US20050165382A1 - Catheter tip - Google Patents
Catheter tip Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050165382A1 US20050165382A1 US11/084,253 US8425305A US2005165382A1 US 20050165382 A1 US20050165382 A1 US 20050165382A1 US 8425305 A US8425305 A US 8425305A US 2005165382 A1 US2005165382 A1 US 2005165382A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- region
- tip
- tip according
- plastics material
- hardness
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920002614 Polyether block amide Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- DSUFPYCILZXJFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[4-[[4-(pentoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]cyclohexyl]carbamoyloxy]butyl n-[4-[[4-(butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]cyclohexyl]carbamate Chemical compound C1CC(NC(=O)OCCCCC)CCC1CC1CCC(NC(=O)OCCCCOC(=O)NC2CCC(CC3CCC(CC3)NC(=O)OCCCC)CC2)CC1 DSUFPYCILZXJFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYECOJGRJDOGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylurea Chemical compound CCNC(N)=O RYECOJGRJDOGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003848 UV Light-Curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003031 santoprene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009528 severe injury Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0009—Making of catheters or other medical or surgical tubes
- A61M25/001—Forming the tip of a catheter, e.g. bevelling process, join or taper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/753—Medical equipment; Accessories therefor
- B29L2031/7542—Catheters
Definitions
- This invention relates to a catheter tip and a method of manufacturing the same.
- Catheters for insertion into human and animal body lumens are well known. Such catheters are employed in a wide variety of surgical procedures and are available in a wide range of varying dimensions dependent upon the surgery in which they are to be employed and the size of lumen into which they are to be inserted.
- Another problem associated with catheters is that it is often difficult to locate the tip of the catheter during insertion, making it difficult for a surgeon to determine the exact location of the catheter and to control properly insertion of the catheter, as well as the surgical procedure being performed by the catheter.
- one preferred approach to bonding requires the UV curing of adhesive to ensure an adequate bond.
- a radiopaque component means that such UV curing is difficult if not impossible, as the radiopaque component blocks transmission of the UV radiation to the curable adhesive preventing adequate curing and bonding.
- many softer materials are mechanically weaker, making it difficult for a strong bond to be created that will not be damaged during catheter use.
- a tip for attachment, in use, to the distal end of a catheter for insertion into a body lumen comprising:
- the attachment region being formed from a material selected to have at least one characteristic having a first parameter of a predetermined value to enable attachment of the tip in use;
- the second region connected to the attachment region, the second region being formed from a material selected to have the at least one characteristic defined by a second parameter value, the second parameter value being lower than the first parameter value.
- the at least one characteristic may be hardness or electromagnetic radiation transmitivity, or may be a combination of both of these characteristics.
- the configuration of the tip may be such that the two sections merge to form a boundary layer with one another at their join or such that there is a distinct join, between the two regions.
- the regions may be formed from a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene).
- a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene).
- the plastics material may also comprise a radiopaque filler, such as barium sulphate.
- the second region plastics material may be selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness;
- the first region may be formed from a similar material, but if the characteristic is transmitivity then no radiopaque filler would be present, and if the characteristic is hardness then a hardness value above that selected above is required.
- the present invention also provides a method of manufacturing the above tip.
- the method of manufacture may employ simultaneous injection moulding of the materials for the two regions, or may employ thermoforming of two different material sections over a mandrel to form the outside of the regions being shaped by a surrounding mould.
- the process may employ joining of two individually formed components by adhesion or ultrasonic or thermal welding.
- a tip with two regions it is possible to select characteristics for the tip which ensure adequate radiopacity or softness at the very distal end of the tip, yet still provide a tip with characteristics which are conducive either to the transmission of radiation for curing or for adequate adhesion by having adequate hardness so that the safety requirements for bonding of the tip can be met simply and reliably.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through an example catheter tip according to the current invention.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate alternative example manufacturing methods of the invention.
- a catheter tip 1 is located, in use, on a catheter 2 .
- the tip 1 of the present invention comprises two regions, each formed from a different material.
- the attachment region 3 becomes the proximal portion and the second region 4 becomes the distal portion.
- the attachment region 3 uses a first material and the second region 4 uses a second material.
- These materials have a characteristic parameter which differs in each region.
- the characteristic may be hardness, transmitivity or surface friction. Whether the characteristic is hardness, transmitivity or surface friction, the attachment region 3 will have a higher value than the second region 4 .
- the materials are preferably similar enough, however, so that they coalesce during the manufacturing processes that will be described below.
- the second region may be formed from a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene).
- a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene).
- the plastics material may also comprise a radiopaque filler, such as barium sulphate.
- the second region plastics material may be selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
- the first region may be formed from a similar material, but if the characteristic is transmitivity then no radiopaque filler would be present, and if the characteristic is hardness then a hardness value above that selected above is required.
- the tip 1 includes a central bore 5 of internal diameter similar to that of the catheter 2 , to which it is connected in use. This internal diameter increases in the attachment region 3 to provide a region 6 of increased diameter to accommodate, in use, the catheter 2 .
- the preferred form of the exterior surface of the tip 1 is illustrated in FIG. 1 and is chamfered over the end of the second region 4 , the larger diameter is then maintained into the attachment region 3 where the dimension is reduced to form an external tube 7 over the catheter 2 .
- the end of the tip 1 defined by the second region 4 , is smoothed to further aid entry and movement through a body lumen, in use.
- a first example manufacturing method for forming the tip 1 is injection moulding.
- the tooling 15 for such a method, to form a tip of the type described above, is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
- the tooling 15 comprises a forming block containing a plurality of injection ports 10 , 11 providing access to an internal cavity 12 which defines the shape of the tip 1 as described above.
- Each of the two materials forming the two regions 3 , 4 are injected through their respective injection ports 10 , 11 at predetermined rates to ensure that the two materials meet at the desired location in the internal cavity 12 .
- the formed tip 1 can then be removed from the mould.
- a second example manufacturing method is thermoforming or compression moulding, which is illustrated in FIGS. 3 a to 3 c.
- the tooling 25 employed in this method is in two sections, the first ( FIG. 3 a ), an insert pin 23 , defines the central bore 5 of the tip 1 , complete with its step change in diameter.
- the second ( FIG. 3 b ), the outer tool 24 constrains the-external surface of the finished article.
- Blanks 21 , 22 of the two materials which will form the two regions 3 , 4 are positioned about the insert pin 23 which is then encompassed by the heated outer tool 24 .
- the compressed materials melt and flow into the mould ( FIG. 3 c ).
- the two materials form a tip 1 of the type described above with the material contact boundary in the desired location. Again, the formed tip 1 can then be removed from the mould.
Abstract
A tip for attachment, in use, to the distal end of a catheter for insertion into a body lumen. The tip comprises an attachment region. The attachment region is formed from a material selected to have at least one characteristic having a first parameter of a predetermined value to enable attachment of the tip in use. There is also a second region, connected to the attachment region. The second region is formed from a material selected to have the at least one characteristic defined by a second parameter value, the second parameter value being lower than the first parameter value.
Description
- This invention relates to a catheter tip and a method of manufacturing the same.
- Catheters for insertion into human and animal body lumens are well known. Such catheters are employed in a wide variety of surgical procedures and are available in a wide range of varying dimensions dependent upon the surgery in which they are to be employed and the size of lumen into which they are to be inserted.
- One problem associated with such catheters is that their distal tip, the portion of the catheter which first comes into contact with a lumen, can cause severe damage to the lumen walls during insertion, particularly if formed from the same, relatively stiff, material, that it is necessary to form the main body of the catheter from.
- In view of the above problem, it has been proposed to attach to the distal region of the catheter a tip formed from a material which is softer than that of the main body of the catheter, so that the softened tip will reduce the damage caused to the lumen wall during catheter insertion.
- Another problem associated with catheters is that it is often difficult to locate the tip of the catheter during insertion, making it difficult for a surgeon to determine the exact location of the catheter and to control properly insertion of the catheter, as well as the surgical procedure being performed by the catheter.
- In order to overcome this problem it has been proposed to attach to the distal end of the catheter a section of radiopaque material that is readily visible using X-ray imaging or similar techniques, so that the distal tip of the catheter can be located.
- Both the above two solutions have problems associated with them, however. Attachment of additional components to the tip of a catheter has to be in such a manner that safety standards can be satisfied in terms of the attachment preventing the falling-off of the additional components during use of the catheter. The safety implications of insecure fastening will be readily apparent. This results in the need for sometimes complex and intricate fastening processes that are time consuming and costly. This problem is increased by the fact that many of the materials which are particularly soft and/or radiopaque can be extremely unreceptive to standard adhesion or bonding techniques.
- In particular, one preferred approach to bonding requires the UV curing of adhesive to ensure an adequate bond. As will be appreciated, the employment of a radiopaque component means that such UV curing is difficult if not impossible, as the radiopaque component blocks transmission of the UV radiation to the curable adhesive preventing adequate curing and bonding. As another example, many softer materials are mechanically weaker, making it difficult for a strong bond to be created that will not be damaged during catheter use.
- According to the present invention there is provided a tip for attachment, in use, to the distal end of a catheter for insertion into a body lumen, the tip comprising:
- an attachment region, the attachment region being formed from a material selected to have at least one characteristic having a first parameter of a predetermined value to enable attachment of the tip in use; and
- a second region, connected to the attachment region, the second region being formed from a material selected to have the at least one characteristic defined by a second parameter value, the second parameter value being lower than the first parameter value.
- The at least one characteristic may be hardness or electromagnetic radiation transmitivity, or may be a combination of both of these characteristics.
- The configuration of the tip may be such that the two sections merge to form a boundary layer with one another at their join or such that there is a distinct join, between the two regions.
- The regions may be formed from a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene). If the characteristic being determined is transmitivity then the plastics material may also comprise a radiopaque filler, such as barium sulphate. If the characteristic is hardness, then the second region plastics material may be selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness; The first region may be formed from a similar material, but if the characteristic is transmitivity then no radiopaque filler would be present, and if the characteristic is hardness then a hardness value above that selected above is required.
- The present invention also provides a method of manufacturing the above tip.
- The method of manufacture may employ simultaneous injection moulding of the materials for the two regions, or may employ thermoforming of two different material sections over a mandrel to form the outside of the regions being shaped by a surrounding mould. Alternatively, the process may employ joining of two individually formed components by adhesion or ultrasonic or thermal welding.
- By the provision of a tip with two regions it is possible to select characteristics for the tip which ensure adequate radiopacity or softness at the very distal end of the tip, yet still provide a tip with characteristics which are conducive either to the transmission of radiation for curing or for adequate adhesion by having adequate hardness so that the safety requirements for bonding of the tip can be met simply and reliably.
- An example of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through an example catheter tip according to the current invention; and -
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate alternative example manufacturing methods of the invention. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , acatheter tip 1, according to the invention is located, in use, on acatheter 2. Thetip 1 of the present invention comprises two regions, each formed from a different material. In use, theattachment region 3 becomes the proximal portion and thesecond region 4 becomes the distal portion. Theattachment region 3 uses a first material and thesecond region 4 uses a second material. These materials have a characteristic parameter which differs in each region. The characteristic may be hardness, transmitivity or surface friction. Whether the characteristic is hardness, transmitivity or surface friction, theattachment region 3 will have a higher value than thesecond region 4. The materials are preferably similar enough, however, so that they coalesce during the manufacturing processes that will be described below. - The second region may be formed from a plastics material such as polyether block amides (pebax), polyurethanes (for example, pellethane or tecoflex) or a synthetic rubber (for example, santoprene or neoprene). If the characteristic being determined is transmitivity then the plastics material may also comprise a radiopaque filler, such as barium sulphate. If the characteristic is hardness, then the second region plastics material may be selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness. The first region may be formed from a similar material, but if the characteristic is transmitivity then no radiopaque filler would be present, and if the characteristic is hardness then a hardness value above that selected above is required.
- The
tip 1 includes acentral bore 5 of internal diameter similar to that of thecatheter 2, to which it is connected in use. This internal diameter increases in theattachment region 3 to provide aregion 6 of increased diameter to accommodate, in use, thecatheter 2. The preferred form of the exterior surface of thetip 1 is illustrated inFIG. 1 and is chamfered over the end of thesecond region 4, the larger diameter is then maintained into theattachment region 3 where the dimension is reduced to form an external tube 7 over thecatheter 2. The end of thetip 1, defined by thesecond region 4, is smoothed to further aid entry and movement through a body lumen, in use. - A first example manufacturing method for forming the
tip 1, is injection moulding. Thetooling 15 for such a method, to form a tip of the type described above, is illustrated inFIG. 2 . Thetooling 15 comprises a forming block containing a plurality ofinjection ports 10, 11 providing access to aninternal cavity 12 which defines the shape of thetip 1 as described above. Each of the two materials forming the tworegions respective injection ports 10, 11 at predetermined rates to ensure that the two materials meet at the desired location in theinternal cavity 12. After cooling, the formedtip 1 can then be removed from the mould. - A second example manufacturing method is thermoforming or compression moulding, which is illustrated in
FIGS. 3 a to 3 c. Thetooling 25 employed in this method is in two sections, the first (FIG. 3 a), aninsert pin 23, defines thecentral bore 5 of thetip 1, complete with its step change in diameter. The second (FIG. 3 b), theouter tool 24, constrains the-external surface of the finished article.Blanks regions insert pin 23 which is then encompassed by the heatedouter tool 24. The compressed materials melt and flow into the mould (FIG. 3 c). Upon cooling the two materials form atip 1 of the type described above with the material contact boundary in the desired location. Again, the formedtip 1 can then be removed from the mould.
Claims (19)
1. A tip for attachment, in use, to the distal end of a catheter for insertion into a body lumen, the tip comprising:
an attachment region, the attachment region being formed from a material selected to have at least one characteristic having a first parameter of a predetermined value to enable attachment of the tip in use; and
a second region, connected to the attachment region, the second region being formed from a material selected to have the at least one characteristic defined by a second parameter value, the second parameter value being lower than the first parameter value.
2. A tip according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one characteristic is hardness.
3. A tip according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the at least one characteristic is electromagnetic radiation transmitivity.
4. A tip according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the configuration of the tip is such that the two sections merge to form a boundary layer with one another at their join.
5. A tip according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein that there is a distinct join between the two regions.
6. A tip according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the second region is formed from a plastics material such as a polyether block amide, polyurethane or a synthetic rubber.
7. A tip according to claim 6 , wherein the plastics material also comprises a radiopaque filler.
8. A tip according to claim 6 , wherein the second region plastics material is selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
9. (canceled)
10. (canceled)
11. A tip according to claim 3 , wherein the configuration of the tip is such that the two sections merge to form a boundary layer with one another at their join.
12. A tip according to claim 3 , wherein that there is a distinct join between the two regions.
13. A tip according to claim 3 , wherein the second region is formed from a plastics material such as a polyether block amide, polyurethane or a synthetic rubber.
14. A tip according to claim 4 , wherein the second region is formed from a plastics material such as a polyether block amide, polyurethane or a synthetic rubber.
15. A tip according to claim 5 , wherein the second region is formed from a plastics material such as a polyether block amide, polyurethane or a synthetic rubber.
16. A tip according to claim 13 , wherein the second region plastics material is selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
17. A tip according to claim 14 , wherein the second region plastics material is selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
18. A tip according to claim 15 , wherein the second region plastics material is selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
19. A tip according to claim 7 , wherein the second region plastics material is selected to have a value in the region of 80 to 90 Shore A hardness.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/084,253 US20050165382A1 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2005-03-21 | Catheter tip |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0024288A GB2370506B (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2000-10-04 | Catheter tip |
GB0024288.3 | 2000-10-04 | ||
US09/969,585 US6964750B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-04 | Catheter tip |
US11/084,253 US20050165382A1 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2005-03-21 | Catheter tip |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/969,585 Division US6964750B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-04 | Catheter tip |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20050165382A1 true US20050165382A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
Family
ID=9900660
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/969,585 Expired - Lifetime US6964750B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-04 | Catheter tip |
US11/084,253 Abandoned US20050165382A1 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2005-03-21 | Catheter tip |
US11/241,936 Expired - Fee Related US8048058B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2005-10-04 | Catheter tip |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/969,585 Expired - Lifetime US6964750B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-04 | Catheter tip |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/241,936 Expired - Fee Related US8048058B2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2005-10-04 | Catheter tip |
Country Status (2)
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US (3) | US6964750B2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2370506B (en) |
Cited By (29)
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US20080215003A1 (en) * | 2005-03-17 | 2008-09-04 | Grete Kornerup | Gateway System |
WO2008155145A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-12-24 | Unomedical A/S | A catheter and a method and an apparatus for making such catheter |
US20100004597A1 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2010-01-07 | Unomedical A/S | Insertion Device |
US20100030155A1 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2010-02-04 | Steffen Gyrn | Cannula and Delivery Device |
US20100137829A1 (en) * | 2007-02-02 | 2010-06-03 | Nielsen Henrik Boeje | Injection Gateway |
US20100140125A1 (en) * | 2007-02-02 | 2010-06-10 | Orla Mathiasen | Injection Site for Injecting Medication |
US8012126B2 (en) | 2006-10-31 | 2011-09-06 | Unomedical A/S | Infusion set |
US8062250B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2011-11-22 | Unomedical A/S | Cannula device |
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US11565080B2 (en) * | 2019-02-11 | 2023-01-31 | St. Jude Medical, Cardiology Division, Inc. | Catheter tip assembly for a catheter shaft |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20060030834A1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
US20020049424A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
GB2370506A (en) | 2002-07-03 |
US6964750B2 (en) | 2005-11-15 |
GB0024288D0 (en) | 2000-11-15 |
US8048058B2 (en) | 2011-11-01 |
GB2370506B (en) | 2005-02-16 |
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