 22 , 52 ) are greater than the respective maximum surface area to which the respective outer containers or shells ( 2 , 51 ) may be stretched elastically.
  • the inner containers ( 22 , 52 ) are large enough that any practical amount of elastic deformation which the shells ( 2 , 51 ) of the prostheses may experience will not be so much that it will tear the inner containers ( 22 , 52 ).
  • the surface of the inner container should be at least twice as large as the maximum surface area to which the outer container may be stretched elastically.
  • FIG. 9 A fourth embodiment of a prosthesis ( 60 ) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the prosthesis ( 60 ) includes an outer container in the form of a silicone shell ( 61 ), within which a plurality of small sachets ( 62 ) are contained.
  • This embodiment does not include a single large inner container, but only a plurality of small sachets ( 62 ) within each of which there are a plurality of biocompatible synthetic cells ( 63 ).
  • the prosthesis shown in FIG. 4 may be manufactured with an inner container from the laminate shown in FIG. 6 , which is a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • This embodiment includes an inner container which comprises a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant and a plurality of the silicone cells, and having a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant between the inner and outer containers.
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the PVP based lubricant is mixed to comprise about 15% PVP in a saline solution.
  • the prosthesis is manufactured in various sizes in three configurations, namely under filled, regularly filled, and over filled.
  • the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture volume (cm 3 ) Cells (g) (g) 200 82.352 82.352 225 92.646 92.646 250 102.94 102.94 275 113.234 113.234 300 123.528 123.528 325 133.822 133.822 350 144.116 144.116 375 154.41 154.41 400 164.704 164.704 425 174.998 174.998 450 185.292 185.292
  • the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm 3 and 450 cm 3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture volume (cm 3 ) Cells (g) (g) 200 95 95 225 106.875 106.875 250 118.75 118.75 275 130.625 130.625 300 142.5 142.5 325 154.375 154.375 350 166.25 166.25 375 178.125 178.125 400 190 190 425 201.875 201.875 450 213.75 213.75
  • FIGS. 10 to 14 show the steps of one method of filling a prosthesis according to the invention.
  • a inner container ( 70 ) is formed from a laminate such as those shown in FIGS. 5 to 7 .
  • the inner container ( 70 ) includes a filling aperture ( 71 ) through which the correct weight of cells ( 72 ) and lubricant ( 73 ) is inserted.
  • these weights will correspond with the values given in the tables above, depending on whether the prosthesis is to be under filled, regularly filled or over filled.
  • the air inside the container ( 70 ) is evacuated using a vacuum pump.
  • the filler material ( 74 ) is then inserted into the inner container ( 72 ) and it is sealed with a complimentary seal ( 81 ).
  • the inner container ( 70 ) is then inserted into a pre-manufactured silicone shell ( 75 ).
  • the filling aperture ( 76 ) of the shell ( 75 ) is closed with a membrane ( 77 ), which is a silicone disc which has a thickness typically of about 0.1 mm.
  • Lubricant ( 78 ) is then injected through the membrane ( 77 ) by means of a needle (not shown), and the needle retracted.
  • the membrane ( 77 ) is self sealing.
  • the filling aperture ( 75 ) is then closed with a plug ( 79 ), which is a silicone disc with a thickness of about 0.9 mm.
  • the plug ( 79 ) and membrane ( 77 ) create a seal of about 1 mm in the filling aperture.
  • Both the membrane ( 77 ) and the plug ( 79 ) are secured to the shell ( 76 ) by means of silicone glue.
  • the prosthesis ( 80 ) is filled with the required weight of cells ( 72 ) and lubricant ( 73 , 78 ) and by using the vacuum process no excess air is left inside the prosthesis ( 80 ).
  • the prosthesis ( 80 ) Once the prosthesis ( 80 ) has been filled it is sealed into a double layer package and the entire package is then subjected to radiation for a predetermined time, typically about 8 hours, to sterilize it.
  • the package is only opened during the procedure to implant the prosthesis, which ensures that the prosthesis ( 80 ) remains sterile, at least until it is opened in the operating theatre.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 show a mould ( 82 ) used to manufacture the biocompatible synthetic cells used in the prostheses.
  • the mould ( 82 ) comprises a set of two plates ( 83 , 84 ) each of which includes a plurality of cavities ( 85 , 86 ) of which each corresponds to a half-portion of a cell ( 87 ) formed therein.
  • the plates ( 83 , 84 ) may be aligned and closed to form the complete cell negative cavities ( 88 ) between them.
  • the process includes spraying the cavities ( 85 , 86 ) on the plates ( 83 , 84 ) with sterilized liquid silicone to a overfill the cavities ( 85 , 86 ), aligning and closing the plates ( 83 , 84 ). This forces the liquid silicone in the half-portion cavities ( 85 , 86 ) to join to form a lenticular shaped silicone cell ( 87 ) between them. To aid the joining process heat may also be applied to the plates ( 83 , 84 ) to the circular areas surrounding the cavities ( 85 , 86 ).
  • FIG. 16 shows a closer view of one of the cavities ( 85 , 86 ) used to form the cells ( 87 ).
  • the one plate cavity ( 85 ) includes an annular trimming formation ( 88 ) around the periphery of the cavity ( 85 ).
  • the trimming formation ( 88 ) bears against the flat surface ( 89 ) surrounding the opposing cavity ( 86 ) of the other plate ( 84 ) and trims the edge of the cell ( 87 ) where its two halves are joined.
  • biocompatible cells for example ovoid or bean shaped cells.
  • a tracer in the form of a particle in each cell to enhance the traceability of the cells. Titanium may for example be used to manufacture the particles. The particles will be inserted into the cells before forming them and will therefore form an inseparable part of each cell. In case of rupture of the shell and escape of some of the cells, a surgeon may use external diagnostic equipment or techniques including MRI, X-ray, or ultrasound to locate the exact position of each cell.
  • a data transmission device typically in the form of a transponder or Radio Frequency Identification tag
  • This RFID will be loaded with information relating to the prosthesis, including the size of the prosthesis, date of manufacture, and date of implanting into the patient. It may also be used to store the name of the patient, medical fund details of the patient, and emergency contact details relating to the patient. It is envisaged that this will allow a surgeon to establish the exact nature of the prosthesis without any invasive techniques. In the event of failure of the prosthesis, such as in a motor vehicle accident, where the patient may not be in position to convey critical information about the prosthesis an RFID scanner may be used to obtain information form the patient and perform any necessary procedure.
  • the RFID tag will secured into one of the cells, or inside the shell.
  • the surgeon will use a commercially available RFID scanner to energize the RFID tag, which triggers it to transmit the data stored on it. This data carrying signal is then received by the scanner and interpreted by custom software operated on the scanner. The information contained in the RFID tag is then displayed on a display screen of the scanner, or printed out.
  • the data stored on it may be updated, for example with the name of the patient, the date on which the prosthesis was implanted, the medical fund details of the patient and so forth.
  • the RFID tag may simply transmit a unique identification number and that the relevant details of the patient may be obtained from a secure computer server available on a network, typically the Internet. A physician will then log onto the secure server, enter the unique identification number obtained with the scanner and obtain information about the patient and the prosthesis from the server.

Abstract

A prosthesis is disclosed which includes a filler material comprising a biocompatible granular substance. The prosthesis includes in a particular embodiment a human mammary prosthesis. The granular substance comprises a mixture of synthetic biocompatible cells and a lubricant. Also disclosed is an osmotic barrier which reduces the flow of lubricant from the prosthesis and the flow of body fluids into the prosthesis.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention relates to a prosthesis and a method of manufacturing a prosthesis in particular but not limited to a mammary prosthesis.
  • BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
  • Mammary prostheses are used to enhance the appearance of human breasts, normally female breasts. The prostheses are used to add volume to a breast which may be required after removal of a tumour, or to enhance the aesthetic appeal of a breast.
  • A mammary prosthesis typically comprises a resilient plastics material bladder which is filled with a liquid. The bladder is normally manufactured from a silicone rubber filled with a gel, typically a silicone gel.
  • A problem with silicone gel is rupturing of the bladder which releases the gel in the patient's body. If a bladder ruptures in vitro the released gel cannot be recovered, or at least not all of it.
  • A serious complication of silicone gel filled bladder prostheses is capsular contraction, which is a condition in which tissue surrounding the prosthesis after it has been implanted into a patient hardens. This hardening of the tissue takes place in response to silicone gel which routinely leaks through the bladder. The leaking is an accepted side effect of these prostheses and capsulation is, in part, relied upon to contain silicone which leaks from the bladder.
  • One likely driving force for the bleed of the filler material, and specifically silicone gel, is Brownian motion, which is a result of thermal molecular motion of particles in a liquid environment. According to this phenomenon, there is random movement of the silicone gel particles inside the shell of the prosthesis. Since the atomic structure of solid silicone, from which the shell of the prosthesis is manufactured, is larger than the size of silicone gel molecules, some of the gel molecules will pass through the shell because of the Brownian motion. In essence, the shell is like a mesh through which the gel particles can be squeezed.
  • Another phenomenon which also likely acts as a driving force is osmotic pressure. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, osmosis is the “movement of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane.” In the case of a silicone gel filled mammary prosthesis, there is a higher concentration of gel inside the shell of the prosthesis than outside the shell. Body fluid, of which there is plenty in supply, will tend to move into the prosthesis because of osmotic pressure in an attempt to equalize the concentrations of silicone gel on opposite sides of the shell. This increases the fluid pressure inside the prosthesis which contributes as a driving force to push fluids out of the prosthesis, including silicone gel. At the same time the silicone gel, which is at a higher concentration inside the shell than in the human body and is at least to some degree a solute, experiences osmotic pressure to move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through the shell, i.e. from the prosthesis into the body.
  • There have been attempts to limit the spread of the silicone by formulating it as a ‘sticky’ gel. The intention with this is to keep the silicone gel together and to ease surgical removal. However, this does not solve the problem since the sticky gel adheres to anything it touches including the patient's organs and the surgeon's gloves. Removing the sticky gel is not an easy matter and 100% removal of all leaked gel is generally not possible.
  • In some countries, the use of bladders filled with silicone gel has been banned due to the health risks associated with it. To overcome this problem prostheses have been developed which comprise a bladder filled with liquid other than silicone gel, for example saline solution. This solves the problem of the leaking which causes capsular contraction. If such a prosthesis ruptures the patient doesn't need surgery to remove the liquid, since saline is harmless to the human body.
  • A problem associated with saline filled prostheses is that these prostheses are generally inserted empty into a patient and filled in vitro by means of a filler tube and non return valve. These systems are often problematic and leakage of saline through the filler tube arrangement often occurs.
  • Another problem with saline filled prostheses is that the viscosity of saline is different from silicone gel, which causes these prostheses to have an unnatural feel once implanted.
  • Another problem with conventional prostheses is that details of implanted prostheses are not readily ascertainable from outside the body. In some instances it is necessary to determine details, such as size and type of implant or the date on which the prostheses was implanted on short notice and preferably without surgical procedure. Such instances may include a medical emergency such as may arise following an accident. It may also occur during routine procedures.
  • It often happens that people are unable to convey details of a prosthesis to medical personnel which may leave the medical personnel with no option but to determine details of the implanted prosthesis by means of expensive scanning equipment, for example MRI scanning, or surgery. Neither of these is desirable, the first due to the cost involved and second due to the invasive and drastic nature and the cost thereof.
  • A specific problem exists with female patients whom had received breast augmentation surgery and experience complications. In many instances, these patients are not able to recall the make of prosthesis they have received and in even more cases, not the size of prosthesis received. If an existing prosthesis needs to be replaced the surgeon needs to have all possible sizes available during surgery to fit the correct size prosthesis.
  • A further aspect of breast prostheses that is problematic relates to the manufacturing of the prostheses. In most cases a bladder is formed which include an opening at the operatively posterior side of the bladder. This opening is needed in the forming of the bladder to enable removal from the mould on which the bladder is formed. The opening is sealed by means of a disc which is placed inside the opening and adhered to the bladder by means of pressure. A problem with this type of seal is that it is not a seal that is formed by means of a bond between the two surfaces forming part of the seal, but rather an adhesion type seal of the disc against the bladder which, after the bladder has been filled, relies on pressure from the gel inside the bladder to maintain the seal. It is possible to disengage such a seal by exerting on the disc from the outside.
  • The above mentioned problems have been exemplified by way of a mammary prosthesis, but similar problems exist with other types of prostheses. Examples of these include prostheses which are used to enhance the appearance of buttocks, cheeks, and biceps. The concerns about the safety of silicone gel filled prostheses are equally applicable to these procedures, as are problems which exist with saline filled prostheses.
  • OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
  • It is an object of the invention to provide a prosthesis which at least partly overcomes the abovementioned problem.
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In accordance with this invention there is provided a human prosthesis comprising a resilient shell at least partly filled with a biocompatible granular substance, and preferably for the prosthesis to comprise a human mammary prosthesis.
  • There is further provided for the granular substance to comprise a plurality of biocompatible synthetic cells, preferably cells manufactured from a resilient material, and preferably for the resilient material to comprise a medical grade silicone.
  • There is further provided for a plurality of micro glass balloons to be dispersed in each cell, preferably between 2% and 10%, further preferably between 4% and 8%, still further preferably between 5% and 7%, and more preferably about 6% micro glass balloons by volume.
  • There is further provided for the micro-balloons to comprise commercially available micro-balloons with a diameter of about 1 micron each.
  • There is also provided for each cell to have a lenticular shape, alternatively an ovoid or a bean shape and for the shell to be filled, at least partly, with cells having a range of sizes.
  • According to an preferred embodiment of the invention each cell having a lenticular shape has a circular diameter of about 6 mm and a height of about 2 mm.
  • According to a further feature of the invention there is provided for each cell to comprise a hollow capsule encapsulating a fluid, preferably a biocompatible fluid, further preferably oil, still further preferably a vegetable oil, and yet further preferably soy bean oil; alternatively a biocompatible gas, further preferably air, still further preferably sterilized air.
  • There is still further provided for each hollow cell to have a wall thickness of about 0.1 mm.
  • A further feature of the invention provides for each cell to include at least one tracer adapted to be detectable by means of external diagnostic equipment.
  • There is further provided for the cells to be located within a lubricant, preferably a biocompatible lubricant.
  • According to a still further feature there is provided for the shell of the prosthesis to include a filling aperture, for the aperture to comprise a recessed portion in the shell, preferably a circular recess, and for a complimentary circular seal to be securable in the recess to seal the shell.
  • There is still further provided for the circular seal to be securable to the shell by means of glue, preferably silicone glue.
  • There is still further provided for the recess to include a right circular cylindrical outer wall and for the seal to include a complimentary right circular cylindrical circumference.
  • There is still further provided for the seal to comprise a membrane and a plug.
  • There is further provided for the membrane to be securable to the operative base of the recess and for the plug to be securable onto the membrane in the recess.
  • There is still further provided for the membrane to have a thickness of about 0.1 mm and for the plug to have a thickness of about 0.9 mm.
  • There is also provided for the plug and the membrane to be manufactured from the same material as the shell, preferably a medical grade silicone material.
  • There is also provided for the shell surrounding the recess to be thickened such that the operatively inner surface of the shell inside of the aperture is substantially step-less.
  • The invention also provides for the mammary prosthesis to comprise a shell which contains a filler material, for the shell to comprise at least one resilient layer and at least one layer being substantially non-permeable with respect to at least the filler material of the shell; and for the filler material to comprise, preferably a biocompatible granular substance, alternatively a fluid filler material, in particular a silicone gel or a saline based fluid.
  • There is further provided for the resilient layer to comprise a sealed operatively outer container, for the non-permeable layer to comprise a sealed operatively inner container which contains the filler material and for the inner container to be contained by the outer container, and preferably for the prosthesis to include a lubricant between the inner container and outer container.
  • There is still further provided for the non-permeable layer to be non-permeable also with respect to body fluids.
  • There is still further provided for the surface area of the inner container to be greater than the surface area of the outer container, and preferably at least twice as large, alternatively for the surface area of the inner container to be at least as great as the maximum surface area to which the outer container may be stretched elastically.
  • According to a further feature of the invention there is provided for the non-permeable layer to comprise a composite layer, and for the composite layer to comprise a nylon layer located between a polyester and polyethylene layer.
  • There is still further provided for the lubricant within which the cells are located to include a hydrophilic polymer, preferably a water soluble polymer or hydrogel, and further preferably polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and for the non-permeable layer to include at least a polyethylene layer.
  • There is further provided for the hydrophilic polymer to be mixed with a saline solution, and preferably for the lubricant to comprise about 15% hydrophilic polymer and about 85% saline solution.
  • There is still further provided for the prosthesis in one embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 82.352 82.352
    225 92.646 92.646
    250 102.94 102.94
    275 113.234 113.234
    300 123.528 123.528
    325 133.822 133.822
    350 144.116 144.116
    375 154.41 154.41
    400 164.704 164.704
    425 174.998 174.998
    450 185.292 185.292
  • There is also provided for the prosthesis in a further embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 87.5 87.5
    225 98.4375 98.4375
    250 109.375 109.375
    275 120.3125 120.3125
    300 131.25 131.25
    325 142.1875 142.1875
    350 153.125 153.125
    375 164.0625 164.0625
    400 175 175
    425 185.9375 185.9375
    450 196.875 196.875
  • There is also provided for the prosthesis in a yet further embodiment to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 95 95
    225 106.875 106.875
    250 118.75 118.75
    275 130.625 130.625
    300 142.5 142.5
    325 154.375 154.375
    350 166.25 166.25
    375 178.125 178.125
    400 190 190
    425 201.875 201.875
    450 213.75 213.75
  • According to further feature of the invention there is provided for the non-permeable layer to comprise a composite layer which comprises at least a composite polyethylene and aluminium layer, for the lubricant to include glycerine, and preferably for the lubricant to comprise a combination of water and glycerine.
  • There is still further provided for the for the aluminium layer to be a vapour deposited layer on the polyethylene layer and for the vapour deposited aluminium layer to have a thickness in the range of about 12 micron to 18 micron.
  • There is also provided for the non-permeable layer to have a thickness of between about 20 micron and about 70 micron, preferably between about 40 micron and 55 micron, more preferably to have a thickness of about 48 micron.
  • According to a yet further feature of the invention there is provided for the granular substance which fills the prosthesis to be contained in an inner container, preferably manufactured from a biocompatible resilient mesh.
  • According to a still further feature of the invention there is provided for the outer container to contain a plurality of inner containers, for each of the plurality of inner containers to contain a plurality of cells, and for each inner container to comprise a non-permeable layer including a nylon layer located between a polyester and polyethylene layer and within which the plurality of cells are located in a hydrophilic polymer lubricant; alternatively for each inner container to comprise a non-permeable layer including at least a composite polyethylene and aluminium layer within the plurality of cells are located in a lubricant which includes glycerine, preferably a lubricant which comprises a combination of water and glycerine.
  • According to a yet further feature of the invention the shell has a predetermined shaped corresponding to that of a breast.
  • According to an alternative feature of the invention there is provided for the tracer to comprise a metal particle, preferably a titanium particle, contained in the cell.
  • There is also provided for the prosthesis to include identification means bearing data relating to at least the size of the prosthesis, preferably the number of cells contained within the prosthesis, and further preferably for the identification means to comprise an identification tab on which the data is printed.
  • According to a further feature of the invention, there provided for the prosthesis to include a remotely activatable data transmission device configured to transmit a predetermined data carrying signal in response to remote activation thereof.
  • There is further provided for the transmission device to comprise a data transponder, preferably in the form of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, and for the RFID to be remotely activatable by means of an energy field, preferably a magnetic field.
  • There is still further provided for the prosthesis to comprise a human mammary prosthesis, for the prosthesis to comprise a biocompatible resilient container filled with a biocompatible granular substance and at least one data transmission device, preferably an RFID tag.
  • There is still further provided for the RFID tag to be incorporated into a cell of the granular substance, alternatively for the RFID tag to be incorporated into the shell, further alternatively to be incorporated into the filler opening seal of the shell.
  • There is also provided for the prosthesis to be manufactured in a range of sizes and for each size to include a predetermined number of cells.
  • In accordance with a further feature of the invention there is provide a method of manufacturing cells for use in a human mammary prosthesis as defined above, the method comprising coating two plates, which each has a plurality of cavities therein and in which each cavity corresponds to a semi-portion of a cell, with a liquid resilient material, arranging the two plates to align each individual cavity of one plate with another individual cavity of the other plate, allowing the resilient material to set, removing the plates from each other, and removing cells formed between the formations from the plates.
  • There is also provided for the method to include placing a tracer in one semi-portion of each cell prior to arranging the plates together.
  • There is still further provided for the method to include trimming excess resilient material located around the circumference of each cell, and preferably for the excess material to be trimmed by integral trimming formations in at least one of the plates, each trimming formation surrounding a half-portion cavity and being shaped and configured to press against the surface of the opposing plate upon aligning of the plates to trim excess resilient material from the formed cell.
  • According to a further feature of the invention there is provided a method of filling a shell for a human mammary prosthesis with a filler material, comprising the steps of securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
  • There is also provided for the method to include the step of filling the shell with a plurality of biocompatible resilient cells, prior to securing the membrane to the filler aperture, and thereafter injecting a predetermined amount of the liquid lubricant through the needle, preferably a glycerine and water mixture.
  • There is further provided for a method of filling a shell of a human mammary prosthesis which includes the steps of filling an inner container, as defined above, with a predetermined number of biocompatible synthetic cells and a predetermined volume of liquid lubricant, sealing the inner container, inserting the inner container into an outer container, as defined above, securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
  • There is also provided for the method to include evacuating substantially all air from the shell prior to injecting the lubricant into the shell.
  • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Embodiments of the invention are described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a biocompatible synthetic cell of the prosthesis of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the prosthesis of FIG. 1 implanted into a female breast;
  • FIG. 4 is shows a sectional view of a second embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention which includes an inner container;
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of a laminate used for the inner container of the prosthesis of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of layers used for the inner and outer containers of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of layers used for the inner and outer containers of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a third embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIGS. 10 to 14 are sectional views showing one embodiment of a method of filling a human mammary prosthesis according to the invention;
  • FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a mould used to manufacture biocompatible synthetic cell according to the invention; and
  • FIG. 16 shows detail of a part of the mould of FIG. 15.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • A first embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis (1) according to the invention is shown in the drawings. The prosthesis (1) shown in FIG. 1 comprises a resilient shell (2) filled with a granular substance which in this embodiment is a plurality of cells (3). The shell (2) also includes a lubricant (4) amongst the cells (3).
  • The cells (3) are manufactured from a biocompatible synthetic and resilient material, namely a silicone rubber. As shown in FIG. 2 each cell (3) has a lenticular shape having a circular diameter of about 6 mm and a height of about 2 mm.
  • Each cell (3) includes a plurality of micro glass balloons (not shown) dispersed throughout it. These hollow micro glass balloons are minute in size, each measuring only about one micron in diameter. The micro balloons are mixed into the silicone rubber from which the cells (3) are manufactured and remains dispersed therein. This means the micro glass balloons cannot migrate from the cells (3).
  • The micro glass balloons are included at about 6% by volume, although it has been established that inclusion of micro balloons in the range of between 2% and 10%, between 4% and 8%, and between 5% and 7% also yields acceptable results.
  • The micro balloons are included in the cells (3) to render the cells (3) visible during medical examination. The medical grade silicone rubber, from which the cells (3) are manufactured, are normally relatively transparent, not only to the human eye but also to X-rays. The inclusion of the micro glass balloons renders the cells (3) opaque and visible during a breast examination. This is important since an examining physician may want to be certain that he does not confuse the cells (3) of the prosthesis (1) with a lump in the breast. By making the cells (3) visible under an X-ray the physician can clearly identify the cells (3).
  • The inclusion of the micro glass balloons also serves another purpose. In the event of the prosthesis (1) rupturing and some of the cells (3) escaping from the shell (2), the cells (3) may be located easily by making use of an X-ray or MRI scanner.
  • The prosthesis (1) includes a filling aperture (5) which is closed with a circular seal (6). The filling aperture (5) comprises a circular recessed portion (7) in the shell (2). The seal (6) is circular and is securable in the recess (7) to seal the shell (2). The seal (6) is secured to the shell (2) by means of a silicone glue.
  • The seal (6) includes two layers, which includes a membrane (8) and a plug (9). The membrane (8) is first secured the shell (2) at the base of the recess (7), after which the plug (9) is secured onto the membrane (8). The membrane (8) and plug (9) are manufactured from the same medical grade silicone rubber as the shell (2) and the cells (3).
  • As can be seen in FIG. 1 the shell (2) is thickened (10) in the area surrounding the recess (7) such that the operatively inner surface (11) of the shell (2) around the aperture (5) is substantially step-less. This is to keep the inner surface (11) of the shell (2) smooth to ensure unimpeded movement of the cells (3) inside the shell (2).
  • In use the prosthesis (1) is implanted in the normal manner into a female patient's breast (12), as shown in FIG. 3. The prosthesis (1) is surgically implanted using normal surgical techniques. In this embodiment, the prosthesis (1) is implanted underneath the breast tissue (13) in the pectoral muscle (14), but it may also be implanted above the pectoral muscle (14) as is commonly done in human mammary prosthesis procedures.
  • The prosthesis (1) is implanted with the filling aperture (5) and seal (6) at the operatively back of the prosthesis (1), to eliminate the chance of this thicker portion of the prosthesis (1) being felt through the breast tissue (13) of the patient.
  • The prosthesis (1) provides more of a natural feel to the breast (12) than conventional saline or gel filled prostheses do. This is due to the lubricated silicone cells (3) which are free to move around inside the shell (2) and which mimics natural breast tissue.
  • The prosthesis (1) is manufactured to a specific predetermined size, and includes a known predetermined number of cells (3).
  • A second embodiment of a human mammary prosthesis (20) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4. This prosthesis (20) includes a resilient shell (21), which forms an outer container, and within which an inner container (22) is located. The inner container (22) contains a plurality of the biocompatible synthetic cells (23), as shown in FIG. 2, and a lubricant (24).
  • The inner container (22) of the prosthesis of FIG. 4 comprises a laminate, as shown in FIG. 5, of a nylon layer (25) which is sandwiched between polyester layer (26) and a polyethylene layer (27). This composite inner layer (28) which forms the inner container (22) is non-permeable to at least the filler material (29) of the prosthesis (20) and body fluids of the recipient of the prosthesis (20).
  • The prosthesis of FIG. 4 includes a lubricant in the form of a glycerine based lubricant (24), which lubricates the cells (23) within the inner container (22). The inner layer (28) is effective in limiting the passage of the lubricant (24) from the prosthesis (20) to the body of a recipient thereof. It also limits the ingress of body fluids from the recipient into the prosthesis (20). The inner layer (28) therefore acts as an osmotic barrier which reduces the osmotic driving force which seeks to balance the concentrations of solutes on opposite sides of the barrier, in this case the shell (21), of the prosthesis (20).
  • A second embodiment of a construction of inner and outer containers for a prosthesis according to the invention is shown in FIG. 6. In this embodiment the prosthesis (not shown) includes a filler material in the form of a plurality of cells (30) in a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant (31). The latter (31) acts as a lubricant for the cells (30) within the inner container (32). The PVP is a water soluble polymer and is hydrophilic, which means that it easily bonds with water by means of a hydrogen bond. In this way, the PVP is easily dissolved in water to form the lubricant (31) in the present instance.
  • The inner container (32) is formed by the inner layer (33), which comprises polyethylene. The PVP based lubricant (31) does not move through the polyethylene inner layer (33) under force of osmosis and the inner container (32) therefore provides an effective barrier to prevent loss of the lubricant (31) from the prosthesis.
  • FIG. 6 shows the general construction of the layers of the prosthesis, namely the outer layer (34) which forms the shell (35) which contains the entire contents of the prosthesis. Below the outer layer (34) is the inner layer (33) which is separated from the outer layer (34) by a layer of lubricant (36), which is the same as the lubricant (31) used between the cells (30). The cells (30) within the PVP based lubricant (31) are located underneath the inner layer (33).
  • FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment of a construction of inner and outer containers for a prosthesis according to the invention, which comprises an outer layer (37) similar to the outer layer (34) of FIG. 6. Below this outer layer (37) there is an inner layer (38) comprised of polyethylene which carries a layer of aluminium (39). The aluminium layer (39) is adhered to the polyethylene inner layer (38) by means of a vapour deposition process. Between the inner layer 380 and the outer layer (37) there is a layer of lubricant (40) which is comprised of a mixture of glycerine and water. Below the inner layer (38) is shown the cells (41) within a lubricant (42), which is also comprised of a mixture of water and glycerine.
  • The laminate (43) shown in FIG. 7 has a total thickness of about 48 micron, with the vapour deposited aluminium layer having a thickness in the range of about 12 micron to 18 micron. The total thickness of the laminate (43) may vary between about 20 micron and about 70 micron.
  • The embodiments of the laminates in combination with the respective lubricants shown in FIGS. 5 to 7 are effective in enclosing the cells and lubricant. The laminates and lubricants may be used in prostheses such as shown in FIG. 4, i.e. a single outer container in the form of the silicone shell (21) and a single inner container (22).
  • A third embodiment of a prosthesis (50) according to the invention in shown in FIG. 8. In this embodiment the prosthesis (50) includes an outer container in the form of a silicone shell (51), an inner container (52) within which a plurality of small sachets (53) are contained. The inner container (52) and sachets (53) are manufactured from the laminates shown in any of FIGS. 5 to 7. Each of the sachets (53) contains a plurality of the biocompatible synthetic cells (54). Each sachet (53) includes lubricant (55) between the cells (54) and the inner container (52) includes lubricant (56) within which the sachets (53) are located. There is also lubricant (57) between the shell (51) and inner container (52).
  • The inner containers (22, 52) show in FIGS. 4 and 8 have surface areas which are greater than the surface area of their respective outer containers or shells (2, 51). In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 4 and 8 the respective surface areas of the inner containers (22, 52) are greater than the respective maximum surface area to which the respective outer containers or shells (2, 51) may be stretched elastically. This means, that the inner containers (22, 52) are large enough that any practical amount of elastic deformation which the shells (2, 51) of the prostheses may experience will not be so much that it will tear the inner containers (22, 52). In other preferred embodiments, the surface of the inner container should be at least twice as large as the maximum surface area to which the outer container may be stretched elastically.
  • A fourth embodiment of a prosthesis (60) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 9. In this embodiment the prosthesis (60) includes an outer container in the form of a silicone shell (61), within which a plurality of small sachets (62) are contained. This embodiment does not include a single large inner container, but only a plurality of small sachets (62) within each of which there are a plurality of biocompatible synthetic cells (63). There is lubricant (64) within the shell (61) wherein the sachets (62) are located and each sachet (62) includes lubricant (65) between the cells (63).
  • The prosthesis shown in FIG. 4 may be manufactured with an inner container from the laminate shown in FIG. 6, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention. This embodiment includes an inner container which comprises a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant and a plurality of the silicone cells, and having a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based lubricant between the inner and outer containers.
  • In this embodiment the PVP based lubricant is mixed to comprise about 15% PVP in a saline solution. The prosthesis is manufactured in various sizes in three configurations, namely under filled, regularly filled, and over filled.
  • In the under filled configuration the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 82.352 82.352
    225 92.646 92.646
    250 102.94 102.94
    275 113.234 113.234
    300 123.528 123.528
    325 133.822 133.822
    350 144.116 144.116
    375 154.41 154.41
    400 164.704 164.704
    425 174.998 174.998
    450 185.292 185.292
  • In the regularly filled configuration, the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 87.5 87.5
    225 98.4375 98.4375
    250 109.375 109.375
    275 120.3125 120.3125
    300 131.25 131.25
    325 142.1875 142.1875
    350 153.125 153.125
    375 164.0625 164.0625
    400 175 175
    425 185.9375 185.9375
    450 196.875 196.875
  • In the over filled configuration, the prosthesis is filled to have a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 and to include the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
  • Prosthesis PVP mixture
    volume (cm3) Cells (g) (g)
    200 95 95
    225 106.875 106.875
    250 118.75 118.75
    275 130.625 130.625
    300 142.5 142.5
    325 154.375 154.375
    350 166.25 166.25
    375 178.125 178.125
    400 190 190
    425 201.875 201.875
    450 213.75 213.75
  • Trials indicate that prostheses which are under filled present with the best results, since it is almost impossible to discern the prosthesis from natural breast tissue in such a case.
  • FIGS. 10 to 14 show the steps of one method of filling a prosthesis according to the invention.
  • As a first step, shown in FIG. 10, a inner container (70) is formed from a laminate such as those shown in FIGS. 5 to 7. The inner container (70) includes a filling aperture (71) through which the correct weight of cells (72) and lubricant (73) is inserted. For a specific size prosthesis, these weights will correspond with the values given in the tables above, depending on whether the prosthesis is to be under filled, regularly filled or over filled.
  • Prior to inserting the filler material (74), i.e. the cells (72) and lubricant (73), into the inner container (70), the air inside the container (70) is evacuated using a vacuum pump. The filler material (74) is then inserted into the inner container (72) and it is sealed with a complimentary seal (81). The inner container (70) is then inserted into a pre-manufactured silicone shell (75). The filling aperture (76) of the shell (75) is closed with a membrane (77), which is a silicone disc which has a thickness typically of about 0.1 mm. Lubricant (78) is then injected through the membrane (77) by means of a needle (not shown), and the needle retracted. The membrane (77) is self sealing. The filling aperture (75) is then closed with a plug (79), which is a silicone disc with a thickness of about 0.9 mm. The plug (79) and membrane (77) create a seal of about 1 mm in the filling aperture. Both the membrane (77) and the plug (79) are secured to the shell (76) by means of silicone glue.
  • In this way the prosthesis (80) is filled with the required weight of cells (72) and lubricant (73, 78) and by using the vacuum process no excess air is left inside the prosthesis (80).
  • Once the prosthesis (80) has been filled it is sealed into a double layer package and the entire package is then subjected to radiation for a predetermined time, typically about 8 hours, to sterilize it. The package is only opened during the procedure to implant the prosthesis, which ensures that the prosthesis (80) remains sterile, at least until it is opened in the operating theatre.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 show a mould (82) used to manufacture the biocompatible synthetic cells used in the prostheses. The mould (82) comprises a set of two plates (83, 84) each of which includes a plurality of cavities (85, 86) of which each corresponds to a half-portion of a cell (87) formed therein. The plates (83, 84) may be aligned and closed to form the complete cell negative cavities (88) between them.
  • The process includes spraying the cavities (85, 86) on the plates (83, 84) with sterilized liquid silicone to a overfill the cavities (85, 86), aligning and closing the plates (83, 84). This forces the liquid silicone in the half-portion cavities (85, 86) to join to form a lenticular shaped silicone cell (87) between them. To aid the joining process heat may also be applied to the plates (83, 84) to the circular areas surrounding the cavities (85, 86).
  • After a predetermined time the liquid silicone sets and the plates (83, 84) are removed from each other to reveal the cells (87) formed between them.
  • FIG. 16 shows a closer view of one of the cavities (85, 86) used to form the cells (87). The one plate cavity (85) includes an annular trimming formation (88) around the periphery of the cavity (85). When the plates (83, 84) are pressed close the trimming formation (88) bears against the flat surface (89) surrounding the opposing cavity (86) of the other plate (84) and trims the edge of the cell (87) where its two halves are joined.
  • It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are not exhaustive of the invention and it is possible to alter some aspects of the prostheses without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • It is possible to use different sized or shaped biocompatible cells, for example ovoid or bean shaped cells.
  • It is also possible to use weights of cells and lubricant within the ranges of values shown in the tables.
  • It is further possible to include a tracer in the form of a particle in each cell to enhance the traceability of the cells. Titanium may for example be used to manufacture the particles. The particles will be inserted into the cells before forming them and will therefore form an inseparable part of each cell. In case of rupture of the shell and escape of some of the cells, a surgeon may use external diagnostic equipment or techniques including MRI, X-ray, or ultrasound to locate the exact position of each cell.
  • It is also possible to include a data transmission device, typically in the form of a transponder or Radio Frequency Identification tag, in the prosthesis. This RFID will be loaded with information relating to the prosthesis, including the size of the prosthesis, date of manufacture, and date of implanting into the patient. It may also be used to store the name of the patient, medical fund details of the patient, and emergency contact details relating to the patient. It is envisaged that this will allow a surgeon to establish the exact nature of the prosthesis without any invasive techniques. In the event of failure of the prosthesis, such as in a motor vehicle accident, where the patient may not be in position to convey critical information about the prosthesis an RFID scanner may be used to obtain information form the patient and perform any necessary procedure. This will also be helpful where a patient wishes to have a set of prostheses changed, for example for a larger set. In most instances, patients do not remember the details such as type, manufacturer and size of prosthesis. A surgeon then needs to have a range of prostheses on hand during the procedure to replace the prosthesis. If the surgeon knew the type of the original set of prostheses and their sizes, it becomes much easier and quicker to replace them. It is envisaged that the RFID tag will secured into one of the cells, or inside the shell. The surgeon will use a commercially available RFID scanner to energize the RFID tag, which triggers it to transmit the data stored on it. This data carrying signal is then received by the scanner and interpreted by custom software operated on the scanner. The information contained in the RFID tag is then displayed on a display screen of the scanner, or printed out.
  • In the same manner it will be possible to write information to the RFID tag. In this way the data stored on it may be updated, for example with the name of the patient, the date on which the prosthesis was implanted, the medical fund details of the patient and so forth.
  • It is also possible that the RFID tag may simply transmit a unique identification number and that the relevant details of the patient may be obtained from a secure computer server available on a network, typically the Internet. A physician will then log onto the secure server, enter the unique identification number obtained with the scanner and obtain information about the patient and the prosthesis from the server.

Claims (44)

1. A human prosthesis comprising a resilient shell at least partly filled with a plurality of biocompatible synthetic cells of which each cell has a lenticular shape.
2. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 which comprises a human mammary prosthesis.
3. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the cells are manufactured from a resilient material.
4. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 3 in which the resilient material comprises a medical grade silicone.
5. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which a plurality of micro glass balloons are dispersed in each cell.
6. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 5 which includes between 2% and 10% micro glass balloons by volume, preferably between 4% and 8% micro glass balloons by volume, more preferably between 5% and 7% micro glass balloons by volume, and most preferably about 6% micro glass balloons by volume.
7. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the cells have a range of sizes.
8. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which each cell has a circular diameter of about 6 mm and a height of about 2 mm.
9. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which each cell comprises a hollow capsule encapsulating a fluid.
10. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 9 in which the fluid comprises a biocompatible fluid, perferably oil.
11. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 10 in which the oil comprises a vegetable oil, preferably soy bean oil.
12. A prothesis as claimed in claim 9 in which the fluid comprises a gas, perferably compressed air, more preferably sterilized air.
13. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the cells has a wall thickness of about 0.1 mm.
14. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which each cell includes a tracer adapted to be detectable by means of external diagnostic equipment.
15. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 14 in which the tracer comprises a metal particle contained in the cell, perferably a titanium particle.
16. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the cells are located within a biocompatable lubricant.
17. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the shell includes a filling aperture which comprises a recessed portion in the shell within which a complimentary seal is securable to seal the bladder by means of silicone glue, the seal comprises a membrane and a plug, and the membrane is securable to the operative base of the recess and the plug is securable onto the membrane in the recess.
18. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 17 in which the membrane has a thickness of about 0.1 mm and the plug has a thickness of about 0.9 mm.
19. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 17 in which the plug and the membrane are manufactured from the same material as the shell, perferably a medical grade silicone.
20. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 17 in which the shell surrounding the recess is thickened such that the operatively inner surface of the shell inside of the aperture is substantially step-less.
21. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the shell comprises at least one resilient layer and at least one layer being substantially non-permeable with respect to at least the filler material of the shell.
22. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 21 in which the resilient layer comprises a sealed operatively outer container and the non-permeable layer comprises a sealed operatively inner containers, the inner containers contain the filler material, and the outer container contains the inner containers.
23. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 22 which includes a lubricant between the inner container and outer containers.
24. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 22 in which the surface area of the inner container is larger than the surface of the outer container, preferably at least twice as large as the surface of the outer container, and more preferably at least as large as the maximum size to which the outer container may be stretched elastically.
25. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 21 in which the non-permeable layer comprises a composite layer which includes a nylon layer located between a polyester and polyethylene layer.
26. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 25 in which the lubricant within which the cells are located includes a hydrophilic polymer.
27. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 26 in which the hydrophilic polymer comprises a water soluble polymer or hydrogel.
28. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 27 in which the water soluble polymer or hydrogel comprises a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
29. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 26 in which the hydrophilic polymer is mixed with a saline solution, and preferably comprises about 15% hydrophilic polymer and about 85% saline.
30. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 21 in which the non-permeable layer comprises a composite polyethylene and aluminium layer.
31. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 30 in which the aluminium layer comprises a vapour deposited layer of aluminium on the polyethylene layer, and the aluminium layer preferably has a thickness in the range of about 12 micron to 18 micron.
32. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 30 in which the lubricant includes glycerine, or a combination of water and glycerine.
33. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 21 in which the non-permeable layer has a thickness of between about 20 micron and about 70 micron, perferably a thickness of between about 40 micron and about 55 micron, and more preferably a thickness of about 48 micron.
34. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the biocompatible synthetic cells which fills the shell is contained in an inner container comprising a biocompatible resilient mesh.
35. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 which includes identification means bearing data relating to at least the size of the prosthesis by means of a unique number which is relatable to unique data stored in a database, and for the identification means to include a remotely activatable data transponder configured to transmit a predetermined data carrying signal in response to remote activation thereof means of an energy field.
36. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1 in which the filler material comprises between about 80% and 97.5% of the non-stretched volume of the shell.
37. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 53 in which a prosthesis having a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 includes the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
Prosthesis Volume (cm3) Cells (g) PVP mixture (g) 200 82.352 82.352 225 92.646 92.646 250 102.94 102.94 275 113.234 113.234 300 123.528 123.528 325 133.822 133.822 350 144.116 144.116 375 154.41 154.41 400 164.704 164.704 425 174.998 174.998 450 185.292 185.292
38. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 29 in which a prosthesis having a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 includes the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
Prosthesis Volume (cm3) Cells (g) PVP mixture (g) 200 87.5 87.5 225 98.4375 98.4375 250 109.375 109.375 275 120.3125 120.3125 300 131.25 131.25 325 142.1875 142.1875 350 153.125 153.125 375 164.0625 164.0625 400 175 175 425 185.9375 185.9375 450 196.875 196.875
39. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 29 in which a prosthesis having a volume between 200 cm3 and 450 cm3 includes the respective weight of cells and weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/saline solution mixture in the inner container as shown in the table:
Prosthesis Volume (cm3) Cells (g) PVP mixture (g) 200 95 95 225 106.875 106.875 250 118.75 118.75 275 130.625 130.625 300 142.5 142.5 325 154.375 154.375 350 166.25 166.25 375 178.125 178.125 400 190 190 425 201.875 201.875 450 213.75 213.75
40. A method of filling a shell of a human mammary prosthesis, as claimed in claim 1, with a filler material, which includes the steps of filling the shell with a predetermined number of biocompatible synthetic cells, securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
41. A method as claimed in claim 40 which includes evacuating substantially all air from the shell prior to injecting the lubricant into the shell.
42. A method of filling a shell of a human mammary prosthesis, as claimed in claim 1, with a filler material, which includes the steps of filling an inner container as claimed in claim 40 with a predetermined number of biocompatible synthetic cells and a predetermined volume of liquid lubricant, sealing the inner container, inserting the inner container into an outer container as claimed in claim 22, securing a complimentary shaped membrane to an aperture in the shell, inserting a needle into the shell through the membrane, injecting a predetermined amount of a liquid biocompatible lubricant through the needle into the shell, retracting the needle, and sealing the filler aperture with a complimentary shaped seal.
43. A method as claimed in claim 42 which includes evacuating substantially all air from the shell prior to injecting the lubricant into the shell.
44. A prosthesis as claimed in claim 1, in which the shell has a predetermined shaped corresponding to that of a breast.
US11/883,211 2004-01-29 2006-01-27 Prosthesis and Method of Manufacturing a Prosthesis Abandoned US20080306590A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (17)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA200408765 2004-01-29
ZA200410188 2004-01-29
ZA2004/10188 2005-01-29
ZA2004/8765 2005-01-29
ZA2005/3184 2005-04-20
ZA200503184 2005-04-20
ZA2005/04333 2005-05-27
ZA200504333 2005-05-27
ZA200506704 2005-08-22
ZA2005/06704 2005-08-22
ZA200507390 2005-09-14
ZA2005/07390 2005-09-14
ZA2005/08552 2005-10-21
ZA200508552 2005-10-21
ZA2005/09314 2005-11-17
ZA200509314 2005-11-17
PCT/IB2006/000139 WO2006079905A2 (en) 2004-01-29 2006-01-27 A prosthesis and method of manufacturing a prosthesis

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20080306590A1 true US20080306590A1 (en) 2008-12-11

Family

ID=36693939

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/883,211 Abandoned US20080306590A1 (en) 2004-01-29 2006-01-27 Prosthesis and Method of Manufacturing a Prosthesis
US11/883,217 Expired - Fee Related US7789911B2 (en) 2004-01-29 2006-01-27 Prosthesis and method of manufacturing a prosthesis

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/883,217 Expired - Fee Related US7789911B2 (en) 2004-01-29 2006-01-27 Prosthesis and method of manufacturing a prosthesis

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (2) US20080306590A1 (en)
EP (3) EP1883430A2 (en)
JP (2) JP2008528162A (en)
KR (2) KR20080034089A (en)
AU (2) AU2006208981A1 (en)
BR (2) BRPI0607128A2 (en)
EA (2) EA200701604A1 (en)
IL (2) IL184916A0 (en)
MX (2) MX2007009079A (en)
WO (2) WO2006079908A2 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120065500A1 (en) * 2010-09-15 2012-03-15 Medtronic, Inc. Radiopaque embedded into desiccant for implantable medical device
US20170189208A1 (en) * 2014-06-23 2017-07-06 New-Team External breast prosthesis
US11439749B2 (en) * 2017-10-25 2022-09-13 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Apparatus and method for trans-round window membrane drug delivery

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7722670B2 (en) * 2006-05-22 2010-05-25 Ebrahim Elahi Orbital implant device
JP5341907B2 (en) * 2007-11-14 2013-11-13 パトリック マックスウェル、ジー Medical implant assembly having an interface
US10537420B2 (en) 2008-01-31 2020-01-21 Peter Forsell Breast implant system
AT10932U1 (en) * 2008-09-16 2010-01-15 Ami Gmbh IMPLANT FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALE BRAIN HIC IN INCONTINENCE
MX2012000794A (en) 2009-07-17 2012-06-12 Milux Holding Sa Breast implant system.
ES2572227T3 (en) * 2009-07-17 2016-05-30 Kirk Promotion Ltd Breast implant system
BR112012013276A2 (en) * 2009-12-01 2019-09-24 Stuart David rupture detection system, device for detecting discontinuity in a breast implant, method for detecting discontinuity in a breast implant breast
US8801768B2 (en) * 2011-01-21 2014-08-12 Endologix, Inc. Graft systems having semi-permeable filling structures and methods for their use
DK2556806T3 (en) * 2011-08-11 2016-06-06 Polytech Health&Aesthetics Gmbh An implantable medical prosthesis
US9642697B2 (en) 2012-04-24 2017-05-09 Snu R&Db Foundation Breast prosthesis allowing controlled release of drug and production method for same
EP2950749A4 (en) * 2013-01-30 2016-09-14 Implite Ltd Human implantable tissue expanders
US9700404B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2017-07-11 Ethicon, Inc. Tissue expander implant with self-sealing safety patch
US9486309B2 (en) 2014-04-25 2016-11-08 Allergan, Inc. Lighter weight implant
US9636210B2 (en) * 2014-05-19 2017-05-02 Mentor Worldwide Llc Injection zone markers for biomedical implants
KR101600811B1 (en) * 2014-07-01 2016-03-08 가톨릭관동대학교산학협력단 Medical implant
WO2016003204A1 (en) * 2014-07-01 2016-01-07 가톨릭관동대학교산학협력단 Method for manufacturing compressed receptor for medical prosthesis, compressed receptor using same, and medical prosthesis
US9707073B2 (en) 2015-09-05 2017-07-18 Apex Medical Device Design Llc Pyramid-shaped breast implant for breast augmentation and/or breast lift with a method of use and production of the same
CN110022796A (en) * 2016-11-21 2019-07-16 威廉·A·布伦南 Orthopedic implants
TWM577719U (en) * 2019-01-14 2019-05-11 謝瑞洋 Artificial breast implant
KR102312054B1 (en) * 2019-10-18 2021-10-14 오스템임플란트 주식회사 A silicone oil leakage preventive silicone gel-filled breast prosthesis
KR102300387B1 (en) * 2019-10-18 2021-09-10 오스템임플란트 주식회사 A silicone oil leakage detective silicone gel-filled breast prosthesis
KR102422259B1 (en) * 2019-11-29 2022-07-19 서울대학교병원 Composition for filing internal prosthesis comprising metal-organic framework and gel
EP4295812A1 (en) * 2021-02-18 2023-12-27 Osstemimplant Co., Ltd. Artificial implant and method for manufacturing same
KR20220118744A (en) * 2021-02-19 2022-08-26 오스템임플란트 주식회사 Prosthesis

Citations (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2842775A (en) * 1954-02-23 1958-07-15 William J Pangman Compound prosthesis device
US3986213A (en) * 1975-05-27 1976-10-19 Medical Engineering Corporation Gel filled medical devices
US4167045A (en) * 1977-08-26 1979-09-11 Interface Biomedical Laboratories Corp. Cardiac and vascular prostheses
US4380569A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-04-19 Spenco Medical Corporation Lightweight preformed stable gel structures and method of forming
US4731081A (en) * 1984-09-11 1988-03-15 Mentor Corporation Rupture-resistant prosthesis with creasable shell and method of forming same
US4773909A (en) * 1981-10-06 1988-09-27 Memorial Hospital For Cancer And Allied Diseases Multi-lumen high profile mammary implant
US5019101A (en) * 1989-05-31 1991-05-28 Purkait Bobby K Self-sealing valve for implantable device
US5141581A (en) * 1972-10-08 1992-08-25 Markham Harold A Implants with a cover which resists formation of firm spherical encapsulation
US5246454A (en) * 1991-07-22 1993-09-21 Peterson Robert L Encapsulated implant
US5358521A (en) * 1992-04-01 1994-10-25 Fred Shane Multiple-layer prosthesis implant with tissue tactility
US5496367A (en) * 1993-01-13 1996-03-05 Fisher; Jack Breast implant with baffles
US5534023A (en) * 1992-12-29 1996-07-09 Henley; Julian L. Fluid filled prosthesis excluding gas-filled beads
US5630844A (en) * 1995-06-07 1997-05-20 Novamed Medical Products Manufacturing, Inc. Biocompatible hydrophobic laminate with thermoplastic elastomer layer
US5632774A (en) * 1995-01-17 1997-05-27 Babian; Hamik In-the-shell hydration to make implant filler material and prosthesis employing same
US5897590A (en) * 1996-04-25 1999-04-27 Medtronic, Inc. Method for forming a tissue pocket to receive an implantable device
US5922024A (en) * 1993-09-07 1999-07-13 Datascope Investment Corp. Soft tissue implant
US5977431A (en) * 1992-08-24 1999-11-02 Lipomatrix, Incorporated Living tissue implant with electrical transponder marker
US6083262A (en) * 1994-06-16 2000-07-04 Caravel; Jean-Baudoin Supple implantable prosthesis used in surgery for increasing the volume of or reconstructing soft tissue, notably a breast prosthesis, and its method of manufacture
US6099565A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-08-08 Sakura, Jr.; Chester Y. Prosthetic tissue implant and filler therefor
US20020107437A1 (en) * 1998-12-24 2002-08-08 Sirimanne D. Laksen Subcutaneous cavity marking device and method

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3934274A (en) * 1974-10-29 1976-01-27 Hartley Jr John H Deflatable mammary augmentation prosthesis
US4264990A (en) * 1979-01-24 1981-05-05 Hamas Robert S Mammary prosthesis
US4636213A (en) * 1985-01-24 1987-01-13 Pakiam Anthony I Implantable prosthesis
US4863470A (en) * 1985-03-19 1989-09-05 Medical Engineering Corporation Identification marker for a breast prosthesis
US4969899A (en) * 1989-03-08 1990-11-13 Cox-Uphoff International Inflatable implant
US5300120A (en) * 1992-08-24 1994-04-05 Lipomatrix Incorporated Implant with electrical transponder marker
US5423334A (en) * 1993-02-01 1995-06-13 C. R. Bard, Inc. Implantable medical device characterization system
US6432138B1 (en) * 2000-03-07 2002-08-13 Promatrx, Inc. Controlled porosity 3-D fabric breast prosthesis
DE10115270A1 (en) * 2001-03-28 2002-10-02 Hans-Juergen Simons Breast implant, is based on silicone, cooking salt, and soya oil or other filler materials, micro-encapsulated and surrounded by an outer membrane
WO2004021935A1 (en) * 2002-09-09 2004-03-18 Hb Medicals Corporation Novel implantable artificial breast silicon shell
US20040162613A1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-08-19 Thomas Roballey Cosmetic and reconstructive prosthesis containing a biologically compatible rupture indicator

Patent Citations (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2842775A (en) * 1954-02-23 1958-07-15 William J Pangman Compound prosthesis device
US5141581A (en) * 1972-10-08 1992-08-25 Markham Harold A Implants with a cover which resists formation of firm spherical encapsulation
US3986213A (en) * 1975-05-27 1976-10-19 Medical Engineering Corporation Gel filled medical devices
US4167045A (en) * 1977-08-26 1979-09-11 Interface Biomedical Laboratories Corp. Cardiac and vascular prostheses
US4380569A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-04-19 Spenco Medical Corporation Lightweight preformed stable gel structures and method of forming
US4773909A (en) * 1981-10-06 1988-09-27 Memorial Hospital For Cancer And Allied Diseases Multi-lumen high profile mammary implant
US4731081A (en) * 1984-09-11 1988-03-15 Mentor Corporation Rupture-resistant prosthesis with creasable shell and method of forming same
US5019101A (en) * 1989-05-31 1991-05-28 Purkait Bobby K Self-sealing valve for implantable device
US5246454A (en) * 1991-07-22 1993-09-21 Peterson Robert L Encapsulated implant
US5358521A (en) * 1992-04-01 1994-10-25 Fred Shane Multiple-layer prosthesis implant with tissue tactility
US5977431A (en) * 1992-08-24 1999-11-02 Lipomatrix, Incorporated Living tissue implant with electrical transponder marker
US5534023A (en) * 1992-12-29 1996-07-09 Henley; Julian L. Fluid filled prosthesis excluding gas-filled beads
US5496367A (en) * 1993-01-13 1996-03-05 Fisher; Jack Breast implant with baffles
US5922024A (en) * 1993-09-07 1999-07-13 Datascope Investment Corp. Soft tissue implant
US6083262A (en) * 1994-06-16 2000-07-04 Caravel; Jean-Baudoin Supple implantable prosthesis used in surgery for increasing the volume of or reconstructing soft tissue, notably a breast prosthesis, and its method of manufacture
US5632774A (en) * 1995-01-17 1997-05-27 Babian; Hamik In-the-shell hydration to make implant filler material and prosthesis employing same
US5630844A (en) * 1995-06-07 1997-05-20 Novamed Medical Products Manufacturing, Inc. Biocompatible hydrophobic laminate with thermoplastic elastomer layer
US6099565A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-08-08 Sakura, Jr.; Chester Y. Prosthetic tissue implant and filler therefor
US5897590A (en) * 1996-04-25 1999-04-27 Medtronic, Inc. Method for forming a tissue pocket to receive an implantable device
US20020107437A1 (en) * 1998-12-24 2002-08-08 Sirimanne D. Laksen Subcutaneous cavity marking device and method

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120065500A1 (en) * 2010-09-15 2012-03-15 Medtronic, Inc. Radiopaque embedded into desiccant for implantable medical device
US20170189208A1 (en) * 2014-06-23 2017-07-06 New-Team External breast prosthesis
US10583016B2 (en) * 2014-06-23 2020-03-10 New Team External breast prosthesis
RU2734866C2 (en) * 2014-06-23 2020-10-23 Нью-Тим Exoprosthesis of mammary gland
US11439749B2 (en) * 2017-10-25 2022-09-13 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Apparatus and method for trans-round window membrane drug delivery
US11660390B2 (en) 2017-10-25 2023-05-30 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Apparatus and method for trans-round window membrane drug delivery

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2006079908A3 (en) 2007-05-18
WO2006079908A2 (en) 2006-08-03
EA200701604A1 (en) 2008-04-28
WO2006079905A2 (en) 2006-08-03
WO2006079905A3 (en) 2007-05-18
KR20080034089A (en) 2008-04-18
BRPI0607127A2 (en) 2009-08-04
US7789911B2 (en) 2010-09-07
BRPI0607128A2 (en) 2009-08-04
EP1877108A2 (en) 2008-01-16
EP1883430A2 (en) 2008-02-06
JP2008528163A (en) 2008-07-31
IL184916A0 (en) 2007-12-03
EP2161042A1 (en) 2010-03-10
AU2006208984A1 (en) 2006-08-03
MX2007009075A (en) 2008-03-11
US20090043385A1 (en) 2009-02-12
JP2008528162A (en) 2008-07-31
EA200701603A1 (en) 2008-04-28
KR20080034088A (en) 2008-04-18
IL184917A0 (en) 2007-12-03
MX2007009079A (en) 2008-03-19
AU2006208981A1 (en) 2006-08-03

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20080306590A1 (en) Prosthesis and Method of Manufacturing a Prosthesis
US4795463A (en) Labeled breast prosthesis and methods for detecting and predicting rupture of the prosthesis
US5246454A (en) Encapsulated implant
US6932840B1 (en) Implant device
US11324564B2 (en) Tissue expanders, implants, and methods of use
US4433440A (en) Prosthesis formed by inner and outer inflatable containers
US20090254179A1 (en) Method and apparatus for minimally invasive implants
CN101189034A (en) A prosthesis and method of manufacturing prosthesis
US11191635B2 (en) Methods of making self-sealing patches for tissue expander implants
EP2713951A1 (en) Accommodating intraocular lens
CN103619282A (en) Inflatable prostheses and method of making same
CN102985119A (en) Porous materials, methods of making and uses
JPH078510A (en) Implating material for prosthesis
AU719167B2 (en) Puncture seal
US20200281626A1 (en) Device for removal of implants and associated method of use
EP0177288A2 (en) Labeled breast prosthesis and methods for detecting and predicting rupture of the prosthesis
AU2018376840A1 (en) Inelastic noiseless air bag in a breast implant
McGregor et al. Observations on a consecutive series of patients who have had Trilucent breast implants removed as recommended by the MDA Hazard Notice (May 2000)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: SMART IMPLANT PLC, UNITED KINGDOM

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HAMILTON, JONATHAN;REEL/FRAME:019671/0378

Effective date: 20060404

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION