US20080206801A1 - Biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents and method for making same - Google Patents
Biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents and method for making same Download PDFInfo
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- US20080206801A1 US20080206801A1 US11/679,208 US67920807A US2008206801A1 US 20080206801 A1 US20080206801 A1 US 20080206801A1 US 67920807 A US67920807 A US 67920807A US 2008206801 A1 US2008206801 A1 US 2008206801A1
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- biological indicator
- microorganisms
- carrier
- inoculum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M37/00—Means for sterilizing, maintaining sterile conditions or avoiding chemical or biological contamination
- C12M37/06—Means for testing the completeness of the sterilization
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process.
- a typical biological indicator includes a known number of microorganisms (usually bacterial spores) of known resistance to the mode of deactivation, located in or on a carrier (also referred to as a “coupon” or “strip”), and enclosed in a protective package. Before the microorganisms are deposited onto the carrier, the microorganisms are typically suspended in a suspension medium. Subsequent growth or failure of the microorganisms to grow, i.e., after the deactivation process, under suitable conditions indicates the efficacy of the microbial deactivation process.
- Known biological indicators include a carrier formed of a metal, such as stainless steel.
- the carrier has a uniform flat surface on one side of the carrier, upon which microorganisms are deposited.
- the carrier is typically enclosed within the protective package having one side formed of a material permeable to a vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., Tyvek®) and having the other side formed of a material impermeable to the vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., Mylar®).
- the carrier is oriented within the package such that the side of the carrier having the microorganisms thereon faces the permeable side of the package, while the opposite side of the carrier faces the impermeable side of the package.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art biological indicator 70 comprised of a carrier 72 having microorganisms 78 suspended within a suspension medium 76 .
- Suspension medium 76 is deposited onto the flat upper surface of carrier 72 .
- microorganisms 78 are “stacked” within suspension medium 76 due to suspension medium 76 failing to more evenly distribute across the upper surface of carrier 72 .
- microorganisms disposed on the flat upper surface of the carrier come into contact with the package enclosing the carrier. As a result, microorganisms can be removed from the carrier. Once removed from the carrier, microorganisms may migrate to the opposite side of the carrier facing the impermeable packaging. As a result, the microorganisms may be “masked” from the deactivation process.
- the carrier may shift positions within the protective package, thereby causing the side of the carrier having microorganisms deposited thereon to face the impermeable side of the protective package. Accordingly, exposure of the microorganisms to the vaporous deactivating agent is inhibited.
- the present invention overcomes these and other problems by providing an improved biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process using a vaporous deactivating agent, and a method for making said biological indicator.
- a biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process used to deactivate items by exposing said items to a vaporous deactivating agent, said biological indicator comprising: a carrier having a recess formed therein; and an inoculum including microorganisms suspended in a suspension medium, wherein the inoculum is deposited in the recess.
- a method of making a biological indicator comprised of a carrier and an inoculum including microorganisms suspended in a suspension medium, the biological indicator determining the efficacy of a deactivation process used to deactivate articles by exposing said articles to a vaporous deactivating agent, said method comprising the steps of: (a) cleaning the carrier using a cleaning agent including a detergent; (b) removing extraneous material from said microorganisms; (c) exposing said microorganisms to ultrasonic vibrations to break up agglomerations of said microorganisms; (d) suspending said microorganisms in the suspension medium to form the inoculum; and (e) depositing said inoculum onto said carrier.
- An advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having an inoculum with minimal extraneous material therein.
- Another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a suspension medium that minimizes stacking of microorganisms.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a carrier dimensioned to inhibit migration of inoculum.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a carrier formed of a material compatible with an oxidative vaporous microbial deactivating agent.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a protective packaging with improved permeability for vaporous microbial deactivating agents.
- Yet another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a method for making the above-mentioned biological indicator.
- Yet another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a method of making a biological indicator that minimizes agglomeration of microorganisms.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of a carrier of a prior art biological indicator
- FIG. 2 is a perspective cutaway view of a carrier for a biological indicator according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a biological indicator according to an embodiment of the present invention, said biological indicator including a carrier, inoculum and packaging.
- vaporous deactivating agents also includes “gaseous” deactivating agents.
- the deactivating agents may include vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and ethylene oxide.
- FIG. 3 shows a biological indicator (BI) 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- BI 10 is generally comprised of a carrier 20 (best seen in FIG. 2 ); an inoculum 30 comprised of a plurality of microorganisms 38 suspended in a suspension medium 36 ; and an envelope 46 .
- Inoculum 30 is prepared by suspending microorganisms 38 within suspension medium 36 .
- Inoculum 30 is deposited onto carrier 20 . Thereafter, carrier 20 is sealed within envelope 46 .
- BI 10 is described in detail below.
- carrier 20 is a generally planar plate or strip having a cavity or recess 22 formed on one side thereof, as best seen in FIG. 2 .
- Recess 22 is defined by a generally planar bottom surface 24 and a plurality of side walls 26 surrounding bottom surface 24 . Side walls 26 slope upward from bottom surface 24 to a generally planar upper surface 28 that is disposed around the periphery of recess 22 .
- Recess 22 is dimensioned to receive inoculum 30 , comprised of microorganisms 38 suspended in a suspension medium 36 .
- Carrier 20 is preferably formed of a polymeric material such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl-carbonate, polyvinyl styrene, polyvinyl chlorine, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, epoxy, or a mixture of polymeric materials. It is also contemplated that carrier 20 may be formed of a metal (such as aluminum or stainless steel) or a ceramic. However, carrier 20 is preferably formed of a polymeric material since polymeric materials do not oxidize in the presence of oxidizing vaporous microbial deactivating agents, such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide; provide flexibility to allow a wide variety of shapes for carrier 20 ; and are relatively inexpensive.
- oxidizing vaporous microbial deactivating agents such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide
- suspension medium 36 of inoculum 30 is an aqueous solution comprising an oxidant-compatible surfactant.
- Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, Triton® X-100, Tween® 80 or sodium dodecyl sulfate.
- the surfactant acts as a wetting agent to reduce surface tension, thereby reducing microorganism “stacking.”
- Suspension medium 36 may also include an alcohol to increase the rate at which suspension medium 36 dries after being deposited into recess 22 of carrier 20 .
- Suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, ethyl alcohol or iso-propyl alcohol.
- suspension medium 36 Reduced surface tension and faster drying allows suspension medium 36 , and microorganisms 38 suspended therein, to more easily and readily spread across bottom surface 24 of carrier 20 . Increased spreading of inoculum 30 minimizes “stacking” of microorganisms 3 8 within suspension medium 36 .
- microorganisms 38 of inoculum 30 are bacterial spores, including, but not limited to, the following: Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. pumilus, C. sporogenes, and combinations thereof. It should be understood that microorganisms 38 are not limited to bacterial spores, and thus may include bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), fungi (such as Tricophyton mentagrophytes ), and viruses.
- bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- fungi such as Tricophyton mentagrophytes
- envelope 46 is comprised of two generally flexible, planar sheets 48 a and 48 b. Sheets 48 a, 48 b are attached to each other along their perimeters (e.g., by an adhesive or by heat sealing). Envelope 46 , formed by sheets 48 a and 48 b, is dimensioned to enclose carrier 20 .
- sheets 48 a, 48 b are both formed of a material permeable to vaporous deactivating agents, such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide, but generally impermeable to microorganisms, such as bacterial spores.
- sheets 48 a, 48 b are formed of a nonwoven polymer material, such as an olefin that is spun-bonded.
- sheets 48 a, 48 b are formed of 2FS Tyvek®.
- sheets 48 a, 48 b may also be formed of one of the following materials: 1073B Tyvek®, other Tyvek® products, non-woven polymers, olefins, polyester film, and a combination thereof.
- 2FS Tyvek® is a preferred material due to its permeability with respect to vaporous deactivating agents.
- Carrier 20 is prepared as follows: during a cleaning step, carrier 20 is exposed to a cleaning agent for a predetermined period of time.
- the cleaning agent includes an enzymatic detergent, such as STERIS Klenzyme® detergent, available from STERIS Corporation of Mentor, Ohio.
- the purpose of the cleaning step is to remove oils (e.g., casting oils), organics, dirt and other contaminants from the surface of carrier 20 , thereby reducing oxidant demand during a microbial deactivating process.
- contaminants such as oil
- a vaporous decontaminating agent e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide
- carrier 20 is exposed to a rinsing fluid for removal of any residual materials remaining on the surfaces of carrier 20 , such as residual cleaning agent.
- the rinsing fluid includes an alcohol such as ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.
- microorganisms 38 Prior to suspension within suspension medium 36 , microorganisms 38 undergo a “washing” procedure to remove extraneous material therefrom.
- the extraneous material may include cellular debris, excess organic material, growth media, and “spent” microorganisms 38 . Removal of extraneous material from microorganisms 38 also reduces oxidant demand during a microbial deactivating process. As a result, a greater amount of the vaporous deactivating agent can act upon the target microorganisms 38 .
- dyes are preferably omitted from suspension medium 36 to reduce oxidative demand during a microbial deactivating process, since dyes are also inherently prone to oxidative attack.
- removing contaminants from the surfaces of carrier 20 removing extraneous materials from microorganisms 38 prior to deposition onto carrier 20 , and eliminating dyes from suspension medium 36 , minimizes the oxidative demand from materials other than microorganisms 38 . Accordingly, a greater amount of the oxidative vaporous deactivating agent is available to act on microorganisms 38 within suspension medium 36 . As a result, the accuracy of BI 10 is improved.
- microorganisms 38 Prior to suspension within suspension medium 36 , microorganisms 38 also undergo a “mild” sonication (e.g., ultrasonic vibrations) to minimize agglomeration (i.e., “clumping”) of microorganism 38 . Reduction of agglomeration improves the ability of microorganisms 38 to flow or spread across bottom surface 24 of carrier 20 when inoculum 30 is deposited in recess 22 .
- agglomeration e.g., ultrasonic vibrations
- inoculum 30 is formed by suspending microorganisms 36 in suspension medium 38 .
- inoculum 30 is deposited into recess 22 of carrier 20 .
- Inoculum 30 spreads out across bottom surface 24 due to the reduced surface tension provided by the surfactant.
- Side walls 26 maintain inoculum 30 within recess 22 , thereby preventing migration of inoculum 30 onto upper surface 28 .
- Side walls 26 also prevent inoculum 30 from becoming removed from carrier 20 or from migrating onto the inner surfaces of envelope 46 .
- side walls 26 minimize “drop formation” by causing inoculum 30 to plate out on side walls 26 .
- Recess 22 allows faster production of BI 10 , since migration of inoculum 30 is inhibited.
- the reduced surface tension of suspension medium 36 facilitates the spreading of inoculum 30 across the area of bottom surface 24 .
- microorganisms 38 are spread across a larger surface area than with prior art BI 70 , thereby minimizing stacking of microorganisms 38 .
- Less stacking of microorganisms 38 results in improved exposure of microorganisms 38 to the vaporous deactivating agent.
- microorganisms 38 when microorganisms 38 are stacked (see FIG. 1 ), microorganisms 38 located at the top of the stack block microorganisms 38 located below. The blocked microorganisms 38 thus fail to be properly exposed to the vaporous deactivating agent. As a result, the accuracy of the biological indicator can be impaired.
- the presence of the alcohol in suspension medium 36 allows for fast drying of inoculum 30 after deposition into recess 22 , thereby minimizing opportunities for unwanted migration of inoculum 30 during handling of BI 10 .
- the presence of alcohol also reduces surface tension, thereby providing the advantages described above.
- sheets 48 a, 48 b are preferably formed of a material permeable to the vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide), but impermeable to microorganisms 38 .
- the vaporous deactivating agent e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide
- BI 10 Operation of BI 10 will now be described with reference to the deactivation of articles within a deactivation chamber.
- BI 10 is placed within the deactivation chamber along with articles that are to be subject to a microbial deactivation process.
- the articles and BI 10 are exposed to a vaporous deactivating agent (such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide) during the microbial deactivation process.
- a vaporous deactivating agent such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide
- biological indicator 10 is removed from the deactivation chamber and microorganisms 36 are cultured to determine whether any of microorganisms 36 remain viable following the microbial deactivation process. If less than a threshold number of microorganisms 36 remain viable following exposure to the vaporous deactivating agent during the microbial deactivation process, then the microbial deactivation process is considered to have been effective.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process.
- Many articles (e.g., medical instruments and devices) and enclosed regions of a wide range of facilities (e.g., medical treatment and research facilities, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, animal research facilities, laboratories, patient rooms, hotel rooms, offices, cruise ships, recreational facilities and vehicles) are treated with a vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide) in a microbial deactivation process to deactivate microbial contamination on the articles or contaminated surfaces within the enclosed region. In order to determine whether the treated articles or enclosed regions have been successfully deactivated, and thereby safe for use, it is necessary to determine whether all of the parameters necessary for deactivation were met during the deactivation process or are present within the enclosed region during the microbial deactivation process. To this end, biological indicators accompany the articles, or are located within the enclosed region, throughout the microbial deactivation process. A typical biological indicator includes a known number of microorganisms (usually bacterial spores) of known resistance to the mode of deactivation, located in or on a carrier (also referred to as a “coupon” or “strip”), and enclosed in a protective package. Before the microorganisms are deposited onto the carrier, the microorganisms are typically suspended in a suspension medium. Subsequent growth or failure of the microorganisms to grow, i.e., after the deactivation process, under suitable conditions indicates the efficacy of the microbial deactivation process.
- Known biological indicators include a carrier formed of a metal, such as stainless steel. The carrier has a uniform flat surface on one side of the carrier, upon which microorganisms are deposited. The carrier is typically enclosed within the protective package having one side formed of a material permeable to a vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., Tyvek®) and having the other side formed of a material impermeable to the vaporous deactivating agent (e.g., Mylar®). The carrier is oriented within the package such that the side of the carrier having the microorganisms thereon faces the permeable side of the package, while the opposite side of the carrier faces the impermeable side of the package.
- One problem with known biological indicators is that microorganisms become “stacked” on the surface of the carrier, thereby shielding some of the microorganisms from exposure to the vaporous deactivating agent.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior artbiological indicator 70 comprised of acarrier 72 havingmicroorganisms 78 suspended within asuspension medium 76.Suspension medium 76 is deposited onto the flat upper surface ofcarrier 72. As shown inFIG. 1 ,microorganisms 78 are “stacked” withinsuspension medium 76 due tosuspension medium 76 failing to more evenly distribute across the upper surface ofcarrier 72. - Still another problem encountered with known biological indicators is that microorganisms disposed on the flat upper surface of the carrier come into contact with the package enclosing the carrier. As a result, microorganisms can be removed from the carrier. Once removed from the carrier, microorganisms may migrate to the opposite side of the carrier facing the impermeable packaging. As a result, the microorganisms may be “masked” from the deactivation process.
- Yet another problem with known biological indicators is that the carrier may shift positions within the protective package, thereby causing the side of the carrier having microorganisms deposited thereon to face the impermeable side of the protective package. Accordingly, exposure of the microorganisms to the vaporous deactivating agent is inhibited.
- The problems described above result in a biological indicator that does not accurately indicate the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process.
- The present invention overcomes these and other problems by providing an improved biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process using a vaporous deactivating agent, and a method for making said biological indicator.
- In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biological indicator for determining the efficacy of a microbial deactivation process used to deactivate items by exposing said items to a vaporous deactivating agent, said biological indicator comprising: a carrier having a recess formed therein; and an inoculum including microorganisms suspended in a suspension medium, wherein the inoculum is deposited in the recess.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a biological indicator comprised of a carrier and an inoculum including microorganisms suspended in a suspension medium, the biological indicator determining the efficacy of a deactivation process used to deactivate articles by exposing said articles to a vaporous deactivating agent, said method comprising the steps of: (a) cleaning the carrier using a cleaning agent including a detergent; (b) removing extraneous material from said microorganisms; (c) exposing said microorganisms to ultrasonic vibrations to break up agglomerations of said microorganisms; (d) suspending said microorganisms in the suspension medium to form the inoculum; and (e) depositing said inoculum onto said carrier.
- An advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having an inoculum with minimal extraneous material therein.
- Another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a suspension medium that minimizes stacking of microorganisms.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a carrier dimensioned to inhibit migration of inoculum.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a carrier formed of a material compatible with an oxidative vaporous microbial deactivating agent.
- Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a biological indicator having a protective packaging with improved permeability for vaporous microbial deactivating agents.
- Yet another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a method for making the above-mentioned biological indicator.
- Yet another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a method of making a biological indicator that minimizes agglomeration of microorganisms.
- These and other advantages will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment taken together with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
- The invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts, a preferred embodiment of which will be described in detail in the specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of a carrier of a prior art biological indicator; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective cutaway view of a carrier for a biological indicator according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a biological indicator according to an embodiment of the present invention, said biological indicator including a carrier, inoculum and packaging. - It should be understood that as used herein the term “vaporous” deactivating agents also includes “gaseous” deactivating agents. By way of example, and not limitation, the deactivating agents may include vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and ethylene oxide.
- Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention only, and not for the purpose of limiting same,
FIG. 3 shows a biological indicator (BI) 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention.BI 10 is generally comprised of a carrier 20 (best seen inFIG. 2 ); aninoculum 30 comprised of a plurality ofmicroorganisms 38 suspended in asuspension medium 36; and anenvelope 46.Inoculum 30 is prepared by suspendingmicroorganisms 38 withinsuspension medium 36.Inoculum 30 is deposited ontocarrier 20. Thereafter,carrier 20 is sealed withinenvelope 46. Each component ofBI 10 is described in detail below. - In the illustrated embodiment,
carrier 20 is a generally planar plate or strip having a cavity orrecess 22 formed on one side thereof, as best seen inFIG. 2 .Recess 22 is defined by a generallyplanar bottom surface 24 and a plurality ofside walls 26 surroundingbottom surface 24.Side walls 26 slope upward frombottom surface 24 to a generally planarupper surface 28 that is disposed around the periphery ofrecess 22.Recess 22 is dimensioned to receiveinoculum 30, comprised ofmicroorganisms 38 suspended in asuspension medium 36. - Carrier 20 is preferably formed of a polymeric material such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl-carbonate, polyvinyl styrene, polyvinyl chlorine, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, epoxy, or a mixture of polymeric materials. It is also contemplated that
carrier 20 may be formed of a metal (such as aluminum or stainless steel) or a ceramic. However,carrier 20 is preferably formed of a polymeric material since polymeric materials do not oxidize in the presence of oxidizing vaporous microbial deactivating agents, such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide; provide flexibility to allow a wide variety of shapes forcarrier 20; and are relatively inexpensive. - In a preferred embodiment,
suspension medium 36 ofinoculum 30 is an aqueous solution comprising an oxidant-compatible surfactant. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, Triton® X-100, Tween® 80 or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The surfactant acts as a wetting agent to reduce surface tension, thereby reducing microorganism “stacking.”Suspension medium 36 may also include an alcohol to increase the rate at whichsuspension medium 36 dries after being deposited intorecess 22 ofcarrier 20. Suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, ethyl alcohol or iso-propyl alcohol. Reduced surface tension and faster drying allowssuspension medium 36, andmicroorganisms 38 suspended therein, to more easily and readily spread acrossbottom surface 24 ofcarrier 20. Increased spreading ofinoculum 30 minimizes “stacking” of microorganisms 3 8 withinsuspension medium 36. - In the illustrated embodiment,
microorganisms 38 ofinoculum 30 are bacterial spores, including, but not limited to, the following: Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. pumilus, C. sporogenes, and combinations thereof. It should be understood thatmicroorganisms 38 are not limited to bacterial spores, and thus may include bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), fungi (such as Tricophyton mentagrophytes), and viruses. - In the illustrated embodiment,
envelope 46 is comprised of two generally flexible,planar sheets Sheets Envelope 46, formed bysheets carrier 20. In the illustratedembodiment sheets sheets sheets sheets - Preparation of the surfaces of
carrier 20 in advance of depositinginoculum 30 thereon will now be described.Carrier 20 is prepared as follows: during a cleaning step,carrier 20 is exposed to a cleaning agent for a predetermined period of time. Preferably, the cleaning agent includes an enzymatic detergent, such as STERIS Klenzyme® detergent, available from STERIS Corporation of Mentor, Ohio. The purpose of the cleaning step is to remove oils (e.g., casting oils), organics, dirt and other contaminants from the surface ofcarrier 20, thereby reducing oxidant demand during a microbial deactivating process. In this regard, contaminants, such as oil, can be oxidized by a vaporous decontaminating agent (e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide), thus reducing the amount of vaporous deactivating agent acting upon thetarget microorganisms 38. - Following the cleaning step,
carrier 20 is exposed to a rinsing fluid for removal of any residual materials remaining on the surfaces ofcarrier 20, such as residual cleaning agent. In one embodiment, the rinsing fluid includes an alcohol such as ethyl or isopropyl alcohol. - Prior to suspension within
suspension medium 36,microorganisms 38 undergo a “washing” procedure to remove extraneous material therefrom. By way of example, but not limitation, the extraneous material may include cellular debris, excess organic material, growth media, and “spent”microorganisms 38. Removal of extraneous material frommicroorganisms 38 also reduces oxidant demand during a microbial deactivating process. As a result, a greater amount of the vaporous deactivating agent can act upon thetarget microorganisms 38. It should be understood that dyes are preferably omitted fromsuspension medium 36 to reduce oxidative demand during a microbial deactivating process, since dyes are also inherently prone to oxidative attack. - As indicated above, removing contaminants from the surfaces of
carrier 20, removing extraneous materials frommicroorganisms 38 prior to deposition ontocarrier 20, and eliminating dyes fromsuspension medium 36, minimizes the oxidative demand from materials other thanmicroorganisms 38. Accordingly, a greater amount of the oxidative vaporous deactivating agent is available to act onmicroorganisms 38 withinsuspension medium 36. As a result, the accuracy ofBI 10 is improved. - Prior to suspension within
suspension medium 36,microorganisms 38 also undergo a “mild” sonication (e.g., ultrasonic vibrations) to minimize agglomeration (i.e., “clumping”) ofmicroorganism 38. Reduction of agglomeration improves the ability ofmicroorganisms 38 to flow or spread acrossbottom surface 24 ofcarrier 20 wheninoculum 30 is deposited inrecess 22. - After
suspension medium 38 andmicroorganisms 36 have been prepared as described above,inoculum 30 is formed by suspendingmicroorganisms 36 insuspension medium 38. - Following preparation of
inoculum 30 andcarrier 20, as described above,inoculum 30 is deposited intorecess 22 ofcarrier 20.Inoculum 30 spreads out acrossbottom surface 24 due to the reduced surface tension provided by the surfactant.Side walls 26 maintaininoculum 30 withinrecess 22, thereby preventing migration ofinoculum 30 ontoupper surface 28.Side walls 26 also preventinoculum 30 from becoming removed fromcarrier 20 or from migrating onto the inner surfaces ofenvelope 46. In addition,side walls 26 minimize “drop formation” by causinginoculum 30 to plate out onside walls 26.Recess 22 allows faster production ofBI 10, since migration ofinoculum 30 is inhibited. - As indicated above, the reduced surface tension of
suspension medium 36 facilitates the spreading ofinoculum 30 across the area ofbottom surface 24. As a result,microorganisms 38 are spread across a larger surface area than withprior art BI 70, thereby minimizing stacking ofmicroorganisms 38. Less stacking ofmicroorganisms 38 results in improved exposure ofmicroorganisms 38 to the vaporous deactivating agent. In this regard, whenmicroorganisms 38 are stacked (seeFIG. 1 ),microorganisms 38 located at the top of thestack block microorganisms 38 located below. The blockedmicroorganisms 38 thus fail to be properly exposed to the vaporous deactivating agent. As a result, the accuracy of the biological indicator can be impaired. - The presence of the alcohol in
suspension medium 36 allows for fast drying ofinoculum 30 after deposition intorecess 22, thereby minimizing opportunities for unwanted migration ofinoculum 30 during handling ofBI 10. The presence of alcohol also reduces surface tension, thereby providing the advantages described above. - After
inoculum 30 has dried onbottom surface 24 ofcarrier 20,carrier 20 is sealed insideenvelope 46. As indicated above,sheets microorganisms 38. - Operation of
BI 10 will now be described with reference to the deactivation of articles within a deactivation chamber.BI 10 is placed within the deactivation chamber along with articles that are to be subject to a microbial deactivation process. The articles andBI 10 are exposed to a vaporous deactivating agent (such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide) during the microbial deactivation process. - After the microbial deactivation process is completed,
biological indicator 10 is removed from the deactivation chamber andmicroorganisms 36 are cultured to determine whether any ofmicroorganisms 36 remain viable following the microbial deactivation process. If less than a threshold number ofmicroorganisms 36 remain viable following exposure to the vaporous deactivating agent during the microbial deactivation process, then the microbial deactivation process is considered to have been effective. - The foregoing is one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that this embodiment is described for purposes of illustration only, and that those skilled in the art may practice numerous alterations and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that all such modifications and alterations be included insofar as they come within the scope of the invention as claimed or the equivalents thereof.
Claims (25)
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US11/679,208 US20080206801A1 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2007-02-27 | Biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents and method for making same |
PCT/US2008/053903 WO2008106327A2 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2008-02-14 | Biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents and method for making same |
US12/539,947 US8211663B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2009-08-12 | Method for making a biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents |
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US11/679,208 US20080206801A1 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2007-02-27 | Biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents and method for making same |
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US12/539,947 Active 2028-03-04 US8211663B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2009-08-12 | Method for making a biological indicator for use with vaporous microbial deactivating agents |
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US20110182770A1 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2011-07-28 | Sailaja Chandrapati | Biological sterilization indicator, system, and methods of using same |
US20110281296A1 (en) * | 2010-05-12 | 2011-11-17 | Mesa Laboratories, Inc. | Biological indicator with integral package |
US8980622B2 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2015-03-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Biological sterilization indicator and method of using same |
EP3461906A1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-03 | Meducomp GmbH | Device and method for microbiological testing of washing machines |
WO2019063840A1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | MEDUCOMP GmbH | Device and method for the microbiological examination of washing machines |
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US8969029B2 (en) | 2008-10-17 | 2015-03-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Biological sterilization indicator, system, and methods of using same |
US9717812B2 (en) | 2008-10-17 | 2017-08-01 | 3M Innovative Properties Co. | Biological sterilization indicator, system, and methods of using same |
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WO2019063840A1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | MEDUCOMP GmbH | Device and method for the microbiological examination of washing machines |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8211663B2 (en) | 2012-07-03 |
US20090305334A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
WO2008106327A3 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
WO2008106327A2 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
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