US20070127257A1 - Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink - Google Patents
Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070127257A1 US20070127257A1 US11/293,913 US29391305A US2007127257A1 US 20070127257 A1 US20070127257 A1 US 20070127257A1 US 29391305 A US29391305 A US 29391305A US 2007127257 A1 US2007127257 A1 US 2007127257A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- flow channel
- housing
- headlamp assembly
- inlet
- air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S45/00—Arrangements within vehicle lighting devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, for purposes other than emission or distribution of light
- F21S45/40—Cooling of lighting devices
- F21S45/42—Forced cooling
- F21S45/43—Forced cooling using gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
- F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
- F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
- F21S41/141—Light emitting diodes [LED]
- F21S41/147—Light emitting diodes [LED] the main emission direction of the LED being angled to the optical axis of the illuminating device
- F21S41/148—Light emitting diodes [LED] the main emission direction of the LED being angled to the optical axis of the illuminating device the main emission direction of the LED being perpendicular to the optical axis
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
- F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
- F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
- F21S41/141—Light emitting diodes [LED]
- F21S41/151—Light emitting diodes [LED] arranged in one or more lines
- F21S41/153—Light emitting diodes [LED] arranged in one or more lines arranged in a matrix
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S45/00—Arrangements within vehicle lighting devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, for purposes other than emission or distribution of light
- F21S45/40—Cooling of lighting devices
- F21S45/47—Passive cooling, e.g. using fins, thermal conductive elements or openings
- F21S45/48—Passive cooling, e.g. using fins, thermal conductive elements or openings with means for conducting heat from the inside to the outside of the lighting devices, e.g. with fins on the outer surface of the lighting device
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/60—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air
- F21V29/67—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air characterised by the arrangement of fans
- F21V29/677—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air characterised by the arrangement of fans the fans being used for discharging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
- F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
- F21V29/75—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with fins or blades having different shapes, thicknesses or spacing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
- F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
- F21V29/76—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
- F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
- F21V29/76—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section
- F21V29/763—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section the planes containing the fins or blades having the direction of the light emitting axis
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The invention relates generally to a headlamp assembly for a motor vehicle. More specifically, the invention relates to the cooling of a headlamp assembly by conducting heat from the light source to the exterior of the headlamp assembly via conductive heat sinks.
- 2. Related Technology
- Headlamp assemblies have a light source, such as an incandescent lamp, a light emitting diode (LED) or high intensity discharge (HID) lamp, positioned within a headlamp chamber and electrically connected to a power source. The headlamp chamber is typically defined by a transparent or translucent lens, located forward of the light source, and a reflector located rearward and/or surrounding the light source. As used herein, the terms forward and rearward are referenced with respect to the position of the light source and the direction in which the light from the source is intended to be seen. Thus, light from the assembly is intended to be seen from a forward position.
- During an operation cycle of the headlamp assembly, the light sources and other components of the lamp generate heat while “on” and cool while “off”, causing the chamber to undergoes temperature fluctuation and causing the air located within to expand and contract. To maintain a relative-constant chamber pressure, the chamber typically includes at least one opening that permits an air exchange between the chamber and the ambient air. However, to prevent contaminants, such as dust and debris, from entering the chamber, the opening is typically relatively small and is covered with an air-permeable membrane.
- In order to attain designed optimal performance of newer light sources, LED'S and their electrical components in the lamp assembly, it is desirable to maintain the internal temperature of the lamp assembly below the maximum operating temperature Therefore, it is advantageous to provide the headlamp assembly with a mechanism that cools the chamber and the LED'S located therein.
- Headlamp assemblies are typically secured to a portion of the vehicle frame that is adjacent to the engine compartment. The temperature within the engine compartment is often significantly higher than the temperature outside of the engine compartment (the ambient temperature). For example, during operation of the vehicle various components, such as the engine and the engine cooling system, output heated air into the engine compartment. As another example, during periods of vehicle use and non-use, the air trapped within the engine compartment may become heated by solar energy. Therefore, it is advantageous to provide the headlamp assembly with a mechanism that isolates the chamber and the light sources located therein from the relatively high temperatures of the engine compartment.
- In view of the above, it is beneficial to have a headlamp assembly that has a mechanism that effectively cools the mechanism's internal components while minimizing air exchange between the headlamp assembly chamber and the atmosphere and while isolating the chamber from the engine compartment and the relatively high temperatures associated therewith.
- In overcoming the above limitations and other drawbacks, a headlamp assembly for a motor vehicle is provided that includes a lens and a housing that define an inner chamber that is generally fluidly isolated from the atmosphere. The housing includes portions that extend from an interior surface of the housing into the inner chamber to define a base having a light source mounted thereon. The housing further includes portions that extend from an exterior surface of the housing to define a plurality of fins exposed to ambient air. A reflector is positioned behind the light source and is adapted to reflect light from the light source forward.
- In one aspect, the headlamp assembly includes a flow channel positioned adjacent the exterior surface of the housing. The flow channel is adapted to direct ambient air flowing therethrough. The fins extend into the flow channel such that heat from within the inner chamber is conducted through the base portion of the housing to the fins of the housing to the air flowing through the flow channel.
- In another aspect, air flow through the flow channel can be achieved by natural convention, forced convection, induced forced convection, or any combination thereof.
- In yet another aspect, the flow channel is positioned behind the headlamp assembly and is at least partially defined by the exterior surface of the housing.
- In still another aspect, the flow channel includes an inlet and an outlet. The inlet of the flow channel includes venturi openings and the outlet of the flow channel is positioned in a low pressure region within the motor vehicle. Air air is drawn in through the ventui openings at the inlet and flows toward the low pressure region at the outlet. The venturi openings at the inlet of the flow channel include one way valves.
- In still another aspect, the housing is made from a conductive material selected from the group: metal, metal alloy, silicon, and graphite.
- Further objects, features and advantages of this invention will become readily apparent to persons skilled in the art after a review of the following description, with reference to the drawings and claims that are appended to and form a part of this specification.
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FIG. 1 is a front schematic view of a headlamp assembly for a motor vehicle embodying the principles of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken generally along line 2-2 of the headlamp assembly shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a rear view of the housing of the headlamp assembly shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment, having forced air moving through the flow channel; -
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment, having venturi openings positioned at the inlet of the flow channel, the outlet of the flow channel being positioned at a low pressure region; and -
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment that does not include a flow channel. - Referring to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , a headlamp assembly for a motor vehicle in accordance with the teachings of the claims herein is shown generally at 10. Theheadlamp assembly 10 includes alens 12 and ahousing 14 that cooperate to at least partially define aninner chamber 16 that is generally fluidly isolated from the atmosphere. Thehousing 14 is preferably opaque, and thelens 12 is preferably formed from a transparent or translucent plastic material, such as polycarbonate. - The
housing 14 includes aninterior surface 18 and anexterior surface 20. Portions of thehousing 14 extend from theinterior surface 18 into theinner chamber 16 to define abase 22 that operates as a support and mount for alight source 24. Portions of thehousing 14 also extend from theexterior surface 20 to define a plurality offins 26 that are exposed to ambient air outside of thechamber 16, as shown inFIGS. 1, 2 , and 3, and further described below. - As shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 , thehousing 14 includes portions that define twobases 22, one positioned immediately above the other. Eachbase 22 includes a plurality, four as shown, oflight sources 24 mounted thereon. - The
headlamp assembly 10 further includes surfaces that cooperate to focuslight rays 28 from thelight sources 24 into a beam having desired characteristics and direct thelight rays 28 towards thelens 12. As shown, a plurality ofreflectors 30 are positioned within theinner chamber 16, onereflector 30 being positioned relative to eachlight source 24, to achieve this. Thereflectors 30 re-direct thelight rays 28 received thereby in a forward direction and through thelens 12. - The
housing 14 and thelens 12 are connected with one another such that theinner chamber 16 is substantially sealed from the atmosphere. Theinner chamber 16 is, however, provided with pressure vents (not shown) that permit a relatively small amount of airflow into and out of theinner chamber 16 to account for air pressure fluctuations during temperature changes therein. - The
light sources 24, are preferably light emitting diodes (LEDs). Eachlight source 24, hereinafter just “LED 24”, is attached to a printed circuit board (PCB) 32 that includes electronic controls and connections for theLED 24. Furthermore, eachLED 24 and PCB 32 are supported on thebase portion 22 of theinterior surface 18 of thehousing 14 in a well known manner. Preferably, thehousing 14 is constructed of a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity, such as metals, metal alloys, silicon, and graphite. - During operation of the
headlamp assembly 10, eachLED 24 generates heat and increases the temperature of the air, components and structures located within theinner chamber 16. However, theLED 24 and/or other electronic components may experience diminished performance or failure if their maximum operating temperature is exceeded. To reduce the temperature of these components, theLEDs 24 andPCBs 32 are mounted onto thebase portion 22 of theinterior surface 18 of thehousing 14 such that heat from thelight sources 24 will be conducted through thebase 22 to thefins 26 extending from theexterior surface 20 of thehousing 14, and thus outside of theinner chamber 16. Ambient air flowing across thefins 26 will cool thefins 26, thereby dissipating the heat conducted from within theinner chamber 16. - To insure that ambient air is directed over and around the
fins 26, theheadlight assembly 10 may include aflow channel 34 positioned adjacent thehousing 14. As shown inFIG. 2 , aflow channel wall 36 is positioned adjacent to and spaced from theexterior surface 20 of thehousing 14, thereby defining theflow channel 34. Theflow channel wall 36 and theexterior surface 20 of thehousing 14 are preferably spaced apart from each other along their respective lengths so that theflow channel 34 has a substantially constant width, thereby minimizing flow loss across theflow channel 34. - The
flow channel 34 is adapted to direct ambient air flowing therethrough, wherein thefins 26 extend into theflow channel 34 such that heat from within theinner chamber 16 is conducted through thebase 22, to thefins 26, and to the air flowing through theflow channel 34. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , theflow channel 34 includes aninlet 38 and anoutlet 40. Theinlet 38 of theflow channel 34 is oriented in the forward direction and is positioned near the front bottom of theheadlamp assembly 10. Theoutlet 40 of theflow channel 34 is oriented in the rearward direction and is positioned near the rear top of theheadlamp assembly 10. With theheadlamp assembly 10 placed near the front of themotor vehicle 42, when themotor vehicle 42 is moving in a forward direction, a stream of fresh ambient air flows into theinlet 38 of theheadlamp assembly 10 and into theflow channel 34, as indicated byarrows 44. In this way, cooling of thefins 26 is achieved by “forced” convection. An air duct or opening 46 defined by the front portion of themotor vehicle 42, such as abumper 48, may be positioned near theinlet 38 to further promote the inflow of ambient air. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , an alternative embodiment of the headlamp assembly is shown generally at 10 a. Aflow channel 34 a for theheadlamp assembly 10 a includes aninlet 34 a that is located near the bottom of theheadlamp assembly 10 a, but is not exposed openly to the front of thevehicle 42. Theflow channel 34 a has anoutlet 40 a that is again positioned near the rear top of theheadlamp assembly 10 a. In this instance, as thefins 26 heat up, the air within theflow channel 34 a will also heat up, by convection. The heated air will rise upward, causing a draft that will pull cooler air up from theinlet 38 a, as cooler air comes upward into contact with thefins 26, it will in turn be heated and rise upward, thereby creating a flow of air through theflow channel 34 a by natural convention, as indicated byarrows 50. - In either instance, the
headlamp assembly 10 shown inFIG. 2 or theheadlamp assembly 10 a shown inFIG. 4 could include a fan 52 (shown in phantom) mounted near theinlet outlet flow channels electric fan 52 would provide selective induced forced convection to draw ambient air in through theinlets flow channels outlets - Referring to
FIG. 5 , another embodiment of the headlamp assembly is shown generally at 10 b. Aflow channel 34 b for theheadlamp assembly 10 b includes aninlet 38 b that is located near the bottom of theheadlamp assembly 10 b, but is not exposed openly to the front of thevehicle 42. Theinlet 38 b comprises a plurality ofventuri openings 54 formed within the flow channel wall 36 b. Theflow channel 34 b has anoutlet 40 b that is again positioned near the rear top of theheadlamp assembly 10 b. In this instance, theoutlet 40 b is strategically positioned within an area that is a low pressure region when thevehicle 42 is moving forward. - When the
vehicle 42 is moving, air will naturally flow from higher pressure to the low pressure region at theoutlet 40 b of theflow channel 34 b. The low pressure region will draw air in through theventuri openings 54 in the flow channel wall 36 b, as indicated byarrows 56, and through theflow channel 34 b, thereby developing a flow of air from the region near theinlet 38 b, which is relatively higher pressure than the low pressure region near theoutlet 40 b. Heat from within theinner chamber 16 is conducted through thebase 22, to thefins 26, and to the air flowing through theflow channel 34 b, as indicated byarrows 58, to cool theinner chamber 16 and thehousing 14. One way valves (not shown) could be placed at theventuri openings 54 to insure that the flow of air is restricted to only flowing into theflow channel 34 b through theventuri openings 54. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , still another embodiment of the headlamp assembly is shown generally at 10 c. Theheadlamp assembly 10 c does not have a flow channel wall or a flow channel. Cooling of thefins 26 comes only from natural convection as discussed previously. As heat is conducted to thefins 26 from theinner chamber 16, thefins 26 heat up. The air near and around thefins 26 is heated by thefins 26 and begins to rise upward. The heated air will rise upward, causing a draft that will pull cooler air up and into the spaces between and around thefins 26. As cooler air comes into contact with thefins 26, it will in turn be heated and rise upward, thereby creating a flow of air through and around thefins 26 by natural convention, as indicated byarrows 60. - By making the
housing 14 from a thermally conductive material and using portions of theinterior surface 18 to define thebase 22 and portions of theexterior surface 20 to define thefins 26, thehousing 14 acts both as thehousing 14 and as an additional heat sink to conduct heat away from theinner chamber 16. Thehousing 14 can be made from any suitable thermally conductive materials such as metal, metal alloy, silicon, or graphite material, and more specifically, aluminum. Alternatively, thehousing 14 may include a plurality of conductive components, such as a metal, a metal alloy, or a graphite material, embedded within a base material, such as a polymer. In this design, the benefits discussed above are equally applicable. - It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the scope of this invention.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/293,913 US7427152B2 (en) | 2005-12-05 | 2005-12-05 | Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink |
DE102006057553A DE102006057553B4 (en) | 2005-12-05 | 2006-11-28 | Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink |
JP2006357070A JP4589913B2 (en) | 2005-12-05 | 2006-12-05 | Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/293,913 US7427152B2 (en) | 2005-12-05 | 2005-12-05 | Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20070127257A1 true US20070127257A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
US7427152B2 US7427152B2 (en) | 2008-09-23 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/293,913 Expired - Fee Related US7427152B2 (en) | 2005-12-05 | 2005-12-05 | Headlamp assembly with integrated housing and heat sink |
Country Status (3)
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US (1) | US7427152B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4589913B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102006057553B4 (en) |
Cited By (29)
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US20080025038A1 (en) * | 2006-07-25 | 2008-01-31 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Thermal module system for LED headlamp module |
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US20080225540A1 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2008-09-18 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd | Lamp unit |
US20090154189A1 (en) * | 2007-12-18 | 2009-06-18 | Sl Lighting | Heat-dissipating apparatus for vehicle lamp |
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US10006601B2 (en) | 2016-07-19 | 2018-06-26 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Integrally formed heat sink and lamp housing for vehicle lamp assembly |
US20180172233A1 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2018-06-21 | Flex-N-Gate Advanced Product Development, Llc | Channel between chambers |
US10208916B2 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2019-02-19 | Flex-N-Gate Advanced Product Development Llc | Channel between headlight chambers |
US20200116327A1 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2020-04-16 | HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA | Illuminating device for vehicles |
US10907792B2 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2021-02-02 | HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA | Illuminating device for vehicles |
US11339945B2 (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2022-05-24 | Xin Dong | Apparatus and methods for vehicle lamp ventilation and temperature control |
US20220282848A1 (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2022-09-08 | Xin Dong | Apparatus and methods for vehicle lamp ventilation and temperature control |
US11767963B2 (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2023-09-26 | Xin Dong | Apparatus and methods for vehicle lamp ventilation and temperature control |
US11079090B1 (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-08-03 | Morimoto Lighting, LLC | Cooling systems for vehicle headlights |
WO2023199122A1 (en) * | 2022-04-14 | 2023-10-19 | Agco International Gmbh | Lighting arrangement for mobile machine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2007214116A (en) | 2007-08-23 |
US7427152B2 (en) | 2008-09-23 |
DE102006057553B4 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
DE102006057553A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
JP4589913B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
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