US20060057765A1 - Image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14683—Processes or apparatus peculiar to the manufacture or treatment of these devices or parts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
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- H01L27/1462—Coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14601—Structural or functional details thereof
- H01L27/14625—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to the field of microelectronic devices and, more particularly, an image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof.
- image sensors such as charge-coupled device (“CCD”) imaging sensors and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensors.
- CCD charge-coupled device
- CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- image sensors include a two dimensional array of photo-receptor devices (e.g., photodiodes), each of which is capable of converting a portion of an image to an electronic signal (e.g., representing a “pixel”).
- Some devices e.g., a display device
- a photo-receptor device stores a signal in response to intensity or brightness of light associated with an image.
- sensitivity to light is important.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image sensor according to the illustrative embodiment.
- FIGS. 2-4 are successive sectional views of a photo-receptor device according to the illustrative embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image sensor 100 according to the illustrative embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 is a charged coupled device (“CCD”) image sensor.
- CCD charged coupled device
- CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- the image sensor 100 includes photo-receptor devices (e.g., photodiodes) 110 .
- Each of the photo-receptor devices 110 is substantially similar to one another.
- the photo-receptor devices 110 are organized according to a two dimensional array. As shown, the array includes N columns and M rows. Accordingly, the quantity of photo-receptor devices 110 included by the image sensor 100 is represented by a number resulting from multiplying N by M.
- Information (e.g., electronic signal) stored by each of the photo-receptor devices 110 is capable of representing a “pixel” of an image (e.g., an image displayed by a display device). Thus, the number resulting from multiplying N by M is also capable of representing a resolution (e.g., screen resolution) for such an image.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a photo-receptor device (e.g., one of the photo-receptor devices 110 ), indicated generally at 200 , in an initial stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment.
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes a sensing element 205 that reacts to light (e.g., a light beam).
- the sensing element 205 includes a pn-junction device (e.g., a diode).
- the photo-receptor device 200 also includes at least one dielectric layer 210 , and one or more inter-metal-dielectric (“IMD”) layers 215 .
- IMD inter-metal-dielectric
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes a “top” (e.g., upper most) IMD layer 220 , which is one of the layers included by the IMD layers 215 .
- Each of the IMD layers 215 includes a metal layer 225 as shown.
- each of the IMD layers 215 includes a dielectric layer.
- the IMD layer 220 includes a dielectric layer 230 , which is a part of the IMD layer 220 .
- the dielectric layer 230 includes SiO 2 .
- the dielectric layer 230 is formed by atomic layer deposition (“ALD”), chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”), such as plasma-enhanced CVD (“PECVD”), high density plasma CVD (“HDP-CVD”), and low pressure CVD (“LPCVD”), evaporation, or any other suitable technique.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-enhanced CVD
- HDP-CVD high density plasma CVD
- LPCVD low pressure CVD
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- the dielectric layer 230 is planarized.
- planarizing techniques include thermal flow, sacrificial resist etch-back, spin-on glass, and chemical-mechanical planarization (“CMP”).
- CMP is a technique for planarizing various disparate types of materials, such as dielectric and metal materials.
- CMP is capable of selectively removing materials from a layer (e.g., a layer of a wafer) by mechanical polishing that is assisted by one or more chemical reactions.
- a wafer is mounted with its face down on a carrier.
- the carrier is pressed against a moving platen that includes a polishing surface (e.g., a polishing pad).
- aqueous material including abrasive elements is dripped onto the polishing pad so that the centrifugal force formed by rotating the carrier distributes the aqueous material on the polishing pad.
- CMP selectively removes a portion of a layer of the wafer.
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the of the photo-receptor device 200 , in a subsequent stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment.
- a curved recess 310 is formed on the dielectric layer 230 .
- the curved recess 310 is formed by using conventional photo-lithography and etching techniques.
- the curved recess is formed by patterning the dielectric layer 230 with a sequence of processes that includes: photo-resist patterning, wet etching, and photo-resist stripping.
- the photo-resist patterning includes: photo-resist coating, “soft baking”, mask alignment, pattern exposure, photo-resist development, and “hard baking”.
- wet etching is isotropic etching, and accordingly, suitable for forming the curved recess 310 .
- a photo-resist layer 305 is formed over the dielectric layer 230 as shown in FIG. 3 .
- wet etching is performed on the dielectric layer 230 .
- the photo-resist layer 305 is removed.
- the curved recess 310 is formed using photo-lithography/wet-etching, in other embodiments, the curved recess 310 is formed using one or more other suitable techniques such as maskless lithography.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the of the photo-receptor device 200 , in a subsequent stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment.
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes the dielectric layer 230 , which includes the curved recess 310 .
- a lens 405 is formed over the dielectric layer 230 and its curved recess 310 .
- the lens 405 includes SiN, SiON, or any other suitable material.
- examples of techniques used to form the lens 405 include ion implantation of N, sputtering, ALD, and CVD such as PECVD, LPCVD, and HDP-CVD.
- NH3 and HCD are used in association with LPCVD to form the lens 405 that includes SiN.
- the lens 405 is a convex lens.
- the photo-receptor device 200 also includes a spacer 410 , which is formed over the lens 405 .
- the spacer 410 includes SiO 2 , polymer or any other material suitable for electrical insulation and planarization.
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes a color filter layer 415 formed over the spacer 410 .
- the color filter layer 415 includes a resin, such as a pigment-dispersed resin or polymer.
- a spacer 420 which is substantially similar to the spacer 410 , is formed over the color filter layer 415 as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes a lens 425 .
- the lens 425 is substantially similar to the lens 405 . Accordingly, techniques used to form the lens 425 are substantially similar to the techniques used for forming the lens 405 as discussed above.
- Materials used to form lens 425 include a resin, such as a pigment-dispersed resin or polymer.
- the various layers between the lens 425 and the sensing element 205 are sufficiently transparent to pass light from lens 425 to the sensing element 205 .
- the photo-receptor device 200 is capable of forming (e.g., converting) a portion of an image as an electronic signal.
- the photo-receptor device 200 forms such electronic signal in response to light (e.g., a light beam), from an optical image, that is received through the lenses 405 and 425 , the color filter layer 415 , and the IMD layers 215 .
- light e.g., a light beam
- a light beam passing from one type of medium (e.g., the lens 405 ) to another medium (e.g., the dielectric layer 230 ) is typically affected by refraction.
- An example of refraction can be observed when a light beam passes from air to water.
- An amount of refraction for a specified medium is characterized by its index of refraction.
- c is the speed of light and v phase is the phase velocity.
- the photo-receptor device 200 As discussed above, for the photo-receptor device 200 , light sensitivity of the image sensing element 205 is important. It has been observed that, in general, light sensitivity can be improved by receiving light from a large pixel area and focusing the light on a small image sensing element.
- the photo-receptor device 200 includes the lenses 405 and 425 as discussed above. Also for improving the light sensitivity of the image sensing element 205 , an index of refraction for the lens 405 is greater than an index of refraction for the dielectric layer 230 .
- the lens 405 includes SiN and the dielectric layer 230 includes SiO 2 .
- an index of refraction for SiN is approximately 2.01 and an index of refraction for SiO 2 is 1.46.
- the index of refraction for the lens 405 (2.01) is greater than the index of refraction for the dielectric layer 230 (1.46).
Abstract
A device includes an image sensing element. The device also includes a Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) layer, located over the image sensing element, exhibiting a first index of refraction. The device further includes a first lens, located over the SiO2 layer, exhibiting a second index of refraction greater than the first index of refraction. The device still further includes a color filter located over the first lens and a second lens located over the color filter.
Description
- The present disclosure relates generally to the field of microelectronic devices and, more particularly, an image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof.
- Various digital imaging devices (e.g., digital cameras) use image sensors, such as charge-coupled device (“CCD”) imaging sensors and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensors. Such image sensors include a two dimensional array of photo-receptor devices (e.g., photodiodes), each of which is capable of converting a portion of an image to an electronic signal (e.g., representing a “pixel”). Some devices (e.g., a display device) are capable of receiving one or more signals from multiple photo-receptor devices of an image sensor and forming (e.g., reconstructing) a representation of the image.
- A photo-receptor device stores a signal in response to intensity or brightness of light associated with an image. Thus, for an image sensor, sensitivity to light is important.
- Accordingly, what is needed is an image sensor with improved sensitivity to light.
- In the accompanying figures, in accordance with the standard practice of the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, dimensions of the various features may be shown to have increased or reduced for clarity.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image sensor according to the illustrative embodiment. -
FIGS. 2-4 are successive sectional views of a photo-receptor device according to the illustrative embodiment. - The following discussion references various embodiments, and/or examples for implementing different features of the various embodiments. Also, specific examples of components and arrangements are described for clarity, and are not intended to limit the scope this disclosure. Moreover, the following discussions repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples, and such repetitions are also for clarity and does not itself indicate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Still further, references indicating formation of a first feature over or on a second feature include embodiments in which the features are formed in direct contact, and also embodiments in which one or more additional features are formed, interposing the first and second features, such that the first feature and the second feature are not in direct contact.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of animage sensor 100 according to the illustrative embodiment. In the illustrative embodiment, theimage sensor 100 is a charged coupled device (“CCD”) image sensor. However in other embodiments, theimage sensor 100 is another type of image sensor, such as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensor. - The
image sensor 100 includes photo-receptor devices (e.g., photodiodes) 110. Each of the photo-receptor devices 110 is substantially similar to one another. The photo-receptor devices 110 are organized according to a two dimensional array. As shown, the array includes N columns and M rows. Accordingly, the quantity of photo-receptor devices 110 included by theimage sensor 100 is represented by a number resulting from multiplying N by M. Information (e.g., electronic signal) stored by each of the photo-receptor devices 110 is capable of representing a “pixel” of an image (e.g., an image displayed by a display device). Thus, the number resulting from multiplying N by M is also capable of representing a resolution (e.g., screen resolution) for such an image. -
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a photo-receptor device (e.g., one of the photo-receptor devices 110), indicated generally at 200, in an initial stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment. The photo-receptor device 200 includes asensing element 205 that reacts to light (e.g., a light beam). In one embodiment, thesensing element 205 includes a pn-junction device (e.g., a diode). The photo-receptor device 200 also includes at least onedielectric layer 210, and one or more inter-metal-dielectric (“IMD”)layers 215. Moreover, the photo-receptor device 200 includes a “top” (e.g., upper most)IMD layer 220, which is one of the layers included by theIMD layers 215. Each of theIMD layers 215 includes ametal layer 225 as shown. Also, each of theIMD layers 215 includes a dielectric layer. For example, theIMD layer 220 includes adielectric layer 230, which is a part of theIMD layer 220. - In the illustrative embodiment, the
dielectric layer 230 includes SiO2. Thedielectric layer 230 is formed by atomic layer deposition (“ALD”), chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”), such as plasma-enhanced CVD (“PECVD”), high density plasma CVD (“HDP-CVD”), and low pressure CVD (“LPCVD”), evaporation, or any other suitable technique. Notably, with PECVD, tetraethoxysilane (“TEOS”) is used to form the SiO2dielectric layer 230. - After its formation, the
dielectric layer 230 is planarized. Examples of planarizing techniques include thermal flow, sacrificial resist etch-back, spin-on glass, and chemical-mechanical planarization (“CMP”). In particular, CMP is a technique for planarizing various disparate types of materials, such as dielectric and metal materials. CMP is capable of selectively removing materials from a layer (e.g., a layer of a wafer) by mechanical polishing that is assisted by one or more chemical reactions. - In more detail, with conventional CMP, a wafer is mounted with its face down on a carrier. The carrier is pressed against a moving platen that includes a polishing surface (e.g., a polishing pad). While the carrier is rotated about its axis, aqueous material including abrasive elements is dripped onto the polishing pad so that the centrifugal force formed by rotating the carrier distributes the aqueous material on the polishing pad. Accordingly, via a combination of mechanical polishing and chemical reaction, CMP selectively removes a portion of a layer of the wafer.
-
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the of the photo-receptor device 200, in a subsequent stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment. At this stage, acurved recess 310 is formed on thedielectric layer 230. Thecurved recess 310 is formed by using conventional photo-lithography and etching techniques. In one example, the curved recess is formed by patterning thedielectric layer 230 with a sequence of processes that includes: photo-resist patterning, wet etching, and photo-resist stripping. Also, the photo-resist patterning includes: photo-resist coating, “soft baking”, mask alignment, pattern exposure, photo-resist development, and “hard baking”. Moreover, wet etching is isotropic etching, and accordingly, suitable for forming thecurved recess 310. - In more detail, in forming the
curved recess 310, a photo-resist layer 305 is formed over thedielectric layer 230 as shown inFIG. 3 . After forming the photo-resist layer 305, wet etching is performed on thedielectric layer 230. Subsequently, the photo-resist layer 305 is removed. Although in the illustrative embodiment, thecurved recess 310 is formed using photo-lithography/wet-etching, in other embodiments, thecurved recess 310 is formed using one or more other suitable techniques such as maskless lithography. -
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the of the photo-receptor device 200, in a subsequent stage of manufacture according to the illustrative embodiment. At this stage of manufacture, the photo-receptor device 200 includes thedielectric layer 230, which includes thecurved recess 310. Over thedielectric layer 230 and itscurved recess 310, alens 405 is formed. In the illustrative embodiment, thelens 405 includes SiN, SiON, or any other suitable material. Also, examples of techniques used to form thelens 405 include ion implantation of N, sputtering, ALD, and CVD such as PECVD, LPCVD, and HDP-CVD. In one example, NH3 and HCD are used in association with LPCVD to form thelens 405 that includes SiN. As shown, thelens 405 is a convex lens. - The photo-
receptor device 200 also includes aspacer 410, which is formed over thelens 405. In the illustrative embodiment, thespacer 410 includes SiO2, polymer or any other material suitable for electrical insulation and planarization. Moreover, the photo-receptor device 200 includes acolor filter layer 415 formed over thespacer 410. In the illustrative embodiment, thecolor filter layer 415 includes a resin, such as a pigment-dispersed resin or polymer. Aspacer 420, which is substantially similar to thespacer 410, is formed over thecolor filter layer 415 as shown inFIG. 4 . - In addition to the
lens 405, the photo-receptor device 200 includes alens 425. Thelens 425 is substantially similar to thelens 405. Accordingly, techniques used to form thelens 425 are substantially similar to the techniques used for forming thelens 405 as discussed above. Materials used to formlens 425 include a resin, such as a pigment-dispersed resin or polymer. The various layers between thelens 425 and thesensing element 205 are sufficiently transparent to pass light fromlens 425 to thesensing element 205. - As discussed above, the photo-
receptor device 200 is capable of forming (e.g., converting) a portion of an image as an electronic signal. The photo-receptor device 200 forms such electronic signal in response to light (e.g., a light beam), from an optical image, that is received through thelenses color filter layer 415, and the IMD layers 215. - A light beam passing from one type of medium (e.g., the lens 405) to another medium (e.g., the dielectric layer 230) is typically affected by refraction. An example of refraction can be observed when a light beam passes from air to water. An amount of refraction for a specified medium is characterized by its index of refraction. In one example, index of refraction is characterized by the following mathematical expression.
n=c/v phase - In the above expression, c is the speed of light and vphase is the phase velocity.
- As discussed above, for the photo-
receptor device 200, light sensitivity of theimage sensing element 205 is important. It has been observed that, in general, light sensitivity can be improved by receiving light from a large pixel area and focusing the light on a small image sensing element. For improving the light sensitivity of theimage sensing element 205, the photo-receptor device 200 includes thelenses image sensing element 205, an index of refraction for thelens 405 is greater than an index of refraction for thedielectric layer 230. - For example, in one version of the illustrative embodiment, the
lens 405 includes SiN and thedielectric layer 230 includes SiO2. According to one measured value, an index of refraction for SiN is approximately 2.01 and an index of refraction for SiO2 is 1.46. Thus, the index of refraction for the lens 405 (2.01) is greater than the index of refraction for the dielectric layer 230 (1.46). - Although illustrative and alternative embodiments have been shown and described, a wide range of modification, change, and substitution is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the embodiments may be employed without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, broad constructions of the appended claims in manners consistent with the scope of the embodiments disclosed are appropriate.
Claims (27)
1. A method for manufacturing an image sensor, the method comprising:
forming an image sensing element;
forming over the image sensing element, a Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) layer exhibiting a first index of refraction;
forming over the SiO2 layer, a first lens exhibiting a second index of refraction greater than the first index of refraction;
forming a color filter over the first lens; and
forming a second lens over the color filter.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first lens includes Silicon Nitride (SiN).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second index of refraction is approximately 2.01.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first index of refraction is approximately 1.46.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the SiO2 layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”)
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first lens is formed by CVD.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the SiO2 layer is planarized.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the SiO2 layer is planarized by chemical-mechanical planarization (“CMP”).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the SiO2 layer is wet-etched.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the color filter includes a resin.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the color filter includes a polymer.
12. A device comprising:
an image sensing element;
a Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) layer, located over the image sensing element, exhibiting a first index of refraction;
a first lens, located over the SiO2 layer, exhibiting a second index of refraction greater than the first index of refraction;
a color filter located over the first lens; and
a second lens located over the color filter.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the first lens includes Silicon Nitride (SiN).
14. The device of claim 12 , wherein the second index of refraction is approximately 2.01.
15. The device of claim 12 , wherein the first index of refraction is approximately 1.46.
16. The device of claim 12 , wherein the SiO2 layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”).
17. The device of claim 12 , wherein the first lens is formed by CVD.
18. The device of claim 12 , wherein the SiO2 layer is planarized.
19. The device of claim 18 , wherein the SiO2 layer is planarized by chemical-mechanical planarization (“CMP”).
20. The device of claim 12 , wherein the SiO2 layer is wet-etched.
21. The device of claim 12 , wherein the color filter includes a resin.
22. The device of claim 12 , and comprising:
one or more inter-metal-dielectric (“IMD”) layers.
23. A device comprising:
an image sensing element;
a first convex lens, located over the image sensing element;
a color filter located over the first convex lens; and
a second convex lens located over the color filter.
24. The device of claim 1 wherein the first convex lens comprises a curved surface curving toward the image sensing element.
25. The device of claim 1 wherein the second convex lens comprises a curved surface curving away from the first convex lens.
26. The device of claim 1 wherein the first and second convex lenses each comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride.
27. The device of claim 1 wherein the first and second convex lenses each comprises an index of refraction greater than that of surrounding materials.
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TW094106414A TW200610140A (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2005-03-03 | An image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof |
US14/087,370 US8987113B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2013-11-22 | Image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof |
US14/638,861 US9768224B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2015-03-04 | Image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof |
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US14/087,370 Active US8987113B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2013-11-22 | Image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof |
US14/638,861 Active US9768224B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2015-03-04 | Image sensor including multiple lenses and method of manufacture thereof |
Country Status (2)
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US (3) | US20060057765A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200610140A (en) |
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Also Published As
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US9768224B2 (en) | 2017-09-19 |
TW200610140A (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US20150187833A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
US20140061837A1 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
US8987113B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
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