US20080115409A1 - Alternative fuel comprising combustible solids and by-products or waste material from industrial processes - Google Patents
Alternative fuel comprising combustible solids and by-products or waste material from industrial processes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080115409A1 US20080115409A1 US11/561,150 US56115006A US2008115409A1 US 20080115409 A1 US20080115409 A1 US 20080115409A1 US 56115006 A US56115006 A US 56115006A US 2008115409 A1 US2008115409 A1 US 2008115409A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- glycerin
- liquid hydrocarbon
- alternative fuel
- combustible
- coal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 title claims description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 13
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 9
- -1 forest residues Substances 0.000 description 9
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N linoleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC)(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019737 Animal fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003351 Brassica cretica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003343 Brassica rupestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000188595 Brassica sinapistrum Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-RMMQSMQOSA-N Raffinose Natural products O(C[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@]2(CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O1)[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-RMMQSMQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182558 Sterol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000021536 Sugar beet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N UNPD196149 Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1(CO)OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(COC2C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O2)O)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Chemical compound ClCCSCCCl QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010960 commercial process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008162 cooking oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001231 less toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000010460 mustard Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010908 plant waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-ZQSKZDJDSA-N raffinose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-ZQSKZDJDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
- C10L5/06—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting
- C10L5/10—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders
- C10L5/14—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders with organic binders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/46—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on sewage, house, or town refuse
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Definitions
- This invention relates to alternative fuels comprising by-products or waste material from industrial processes and methods of using the fuels. More particularly, this invention concerns alternative fuels comprising liquid hydrocarbons derived from biomass and combustible solids.
- the biomass liquid hydrocarbons can include sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters glycerin and fatty acids.
- the liquid hydrocarbon is mixed with coal or other combustible solids to prepare the alternative fuel.
- Biomass presents a promising renewable energy source that could provide an alternative to the use of fossil resources.
- Biomass includes crops, trees, grasses, crop residues, forest residues, animal wastes, and municipal wastes. There are many reasons to increase the use biomass for energy, including lessening dependence upon foreign oil, utilizing green chemistries from a renewable source, creating less toxic pollution, and improving the domestic agricultural economy.
- a fuel product formed from vegetable oil and dried cellulosic powder is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,027 B2 and Published Patent Application No. 2005/0055873 A1.
- a fuel product formed by homogenizing, heating, pressurizing and removing water from organic waste products of industrial processes and then separating a selected constituent from the product into a waste stream and blending the waste stream with a fuel is disclosed in Published Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0142250 A1.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,451 B2 discloses an anti-icing or deicing fluid comprising by-products of triglyceride processing and its application to surfaces including particulate materials such as coal.
- a method of preventing the agglomeration of coal in subfreezing temperatures comprising applying an anti-agglomerating amount of by-product glycerin containing up to 5 percent methanol by weight to the coal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,108,800.
- a method of preventing the agglomeration of coal in subfreezing temperatures comprising applying an anti-agglomerating amount of by-product sugar solution to the coal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,308 B2.
- the fuel comprises biomass liquid hydrocarbons mixed or blended with existing fuels such as coal and/or other combustible solids.
- biomass hydrocarbon liquids of this invention are by-products of current processes. For example, fatty acids and glycerin are by-products of a biodiesel manufacturing process.
- this invention is an alternative fuel comprising one or more combustible solids and one or more liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids, provided that when the liquid hydrocarbon component is vegetable oil, the combustible solid is other than a cellulosic powder and further provided that when the combustible solid is coal, the liquid hydrocarbon component is other than sugar solutions.
- liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids
- this invention is method of preparing a alternative fuel comprising applying one or more liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids to one or more combustible solids, provided that when the liquid hydrocarbon component is vegetable oil, the combustible solid is other than a cellulosic powder and further provided that when the combustible solid is coal, the liquid hydrocarbon component is other than sugar solutions.
- liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids
- the invention uses biomass liquids such as sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids mixed with coal or other combustible solids to create alternative fuels.
- biomass liquids such as sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids mixed with coal or other combustible solids.
- the sugar solutions, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids described herein are “green”, i.e. non-hazardous, non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and/or derived from renewable sources.
- Combustible solids means any solid combustible material which can be mixed with one or more biomass liquids as described herein to prepare the alternative fuel of the invention.
- the combustible solid is selected from coal, wood chips, coke, and garbage.
- the combustible solid is coal.
- “Coal” includes fine coal from stockpiles, fine coal from impoundments, run of mine coal washed, run of mine coal unwashed and waste coal. Coke is derived from coal. Garbage includes municipal and/or industrial garbage.
- “Sugar solutions” refers to by-products of sugar beet or sugar cane processing which can comprise one or more components selected from raffinose, glutamine, betaine, lactate, glucose and/or fructose. Other components can include sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, acetate, ammonia and magnesium. The by-products are also commonly referred to as “de-sugared” solutions.
- Black liquor refers to the liquor resulting from the sulfate or kraft paper processes. Black liquor comprises lignin and tall oil.
- “Tall oil” refers to a mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids including oleic and linoleic acids and other organic material including sterols and long chain alcohols resulting from acid treatment of black liquor as described above.
- Triglycerides refers to esters of glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, with different fatty acids of varying molecular weight associated with a particular fat or oil. Triglycerides are the principal components of animal fats and vegetable oils. The most common fatty acids sourced from natural fats and oils include palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid.
- “Fatty acids” means carboxylic acids derived from or contained in an animal or vegetable fat or oil. Fatty acids comprise a terminal COOH group and a long chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain. Representative fatty acids include butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like.
- Glycerin and “glycerol” means 1,2,3-propanetriol.
- Glycerin and fatty acids can be derived as by-products from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides including transesterification reactions involving biodiesel manufacturing processes as described herein.
- Methods and “ethyl esters” means methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids as described herein.
- “Vegetable oil” means triglycerides extracted from the seeds, fruit or leaves of plants including corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, and the like.
- methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids are derived from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides.
- Transesterification reactions involving triglycerides refers to the splitting of triglyceride esters derived from vegetable oils and/or animal fats in the presence of base and a monohydroxy alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to produce monoesters of the fatty acids comprising the original triglycerides.
- Representative fats and oils used in the transesterification reactions described herein include tallow, crude tall oil, virgin vegetable oils, soy, mustard, canola, coconut, rapeseed, palm, poultry offal, fish oils, used cooking oils, and/or trap grease, and the like.
- the glycerin, fatty acids, ethyl esters and methyl esters are derived from a biodiesel manufacturing process.
- Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from natural, renewable sources.
- biodiesel can include fatty acid alkyl esters used as a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats.
- Biodiesel is typically made through a chemical process called transesterification in which vegetable oil or animal fats are converted to fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin by-products.
- Fatty acids and fatty acid alkyl esters can be produced from oils and fats by base-catalyzed transesterification of the oil, direct acid-catalyzed esterification of the oil and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and subsequent esterification to biodiesel.
- fatty acid alkyl esters are produced by the base-catalyzed method.
- any base may be used as the catalyst used for transesterification of the oil to produce biodiesel, however sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are used in most commercial processes.
- the oils and fats can be filtered and preprocessed to remove water and contaminants. If free fatty acids are present, they can be removed or transformed into biodiesel using special pretreatment technologies, such as acid catalyzed esterification.
- the pretreated oils and fats can then be mixed with an alcohol and a catalyst (e.g. base).
- the base used for the reaction is typically sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, being dissolved in the alcohol used (typically ethanol or methanol) to form the corresponding alkoxide, with standard agitation or mixing. It should be appreciated that any suitable base can be used.
- the alkoxide may then be charged into a closed reaction vessel and the oils and fats are added. The system can then be closed, and held at about 71° C. (160° F.) for a period of about 1 to 8 hours, although some systems recommend that the reactions take place at room temperature.
- oil molecules e.g. triglycerides
- two major products are produced: 1) a crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase (i.e. biodiesel phase) and 2) a glycerin by-product phase.
- the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase forms a layer on top of the denser glycerin by-product phase.
- the glycerin by-product phase is denser than the biodiesel phase, the two can be gravity separated.
- the glycerin by-product phase can be simply drawn off the bottom of a settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge may be employed to speed the separation of the two phases.
- the glycerin by-product phase typically consists of a mixture of glycerin, methyl esters, methanol, mong and inorganic salts and water.
- Mong is “matiere organique non glycerol”.
- Mong normally consists of soaps, free fatty acids, and other impurities.
- Methyl esters are typically present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight.
- Methanol can be present in the glycerin and fatty acids in an amount greater than about 5 weight percent to about 30 weight percent.
- the methanol can be a valuable component in the alternative fuels because of its low flash point which can help ignite the fuel.
- glycerin by-product it may be necessary to further refine the glycerin by-product prior to use, for example by washing, acidulation or distillation to adjust the glycerin concentration and/or remove impurities. Methanol may also be added to the desired concentration.
- the glycerin-containing by-product comprises about 30 to about 95 weight percent of glycerin.
- the combustible solid is coal and the liquid hydrocarbon component is by-product glycerin.
- the fatty acid by-products can originate from the refining of the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase and/or the crude glycerin phase during the biodiesel manufacturing process.
- the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase typically includes a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, water and a fatty acid salts component.
- These fatty acid salts component generally form a solution with the water phase (e.g. soap water) where they can be further separated from the fatty acid alkyl esters component.
- any suitable acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid can be added to the water phase containing the fatty acid salts component to produce the fatty acid by-products of the present invention.
- the fatty acid by-product may be in a wax or solid form. It can also contain fatty acid esters. The esters are beneficial components in the alternative fuel mixture.
- the crude glycerin phase typically includes a mixture of glycerin, water and a fatty acid salts component.
- This fatty acid salts component forms a solution or suspension with the water phase where it can be further separated from the glycerin component by adding any suitable acid to recover the fatty acid by-products suitable for the present invention.
- the fatty acid by-products of the present invention can be derived from the acidulation of any of the biodiesel manufacturing process streams/stages that contain the fatty acid salts component (e.g. soap water) including, for example, the wash water.
- the fatty acid salts component e.g. soap water
- these fatty acid by-products derived from any of the different stages/streams of the biodiesel manufacturing process can be used as a component in alternative fuel.
- the alternative fuels are prepared by applying the desired amount of liquid hydrocarbon component to the combustible solid, for example by spraying onto piles of the combustible solid or by means of showers oriented over conveyors used to transport the combustible solid. If desired, the liquid hydrocarbon component-combustible solid mixture may be mixed to ensure even distribution of the liquid hydrocarbon in the combustible solid.
- the alternative fuel may be prepared by applying the liquid hydrocarbon component to the combustible solid and pressing the resulting material into briquettes or ingots.
- about 0.1 to about 49 weight percent of said liquid hydrocarbon component is applied to the combustible solid.
- the alternative fuel of this invention may be used as a substitute for, or additive to conventional combustible solids for combustion in boilers or furnaces.
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to alternative fuels comprising by-products or waste material from industrial processes and methods of using the fuels. More particularly, this invention concerns alternative fuels comprising liquid hydrocarbons derived from biomass and combustible solids. The biomass liquid hydrocarbons can include sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters glycerin and fatty acids. The liquid hydrocarbon is mixed with coal or other combustible solids to prepare the alternative fuel.
- The current US economy is dominated by technologies that rely on fossil energy (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) to produce fuels. Biomass presents a promising renewable energy source that could provide an alternative to the use of fossil resources. Biomass includes crops, trees, grasses, crop residues, forest residues, animal wastes, and municipal wastes. There are many reasons to increase the use biomass for energy, including lessening dependence upon foreign oil, utilizing green chemistries from a renewable source, creating less toxic pollution, and improving the domestic agricultural economy.
- A fuel product formed from vegetable oil and dried cellulosic powder is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,027 B2 and Published Patent Application No. 2005/0055873 A1.
- A fuel product formed by homogenizing, heating, pressurizing and removing water from organic waste products of industrial processes and then separating a selected constituent from the product into a waste stream and blending the waste stream with a fuel is disclosed in Published Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0142250 A1.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,451 B2 discloses an anti-icing or deicing fluid comprising by-products of triglyceride processing and its application to surfaces including particulate materials such as coal. A method of preventing the agglomeration of coal in subfreezing temperatures comprising applying an anti-agglomerating amount of by-product glycerin containing up to 5 percent methanol by weight to the coal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,108,800. A method of preventing the agglomeration of coal in subfreezing temperatures comprising applying an anti-agglomerating amount of by-product sugar solution to the coal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,308 B2.
- This invention relates to a novel and cost effective fuel and methods of preparing and using the fuel. The fuel comprises biomass liquid hydrocarbons mixed or blended with existing fuels such as coal and/or other combustible solids. Some of the biomass hydrocarbon liquids of this invention are by-products of current processes. For example, fatty acids and glycerin are by-products of a biodiesel manufacturing process.
- Accordingly, in an embodiment, this invention is an alternative fuel comprising one or more combustible solids and one or more liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids, provided that when the liquid hydrocarbon component is vegetable oil, the combustible solid is other than a cellulosic powder and further provided that when the combustible solid is coal, the liquid hydrocarbon component is other than sugar solutions.
- In another embodiment, this invention is method of preparing a alternative fuel comprising applying one or more liquid hydrocarbon components selected from a group consisting of sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids to one or more combustible solids, provided that when the liquid hydrocarbon component is vegetable oil, the combustible solid is other than a cellulosic powder and further provided that when the combustible solid is coal, the liquid hydrocarbon component is other than sugar solutions.
- The invention uses biomass liquids such as sugar solutions, tall oil, black liquor, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids mixed with coal or other combustible solids to create alternative fuels. The sugar solutions, vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, methyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids described herein are “green”, i.e. non-hazardous, non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and/or derived from renewable sources.
- “Combustible solids” means any solid combustible material which can be mixed with one or more biomass liquids as described herein to prepare the alternative fuel of the invention. In an embodiment, the combustible solid is selected from coal, wood chips, coke, and garbage. In another embodiment, the combustible solid is coal. “Coal” includes fine coal from stockpiles, fine coal from impoundments, run of mine coal washed, run of mine coal unwashed and waste coal. Coke is derived from coal. Garbage includes municipal and/or industrial garbage.
- “Sugar solutions” refers to by-products of sugar beet or sugar cane processing which can comprise one or more components selected from raffinose, glutamine, betaine, lactate, glucose and/or fructose. Other components can include sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, acetate, ammonia and magnesium. The by-products are also commonly referred to as “de-sugared” solutions.
- “Black liquor” refers to the liquor resulting from the sulfate or kraft paper processes. Black liquor comprises lignin and tall oil.
- “Tall oil” refers to a mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids including oleic and linoleic acids and other organic material including sterols and long chain alcohols resulting from acid treatment of black liquor as described above.
- “Triglycerides” refers to esters of glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, with different fatty acids of varying molecular weight associated with a particular fat or oil. Triglycerides are the principal components of animal fats and vegetable oils. The most common fatty acids sourced from natural fats and oils include palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid.
- “Fatty acids” means carboxylic acids derived from or contained in an animal or vegetable fat or oil. Fatty acids comprise a terminal COOH group and a long chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain. Representative fatty acids include butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like.
- “Glycerin” and “glycerol” means 1,2,3-propanetriol.
- Glycerin and fatty acids can be derived as by-products from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides including transesterification reactions involving biodiesel manufacturing processes as described herein.
- “Methyl esters” and “ethyl esters” means methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids as described herein.
- “Vegetable oil” means triglycerides extracted from the seeds, fruit or leaves of plants including corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, and the like.
- In an embodiment, methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids are derived from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides.
- “Transesterification reactions involving triglycerides” refers to the splitting of triglyceride esters derived from vegetable oils and/or animal fats in the presence of base and a monohydroxy alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to produce monoesters of the fatty acids comprising the original triglycerides.
- Representative fats and oils used in the transesterification reactions described herein include tallow, crude tall oil, virgin vegetable oils, soy, mustard, canola, coconut, rapeseed, palm, poultry offal, fish oils, used cooking oils, and/or trap grease, and the like.
- In an embodiment, the glycerin, fatty acids, ethyl esters and methyl esters are derived from a biodiesel manufacturing process.
- Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from natural, renewable sources. For example, biodiesel can include fatty acid alkyl esters used as a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats.
- According to the American Fuel Data Center of the U.S. Department of Energy, approximately 55% of the biodiesel is currently produced from recycled fat or oil feedstock, including recycled cooking grease. The other half of the industry is limited to vegetable oils, the least expensive of which is soy oil. The soy industry has been the driving force behind biodiesel commercialization because of excess production capacity, product surpluses, and declining prices. Similar issues apply to the recycled grease and animal fats industry, even though these feedstocks are less expensive than soy oils. Based on the combined resources of both industries, there is enough of the feedstock to supply 1.9 billion gallons of biodiesel.
- Biodiesel is typically made through a chemical process called transesterification in which vegetable oil or animal fats are converted to fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin by-products. Fatty acids and fatty acid alkyl esters can be produced from oils and fats by base-catalyzed transesterification of the oil, direct acid-catalyzed esterification of the oil and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and subsequent esterification to biodiesel.
- The majority of fatty acid alkyl esters are produced by the base-catalyzed method. In general, any base may be used as the catalyst used for transesterification of the oil to produce biodiesel, however sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are used in most commercial processes.
- In the biodiesel manufacturing process, the oils and fats can be filtered and preprocessed to remove water and contaminants. If free fatty acids are present, they can be removed or transformed into biodiesel using special pretreatment technologies, such as acid catalyzed esterification. The pretreated oils and fats can then be mixed with an alcohol and a catalyst (e.g. base). The base used for the reaction is typically sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, being dissolved in the alcohol used (typically ethanol or methanol) to form the corresponding alkoxide, with standard agitation or mixing. It should be appreciated that any suitable base can be used. The alkoxide may then be charged into a closed reaction vessel and the oils and fats are added. The system can then be closed, and held at about 71° C. (160° F.) for a period of about 1 to 8 hours, although some systems recommend that the reactions take place at room temperature.
- Once the reactions are complete the oil molecules (e.g. triglycerides) are hydrolyzed and two major products are produced: 1) a crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase (i.e. biodiesel phase) and 2) a glycerin by-product phase. Typically, the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase forms a layer on top of the denser glycerin by-product phase. Because the glycerin by-product phase is denser than the biodiesel phase, the two can be gravity separated. For example, the glycerin by-product phase can be simply drawn off the bottom of a settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge may be employed to speed the separation of the two phases.
- The glycerin by-product phase typically consists of a mixture of glycerin, methyl esters, methanol, mong and inorganic salts and water. Mong is “matiere organique non glycerol”. Mong normally consists of soaps, free fatty acids, and other impurities. Methyl esters are typically present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight.
- Methanol can be present in the glycerin and fatty acids in an amount greater than about 5 weight percent to about 30 weight percent. The methanol can be a valuable component in the alternative fuels because of its low flash point which can help ignite the fuel.
- In certain instances, it may be necessary to further refine the glycerin by-product prior to use, for example by washing, acidulation or distillation to adjust the glycerin concentration and/or remove impurities. Methanol may also be added to the desired concentration.
- In an embodiment, the glycerin-containing by-product comprises about 30 to about 95 weight percent of glycerin.
- In an embodiment, the combustible solid is coal and the liquid hydrocarbon component is by-product glycerin.
- The fatty acid by-products can originate from the refining of the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase and/or the crude glycerin phase during the biodiesel manufacturing process. For example, the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase typically includes a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, water and a fatty acid salts component. These fatty acid salts component generally form a solution with the water phase (e.g. soap water) where they can be further separated from the fatty acid alkyl esters component. Once separated from the fatty acid alkyl esters component, any suitable acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid can be added to the water phase containing the fatty acid salts component to produce the fatty acid by-products of the present invention.
- The fatty acid by-product may be in a wax or solid form. It can also contain fatty acid esters. The esters are beneficial components in the alternative fuel mixture.
- Similarly, the crude glycerin phase typically includes a mixture of glycerin, water and a fatty acid salts component. This fatty acid salts component forms a solution or suspension with the water phase where it can be further separated from the glycerin component by adding any suitable acid to recover the fatty acid by-products suitable for the present invention.
- It should be appreciated that the fatty acid by-products of the present invention can be derived from the acidulation of any of the biodiesel manufacturing process streams/stages that contain the fatty acid salts component (e.g. soap water) including, for example, the wash water. These fatty acid by-products derived from any of the different stages/streams of the biodiesel manufacturing process can be used as a component in alternative fuel.
- The alternative fuels are prepared by applying the desired amount of liquid hydrocarbon component to the combustible solid, for example by spraying onto piles of the combustible solid or by means of showers oriented over conveyors used to transport the combustible solid. If desired, the liquid hydrocarbon component-combustible solid mixture may be mixed to ensure even distribution of the liquid hydrocarbon in the combustible solid.
- In the case of loose or finely divided combustible solids, the alternative fuel may be prepared by applying the liquid hydrocarbon component to the combustible solid and pressing the resulting material into briquettes or ingots.
- In an embodiment, about 0.1 to about 49 weight percent of said liquid hydrocarbon component is applied to the combustible solid.
- In an embodiment, about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent of said liquid hydrocarbon component is applied to the combustible solid.
- The alternative fuel of this invention may be used as a substitute for, or additive to conventional combustible solids for combustion in boilers or furnaces.
- Changes can be made in the composition, operation, and arrangement of the method of the invention described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (4)
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US11/857,093 US20080005956A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-09-18 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
US12/246,975 US20090025276A1 (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2008-10-07 | Alternative fuel comprising solids and by_products or waste material from industrial processes |
US12/356,352 US20090127499A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2009-01-20 | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze conditioning |
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US12/246,975 Continuation-In-Part US20090025276A1 (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2008-10-07 | Alternative fuel comprising solids and by_products or waste material from industrial processes |
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