US20070148662A1

US20070148662A1 - Prostate-specific membrane antigen

Info

Publication number: US20070148662A1
Application number: US11/480,319
Authority: US
Inventors: Ron Israeli; Warren Heston; William Fair
Original assignee: Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
Current assignee: Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
Priority date: 1992-11-05
Filing date: 2006-06-30
Publication date: 2007-06-28
Also published as: US7070782B1

Abstract

This invention provides an isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention also provides prostate-specific membrane nucleic acid of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention further provides vector and vector host expression system for the prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention also provides methods to identify ligands which bind to the prostate-specific membrane antigen, to generate antibody against a complete prostate-specific membrane antigen or a portion of the antigen. This invention further provides purified prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention provides a therapeutic agent comprising an antibody directed against to prostate-specific membrane antigen and a cytotoxic agent conjugated thereto. This invention also provides a method of imaging prostate cancer and an immunoassay for measuring the amount of the prostate-specific membrane antigen in a biological simple. This invention further provides transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this application various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the sequence listing and the claims.
The prostate gland is a site of significant pathology affected by conditions such as benign growth (BPH) neoplasia (prostatic cancer) and infection (prostatitis). Prostate cancer represents the second leading cause of death from cancer in man (1). However prostatic cancer is the leading site for cancer development in men. The difference between these two facts relates to prostatic cancer occurring with increasing frequency as men age, especially in the ages beyond 60 at a time when death from other factors often intervenes. Also, the spectrum of biologic aggressiveness of prostatic cancer is great, so that in some men following detection the tumor remains a latent histologic tumor and does not become clinically significant, whereas in other it progresses rapidly, metastasizes and kills the man in a relatively short 2-5 year period (1, 2).
In prostate cancer cells, two specific proteins that are made in very high concentrations are prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) (3, 4, 5). These proteins have been characterized and have been used to follow response to therapy. With the development of cancer, the normal architecture of the gland becomes altered, including loss of the normal duct structure for the removal of secretions and thus the secretions reach the serum. Indeed measurement of serum PSA is suggested as a potential screening method for prostatic cancer. Indeed, the relative amount of PSA and/or PAP in the cancer reduces as compared to normal or benign tissue.
PAP was one of the earliest serum markers for detecting metastatic spread (3). PAP hydrolyses tyrosine phosphate and has a broad substrate specificity. Tyrosine phosphorylation is often increased with oncogenic transformation. It has been hypothesized that during neoplastic transformation there is less phosphatase activity available to inactivate proteins that are activated by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. In some instances, insertion of phosphatases that have tyrosine phosphatase activity has reversed the malignant phenotype.
PSA is a protease and it is not readily appreciated how loss of its activity correlates with cancer development (4, 5). The proteolytic activity of PSA is inhibited by zinc. Zinc concentrations are high in the normal prostate and reduced in prostatic cancer. Possibly the loss of zinc allows for increased proteolytic activity by PSA. As proteases are involved in metastasis and some proteases stimulate mitotic activity, the potentially increased activity of PSA could be hypothesized to play a role in the tumors metastases and spread (6).
Both PSA and PAP are found in prostatic secretions. Both appear to be dependent on the presence of androgens for their production and are substantially reduced following androgen deprivation.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) which appears to be localized to the prostatic membrane has been identified. This antigen was identified as the result of generating monoclonal antibodies to a prostatic cancer cell, LNCaP (7).
Dr. Horoszewicz established a cell line designated LNCaP from the lymph node of a hormone refractory, heavily pretreated patient (8). This line was found to have an aneuploid human male karyotype. It maintained prostatic differentiation functionality in that it produced both PSA and PAP. It possessed an androgen receptor of high affinity and specificity. Mice were immunized with LNCaP cells and hybridomas were derived from sensitized animals. A monoclonal antibody was derived and was designated 7E11-C5 (7). The antibody staining was consistent with a membrane location and isolated fractions of LNCaP cell membranes exhibited a strongly positive reaction with immunoblotting and ELISA techniques. This antibody did not inhibit or enhance the growth of LNCaP cells in vitro or in vivo. The antibody to this antigen was remarkably specific to prostatic epithelial cells, as no reactivity was observed in any other component. Immunohistochemical staining of cancerous epithelial cells was more intense than that of normal or benign epithelial cells.
Dr. Horoszewicz also reported detection of immunoreactive material using 7E11-C5 in serum of prostatic cancer patients (7). The immunoreactivity was detectable in nearly 60% of patients with stage D-2 disease and in a slightly lower percentage of patients with earlier stage disease, but the numbers of patients in the latter group are small. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were negative. Patients with no apparent disease were negative, but 50-60% of patients in remission yet with active stable disease or with progression demonstrated positive serum reactivity. Patients with non prostatic tumors did not show immunoreactivity with 7E11-C5.
The 7E11-C5 monoclonal antibody is currently in clinical trials. The aldehyde groups of the antibody were oxidized and the linker-chelator glycol-tyrosyl-(n, ε-diethylenetriamine-pentacetic acid)-lysine (GYK-DTPA) was coupled to the reactive aldehydes of the heavy chain (9). The resulting antibody was designated CYT-356. Immunohistochemical staining patterns were similar except that the CYT-356 modified antibody stained skeletal muscle. The comparison of CYT-356 with 7E11-C5 monoclonal antibody suggested both had binding to type 2 muscle fibers. The reason for the discrepancy with the earlier study, which reported skeletal muscle to be negative, was suggested to be due to differences in tissue fixation techniques. Still, the most intense and definite reaction was observed with prostatic epithelial cells, especially cancerous cells. Reactivity with mouse skeletal muscle was detected with immunohistochemistry but not in imaging studies. The Indium¹¹¹-labeled antibody localized to LNCaP tumors grown in nude mice with an uptake of nearly 30% of the injected dose per gram tumor at four days. In-vivo, no selective retention of the antibody was observed in antigen negative tumors such as PC-3 and DU-145, or by skeletal muscle.
Very little was known about the PSM antigen. An effort at purification and characterization has been described at meetings by Dr. George Wright and colleagues (10, 11). These investigators have shown that following electrophoresis on acrylamide gels and Western blotting, the PSM antigen appears to have a molecular weight of 100 kilodaltons (kd). Chemical and enzymatic treatment showed that both the peptide and carbohydrate moieties of the PSM antigen-are-required for recognition by the 7E11-C5 monoclonal antibody. Competitive binding studies with specific lectins suggested that galNAc is the dominant carbohydrate of the antigenic epitope.
A 100 kd glycoprotein unique to prostate cells and tissues was purified and characterized. The protein was digested proteolytically with trypsin and nine peptide fragments were sequenced. Using the technique of degenerate PCR (polymerase chain reaction), the full-length 2.65 kilobase (kb) cDNA coding for this antigen was cloned. Preliminary results have revealed that this antigen is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues, including bone and lymph node metastases (12). The entire DNA sequence for the cDNA as well as the predicted amino acid sequence for the antigen was determined. Further characterization of the PSM antigen is presently underway in the applicants' laboratory including: analysis of PSM gene expression in a wide variety of tissues, transfection of the PSM gene into cells not expressing the antigen, chromosome localization of the PSM gene, cloning of the genomic PSM gene with analysis of the PSM promoter and generation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against highly antigenic peptide domains of the PSM antigen, and identification of any endogenous PSM binding molecules (ligands).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 Signal in lane 2 represent the 100 kD PSM antigen. The EGFr was used as the positive control and is shown in lane 1. Incubation with rabbit antimouse (RAM) antibody alone served as negative control and is shown in lane 3.
FIG. 2 Upper two photos show LNCaP cytospins staining positively for PSM antigen. Lower left in DU-145 and lower right is PC-3 cytospin, both negative for PSM antigen expression.
FIG. 3 Upper two panels are human prostate sections (BPH) staining positively for PSM antigen. The lower two panels show invasive prostate carcinoma human sections staining positively for expression of the PSM antigen.
FIG. 4 100 kD PSM antigen following immunoprecipitation of ³⁵S-Methionine labelled LNCaP cells with Cyt-356 antibody.
FIG. 5 3% agarose gels stained with Ethidium bromide revealing PCR products obtained using the degenerate PSM antigen primers. The arrow points to sample IN-20, which is a 1.1 kb PCR product which we later confirmed to be a partial cDNA coding for the PSM gene.
FIG. 6 2% agarose gels of plasmid DNA resulting from TA cloning of PCR products. Inserts are excised from the PCR II vector (Invitrogen Corp.) by digestion with EcoRI. 1.1 kb PSM gene partial cDNA product is shown in lane 3 of gel 1.
FIG. 7 Autoradiogram showing size of cDNA represented in applicants' LNCaP library.
FIG. 8 Restriction analysis of full-length clones of PSM gene obtained after screening cDNA library. Samples have been cut with Not I and Sal I restriction enzymes to liberate the insert.
FIG. 9 Plasmid Southern autoradiogram of full length PSM gene clones. Size is approximately 2.7 kb.
FIG. 10 Northern blot revealing PSM expression limited to LNCaP prostate cancer line and H26 Ras-transfected LNCaP cell line. PC-3, DU-145, T-24, SKRC-27, HELA, MCF-7, HL-60, and others were are all negative.
FIG. 11 Autoradiogram of Northern analysis revealing expression of 2.8 kb PSM message unique to the LNCaP cell line (lane 1), and absent from the DU-145 (lane 2) and PC-3 cell lines (lane 3). RNA size ladder is shown on the left (kb), and 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA bands are indicated on the right.
FIG. 12 Results of PCR of human prostate tissues using PSM gene primers. Lanes are numbered from left to right. Lane 1, LNCaP; Lane 2, H26; Lane 3, DU-145; Lane 4, Normal Prostate; Lane 5, BPH; Lane 6, Prostate Cancer; Lane 7, BPH; Lane 8, Normal; Lane 9, BPH; Lane 10, BPH; Lane 11, BPH; Lane 12, Normal; Lane 13, Normal; Lane 14, Cancer; Lane 15, Cancer; Lane 16, Cancer; Lane 17, Normal; Lane 18, Cancer; Lane 19, IN-20 Control; Lane 20, PSM cDNA
FIG. 13 Isoelectric point of PSM antigen (non-glycosylated)
FIG. 14 Secondary structure of PSM antigen
FIG. 15 A. Hydrophilicity plot of PSM antigen B. Prediction of membrane spanning segments
FIG. 16 Homology with chicken, rat and human transferrin receptor sequence

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides an isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane (PSM) antigen. The isolated mammalian nucleic acid may be DNA, cDNA or RNA.
This invention also provides nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the PSM antigen. The nucleic acid molecule may either be DNA or RNA.
This invention provides nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of a nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.
This invention further provides a method of detecting expression of the PSM antigen which comprises obtaining total mRNA from the cell and contacting the mRNA so obtained with a labelled PSM antigen specific nucleic acid molecule under hybridizing conditions, determining the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe, and thereby detecting the expression of the PSM antigen by the cell. The PSM antigen in tissue sections may be similarly detected.
This invention provides isolated nucleic acid sequence of PSM antigen operatively linked to a promoter of RNA transcription. This invention further provides a vector which comprises an isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule of PSM antigen.
This invention further provides a host vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of a mammalian PSM antigen which comprises the vector comprising the mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen and a suitable host. The suitable host for the expression of PSM antigen may be a bacterial cell, insect cell, or mammalian cell.
This invention also provides a method of producing a polypeptide having the biological activity of a mammalian PSM antigen which comprises growing the host cell of vector system having a vector comprising the isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen and a suitable host under suitable conditions permitting production of the polypeptide and recovery of the polypeptide so produced.
This invention provides a method for determining whether a ligand can bind to a mammalian PSM antigen which comprises contacting a mammalian cell having an isolated mammalian DNA molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands to the mammalian PSM antigen, and determining whether the ligand binds to a mammalian PSM antigen. This invention further provides ligands which bind to PSM antigen.
This invention provides purified mammalian PSM antigen. This invention also provides a polypeptide encoded by the isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen. This invention further provides a method to identify and purify ligands of mammalian PSM antigen.
This invention further provides a method to produce both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody using purified PSM antigens or polypeptides encoded by an isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen.
This invention provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibody most likely but not limited to directed either to peptide Asp-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Glu (SEQ ID No. 35), or Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 36) or Lys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Glu-Gly (SEQ ID No. 37) of the PSM antigen.
This invention provides a therapeutic agent comprising an antibody directed against a mammalian PSM antigen and a cytotoxic agent conjugated thereto.
This invention also provides a method of imaging prostate cancer in human patients which comprises administering to the patient at least one antibody directed against PSM antigen, capable of binding to the cell surface of the prostate cancer cell and labeled with an imaging agent under conditions so as to form a complex between the monoclonal antibody and the cell surface PSM antigen. This invention further provides a composition comprising an effective imaging amount of the antibody directed against PSM antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
This invention further provides a method of imaging prostate cancer in human patients which comprises administering to the patient multiple antibodies directed towards different PSM epitopes.
The invention also provides a method of imaging prostate cancer in human patients which comprises administering to the patient at least one ligand, capable of binding to the cell surface of the prostate cancer cell and labelled with an imaging agent under conditions so as to form a complex between the ligand and the cell surface PSM antigen. This invention further provides a composition comprising an effective imaging amount of PSM antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
This invention provides an immunoassay for measuring the amount of the PSM antigen in a biological sample, e.g. serum, comprising steps of a) contacting the biological sample with at least one PSM antibody to form a complex with said antibody and the PSM antigen, and b) measuring the amount of PSM antigen in said biological sample by measuring the amount of said complex.
This invention also provides an immunoassay for measuring the amount of the PSM antigen in a biological sample comprising steps of a) contacting the biological sample with at least one PSM ligand to form a complex with said ligand and the PSM antigen, and b) measuring the amount of the PSM antigen in said biological sample by measuring the amount of said complex.
This invention provides a method to purify mammalian PSM antigen comprising steps of:

a) coupling the antibody directed against PSM antigen to a solid matrix; b) incubating the coupled antibody of a) with a cell lysate containing PSM antigen under the condition permitting binding of the antibody and PSM antigen; c) washing the coupled solid matrix to eliminate impurities and d) eluting the PSM antigen from the bound antibody.

This invention further provides transgenic nonhuman mammals which comprises an isolated nucleic acid molecule of PSM antigen. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal whose genome comprises antisense DNA complementary to DNA encoding a mammalian PSM antigen so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA complementary to mRNA encoding the PSM antigen and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding the PSM antigen thereby reducing its translation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this application, references to specific nucleotides are to nucleotides present on the coding strand of the nucleic acid. The following standard abbreviations are used throughout the specification to indicate specific nucleotides:

- C=cytosine A=adenosine
- T=thymidine G=guanosine

This invention provides an isolated mammalian nucleic acid encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane (PSM) antigen.
This invention further provides an isolated mammalian DNA molecule of an isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention also provides an isolated mammalian cDNA molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen. This invention provides an isolated mammalian RNA molecule encoding a mammalina prostate-specific membrane antigen.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the isolated nucleic sequence is cDNA from human as shown in sequence ID number 1. This human sequence was submitted to GenBank (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex.) with Accession Number, M99487 and the description as PSM, Homo sapiens, 2653 base-pairs.
This invention also encompasses DNAs and cDNAs which encode amino acid sequences which differ from those of PSM antigen, but which should not produce phenotypic changes. Alternatively, this invention also encompasses DNAs and cDNAs which hybridize to the DNA and cDNA of the subject invention. Hybridization methods are well known to those of skill in the art.
The DNA molecules of the subject invention also include DNA molecules coding for polypeptide analogs, fragments or derivatives of antigenic polypeptides which differ from naturally-occurring forms in terms of the identity or location of one or more amino acid residues (deletion analogs containing less than all of the residues specified for the protein, substitution analogs wherein one or more residues specified are replaced by other residues and addition analogs where in one or more amino acid residues is added to a terminal or medial portion of the polypeptides) and which share some or all properties of naturally-occurring forms. These molecules include: the incorporation of codons “preferred” for expression by selected non-mammalian hosts; the provision of sites for cleavage by restriction endonuclease enzymes; and the provision of additional initial, terminal or intermediate DNA sequences that facilitate construction of readily expressed vectors.
The DNA molecules described and claimed herein are useful for the information which they provide concerning the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide and as products for the large scale synthesis of the polypeptide by a variety of recombinant techniques. The molecule is useful for generating new cloning and expression vectors, transformed and transfected prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells, and new and useful methods for cultured growth of such host cells capable of expression of the polypeptide and related products.
Moreover, the isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecules encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen are useful for the development of probes to study the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer.
This invention also provides nucleic acid molecules of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the prostate-specific membrane antigen.
This nucleic acid molecule produced can either be DNA or RNA. As used herein, the phrase “specifically hybridizing” means the ability of a nucleic acid molecule to recognize a nucleic acid sequence complementary to its own and to form double-helical segments through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.
This nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the prostate-specific membrane antigen can be used as a probe. Nucleic acid probe technology is well known to those skilled in the art who will readily appreciate that such probes may vary greatly in length and may be labeled with a detectable label, such as a radioisotope or fluorescent dye, to facilitate detection of the probe. DNA probe molecules may be produced by insertion of a DNA molecule which encodes PSM antigen into suitable vectors, such as plasmids or bacteriophages, followed by transforming into suitable bacterial host cells, replication in the transformed bacterial host cells and harvesting of the DNA probes, using methods well known in the art. Alternatively, probes may be generated chemically from DNA synthesizers.
RNA probes may be generated by inserting the PSM antigen molecule downstream of a bacteriophage promoter such as T3, T7 or SP6. Large amounts of RNA probe may be produced by incubating the labeled nucleotides with the linearized PSM antigen fragment where it contains an upstream promoter in the presence of the appropriate RNA polymerase.
This invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of a nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen. This molecule may either be a DNA or RNA molecule.
The current invention further provides a method of detecting the expression of a mammalian PSM antigen expression in a cell which comprises obtaining total mRNA from the cell, contacting the mRNA so obtained with a labelled nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of the nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen under hybridizing conditions, determining the presence of mRNA hybridized to the molecule and thereby detecting the expression of the mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen in the cell. The nucleic acid molecules synthesized above may be used to detect expression of a PSM antigen by detecting the presence of mRNA coding for the PSM antigen. Total mRNA from the cell may be isolated by many procedures well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The hybridizing conditions of the labelled nucleic acid molecules may be determined by routine experimentation well known in the art. The presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe may be determined by gel electrophoresis or other methods known in the art. By measuring the amount of the hybrid made, the expression of the PSM antigen by the cell can be determined. The labelling may be radioactive. For an example, one or more radioactive nucleotides can be incorporated in the nucleic acid when it is made.
In one embodiment of this invention, nucleic acids are extracted by precipitation from lysed cells and the mRNA is isolated from the extract using an oligo-dT column which binds the poly-A tails of the mRNA molecules (13). The mRNA is then exposed to radioactively labelled probe on a nitrocellulose membrane, and the probe hybridizes to and thereby labels complementary mRNA sequences. Binding may be detected by luminescence autoradiography or scintillation counting. However, other methods for performing these steps are well known to those skilled in the art, and the discussion above is merely an example.
This invention further provides another method to detect expression of a PSM antigen in tissue sections which comprises contacting the tissue sections with a labelled nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence of nucleic acid molecules encoding a mammalian PSM antigen under hybridizing conditions, determining the presence of mRNA hybridized to the molecule and thereby detecting the expression of the mammalian PSM antigen in tissue sections. The probes are also useful for in-situ hybridization or in order to locate tissues which express this gene, or for other hybridization assays for the presence of this gene or its mRNA in various biological tissues. The in-situ hybridization using a labelled nucleic acid molecule is well known in the art. Essentially, tissue sections are incubated with the labelled nucleic acid molecule to allow the hybridization to occur. The molecule will carry a marker for the detection because it is “labelled”, the amount of the hybrid will be determined based on the detection of the amount of the marker and so will the expression of PSM antigen.
This invention further provides isolated PSM antigen nucleic acid molecule operatively linked to a promoter of RNA transcription. The isolated PSM antigen sequence can be linked to vector systems. Various vectors including plasmid vectors, cosmid vectors, bacteriophage vectors and other viruses are well known to ordinary skilled practitioners. This invention further provides a vector which comprises the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding for the PSM antigen.
As an example to obtain these vectors, insert and vector DNA can both be exposed to a restriction enzyme to create complementary ends on both molecules which base pair with each other and are then ligated together with DNA ligase. Alternatively, linkers can be ligated to the insert DNA which correspond to a restriction site in the vector DNA, which is then digested with the restriction enzyme which cuts at that site. Other means are also available and known to an ordinary skilled practitioner.
In an embodiment, the PSM sequence is cloned in the Not I/Sal I site of pSPORT/vector (Gibco®-BRL). This plasmid, p55A-PSM, was deposited on Aug. 14, 1992 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, U.S.A. under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganism for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. Plasmid, p55A-PSM, was accorded ATCC Accession Number 75294.
This invention further provides a host vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of the prostate-specific membrane antigen. These vectors may be transformed into a suitable host cell to form a host cell vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of PSM antigen.
Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and transcription initiation sequences for ribosome binding. For example, a bacterial expression vector includes a promoter such as the lac promoter and for transcription initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG (14). Similarly, a eukaryotic expression vector includes a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. Such vectors may be obtained commercially or assembled from the sequences described by methods well known in the art, for example the methods described above for constructing vectors in general. Expression vectors are useful to produce cells that express the PSM antigen.
This invention further provides an isolated DNA or cDNA molecule described hereinabove wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial cells (such as E. coli), yeast cells, fungal cells, insect cells and animal cells. Suitable animal cells include, but are not limited to Vero cells, HeLa cells, Cos cells, CV1 cells and various primary mammalian cells.
This invention further provides a method of producing a polypeptide having the biological activity of the prostate-specific membrane antigen which comprising growing host cells of a vector system containing the PSM antigen sequence under suitable conditions permitting production of the polypeptide and recovering the polypeptide so produced.
This invention provides a mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen, such as a mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell, which comprises a DNA molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen and the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the mammalian cell so located relative to the DNA encoding the mammalian PSM antigen as to permit expression thereof.
Numerous mammalian cells may be used as hosts, including, but not limited to, the mouse fibroblast cell NIH3T3, CHO cells, HeLa cells, Ltk⁻ cells, Cos cells, etc. Expression plasmids such as that described supra may be used to transfect mammalian cells by methods well known in the art such as calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation or DNA encoding the mammalian PSM antigen may be otherwise introduced into mammalian cells, e.g., by microinjection, to obtain mammalian cells which comprise DNA, e.g., cDNA or a plasmid, encoding a mammalian PSM antigen.
This invention provides a method for determining whether a ligand can bind to a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen which comprises contacting a mammalian cell comprising an isolated DNA molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands to the mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen, and thereby determining whether the ligand binds to a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.
This invention further provides ligands bound to the mammalian PSM antigen.
This invention also provides a therapeutic agent comprising a ligand identified by the above-described method and a cytotoxic agent conjugated thereto. The cytotoxic agent may either be a radioisotope or a toxin. Examples of radioisotopes or toxins are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
This invention also provides a method of imaging prostate cancer in human patients which comprises administering to the patients at least one ligand identified by the above-described method, capable of binding to the cell surface of the prostate cancer cell and labelled with an imaging agent under conditions permitting formation of a complex between the ligand and the cell surface PSM antigen. This invention further provides a composition comprising an effective imaging agent of the PSM antigen ligand and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For an example, such a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be physiological saline.
Also provided by this invention is a purified mammalian PSM antigen. As used herein, the term “purified prostate-specific membrane antigen” shall mean isolated naturally-occurring prostate-specific membrane antigen or protein (purified from nature or manufactured such that the primary, secondary and tertiary conformation, and posttranslational modifications are identical to naturally-occurring material) as well as non-naturally occurring polypeptides having a primary structural conformation (i.e. continuous sequence of amino acid residues). Such polypeptides include derivatives and analogs.
This invention further provides a polypeptide encoded by the isolated mammalian nucleic acid sequence of PSM antigen.
It is believed that there may be natural ligand interacting with the PSM antigen. This invention provides a method to identify such natural ligand or other ligand which can bind to the PSM antigen. A method to identify the ligand comprises a) coupling the purified mammalian PSM antigen to a solid matrix, b) incubating the coupled purified mammalian PSM protein with the potential ligands under the conditions permitting binding of ligands and the purified PSM antigen; c) washing the ligand and coupled purified mammalian PSM antigen complex formed in b) to eliminate the nonspecific binding and impurities and finally d) eluting the ligand from the bound purified mammalian PSM antigen. The techniques of coupling proteins to a solid matrix are well known in the art. Potential ligands may either be deduced from the structure of mammalian PSM or by other empirical experiments known by ordinary skilled practitioners. The conditions for binding may also easily be determined and protocols for carrying such experimentation have long been well documented (15). The ligand-PSM antigen complex will be washed. Finally, the bound ligand will be eluted and characterized. Standard ligands characterization techniques are well known in the art.
The above method may also be used to purify ligands from any biological source. For purification of natural ligands in the cell, cell lysates, serum or other biological samples will be used to incubate with the mammalian PSM antigen bound on a matrix. Specific natural ligand will then be identified and purified as above described.
With the protein sequence information, antigenic areas may be identified and antibodies directed against these areas may be generated and targeted to the prostate cancer for imaging the cancer or therapies.
This invention provides an antibody directed against the amino acid sequence of a mammalian PSM antigen.
This invention provides a method to select specific regions on the PSM antigen to generate antibodies. The protein sequence may be determined from the PSM DNA sequence. Amino acid sequences may be analyzed by methods well known to those skilled in the art to determine whether they produce hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions in the proteins which they build. In the case of cell membrane proteins, hydrophobic regions are well known to form the part of the protein that is inserted into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, while hydrophilic regions are located on the cell surface, in an aqueous environment. Usually, the hydrophilic regions will be more immunogenic than the hydrophobic regions. Therefore the hydrophilic amino acid sequences may be selected and used to generate antibodies specific to mammalian PSM antigen. For an example, hydrophilic sequences of the human PSM antigen shown in hydrophilicity plot of FIG. 15A may be easily selected. The selected peptides may be prepared using commercially available machines. As an alternative, DNA, such as a cDNA or a fragment thereof, may be cloned and expressed and the resulting polypeptide recovered and used as an immunogen.
Polyclonal antibodies against these peptides may be produced by immunizing animals using the selected peptides. Monoclonal antibodies are prepared using hybridoma technology by fusing antibody producing B cells from immunized animals with myeloma cells and selecting the resulting hybridoma cell line producing the desired antibody. Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies may be produced by in vitro techniques known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. These antibodies are useful to detect the expression of mammalian PSM antigen in living animals, in humans, or in biological tissues or fluids isolated from animals or humans.
In one embodiment, peptides Asp-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Glu (SEQ ID No. 35), Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 36) and Lys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Glu-Gly (SEQ ID No. 37) of human PSM antigen are selected.
This invention further provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibody(ies) against peptides Asp-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Glu (SEQ ID No. 35), Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 36) and Lys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Glu-Gly (SEQ ID No. 37).
This invention provides a therapeutic agent comprising antibodies or ligand(s) directed against PSM antigen and a cytotoxic agent conjugated thereto or antibodies linked enzymes which activate prodrug to kill the tumor. The cytotoxic agent may either be a radioisotope or toxin.
This invention provides a method of imaging prostate cancer in human patients which comprises administering to the patient the monoclonal antibody directed against the peptide of the mammalian PSM antigen capable of binding to the cell surface of the prostate cancer cell and labeled with an imaging agent under conditions permitting formation of a complex between the monoclonal antibody and the cell surface prostate-specific membrane antigen. The imaging agent is a radioisotope such as Indium¹¹¹.
This invention further provides a prostate cancer specific imaging agent comprising the antibody directed against PSM antigen and a radioisotope conjugated thereto.
This invention also provides a composition comprising an effective imaging amount of the antibody directed against the PSM antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The methods to determine effective imaging amounts are well known to a skilled practitioner. One method is by titration using different amounts of the antibody.
This invention further provides an immunoassay for measuring the amount of the prostate-specific membrane antigen in a biological sample comprising steps of a) contacting the biological sample with at least one antibody directed against the PSM antigen to form a complex with said antibody and the prostate-specific membrane antigen, and b) measuring the amount of the prostate-specific membrane antigen in said biological sample by measuring the amount of said complex. One example of the biological sample is a serum sample.
This invention provides a method to purify mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen comprising steps of a) coupling the antibody directed against the PSM antigen to a solid matrix; b) incubating the coupled antibody of a) with lysate containing prostate-specific membrane antigen under the condition which the antibody and prostate membrane specific can bind; c) washing the solid matrix to eliminate impurities and d) eluting the prostate-specific membrane antigen from the coupled antibody.
This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian PSM antigen. This invention further provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal whose genome comprises antisense DNA complementary to DNA encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA complementary to mRNA encoding the prostate-specific membrane antigen and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding the prostate specific antigen thereby reducing its translation.
Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of mammalian PSM antigen are produced by creating transgenic animals in which the expression of the PSM antigen is either increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed PSM antigen is altered, by a variety of techniques. Examples of these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a mammalian PSM antigen, by microinjection, electroporation, retroviral transfection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriate fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal (16) or 2) Homologous recombination (17) of mutant or normal, human or animal versions of these genes with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the structure of these PSM antigen sequences. The technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art. It replaces the native gene with the inserted gene and so is useful for producing an animal that cannot express native PSM antigen but does express, for example, an inserted mutant PSM antigen, which has replaced the native PSM antigen in the animal's genome by recombination, resulting in underexpression of the transporter. Microinjection adds genes to the genome, but does not remove them, and so is useful for producing an animal which expresses its own and added PSM antigens, resulting in overexpression of the PSM antigens.
One means available for producing a transgenic animal, with a mouse as an example, is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as M2 medium (16). DNA or cDNA encoding a mammalian PSM antigen is purified from a vector by methods well known in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the trans-gene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the trans-gene. The DNA, in an appropriately buffered solution, is put into a microinjection needle (which may be made from capillary tubing using a pipet puller) and the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide. The needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected. The injected egg is then transferred into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse (a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones to maintain pregnancy but which is not actually pregnant), where it proceeds to the uterus, implants, and develops to term. As noted above, microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg cell, and is used here only for exemplary purposes.
Another use of the PSM antigen sequence is to isolate homologous gene or genes in different mammals. The gene or genes can be isolated by low stringency screening of either cDNA or genomic libraries of different mammals using probes from PSM sequence. The positive clones identified will be further analyzed by DNA sequencing techniques which are well known to an ordinary person skilled in the art. For example, the detection of members of the protein serine kinase family by homology probing (18).
This invention will be better understood from the Experimental Details which follow. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific methods and results discussed are merely illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Materials and Methods
The approach for cloning the gene involved purification of the antigen in large quantities by immunoprecipitation, and microsequencing of several internal peptides for use in synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotide primers for subsequent use in the polymerase chain reaction (19, 20). A partial cDNA was amplified as a PCR product and this was used as a homologous probe to clone the full-length cDNA molecule from a LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of Prostate) cell line cDNA plasmid library (8). Early experiments revealed to us that the CYT-356 antibody (9) was not capable of detecting the antigen produced in bacteria since the epitope was the glycosylated portion of the PSM antigen, and this necessitated our more difficult, yet elaborate approach.

I. Western Analysis of the PSM Antigen

Membrane proteins were isolated from cells by hypotonic lysis followed by centrifugation over a sucrose density gradient (21). 10-20 μg of LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 membrane proteins were electrophoresed through a 10% SDS-PAGE resolving gel with a 4% stacking gel at 9-10 milliamps for 16-18 hours. Proteins were electroblotted onto PVDF membranes (Millipores Corp.) in transfer buffer (48 mM Tris base, 39 mM Glycine, 20% Methanol) at 25 volts overnight at 4° C. Membranes were blocked in TSB (0.15M NaCl, 0.01M Tris base, 5% BSA) for 30 minutes at room temperature followed by incubation with 10-15 μg/ml of CYT-356 monoclonal antibody (Cytogen Corp.) for 2 hours. Membranes were then incubated with 10-15 μg/ml of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Accurate Scientific) for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with ¹²⁵I-Protein A (Amersham®) at 1×10⁶cpm/ml at room temperature. Membranes were then washed and autoradiographed for 12-24 hours at −70° C. (FIG. 1).

II. Immunohistochemical Analysis of PSM Antigen Expression

The avidin-biotin method of immunohistochemical detection was employed to analyze both human tissue sections and cell lines for PSM Antigen expression (22). Cryostat-cut prostate tissue sections (4-6 μm thick) were fixed in methanol/acetone for 10 minutes. Cell cytospins were made on glass slides using 50,000 cells/100 μl/slide. Samples were treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide in PBS for 10-15 minutes in order to remove any endogenous peroxidase activity. Tissue sections were washed several times in PBS, and then incubated with the appropriate suppressor serum for 20 minutes. The suppressor serum was drained off and the sections or cells were then incubated with the diluted CYT-356 monoclonal antibody for 1 hour. Samples were then washed with PBS and sequentially incubated with secondary antibodies (horse or goat immunoglobulins, 1:200 dilution for 30 minutes), and with avidin-biotin complexes (1:25 dilution for 30 minutes). DAB was used as a chromogen, followed by hematoxylin counterstaining and mounting. Frozen sections of prostate samples and duplicate cell cytospins were used as controls for each experiment. As a positive control, the anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibody CAM 5.2 was used following the same procedure described above. Tissue sections are considered by us to express the PSM antigen if at least 5% of the cells demonstrate immunoreactivity. Our scoring system is as follows: 1=<5%; 2=5-19%; 3=20-75%; and 4=>75% positive cells. Homogeneity versus heterogeneity was accounted for by evaluating positive and negative cells in 3-5 high power light microscopic fields (400×), recording the percentage of positive cells among 100-500 cells. The intensity of immunostaining is graded on a 1+ to 4+ scale, where 1+ represents mild, 2-3+ represents moderate, and 4+ represents intense immunostaining as compared to positive controls.

III. Immunoprecipitation of the PSM Antigen

80%-confluent LNCaP cells in 100 mm petri dishes were starved in RPMI media without methionine for 2 hours, after which ³⁵S-Methionine was added at 100 μCi/ml and the cells were grown for another 16-18 hours. Cells were then washed and lysed by the addition of 1 ml of lysis buffer (1% Triton X-100, 50 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 10% glycerol, 150 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM PMSF, and 1 mM EGTA) with incubation for 20 minutes at 4° C. Lysates were pre-cleared by mixing with Pansorbin® cells (Calbiochem®) for 90 minutes at 4° C. Cell lysates were then mixed with Protein A Sepharose® CL-4B beads (Pharmacia®) previously bound with CYT-356 antibody (Cytogen Corp.) and RAM antibody (Accurate Scientific) for 3-4 hours at 4° C. 12 μg of antibody was used per 3 mg of beads per petri dish. Beads were then washed with HNTG buffer (20 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, and 2 mM Sodium Orthovanadate), resuspended in sample loading buffer containing β-mercaptoethanol, denatured at 95° C. for 5-10 minutes and run on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel with a 4° stacking gel at 10 milliamps overnight. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue, destained with acetic acid/methanol, and dried down in a vacuum dryer at 60° C. Gels were then autoradiographed for 16-24 hours at −70° C. (FIG. 2).

IV. Large-Scale Immunoprecipitation and Peptide Sequencing

The procedure described above for immunoprecipitation was repeated with 8 confluent petri dishes containing approximately 6×10⁷LNCaP cells. The immunoprecipitation product was pooled and loaded into two lanes of a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and electrophoresed at 9-10 milliamps for 16 hours. Proteins were electroblotted onto Nitrocellulose BA-85 membranes (Schleicher and Schuell®) for 2 hours at 75 volts at 4° C. in transfer buffer. Membranes were stained with Ponceau Red to visualize the proteins and the 100 kD protein band was excised, solubilized, and digested proteolytically with trypsin. HPLC was then performed on the digested sample on an Applied Biosystems Model 171C and clear dominant peptide peaks were selected and sequenced by modified Edman degradation on a modified post liquid Applied Biosystems Model 477A Protein/Peptide Microsequencer (23). Sequencing data on all of the peptides is included within this document. We attempted to sequence the amino-terminus of the PSM antigen by a similar method which involved purifying the antigen by immunoprecipitation and transfer via electro-blotting to a PVDF membrane (Millipore®). Protein was analyzed on an Applied Biosystems Model 477A Protein/Peptide Sequencer and the amino terminus was found to be blocked, and therefore no sequence data could be obtained by this technique.

PSM Antigen Peptide Sequences:


	2T17 #5
	SLYES(W)TK	(SEQ ID No. 3)

	2T22 #9
	(S)YPDGXNLPGG(g)VQR	(SEQ ID No. 4)

	2T26 #3
	FYDPMFK	(SEQ ID No. 5)

	2T27 #4
	IYNVIGTL(K)	(SEQ ID No. 6)

	2T34 #6
	FLYXXTQIPHLAGTEQNFQLAK	(SEQ ID No. 7)

	2T35 #2
	G/PVILYSDPADYFAPD/GVK	(SEQ ID No. 8, 9)

	2T38 #1
	AFIDPLGLPDRPFYR	(SEQ ID No. 10)

	2T46 #8
	YAGESFPGIYDALFDIESK	(SEQ ID No. 11)

	2T47 #7
	TILFAS(W)DAEEFGXX(q)STE(e)A	(SEQ ID No. 12)
	(E) . . .

Notes: X means that no residue could be identified at this position. Capital denotes identification but with a lower degree of confidence. (lower case) means residue present but at very low levels . . . indicates sequence continues but has dropped below detection limit.
All of these peptide sequences were verified to be unique after a complete homology search of the translated Genbank computer database.

IV. Degenerate PCR

Sense and anti-sense 5′-unphosphorylated degenerate oligonucleotide primers 17 to 20 nucleotides in length corresponding to portions of the above peptides were synthesized on an Applied Biosystems Model 394A DNA Synthesizer. These primers have degeneracies from 32 to 144. The primers used are shown below. The underlined amino acids in the peptides represent the residues used in primer design.

Peptide 3: FYDPMFK (SEQ ID No. 5)


	PSM Primer “A”
	TT(C or T) - TA(C or T) - GA	(SEQ ID No. 13)

	(C or T) - CCX - ATG - TT

	PSM Primer “B”
	AAC - ATX - GG(A or G) - TC	(SEQ ID No. 14)

	(A or G) - TA(A or G) - AA

Primer A is sense primer and B is anti-sense. Degeneracy is 32-fold.

Peptide 4: IYNVIGTL(K) (SEQ ID No. 6)


PSM Primer “C”
AT(T or C or A) - TA(T or C) - AA	(SEQ ID No. 15)

(T or C) - GTX - AT(T or C or A) -

GG

PSM Primer “D”
CC(A or T or G) - ATX - AC(G or	(SEQ ID No. 16)

A) - TT(A or G) - TA(A or G or

T) - AT

Primer C is sense-primer and D is anti-sense. Degeneracy is 144-fold.

Peptide 2: α/PVILYSDPADYFAPD/GVK (SEQ ID No. 8, 9)


PSM Primer “E”
CCX - GCX - GA(T or C) - TA(T or	(SEQ ID No. 17)

C) - TT(T or C) - GC

PSM Primer “F”
GC(G or A) - AA(A or G) - TA(A or	(SEQ ID No. 18)
G) - TXC - GCX - GG

Primer E is sense primer and F is antisense primer. Degeneracy is 128-fold.

Peptide 6: FLYXXTQIPBLAGTEONFOLAK (SEQ ID No. 7)


PSM Primer “I”
ACX - GA(A or G) - CA(A or G) - AA	(SEQ ID No. 19)

(T or C) - TT(T or C) - CA(A or

G) - CT

PSM Primer “J”
AG - (T or C)TG - (A or G)AA - (A	(SEQ ID No. 20)

or G)TT - (T or C)TG - (T or C)

TC - XGT

PSM Primer “K”
GA(A or G) - CA(A or G) - AA(T or	(SEQ ID No. 21)

C) - TT(T or C) CA(A or G) - CT

PSM Primer “L”
AG - (T or C)TG - (A or G)AA - (A	(SEQ ID No. 22)

or G)TT - (T or C)TG - (T or C)TC

Primers I and K are sense primers and J and L are anti-sense. I and J have degeneracies of 128-fold and K and L have 32-fold degeneracy.

Peptide 7: TILFAS(W)DAEEFGXX(q)STE(e)A(E) . . . (SEQ ID No. 12)


PSM Primer “M”
TGG - GA(T or C) - GCX - GA(A or	(SEQ ID No. 23)
G) - GA(A or G) - TT(C or T) - GG

PSM Primer “N”
CC - (G or A)AA - (T or C)TC - (T	(SEQ ID No. 24)
or C)TC - XGC - (A or G)TC - CCA

PSM Primer “O”
TGG - GA(T or C) - GCX - GA(A or	(SEQ ID No. 25)
G) - GA(A or G) - TT

PSM Primer “P”
AA - (T or C)TC - (T or C)TC -	(SEQ ID No. 26)
XGC - (A or G)TC - CCA

Primers M and O are sense primers and N and P are anti-sense. M and N have degeneracy of 64-fold and O and P are 32-fold degenerate.
Degenerate PCR was performed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 480 DNA thermal cycler. cDNA template for the PCR was prepared from LNCaP mRNA which had been isolated by standard methods of oligo dT chromatography (Collaborative Research). The cDNA synthesis was carried out as follows:

4.5 μl LNCaP poly A+ RNA (2 μg)

1.0 μl Oligo dT primers (0.5 μg)

4.5 μl dH₂O

10 μl
Incubate at 68° C.×10 minutes.
Quick chill on ice×5 minutes.
Add:

4 μl 5× RT Buffer

2 μl 0.1M DTT

1 μl 10 mM dNTPs

0.5 μl RNasin (Promega)

1.5 μl dH₂O

19 μl
Incubate for 2 minutes at 37° C.
Add 1 μg Superscript® Reverse Transcriptase (Gibco®-BRL)
Incubate for 1 hour at 37° C.
Add 30 μl dH₂O.
Use 2 μl per PCR reaction.

Degenerate PCR reactions were optimized by varying the annealing temperatures, Mg++ concentrations, primer concentrations, buffer composition, extension times and number of cycles. Our optimal thermal cycler profile was: Denaturation at 94° C.×30 seconds, Annealing at 45-55° C. for 1 minute (depending on the mean T_mof the primers used), and Extension at 72° C. for 2 minutes.



5 μl	10× PCR Buffer*
5 μl	2.5 mM dNTP Mix
5 μl	Primer Mix (containing 0.5-1.0 μg each of sense
	and anti-sense primers)
5 μl	100 mM β-mercaptoethanol
2 μl	LNCaP cDNA template
5 μl	25 mM MgCl₂(2.5 mM final)
21 μl	dH₂O
2 μl	diluted Taq Polymerase (0.5 U/μl)
50 μl	total volume

Tubes were overlaid with 60 μl of light mineral oil and amplified for 30 cycles. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresing 5 μl of each sample on a 2-3% agarose gel followed by staining with Ethidium bromide and photography.
*10×PCR Buffer

- 166 mM NH₄SO₄
- 670 mM Tris, pH 8.8
- 2 mg/ml BSA

Representative photographs displaying PCR products are shown in FIG. 5.

V. Cloning of PCR Products

In order to further analyze these PCR products, these products were cloned into a suitable plasmid vector using “TA Cloning” (Invitrogen® Corp.). The cloning strategy employed here is to directly ligate PCR products into a plasmid vector possessing overhanging T residues at the insertion site, exploiting the fact that Taq polymerase leaves overhanging A residues at the ends of the PCR products. The ligation mixes are transformed into competent E. coli cells and resulting colonies are grown up, plasmid DNA is isolated by the alkaline lysis method (24), and screened by restriction analysis (FIG. 6).

VI. DNA Sequencing of PCR Products

TA Clones of PCR products were then sequenced by the dideoxy method (25) using Sequenase (U.S. Biochemical). 3-4 μg of each plasmid DNA was denatured with NaOH and ethanol precipitated. Labeling reactions were carried out as per the manufacturers recommendations using ³⁵S-ATP, and the reactions were terminated as per the same protocol. Sequencing products were then analyzed on 6% polyacrylamide/7M Urea gels using an IBI sequencing apparatus. Gels were run at 120 watts for 2 hours. Following electrophoresis, the gels were fixed for 15-20 minutes in 10% methanol/10% acetic acid, transferred onto Whatman 3MM paper and dried down in a Biorad® vacuum dryer at 80° C. for 2 hours. Gels were then autoradiographed at room temperature for 16-24 hours. In order to determine whether the PCR products were the correct clones, we analyzed the sequences obtained at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecules looking for the correct primer sequences, as well as adjacent sequences which corresponded to portions of the peptides not used in the design of the primers.
IN-20 was confirmed to be correct and represent a partial cDNA for the PSM gene. In this PCR reaction, I and N primers were used. The DNA sequence we obtained when reading from the I primer was:

ACG GAG CAA AAC TTT CAG CTT GCA (SEQ ID No. 30)

AAG

T E Q N F Q L A (SEQ ID No. 31)

K
The underlined amino acids were the portion of peptide 6 that was used to design this sense primer and the remaining amino acids which agree with those present within our peptide confirm that this end of the molecule represents the correct protein (PSM antigen).
When we analyzed the other end of the molecule by reading from the N primer the sequence was:

CTC TTC GGC ATC CCA GCT TGC AAA (SEQ ID No. 32)

CAA AAT TGT TCT
Since this represents the anti-sense DNA sequence, we need to show the complementary sense sequence in order to find our peptide.

Sense Sequence:


AGA ACA ATT TTG TTT GCA AGC TGG	(SEQ ID No. 33)

GAT GCC AAG GAG

R T I L F A S W	(SEQ ID No. 34)

D A E E

The underlined amino acids here represent the portion of peptide 7 used to create primer N. All of the amino acids upstream of this primer are correct in the IN-20 clone, agreeing with the amino acids found in peptide 7. Further DNA sequencing has enabled us to identify the presence of our other PSM peptides within the DNA sequence of our positive clone.
The DNA sequence of this partial cDNA was found to be unique when screened on the Genbank computer database.

VII. cDNA Library Construction and Cloning of Full-Length PSM cDNA

A cDNA library from LNCaP mRNA was constructed using the Superscripts plasmid system (BRL®-Gibco). The library was transformed using competent DH5-α cells and plated onto 100 mm plates containing LB plus 100 μg/ml of Carbenicillin. Plates were grown overnight at 37° C. and colonies were transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Filters were processed and screened as per Grunstein and Hogness (26), using our 1.1 kb partial cDNA homologous probe which was radiolabelled with ³²P-dCTP by random priming (27). We obtained eight positive colonies which upon DNA restriction and sequencing analysis proved to represent full-length cDNA molecules coding for the PSM antigen. Shown in FIG. 7 is an autoradiogram showing the size of the cDNA molecules represented in our library and in FIG. 8 restriction analysis of several full-length clones is shown. FIG. 9 is a plasmid Southern analysis of the samples in FIG. 8, showing that they all hybridize to the 1.1 kb partial cDNA probe.
Both the cDNA as well as the antigen have been screened through the Genbank Computer database (Human Genome Project) and have been found to be unique.

VIII. Northern Analysis of PSM Gene Expression

Northern analysis (28) of the PSM gene has revealed that expression is limited to the prostate and to prostate carcinoma.
RNA samples (either 10 μg of total RNA or 2 μg of poly A+ RNA) were denatured and electrophoresed through 1.1% agarose/formaldehyde gels at 60 milliamps for 6-8 hours. RNA was then transferred to Nytran® nylon membranes (Schleicher and Schuell®) by pressure blotting in 10×SSC with a Posi-blotter (Stratagene®). RNA was cross-linked to the membranes using a Stratalinker (Stratagene®) and subsequently baked in a vacuum oven at 80° C. for 2 hours. Blots were pre-hybridized at 65° C. for 2 hours in prehybridization solution (BRL®) and subsequently hybridized for 16 hours in hybridization buffer (BRL®) containing 1-2×10⁶cpm/ml of ³²P-labelled random-primed cDNA probe. Membranes were washed twice in 1×SSPE/1% SDS and twice in 0.1×SSPE/1% SDS at 42° C. Membranes were then air-dried and autoradiographed for 12-36 hours at −70° C.

IX. PCR Analysis of PSM Gene Expression in Human Prostate Tissues

PCR was performed on 15 human prostate samples to determine PSM gene expression. Five samples each from normal prostate tissue, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer were used (histology confirmed by MSKCC Pathology Department).
10 μg of total RNA from each sample was reverse transcribed to made cDNA template as previously described in section IV. The primers used corresponded to the 5′ and 3′ ends of our 1.1 kb partial cDNA, IN-20, and therefore the expected size of the amplified band is 1.1 kb. Since the T_mof our primers is 64° C. we annealed the primers in our PCR at 60° C. We carried out the PCR for 35 cycles using the same conditions previously described in section IV.
LNCaP and H26—Ras transfected LNCaP (29) were included as a positive control and DU-145 as a negative control. 14/15 samples clearly amplified the 1.1 kb band and therefore express the gene.
Experimental Results
The gene which encodes the 100 kD PSM antigen has been identified. The complete cDNA sequence is shown in Sequence ID #1. Underneath that nucleic acid sequence is the predicted translated amino acid sequence. The total number of the amino acids is 750, ID 2. The hydrophilicity of the predicted protein sequence is shown in FIG. 15A. Shown in FIG. 15B are three peptides with the highest point of hydrophilicity. They are: Asp-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Glu (SEQ ID No. 35); Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 36; and Lys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Glu-Gly (SEQ ID No. 37).
By the method of Klein, Kanehisa and DeLisi, a specific membrane-spanning domain is identified. The sequence is from the amino acid #19 to amino acid #44: Ala-Gly-Ala-Leu-Val-Leu-Aal-Gly-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu-Phe (SEQ ID No. 38).
This predicted membrane-spanning domain was computed on PC Gene (computer software program). This data enables prediction of inner and outer membrane domains of the PSM antigen which aids in designing antibodies for uses in targeting and imaging prostate cancer.
When the PSM antigen sequence with other known sequences of the GeneBank were compared, homology between the PSM antigen sequence and the transferrin receptor sequence were found. The data are shown in FIG. 16.
Experimental Discussions
Potential Uses for PSM Antigen:
1. Tumor Detection:
Microscopic:
Unambiguous tumor designation can be accomplished by use of probes for different antigens. For prostatic cancer, the PSM antigen probe may prove beneficial. Thus PSM could be used for diagnostic purposes and this could be accomplished at the microscopic level using in-situ hybridization using sense (control) and antisense probes derived from the coding region of the cDNA cloned by the applicants. This could be used in assessment of local extraprostatic extension, involvement of lymph node, bone or other metastatic sites. As bone metastasis presents a major problem in prostatic cancer, early detection of metastatic spread is required especially for staging. In some tumors detection of tumor cells in bone marrow portends a grim prognosis and suggests that interventions aimed at metastasis be tried. Detection of PSM antigen expression in bone marrow aspirates or sections may provide such early information. PCR amplification or in-situ hybridization may be used. This could be developed for any possible metastatic region.
2. Antigenic Site Identification
The knowledge of the cDNA for the antigen also provides for the identification of areas that would serve as good antigens for the development of antibodies for use against specific amino acid sequences of the antigen. Such sequences may be at different regions such as outside, membrane or inside of the PSM antigen. The development of these specific antibodies would provide for immunohistochemical identification of the antigen. These derived antibodies could then be developed for use, especially ones that work in paraffin fixed sections as well as frozen section as they have the greatest utility for immunodiagnosis.
3. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Genomic DNA
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPS) have proven to be useful in documenting the progression of genetic damage that occurs during tumor initiation and promotion. It may be that RFLP analysis will demonstrate that changes in PSM sequence restriction mapping may provide evidence of predisposition to risk or malignant potential or progression of the prostatic tumor.
Depending on the chromosomal location of the PSM antigen, the PSM antigen gene may serve as a useful chromosome location marker for chromosome analysis.
4. Serum
With the development of antigen specific antibodies, if the antigen or selected antigen fragments appear in the serum they may provide for a serum marker for the presence of metastatic disease and be useful individually or in combination with other prostate specific markers.
5. Imaging
As the cDNA sequence implies that the antigen has the characteristics of a membrane spanning protein with the majority of the protein on the exofacial surface, antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies to the peptide fragments exposed and specific to the tumor may provide for tumor imaging local extension of metastatic tumor or residual tumor following prostatectomy or irradiation. The knowledge of the coding region permits the generation of monoclonal antibodies and these can be used in combination to provide for maximal imaging purposes. Because the antigen shares a similarity with the transferrin receptor based on cDNA analysis (approximately 54%), it may be that there is a specific normal ligand for this antigen and that identification of the ligand(s) would provide another means of imaging.
6. Isolation of Ligands
The PSM antigen can be used to isolate the normal ligand(s) that bind to it. These ligand(s) depending on specificity may be used for targeting, or their serum levels may be predictive of disease status. If it is found that the normal ligand for PSM is a carrier molecule then it may be that PSM could be used to bind to that ligand for therapy purposes (like an iron chelating substance) to help remove the ligand from the circulation. If the ligand promotes tumor growth or metastasis then providing soluble PSM antigen would remove the ligand from binding the prostate. Knowledge of PSM antigen structure could lend to generation of small fragment that binds ligand which could serve the same purpose.
7. Therapeutic Uses
a) Ligands. The knowledge that the cDNA structure of PSM antigen shares structural homology with the transferrin receptor (54% on the nucleic acid level) implies that there may be an endogenous ligand for the receptor that may or may not be transferrin-like. Transferrin is thought to be a ligand that transports iron into the cell after binding to the transferrin receptor. However, apotransferrin is being reported to be a growth factor for some cells which express the transferrin receptor (30). Whether transferrin is a ligand for this antigen or some other ligand binds to this ligand remains to be determined. If a ligand is identified it may carry a specific substance such as a metal ion (iron or zinc or other) into the tumor and thus serve as a means to deliver toxic substances (radioactive or cytotoxic chemical i.e. toxin like ricin or cytotoxic alkylating agent or cytotoxic prodrug) to the tumor.
The main metastatic site for prostatic tumor is the bone. The bone and bone stroma are rich in transferrin. Recent studies suggest that this microenvironment is what provides the right “soil” for prostatic metastasis in the bone (31). It may be that this also promotes attachment as well, these factors which reduce this ability may diminish prostatic metastasis to the bone and prostatic metastatic growth in the bone.
It was found that the ligand for the neu antigen (thought to be an oncogene and marker of malignant phenotype in breast carcinoma) served to induce differentiation of breast cancer cells and thus could serve as a treatment for rather than promotor of the disease. It may be that ligand binding to the right region of PSM whether with natural ligand or with an antibody may serve a similar function.
Antibodies against PSM antigen coupled with a cytotoxic agent will be useful to eliminate prostate cancer cells. Transferrin receptor antibodies with toxin conjugates are cytotoxic to a number of tumor cells as tumor cells tend to express increased levels of transferrin receptor (32). Transferrin receptors take up molecules into the cell by endocytosis. Antibody drug combinations can be toxic. Transferrin linked toxin can be toxic.
b) Antibodies against PSM antigen coupled with a cytotoxic agent will be useful to eliminate prostate cancer cells. The cytotoxic agent may be a radioisotope or toxin as known in ordinary skill of the art. The linkage of the antibody and the toxin or radioisotope can be chemical. Examples of direct linked toxins are doxorubicin, chlorambucil, ricin, pseudomonas exotoxin etc., or a hybrid toxin can be generated ½ with specificity for PSM and the other ½ with specificity for the toxin. Such a bivalent molecule can serve to bind to the tumor and the other ½ to deliver a cytotoxic to the tumor or to bind to and activate a cytotoxic lymphocyte such as binding to the T₁-T₃receptor complex. Antibodies of required specificity can also be cloned into T cells and by replacing the immunoglobulin domain of the T cell receptor (TcR); cloning in the desired MAb heavy and light chains; splicing the U_hand U_Lgene segments with the constant regions of the α and β TCR chains and transfecting these chimeric Ab/TcR genes in the patients' T cells, propagating these hybrid cells and infusing them into the patient (33). Specific knowledge of tissue specific antigens for targets and generation of MAb's specific for such targets will help make this a usable approach. Because the PSM antigen coding region provides knowledge of the entire coding region, it is possible to generate a number of antibodies which could then be used in combination to achieve an additive or synergistic anti-tumor action. The antibodies can be linked to enzymes which can activate non-toxic prodrugs at its site of the tumor such as Ab-carboxypeptidase and 4-(bis(2 chloroethyl)amino)benzoyl-α-glutamic acid and its active parent drug in mice (34).
It is possible to produce a toxic genetic chimera such as TP-40 a genetic recombinant that possesses the cDNA from TGF-alpha and the toxic portion of pseudomonas exotoxin so the TGF and portion of the hybrid binds the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the pseudomonas portion gets taken up into the cell enzymatically and inactivates the ribosomes ability to perform protein synthesis resulting in cell death. When we know the ligand for the PSM antigen we can do the same.
In addition, once the ligand for the PSM antigen is identified, toxin can be chemically conjugated to the ligands. Such conjugated ligands can be therapeutically useful. Examples of the toxins are daunomycin, chlorambucil, ricin, pseudomonas exotoxin, etc. Alternatively, chimeric construct can be created linking the cDNA of the ligand with the cDNA of the toxin. An example of such toxin is TGFα and pseudomonas exotoxin (35).
8. Others
The PSM antigen may have other uses. It is well known that the prostate is rich in zinc, if the antigen provides function relative to this or other biologic function the PSM antigen may provide for utility in the treatment of other prostatic pathologies such as benign hyperplastic growth and/or prostatitis.
Because purified PSM antigen can be generated, the purified PSM antigen can be linked to beads and use it like a standard “affinity” purification. Serum, urine or other biological samples can be used to incubate with the PSM antigen bound onto beads. The beads may be washed thoroughly and then eluted with salt or pH gradient. The eluted material is SDS gel purified and used as a sample for microsequencing. The sequences will be compared with other known proteins and if unique, the technique of degenerated PCR can be employed for obtaining the ligand. Once known, the affinity of the ligand will be determined by standard protocols (15).

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Claims

1. An isolated mammalian nucleic acid molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.

2-21. (canceled)

22. A method for determining whether a ligand can bind to a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen which comprises contacting a mammalian cell having an isolated DNA molecule encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands to the mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen, and determining whether the ligand binds to a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.

23. (canceled)

24. Purified mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.

25-33. (canceled)

34. An antibody directed against the amino acid sequence of a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen.

35. An antibody directed either to peptide Asp-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Glu (SEQ ID No. 39), or Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 39), or Asn-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asn-Glu (SEQ ID No. 40) or Lys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Glu-Gly (SEQ ID No. 41) of the prostate-specific membrane antigen.

36-47. (canceled)

48. A transgenic nonhuman mammal whose genome comprises antisense DNA complementary to DNA encoding a mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA complementary to mRNA encoding the prostate-specific membrane antigen and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding the mammalian prostate-specific membrane antigen thereby reducing its translation.