US20050211876A1 - Optical imaging system having an illumination source between object and image - Google Patents
Optical imaging system having an illumination source between object and image Download PDFInfo
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- US20050211876A1 US20050211876A1 US11/078,648 US7864805A US2005211876A1 US 20050211876 A1 US20050211876 A1 US 20050211876A1 US 7864805 A US7864805 A US 7864805A US 2005211876 A1 US2005211876 A1 US 2005211876A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0006—Arrays
- G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
- G02B3/0056—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses arranged along two different directions in a plane, e.g. honeycomb arrangement of lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/0008—Microscopes having a simple construction, e.g. portable microscopes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/36—Microscopes arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes or digital imaging or video purposes including associated control and data processing arrangements
- G02B21/364—Projection microscopes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
Definitions
- This invention relates to optical imaging systems.
- An optical imaging system provides an image of an object to a sensor.
- an optical imaging system includes an image forming assembly (e.g., a lens, a mirror, etc), and a sensor (e.g., photographic film, a detector array or a CCD array, etc.).
- Optical imaging systems for objects which are not self-luminous also include an optical source for illuminating the object.
- FIGS. 1 a - c show various known configurations for providing illumination in an optical imaging system.
- the configurations of FIGS. 1 a , 1 b and 1 c are back illumination, side illumination and beam splitter illumination respectively.
- a source 102 illuminates a back side of an object 104 .
- Light from object 104 passes through an imaging assembly 106 and provides an image to sensor 108 .
- object 104 must transmit some fraction of the light provided by source 102 .
- Microscopy of transparent objects is often performed in the back illumination arrangement of FIG. 1 a .
- Other examples of back illumination include U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,188, U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,184, and U.S. 2003/0095079.
- FIG. 1 b shows side illumination, where source 102 illuminates object 104 from the side. Radiation from object 104 passes through imaging assembly 106 and provides an image to sensor 108 .
- side illumination indicates that source 102 is not in the way of light passing from object 104 to sensor 108 .
- side illumination is applicable to opaque objects.
- a very common example of side illumination in practice is reading a book by light from an artificial light source.
- Other example of side illumination include U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,677, U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,337, U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,471, and U.S. 2002/0109774.
- FIG. 1 c shows beam splitter illumination.
- some light from source 102 is deflected toward object 104 by a beam splitter 112 .
- Light from object 104 passes through imaging assembly 106 .
- a fraction of the light passing through imaging assembly 106 also passes through beam splitter 112 to provide an image to sensor 108 .
- Beam splitter illumination is more complicated than back or side illumination, so it is usually reserved for cases where back or side illumination is inapplicable.
- One example of such an application is microscopy of opaque objects.
- the arrangement of the illumination source has a strong effect on how compact an optical imaging system can be made.
- the back illumination arrangement of FIG. 1 a can be made quite compact, for example by positioning a flat-panel light source in close proximity to object 104 .
- side illumination and beam splitter illumination i.e., FIGS. 1 b and 1 c respectively
- side illumination tend to be less amenable to compact arrangements.
- clearance must be provided to allow radiation from source 102 to reach object 104 . This requirement for clearance tends to make it difficult to reduce the separation between object 104 and imaging assembly 106 .
- the beam splitter typically has a width on the order of the width of a region being imaged.
- the beam splitter Since the beam splitter is angled with respect to the optical path between object and sensor (i.e., the optical axis), it requires a amount of space along the optical axis comparable to its width. This factor makes it especially difficult to obtain a compact beam splitter imaging system that has a wide field of view.
- FIGS. 1 a - c The effect of the illumination arrangement on imaging system compactness can be appreciated by considering outlines 110 on FIGS. 1 a - c .
- Outlines 110 closely surround all elements of the respective optical imaging systems, and schematically indicate what aspects of the arrangement are significant in terms of determining overall size. In all three cases, the illumination scheme significantly affects outline 110 (more so on FIGS. 1 b and 1 c than on FIG. 1 a ).
- An optical imaging system having an optical source located between the object being imaged and the sensor is provided according to the invention.
- Such positioning of the source enables provision of compact optical imaging systems.
- such systems can have image widths significantly larger than the object to sensor separation.
- the arrangement of source, imaging assembly and sensor is such that an image of the source is not formed at the sensor. Therefore, the effect of this source positioning on the image of the object at the sensor is a reduction of intensity, as opposed to more objectionable imaging artifacts, such as spurious shadows and/or bright spots.
- the invention advantageously provides a compact optical imaging system having good image quality, which enables high-fidelity imaging of object to sensor for a wide variety of applications.
- applications include biological applications (e.g., in vivo monitoring) and non-biological applications (e.g., scanning, photocopying, and wide-field imaging).
- FIGS. 1 a - c show conventional illumination arrangements for optical imaging systems.
- FIG. 2 shows an optical imaging system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 3 a - b show an integrated optical source suitable for use in an alternate embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the invention suitable for use as a biological implant.
- FIG. 2 shows an optical imaging system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- An optical source 202 illuminates an object 204 .
- Light from object 204 passes through an imaging assembly 206 to provide an image to a sensor 208 .
- imaging assembly 206 is shown as a micro-lens array.
- any optical imaging assembly can be used in practicing the invention, including lenses, mirrors, arrays of micro-optical elements (e.g., micro-lenses and/or micro-mirrors), and any combination thereof.
- the image is viewed directly by a user of the system (i.e., sensor 208 is an observer's eye).
- sensor 208 is an image sensor. Suitable image sensors include photographic film, and 1-D or 2-D detector arrays or CCD arrays.
- source 202 is a key aspect of the invention. More specifically, source 202 is positioned at a location on an optical path 212 between object 204 and sensor 208 . This positioning advantageously enables the imaging system of FIG. 2 to be very compact, as shown by outline 210 . This positioning is also in sharp contrast to the conventional source positionings shown on FIGS. 1 a - c . However, this positioning of source 202 on optical path 212 causes the source to interfere with some of the light traveling from object 204 to sensor 208 .
- source 202 that includes multiple small emitting regions that emit light toward object 204 but substantially do not directly illuminate sensor 208 .
- Such emitters can be, for example, light emitting diodes (LEDs) facing object 204 and having an opaque back side.
- An image of such a source at sensor 208 would include numerous small, sharp shadows, one for each emitter. The presence of such an image of source 202 at sensor 208 is clearly undesirable.
- an alternate embodiment of source 202 having emitters that radiate toward both object 204 and sensor 208 would have an image including numerous small bright spots.
- the arrangement of source 202 , imaging assembly 206 and sensor 208 is such that an image of source 202 is substantially not provided to sensor 208 .
- Arrangement of elements 202 , 204 , 206 , and 208 in order to simultaneously provide imaging of object 204 and non-imaging of source 202 to sensor 208 is within the skill of an art worker.
- the effect of such an arrangement is that the shadows cast by the source elements at sensor 208 are blurred.
- such blurring can make the effect of the source interference on image quality negligible.
- some light from object 204 is lost, the image quality is preserved.
- blurring of the small bright spots will improve the quality of the image of object 204 .
- the primary effect of the positioning of source 202 according to the invention is a reduction of image intensity, instead of introduction of image artifacts (e.g., shadows), because the source is positioned at a non-imaging plane between the object and the sensor.
- This reduction of image intensity is roughly equal to the ratio of the blocked area of source 202 to the total area of source 202 .
- this intensity loss can readily be selected by design of the source, and is preferably less than about 10% and more preferably is less than about 5%.
- optical imaging systems having object to image separation much less than image width are provided. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention can be miniaturized to a greater degree than conventional optical imaging systems.
- an array of short-focal length lenses can be used as the image-forming element in an embodiment of the invention.
- Such a lens array will have a small working distance (i.e., distance between lens array and object) and will also have a small array to sensor distance.
- the overall separation between object and sensor on FIG. 2 can be small, and in particular can be significantly smaller than the object (or image) width. Note that the lens array of FIG. 2 cannot be effectively used in the arrangement of FIG. 1 c , because there would not be enough room for insertion of the beam splitter.
- Any light emitting device or element can be used for source 202 .
- Suitable devices include organic light emitting diodes, semiconductor light emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers, incandescent filaments and fluorescent cells.
- the source can have a single emitting element, but preferably has multiple emitting elements to more efficiently illuminate a wide area of object 204 .
- source 202 is substantially planar and disposed perpendicular to an optical axis (from object 204 to sensor 208 ), for example as shown on FIG. 2 .
- This source configuration enables minimization of object to sensor separation, and corresponding minimization of the overall imaging system size.
- FIGS. 3 a - b show part of an alternative embodiment of the invention in side and top views respectively.
- a lens 304 is disposed in contact with (or in proximity to) a sensor substrate 302 .
- Light emitting elements 306 are disposed on a surface of lens 304 .
- Elements 306 can be either transparent or opaque.
- elements 306 are arranged as an array connected by wires 308 .
- the imaging assembly 206 and optical source 202 of FIG. 2 are integrated, which can reduce size and cost.
- elements 306 are organic LEDs (OLEDs), since OLED technology is conducive to such integration.
- Organic LED materials are optically transmissive at their emission wavelength(s), which is particularly convenient for fabrication of sources suitable for use with the present invention.
- OLED material can be spun directly onto a lens surface.
- Subsequent deposition of wires' 308 can define many separate emitters in a single processing operation.
- the grid of FIG. 3 b is a preferred arrangement, since the wires and elements of the resulting optical source 202 only block a small fraction of the light traveling from object 204 to sensor 208 .
- OLED emitters are considered in U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,231. Integration of source with imaging assembly as on FIGS. 3 a - b is often preferred, to reduce size and cost.
- FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the invention applied to biological imaging with an implanted imaging unit.
- Biological implants are often required to be generally thin and flat, as opposed to being bulky block-like objects. Accordingly, provision of a compact imaging system according to the invention is especially advantageous for such applications.
- an imaging unit 404 includes a source 412 , an imaging assembly 414 and a sensor 410 .
- Imaging unit 404 is implanted into a biological structure 402 (e.g., a human skull).
- Imaging unit 404 provides wide-field imaging of a region 408 of a biological tissue 406 (e.g., a human cerebral cortex).
- optical imaging can be performed in vivo for long-term applications (e.g., monitoring and control of a prosthetic device for a limb).
- the invention is generally applicable to biological and non-biological applications.
- Exemplary non-biological applications include wide-field imaging systems, photocopying systems and optical scanning systems.
- source 202 and imaging assembly 206 on FIG. 2 can be exchanged.
- source 202 can be disposed at any position relative to the element or elements of imaging assembly 206 , provided that position is at a location along an optical path from object 204 to sensor 208 .
- Integration of source with imaging assembly is typically preferred to reduce cost and size.
- the source can be disposed on any one, several, or even all optical surfaces of the imaging assembly.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that fabrication and/or packaging costs can be reduced, since illumination is provided without the use of a beam splitter or the use of an off-axis illumination arrangement.
- This advantage of low cost can be realized in various embodiments of the invention, including embodiments lacking a lens array and/or not having a small working distance.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 60/556,597, filed on Mar. 25, 2004, entitled “Optical Imaging System having an Illumination Source between Object and Image”, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- This invention relates to optical imaging systems.
- An optical imaging system provides an image of an object to a sensor. Thus an optical imaging system includes an image forming assembly (e.g., a lens, a mirror, etc), and a sensor (e.g., photographic film, a detector array or a CCD array, etc.). Optical imaging systems for objects which are not self-luminous also include an optical source for illuminating the object.
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FIGS. 1 a-c show various known configurations for providing illumination in an optical imaging system. The configurations ofFIGS. 1 a, 1 b and 1 c are back illumination, side illumination and beam splitter illumination respectively. In the back illumination scheme ofFIG. 1 a, asource 102 illuminates a back side of anobject 104. Light fromobject 104 passes through animaging assembly 106 and provides an image tosensor 108. In this approach,object 104 must transmit some fraction of the light provided bysource 102. Microscopy of transparent objects is often performed in the back illumination arrangement ofFIG. 1 a. Other examples of back illumination include U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,188, U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,184, and U.S. 2003/0095079. -
FIG. 1 b shows side illumination, wheresource 102 illuminatesobject 104 from the side. Radiation fromobject 104 passes throughimaging assembly 106 and provides an image tosensor 108. Here “side illumination” indicates thatsource 102 is not in the way of light passing fromobject 104 tosensor 108. Unlike back illumination, side illumination is applicable to opaque objects. A very common example of side illumination in practice is reading a book by light from an artificial light source. Other example of side illumination include U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,677, U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,337, U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,471, and U.S. 2002/0109774. -
FIG. 1 c shows beam splitter illumination. In this arrangement, some light fromsource 102 is deflected towardobject 104 by abeam splitter 112. Light fromobject 104 passes throughimaging assembly 106. A fraction of the light passing throughimaging assembly 106 also passes throughbeam splitter 112 to provide an image tosensor 108. Beam splitter illumination is more complicated than back or side illumination, so it is usually reserved for cases where back or side illumination is inapplicable. One example of such an application is microscopy of opaque objects. - The arrangement of the illumination source has a strong effect on how compact an optical imaging system can be made. For example, the back illumination arrangement of
FIG. 1 a can be made quite compact, for example by positioning a flat-panel light source in close proximity toobject 104. In contrast, side illumination and beam splitter illumination (i.e.,FIGS. 1 b and 1 c respectively) tend to be less amenable to compact arrangements. For example, in side illumination, clearance must be provided to allow radiation fromsource 102 to reachobject 104. This requirement for clearance tends to make it difficult to reduce the separation betweenobject 104 andimaging assembly 106. Similarly, in beam splitter illumination, the beam splitter typically has a width on the order of the width of a region being imaged. Since the beam splitter is angled with respect to the optical path between object and sensor (i.e., the optical axis), it requires a amount of space along the optical axis comparable to its width. This factor makes it especially difficult to obtain a compact beam splitter imaging system that has a wide field of view. - The effect of the illumination arrangement on imaging system compactness can be appreciated by considering
outlines 110 onFIGS. 1 a-c.Outlines 110 closely surround all elements of the respective optical imaging systems, and schematically indicate what aspects of the arrangement are significant in terms of determining overall size. In all three cases, the illumination scheme significantly affects outline 110 (more so onFIGS. 1 b and 1 c than onFIG. 1 a). - Since conventional provision of illumination for an optical imaging system is seen to undesirably increase system size, it would be an advance in the art to provide compact illumination for an optical imaging system. It would be a further advance in the art to provide compact illumination for an optical imaging system applicable to opaque objects. It would be another advance in the art to provide a wide-field optical imaging system having an object to sensor separation substantially less than the image width.
- An optical imaging system having an optical source located between the object being imaged and the sensor is provided according to the invention. Such positioning of the source enables provision of compact optical imaging systems. In particular, such systems can have image widths significantly larger than the object to sensor separation. The arrangement of source, imaging assembly and sensor is such that an image of the source is not formed at the sensor. Therefore, the effect of this source positioning on the image of the object at the sensor is a reduction of intensity, as opposed to more objectionable imaging artifacts, such as spurious shadows and/or bright spots.
- Thus the invention advantageously provides a compact optical imaging system having good image quality, which enables high-fidelity imaging of object to sensor for a wide variety of applications. Such applications include biological applications (e.g., in vivo monitoring) and non-biological applications (e.g., scanning, photocopying, and wide-field imaging).
-
FIGS. 1 a-c show conventional illumination arrangements for optical imaging systems. -
FIG. 2 shows an optical imaging system according to an embodiment of the invention. -
FIGS. 3 a-b show an integrated optical source suitable for use in an alternate embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the invention suitable for use as a biological implant. -
FIG. 2 shows an optical imaging system according to an embodiment of the invention. Anoptical source 202 illuminates anobject 204. Light fromobject 204 passes through animaging assembly 206 to provide an image to asensor 208. In this example,imaging assembly 206 is shown as a micro-lens array. However, any optical imaging assembly can be used in practicing the invention, including lenses, mirrors, arrays of micro-optical elements (e.g., micro-lenses and/or micro-mirrors), and any combination thereof. In some cases, the image is viewed directly by a user of the system (i.e.,sensor 208 is an observer's eye). However, in most cases,sensor 208 is an image sensor. Suitable image sensors include photographic film, and 1-D or 2-D detector arrays or CCD arrays. - The positioning of
source 202 is a key aspect of the invention. More specifically,source 202 is positioned at a location on anoptical path 212 betweenobject 204 andsensor 208. This positioning advantageously enables the imaging system ofFIG. 2 to be very compact, as shown byoutline 210. This positioning is also in sharp contrast to the conventional source positionings shown onFIGS. 1 a-c. However, this positioning ofsource 202 onoptical path 212 causes the source to interfere with some of the light traveling fromobject 204 tosensor 208. - Therefore, mitigating the effect of this interference on image quality is another key aspect of the invention. For example, consider a preferred embodiment of
source 202 that includes multiple small emitting regions that emit light towardobject 204 but substantially do not directly illuminatesensor 208. Such emitters can be, for example, light emitting diodes (LEDs) facingobject 204 and having an opaque back side. An image of such a source atsensor 208 would include numerous small, sharp shadows, one for each emitter. The presence of such an image ofsource 202 atsensor 208 is clearly undesirable. Similarly, an alternate embodiment ofsource 202 having emitters that radiate toward bothobject 204 andsensor 208 would have an image including numerous small bright spots. - According to the invention, the arrangement of
source 202,imaging assembly 206 andsensor 208 is such that an image ofsource 202 is substantially not provided tosensor 208. Arrangement ofelements object 204 and non-imaging ofsource 202 tosensor 208 is within the skill of an art worker. In the preceding example, the effect of such an arrangement is that the shadows cast by the source elements atsensor 208 are blurred. For small emitters, such blurring can make the effect of the source interference on image quality negligible. Although some light fromobject 204 is lost, the image quality is preserved. Similarly, for the alternate source embodiment, blurring of the small bright spots will improve the quality of the image ofobject 204. For this less-preferred alternative, there can be a loss of image contrast due to the direct illumination ofsensor 208 bysource 202. - The primary effect of the positioning of
source 202 according to the invention is a reduction of image intensity, instead of introduction of image artifacts (e.g., shadows), because the source is positioned at a non-imaging plane between the object and the sensor. This reduction of image intensity is roughly equal to the ratio of the blocked area ofsource 202 to the total area ofsource 202. Thus this intensity loss can readily be selected by design of the source, and is preferably less than about 10% and more preferably is less than about 5%. - According to the invention, optical imaging systems having object to image separation much less than image width are provided. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention can be miniaturized to a greater degree than conventional optical imaging systems. For example, as shown on
FIG. 2 , an array of short-focal length lenses can be used as the image-forming element in an embodiment of the invention. Such a lens array will have a small working distance (i.e., distance between lens array and object) and will also have a small array to sensor distance. Thus the overall separation between object and sensor onFIG. 2 can be small, and in particular can be significantly smaller than the object (or image) width. Note that the lens array ofFIG. 2 cannot be effectively used in the arrangement ofFIG. 1 c, because there would not be enough room for insertion of the beam splitter. - Any light emitting device or element can be used for
source 202. Suitable devices include organic light emitting diodes, semiconductor light emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers, incandescent filaments and fluorescent cells. The source can have a single emitting element, but preferably has multiple emitting elements to more efficiently illuminate a wide area ofobject 204. - As indicated above, a key advantage of the invention is provision of compact optical imaging systems. Accordingly, it is preferred for
source 202 to be substantially planar and disposed perpendicular to an optical axis (fromobject 204 to sensor 208), for example as shown onFIG. 2 . This source configuration enables minimization of object to sensor separation, and corresponding minimization of the overall imaging system size. -
FIGS. 3 a-b show part of an alternative embodiment of the invention in side and top views respectively. Alens 304 is disposed in contact with (or in proximity to) asensor substrate 302.Light emitting elements 306 are disposed on a surface oflens 304.Elements 306 can be either transparent or opaque. As shown onFIG. 3 b,elements 306 are arranged as an array connected bywires 308. In this example, theimaging assembly 206 andoptical source 202 ofFIG. 2 are integrated, which can reduce size and cost. Preferably,elements 306 are organic LEDs (OLEDs), since OLED technology is conducive to such integration. Organic LED materials are optically transmissive at their emission wavelength(s), which is particularly convenient for fabrication of sources suitable for use with the present invention. For example, OLED material can be spun directly onto a lens surface. Subsequent deposition of wires' 308 can define many separate emitters in a single processing operation. The grid ofFIG. 3 b is a preferred arrangement, since the wires and elements of the resultingoptical source 202 only block a small fraction of the light traveling fromobject 204 tosensor 208. OLED emitters are considered in U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,231. Integration of source with imaging assembly as onFIGS. 3 a-b is often preferred, to reduce size and cost. -
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the invention applied to biological imaging with an implanted imaging unit. Biological implants are often required to be generally thin and flat, as opposed to being bulky block-like objects. Accordingly, provision of a compact imaging system according to the invention is especially advantageous for such applications. In the example ofFIG. 4 , animaging unit 404 includes asource 412, animaging assembly 414 and asensor 410.Imaging unit 404 is implanted into a biological structure 402 (e.g., a human skull).Imaging unit 404 provides wide-field imaging of aregion 408 of a biological tissue 406 (e.g., a human cerebral cortex). Thus optical imaging can be performed in vivo for long-term applications (e.g., monitoring and control of a prosthetic device for a limb). The invention is generally applicable to biological and non-biological applications. Exemplary non-biological applications include wide-field imaging systems, photocopying systems and optical scanning systems. - The preceding description has been by way of example as opposed to limitation. Accordingly, the invention can be practiced according to many variations of the above embodiments. For example, the order of
source 202 andimaging assembly 206 onFIG. 2 can be exchanged. More generally,source 202 can be disposed at any position relative to the element or elements ofimaging assembly 206, provided that position is at a location along an optical path fromobject 204 tosensor 208. Integration of source with imaging assembly (e.g., as onFIG. 3 ) is typically preferred to reduce cost and size. For imaging assemblies having multiple optical surfaces and an integrated source, the source can be disposed on any one, several, or even all optical surfaces of the imaging assembly. - A further advantage of the present invention is that fabrication and/or packaging costs can be reduced, since illumination is provided without the use of a beam splitter or the use of an off-axis illumination arrangement. This advantage of low cost can be realized in various embodiments of the invention, including embodiments lacking a lens array and/or not having a small working distance.
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