US20050140051A1 - Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom - Google Patents
Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050140051A1 US20050140051A1 US10/749,071 US74907103A US2005140051A1 US 20050140051 A1 US20050140051 A1 US 20050140051A1 US 74907103 A US74907103 A US 74907103A US 2005140051 A1 US2005140051 A1 US 2005140051A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fog
- article
- aromatic
- exposing
- thermoplastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 0 [1*]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[2*]C([3*])([4*])[5*] Chemical compound [1*]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[2*]C([3*])([4*])[5*] 0.000 description 5
- LUIQJKJBEWEGJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N C.C.C.C.C.C.CC(C)(C)C.CC(C)=[Re].COC.CS(C)(=O)=O.CS(C)=O.CSC Chemical compound C.C.C.C.C.C.CC(C)(C)C.CC(C)=[Re].COC.CS(C)(=O)=O.CS(C)=O.CSC LUIQJKJBEWEGJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQOALSQSZWVOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC.CC.OC1=CC=C(CC2=CC=C(O)C=C2)C=C1 Chemical compound CC.CC.OC1=CC=C(CC2=CC=C(O)C=C2)C=C1 IQOALSQSZWVOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZASGSNBMVHANRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC.COO.c1ccccc1 Chemical compound CC.COO.c1ccccc1 ZASGSNBMVHANRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLHDXHFAZMURHF-CDYZYAPPSA-N CO[2H]OC(C)=O Chemical compound CO[2H]OC(C)=O JLHDXHFAZMURHF-CDYZYAPPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIPSCXYZRDCQDK-HFHJWDEUSA-N C[2H]OC(=O)[3H]C(=O)OC Chemical compound C[2H]OC(=O)[3H]C(=O)OC XIPSCXYZRDCQDK-HFHJWDEUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJLHHDFUGMNNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc1ccc2c(c1)C1(CC2(C)C)CC(C)(C)c2ccc(O)cc21 Chemical compound Cc1ccc2c(c1)C1(CC2(C)C)CC(C)(C)c2ccc(O)cc21 SJLHHDFUGMNNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L69/00—Compositions of polycarbonates; Compositions of derivatives of polycarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/0427—Coating with only one layer of a composition containing a polymer binder
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/06—Coating with compositions not containing macromolecular substances
- C08J7/065—Low-molecular-weight organic substances, e.g. absorption of additives in the surface of the article
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
- C08K5/0075—Antistatics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/41—Compounds containing sulfur bound to oxygen
- C08K5/42—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2471/00—Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/10—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
- C08L83/12—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences
Definitions
- a method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles, and more specifically aromatic thermoplastic articles, without the use of an anti-fog coating is described herein.
- Aromatic thermoplastic polymers including aromatic polycarbonate based compositions are known for their excellent properties in terms of transparency, heat resistance, and mechanical strength. Fogging of the surface of articles prepared from the thermoplastic polymers creates problems for many end-use applications, such as goggles/lenses or greenhouse panels, where the formation of condensed water beads on the surface thereby reducing transparency.
- anti-fog coatings To reduce or eliminate fog on the surface of polycarbonate or other thermoplastic articles, anti-fog coatings have been developed. However, as the anti-fog coatings must be applied to the surface of the article, their use is less convenient and more expensive than having an anti-fog feature in the as-molded article.
- anti-fog additives for certain thermoplastics for example, there are known anti-fog additives for polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride). These additives include sorbitan esters, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, polyol esters and glycerol esters. Such additives present in the polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride) material results in fog resistant articles made from such materials. Such additives allow for the elimination of anti-fog coatings. While these additives are known to be surface active and impart anti-fog properties to polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride), they are unsuitable for polycarbonate and other aromatic thermoplastic polymers. These additives suffer from low thermal stability or are incompatible with the resin thereby preventing them from being effective anti-fog additives for aromatic thermoplastic polymers, especially polycarbonate.
- a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises exposing an aromatic thermoplastic polymer article to an aqueous environment sufficient to result in a fog resistant aromatic thermoplastic polymer article, wherein the fog resistant aromatic thermoplastic polymer article has a greater fog resistance when compared to the aromatic thermoplastic polymer article prior to exposing.
- a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises blending an aromatic thermoplastic polymer and an ionic or a non-ionic anti-fog additive to form a blend; molding the blend to form a thermoplastic article; and exposing the thermoplastic article to an aqueous environment sufficient to provide a fog resistant thermoplastic article having an increase in fog resistance as compared to the thermoplastic article prior to exposing.
- a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises exposing a thermoplastic article to an aqueous environment sufficient to result in a fog resistant thermoplastic article, wherein the fog resistant thermoplastic article has a greater fog resistance when compared to the thermoplastic article prior to exposing; and wherein the thermoplastic article comprises a composition comprising polycarbonate, an aromatic polycarbonate, a (co)polyestercarbonate, an aromatic (co)polyestercarbonate, blends thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polymers; and an ionic or non-ionic anti-fog additive.
- aromatic thermoplastic articles prepared from a blend of aromatic thermoplastic polymer and an anti-fog additive obtain a fog resistant surface after activation with a conditioning step.
- a conditioning step includes exposing the surface of the article to an aqueous environment sufficient to provide fog resistance to the article.
- conditioning brings the hydrophilic portion of the anti-fog additive to the surface of the article in response to the aqueous environment, thereby switching the additive orientation so the anti-fog (hydrophilic) portion of the additive is at the outermost surface.
- an increase in fog resistance is meant that an article that has been exposed to the conditioning step as described herein takes a longer time to exhibit visible fog at the article surface under conditions of fog as compared to the article prior to the conditioning step. Conditioning by exposure to an aqueous environment provides the article with greater fog resistance than an unconditioned article.
- the surface of the article is exposed to an aqueous environment effective to provide an increase in fog resistance as compared to an article that has not been conditioned. Any means of exposing the surface of the article to an aqueous environment that provides the article with an increased fog resistant property may be used as long as the anti-fog property is not compromised. Exposure to excess water may result in washing away of the anti-fog additive and a subsequent decrease in fog resistance. Accordingly, the exposure to the aqueous environment is preferably controlled to provide the desired increase in fog resistance.
- Non-limiting examples of exposing to an aqueous environment include exposing the article to water vapor, exposure to steam, immersion in aqueous liquid, spraying or misting with an aqueous liquid, and the like.
- the conditioning step further includes drying the article after exposure to the aqueous environment.
- the aqueous environment is water, including deionized and/or purified water, or optionally miscible blends of solvent and water, as long as the solvent does not detrimentally affect the fog resistant properties of the article or other desired properties such as transparency.
- Suitable solvents that are miscible with water include, for example, C 1 -C 6 alkyl alcohols, and the like.
- the aqueous environment is liquid water or water vapor.
- a preferred water includes Milli-Q® deionized, purified water available from Millipore.
- thermoplastic polymer article is generally exposed to the aqueous environment for any amount of time effective to provide an increase in fog resistance. Suitable exposure to the aqueous environment includes, for example, about one minute to about 48 hours, preferably about 5 minutes to about 24 hours, even more preferably about 20 minutes to about 12 hours, and yet more preferably about 45 minutes to about 2 hours.
- halo or halogen is meant, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
- alkyl straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups.
- haloalkyl an alkyl group as described previously comprising one or more halogen atoms substituting available hydrogen atoms up to perhalogenated substitution.
- the anti-fog additives that are suitable to provide a fog resistant article after conditioning include both ionic and non-ionic anti-fog additives that exhibit a balance of properties to provide the fog resistance.
- Suitable anti-fog additives are preferably thermally stable to processing temperatures of the thermoplastic polymers, especially aromatic thermoplastic polymers.
- the additive desirably has the ability to migrate to the surface of the article where it can provide the anti-fog property. It is known that more hydrophobic groups present in the additive, such as long chain alkyls or perfluorinated alkyls, enhance the additive's ability to migrate to the surface of the article.
- the additive should have a degree of hydrophobicity to allow for migration to the surface, the additive is also preferably hydrophilic enough to provide reduced surface tension of water that may be present at the surface of the article. The reduction in surface tension allows for the fog resistance at the surface of the article.
- the balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic should also allow for the positioning of the hydrophilic moiety of the additive to be directed toward the surface of the article.
- anti-static additives may also possess the correct balance of properties described above to be suitable as the anti-fog additive. Not all anti-static compounds can function as the anti-fog additive as described herein as they may be too hydrophobic and cannot reduce the surface tension of water at the surface of the article sufficiently.
- a convenient method has been developed to quickly and easily determine if an anti-static compound, or any other compound, can function as the anti-fog additive as described herein.
- the compound may first be tested as a coating on the surface of a thermoplastic article. If the compound provides good fog resistance as a coating under fogging conditions, it is then further tested to determine if it can provide fog resistance as an additive to the thermoplastic polymer. Testing the compound as a coating provides a quick and easy method to determine whether a compound has the potential to be an anti-fog additive without having to prepare multiple samples of compounded thermoplastic polymer blends followed by molding the samples into test specimens.
- Suitable ionic anti-fog additives include, for example, sulfonic acid salts.
- Exemplary sulfonic acid salts may be expressed by the following formula: wherein Q indicates nitrogen or phosphorus; R 1 indicates a C 1 -C 40 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 40 haloalkyl group, a C 6 -C 40 aryl group, a (C 6 -C 12 aryl)C 1 -C 40 alkyl group, or a (C 1 -C 40 alkyl)C 6 -C 12 aryl group; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 each independently indicate a group selected from hydrogen atoms, a C 1 -C 20 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 20 hydroxyalkyl group, and a C 6 -C 12 aryl group.
- alkyl group includes linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl groups. Furthermore, such alkyl groups and aryl groups may be substituted by optional groups as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,907 to Saito et al.
- alkyl groups which may occur as R 1 include C 1 -C 40 alkyl groups, for example, dodecyl groups, decyl groups, butyl groups and ethyl groups, and the like.
- aryl groups, (alkyl)aryl, or (aryl)alkyl groups include dodecylphenyl groups, phenyl groups, benzyl groups, phenethyl groups, tolyl groups and xylyl groups, etc.
- R 1 is a (C 6 -C 12 aryl)C 4 -C 40 alkyl group, more preferred is a (C 6 aryl)C 4 -C 18 alkyl group, and most preferred is a (C 6 aryl)C 6 -C 14 alkyl group wherein the sulfur is attached to the aryl.
- suitable sulfonates include trifluoromethyl sulfonate, perfluorinated n-butyl sulfonate, n-heptyl sulfonate, 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and the like.
- alkyl groups which may occur as R 2 through R 5 independently include C 1 -C 20 alkyl groups, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and octyl groups, and the like.
- aryl, (alkyl)aryl, or (aryl)alkyl groups include phenyl groups, benzyl groups, phenethyl groups, tolyl groups and xylyl groups, and the like.
- hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxy methyl, hydroxy ethyl, hydroxy propyl, and the like.
- at least one of R 2 through R 5 is a C 1 -C 20 hydroxyalkyl group.
- Examples of desirable sulfonic acid phosphonium salts include tetraalkylphosphonium salts and trialkyl(hydroxyalkyl)phosphonium salts. Examples include tetraalkylphosphonium salts of dodecylsulfonic acid, and tetraalkylphosphonium salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, tetraalkylphosphonium salts of heptylsulfonic acid, combinations of the foregoing, and the like.
- Examples of desirable sulfonic acid ammonium salts include tetraalkylammonium salts and trialkyl(hydroxyalkyl)ammonium salts. Examples include tetraalkylammonium salts of trifluoromethylsulfonic acid, tetraalkylammonium salts of perfluorobutylsulfonic acid, trialkyl(hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts of trifluoromethylsulfonic acid, trialkyl(hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts of perfluorobutylsulfonic acid, combinations of the foregoing, and the like.
- the ionic anti-fog additive may be present in the composition in amounts of about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 1 to about 7 weight percent, and still more preferably about 2 to about 5 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
- Suitable non-ionic anti-fog additives include polysiloxane-polyether (co)polyethers, especially those compatible with polycarbonate.
- the copolymer can be described as having a siloxane backbone with attached one or more polyether groups.
- the polysiloxane may be substituted with one or more of hydrogen; C 1 -C 6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and the like; phenyl; vinyl; and C 1 -C 6 alkoxy substituents.
- the polysiloxane backbone can be a random or block copolymer containing one or more substitutents including hydrogen; C 1 -C 6 alkyl; phenyl; vinyl; or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy substituents.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable polysiloxane-polyether polymers include homopolymers of methyl-substituted siloxane, phenyl-substituted siloxane, random copolymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, block copolymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, branched polymers of methyl and phenyl substitued siloxane, star polymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, and the like.
- the polyether can be bonded to the ends of the polysiloxane backbone or grafted onto the polysiloxane.
- the polysiloxane-polyether has the general formula wherein n is about 3 to about 5000, preferably about 3 to about 100, and more preferably about 3 to about 40;
- R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 are each independently hydrogen, a C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, (C 1 -C 20 alkyl)C 6 -C 12 aryl, (C 6 -C 12 aryl)C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy or polyether group and at least one of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , or R 15 is a polyether group.
- each R 10 and R 11 are independently chosen from hydrogen, a C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, (C 1 -C 20 alkyl)C 6 -C 12 aryl, (C 6 -C 12 aryl)C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy or polyether group.
- R 10 -R 15 are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, 2-phenylpropyl, vinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or a polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene group.
- the polyether group may be, for example, polyethyleneoxide or polypropyleneoxide or combinations thereof, and may be terminated with hydroxyl or C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
- the polysiloxane-polyether compounds can be block copolymers (i.e. R 14 and/or R 15 are polyethers) or graft copolymers (i.e. any or all of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are polyether).
- the molecular weight of the polyether may be about 100 to about 10000, preferably about 500 to about 5000, and more preferably about 500 to about 2500 grams/mole (g/mol).
- the siloxane backbone can generally be a random or block (co)polymer substituted with methyl, phenyl, 2-phenylpropyl, hydrogen and alkoxy groups.
- the non-ionic anti-fog additive may be present in the composition in amounts of about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 2 to about 7 weight percent, and still more preferably about 3 to about 6 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
- Suitable aromatic thermoplastic polymers that may be used include aromatic polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, aromatic polyester, polyphenylene ether/styrene blend, aromatic polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, blends thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polymers.
- a preferred aromatic thermoplastic polymer includes aromatic polycarbonates.
- the polycarbonate articles may be prepared from polycarbonate, including aromatic polycarbonate, a polyester, a (co)polyester carbonate, copolymers of aromatic polycarbonates, or blends thereof including blends with other thermoplastics resins.
- Polycarbonate includes compositions having structural units of the formula (III): in which greater than or equal to about 60 percent of the total number of R′ groups are aromatic organic radicals and the balance thereof are aliphatic or alicyclic radicals.
- R′ is an aromatic organic radical and, more preferably, a radical of the formula (IV): —A 1 —Y 1 —A 2 — (IV) wherein each of A 1 and A 2 is a monocyclic divalent aryl radical and Y 1 is a bridging radical having zero, one, or two atoms which separate A 1 from A 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, one atom separates A 1 from A 2 .
- radicals of this type are —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —C(O)—, methylene, cyclohexyl-methylene, 2-[2,2,1]-bicycloheptylidene, ethylidene, isopropylidene, neopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cyclopentadecylidene, cyclododecylidene, adamantylidene, or the like.
- the bridging radical Y 1 can be a hydrocarbon group or a saturated hydrocarbon group such as methylene, cyclohexylidene or isopropylidene.
- zero atoms separate A 1 from A 2 , instead a covalent bond links A 1 to A 2 .
- Polycarbonates in general, can be manufactured by known processes, including interfacial reaction and melt polymerization.
- polycarbonates can be produced by the interfacial reaction of dihydroxy compounds in which only one atom separates A 1 and A 2 .
- the term “dihydroxy compound” includes, for example, bisphenol compounds having general formula (V) as follows: wherein R a and R b each independently represent hydrogen, a halogen atom, preferably bromine, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group; p and q are each independently integers from 0 to 4; and X a represents one of the groups of formula (VI): wherein R c and R d each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent linear or cyclic hydrocarbon group, and R e is a divalent hydrocarbon group, oxygen, or sulfur.
- bisphenol compounds that may be represented by formula (V) include the bis(hydroxyaryl)alkane series such as, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (or bisphenol A); 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)octane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) n -butane; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-1-methylphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-t-butylphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy
- bisphenol compounds that may be represented by formula (V) include those where Xa is —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O) 2 —, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenylether, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethylphenyl ether, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfides, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfide, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl) sulfoxides, such as, 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfoxides, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfoxides, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfones, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dd
- R f is a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen substituted hydrocarbon group; n is a value from 0 to 4.
- the halogen is preferably bromine. When n is at least 2, R f may be the same or different.
- Examples of compounds that may be represented by the formula (VII), are resorcinol, substituted resorcinol compounds such as 5-methyl resorcinol, 5-ethyl resorcinol, 5-propyl resorcinol, 5-butyl resorcinol, 5-t-butyl resorcinol, 5-phenyl resorcinol, 5-cumyl resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrafluoro resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrabromo resorcinol, or the like; catechol; hydroquinone; substituted hydroquinones, such as 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-ethyl hydroquinone, 2-propyl hydroquinone, 2-butyl hydroquinone, 2-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2-phenyl hydroquinone, 2-cumyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetra-
- Bisphenol compounds such as 2,2,2′,2′-tetrahydro-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobi-[IH-indene]-6,6′-diol represented by the following formula (VIII) may also be used as the dihydroxy compound:
- Typical carbonate precursors include the carbonyl halides, for example carbonyl chloride (phosgene), and carbonyl bromide; the bis-haloformates, for example the bis-haloformates of dihydric phenols such as bisphenol A, hydroquinone, or the like, and the bis-haloformates of glycols such as ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol; and the diaryl carbonates, such as diphenyl carbonate, di(tolyl) carbonate, and di(naphthyl) carbonate.
- the preferred carbonate precursor for the interfacial reaction is carbonyl chloride.
- Branched polycarbonate as well as blends of linear polycarbonate and a branched polycarbonate may also be used.
- the branched polycarbonate may be prepared by adding a branching agent during polymerization.
- branching agents may comprise polyfunctional organic compounds containing at least three functional groups, which may be hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, haloformyl, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing branching agents.
- trimellitic acid trimellitic anhydride
- trimellitic trichloride tris-p-hydroxy phenyl ethane
- isatin-bis-phenol tris-phenol TC (1,3,5-tris((p-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)benzene)
- tris-phenol PA (4(4(1,1-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl) ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl benzyl)phenol
- 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride trimesic acid, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing branching agents.
- the branching agents may be added at a level of about 0.05 to about 2.0 weight percent (wt %), based upon the total weight of the polycarbonate. Branching agents and procedures for making branched polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,635,895 and 4,001,184.
- polycarbonate end groups are contemplated as being useful in the polycarbonate composition.
- Some examples of common polycarbonate end groups are phenol, p-cumylphenol (PCP) and t-butylphenol.
- the polycarbonate may be produced by a melt polycondensation reaction between a dihydroxy compound and a carbonic acid diester.
- the carbonic acid diesters that may be utilized to produce the polycarbonates are diphenyl carbonate, bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)carbonate, bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) carbonate, bis(2-cyanophenyl) carbonate, bis(o-nitrophenyl) carbonate, ditolyl carbonate, m-cresyl carbonate, dinaphthyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dicyclohexyl carbonate, bis(o methoxyphenyl) carbonate (bis(methylsalicyl)carbonate or BMSC) or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing carbonic acid diesters.
- Preferred carbonic acid diesters are diphenyl carbonate and BMSC.
- (co)polyester carbonates also known as (co)polyester-polycarbonates or polyestercarbonates, that is, resins which contain, in addition to recurring polycarbonate chain units of the formula (IX): wherein D is a divalent radical of a dihydroxy compound employed in the polymerization reaction, the dihydroxycompound as described previously; repeating or recurring carboxylate units, for example of the formula (X): wherein D is as defined above and T is an aromatic radical such as phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylene, substituted phenylene and the like; a divalent aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon radical such as an alkaryl or alkaryl radical; or two or more aromatic groups connected through such aromatic linkages which are known in the art.
- copolyester-polycarbonate resins are also prepared by interfacial polymerization technique, well known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,169,121 and 4,487,896).
- dicarboxylic acids examples include isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and ⁇ , ⁇ aliphatic di-acids with 6-18 carbon atoms.
- Preferred (co)polyestercarbonates are those of isophthalic, terephthalic acid and resorcinol with or without BPA.
- any dicarboxylic acid used in the preparation of linear polyesters may be utilized in the preparation of the polyestercarbonate resins.
- the dicarboxylic acids which may be utilized includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, and aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids. These acids are well known and are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,121.
- dicarboxylic acids may be employed.
- aromatic dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acids, and mixtures thereof.
- a particularly useful difunctional carboxylic acid comprises a mixture of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid wherein the weight ratio of terephthalic acid to isophthalic acid is in the range of from about 10:1 to about 0.2:9.8.
- the reactive derivatives of the acid are the acid halides.
- the preferred acid halides are the acid dichlorides and the acid dibromides.
- isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl dichloride, and mixtures thereof instead of using isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or mixtures thereof, it is possible to employ isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl dichloride, and mixtures thereof.
- Blends of PC with other compatible polymers may also be used in the present compositions.
- examples of such polymers include polybutylene terephtalate and butadiene styrene rubbers like MBS rubber.
- the ratio of the other compatible polymers to PC may be up to 50:50, or greater.
- thermoplastic composition may also comprise various optional components, including UV absorbing agents, phosphorous type stabilizers as oxidation inhibitors, hindered phenol type oxidation inhibitors, epoxy type stabilizers and sulphur type stabilizers, etc.
- any ultraviolet absorbing agent customarily used in resin compositions may be used as the above mentioned ultraviolet absorbing agent.
- benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agents benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbing agents or salicylate type ultraviolet absorbing agents, etc., may be used.
- benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agents examples include 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-t-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-amylbutylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-dodecyl-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dicumylphenyl)benzotriazole and 2,2′-methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol], etc.
- a benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agent is marketed by American Cyanamid Co. as UV5411.
- a benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbing agent is marketed by American Cyanamid Co. as UV531.
- salicylate type ultraviolet absorbing agents include phenyl salicylate, p-t-butylphenyl salicylate and p-octylphenyl salicylate, etc.
- Examples of phosphorous type stabilizers comprise triphenyl phosphite, diphenylnonyl phosphite, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite, trisnonylphenyl phosphite, diphenylisooctyl phosphite, 2,2′-methylenebis (4,6-di-t-butylphenyl)octyl phosphite, diphenylisodecyl phosphite, diphenylmono(tridecyl) phosphite, 2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-t-butylphenol) fluorophosphite, phenyldiisodecyl phosphite, phenyldi(tridecyl) phosphite, tris(2-ethylhexyl)
- Adekastab PEP-36, PEP-24, PEP-4C and PEP-8 all trademarks, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo K. K.), Irgafos 168 (trademark, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals.), Sandostab P-EPQ (trademark, manufactured by Clariant), Chelex L (trademark, manufactured by Sakai Kagaku Kogyo K. K.), 3P2S (trademark, manufactured by Ihara Chemical Kogyo K. K.), Mark 329K and Mark P (both trademarks, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo K. K.) and Weston 618 (trademark, manufactured by Sanko Kagaku K. K.).
- hindered phenol type oxidation inhibitors examples include n-octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) and pentaerythritol-tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and the like.
- epoxy type stabilizers examples include epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, phenylglycidyl ether, allylglycidyl ether and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, and the like.
- customary additives may be added to all of the resin compositions at the time of mixing or molding of the resin in amounts as necessary which do not have any deleterious effect on physical properties.
- coloring agents pigments or dyes
- reinforcing agents glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc.
- fillers carbon black, silica, titanium oxide, etc.
- heat-resistant agents oxidation inhibitors
- weather-proofing agents lubricants
- mold release agents plasticizer
- dyes may be added in order to ameliorate yellowness in the blue direction.
- compositions may be converted to articles using common thermoplastic processes such as film and sheet extrusion, injection molding, gas-assist injection molding, extrusion molding, compression molding and blow molding.
- Film and sheet extrusion processes may include and are not limited to melt casting, blown film extrusion and calendaring.
- Co-extrusion and lamination processes may be employed to form composite multi-layer films or sheets.
- Single or multiple layers of coatings may further be applied to the single or multi-layer substrates to impart additional properties such as scratch resistance, ultra violet light resistance, aesthetic appeal, etc.
- Coatings may be applied through standard application techniques such as rolling, spraying, dipping, brushing, or flow-coating.
- Film and sheet of the invention may alternatively be prepared by casting a solution or suspension of the composition in a suitable solvent onto a substrate, belt or roll followed by removal of the solvent.
- Oriented films may be prepared through blown film extrusion or by stretching cast or calendared films in the vicinity of the thermal deformation temperature using conventional stretching techniques.
- a radial stretching pantograph may be employed for multi-axial simultaneous stretching; an x-y direction stretching pantograph can be used to simultaneously or sequentially stretch in the planar x-y directions.
- Equipment with sequential uniaxial stretching sections can also be used to achieve uniaxial and biaxial stretching, such as a machine equipped with a section of differential speed rolls for stretching in the machine direction and a tenter frame section for stretching in the transverse direction.
- compositions may be converted to multiwall sheet comprising a first sheet having a first side and a second side, wherein the first sheet comprises a thermoplastic polymer, and wherein the first side of the first sheet is disposed upon a first side of a plurality of ribs; and a second sheet having a first side and a second side, wherein the second sheet comprises a thermoplastic polymer, wherein the first side of the second sheet is disposed upon a second side of the plurality of ribs, and wherein the first side of the plurality of ribs is opposed to the second side of the plurality of ribs.
- the films and sheets described above may further be thermoplastically processed into shaped articles via forming and molding processes including but not limited to thermoforming, vacuum forming, pressure forming, injection molding and compression molding.
- Multi-layered shaped articles may also be formed by injection molding a thermoplastic resin onto a single or multi-layer film or sheet substrate as described below:
- thermoplastic polymer sheets, films, etc. can be conditioned to provide fog resistance by the conditioning step described previously.
- the sheets and films may further be processed into final products which are then conditioned to result in a fog resistance article.
- Preferred applications of the thermoplastic compositions are for goggles, lenses, greenhouse panels, automotive headlamp lenses, and the like.
- the following anti-static additives were obtained from 3M and a coating of these materials was made on a polycarbonate sheet (Blendex PC 175 available from GE Plastics) by melting the salts and applying a thin layer onto a transparent polycarbonate plaque. Liquid salts were spread directly onto the polycarbonate. These coatings were screened for anti-fog properties by holding the plaque (coated side down) over a beaker of water at 50° C. and recording the time until visible fog appeared on the plaque.
- the anti-fog test was carried out using an IKAMAG-REB oil bath heater with an IKATRON-ETS temperature meter heated to 60° C.
- IKAMAG-REB oil bath heater with an IKATRON-ETS temperature meter heated to 60° C.
- IKATRON-ETS temperature meter heated to 60° C.
- the temperature of the water was measured with a Kane- May KM330 temperature meter.
- the sample to be tested is laid on the top of the beaker and the time until a visible mist of water condensate appears on the plaque is measured. Results are reported in seconds. Longer fog free times indicate better anti-fog performance.
- An anti-static additive was judged to be effective for anti-fog if the fog free time was at least 20 seconds, but preferably more than 60 seconds (Examples 1 and 2). Those additives that failed to provide a fog free time of at least 20 seconds are listed as comparative examples (CE 1-7). For reference, an uncoated piece of polycarbonate was also measured. These results clearly show that only a subset of these salts is effective for anti-fog when evaluated as a coating (Table 1). TABLE 1 3M anti-static additives screened for anti-fog (as a coating).
- an anti-fog additive can contain fluorine or other hydrophobic constituents and still be suitable for anti-fog. However, if the additive is too hydrophobic, then it cannot function effectively as an anti-fog material. It is believed that if the additive is too hydrophobic it cannot spread the water bead across the surface or it cannot dissolve in the water bead and reduce the surface tension of the water. Such an effect is shown in Table 2 where a perfluorinated material (more hydrophobic) is not found to be anti-fog while its non-fluorinated counterpart is. TABLE 2 Comparison of perfluorinated and aliphatic tails on anti-fog properties.
- Table 3 illustrates the wide variety of materials that meet the initial criteria for an anti-fog additive for polycarbonate in that they have some mechanism for surface activity and, as coatings, are excellent for anti-fog.
- the counter example again shows that some perfluorinated materials are not as suitable for anti-fog as they may be too hydrophobic to provide fog resistance.
- Those anti-static additives or surface-active materials that were proven to have potential for anti-fog were then compounded with polycarbonate to determine compatibility with polycarbonate, transparency, surface activity, and anti-fog properties as an additive rather than a coating.
- Compounding with polycarbonate was done at loadings between 1 and 5 weight % of the additive.
- Typical polycarbonate stabilizers such as Irgafos 168 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (0.036 weight %), and Irganox 1076 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (0.02 weight %), were added to the formulation, but a mold release additive was not used. Plaques were injection molded at 300° C. using injection speeds of 15 and 35 seconds. Plaques used for surface measurements were wrapped in aluminum foil to protect the surface.
- the polycarbonate blends were evaluated on the following criteria, surface activity, transparency, and fog free time, both before and after conditioning. Hot fog tests were performed as described for the coatings. Transparency was determined by visual inspection. Surface activity was determined by X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS), which measures what atoms are present at the surface of a sample, including sulfur (S), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F). Penetration depth is typically 2-10 nanometers. The presence of S, O, F indicate the presence on the surface of the sample of surface active compounds. Samples having the presence of such atoms are noted in the table with a “yes” under the surface activity column.
- XPS X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy
- Table 4 shows the results of anti-fog additives blended with polycarbonate. While all the additives had the potential to be suitable for anti-fog as judged from their performance as coatings, not all retained the transparency of polycarbonate or were sufficiently surface active. Of the additives that were transparent and surface active, none showed improvement in the fog free time prior to conditioning. Therefore, conditioning the molded blends by exposing the surface to aqueous water or to hot water vapors activated the anti-fog properties.
- Table 4 show the value of using conditioning to activate anti-fog performance in transparent polycarbonate blends containing an anti-fog surface active additive.
Abstract
Description
- A method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles, and more specifically aromatic thermoplastic articles, without the use of an anti-fog coating is described herein.
- Aromatic thermoplastic polymers, including aromatic polycarbonate based compositions are known for their excellent properties in terms of transparency, heat resistance, and mechanical strength. Fogging of the surface of articles prepared from the thermoplastic polymers creates problems for many end-use applications, such as goggles/lenses or greenhouse panels, where the formation of condensed water beads on the surface thereby reducing transparency.
- To reduce or eliminate fog on the surface of polycarbonate or other thermoplastic articles, anti-fog coatings have been developed. However, as the anti-fog coatings must be applied to the surface of the article, their use is less convenient and more expensive than having an anti-fog feature in the as-molded article.
- The use of anti-fog additives for certain thermoplastics is known, for example, there are known anti-fog additives for polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride). These additives include sorbitan esters, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, polyol esters and glycerol esters. Such additives present in the polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride) material results in fog resistant articles made from such materials. Such additives allow for the elimination of anti-fog coatings. While these additives are known to be surface active and impart anti-fog properties to polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride), they are unsuitable for polycarbonate and other aromatic thermoplastic polymers. These additives suffer from low thermal stability or are incompatible with the resin thereby preventing them from being effective anti-fog additives for aromatic thermoplastic polymers, especially polycarbonate.
- Accordingly, although there are anti-fog coatings for polycarbonate and other aromatic thermoplastic polymers, there remains a need for anti-fog additives and/or methods of rendering such polymers fog resistant without the use of an anti-fog coating.
- In one embodiment, a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises exposing an aromatic thermoplastic polymer article to an aqueous environment sufficient to result in a fog resistant aromatic thermoplastic polymer article, wherein the fog resistant aromatic thermoplastic polymer article has a greater fog resistance when compared to the aromatic thermoplastic polymer article prior to exposing.
- In another embodiment, a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises blending an aromatic thermoplastic polymer and an ionic or a non-ionic anti-fog additive to form a blend; molding the blend to form a thermoplastic article; and exposing the thermoplastic article to an aqueous environment sufficient to provide a fog resistant thermoplastic article having an increase in fog resistance as compared to the thermoplastic article prior to exposing.
- In yet another embodiment, a method for making a fog resistant thermoplastic article comprises exposing a thermoplastic article to an aqueous environment sufficient to result in a fog resistant thermoplastic article, wherein the fog resistant thermoplastic article has a greater fog resistance when compared to the thermoplastic article prior to exposing; and wherein the thermoplastic article comprises a composition comprising polycarbonate, an aromatic polycarbonate, a (co)polyestercarbonate, an aromatic (co)polyestercarbonate, blends thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polymers; and an ionic or non-ionic anti-fog additive.
- It has been surprisingly discovered that aromatic thermoplastic articles prepared from a blend of aromatic thermoplastic polymer and an anti-fog additive (ionic or nonionic) obtain a fog resistant surface after activation with a conditioning step. Such a conditioning step includes exposing the surface of the article to an aqueous environment sufficient to provide fog resistance to the article. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that conditioning brings the hydrophilic portion of the anti-fog additive to the surface of the article in response to the aqueous environment, thereby switching the additive orientation so the anti-fog (hydrophilic) portion of the additive is at the outermost surface. Although the additive orientation can reverse upon drying the surface, it is believed that subsequent exposure to an aqueous environment (including fogging conditions) brings the hydrophilic portion again to the outermost surface and the time for this to occur is shorter than the time required during the conditioning step. Therefore, after conditioning, a material becomes fog resistant where it was not prior to the conditioning step.
- By “an increase in fog resistance” is meant that an article that has been exposed to the conditioning step as described herein takes a longer time to exhibit visible fog at the article surface under conditions of fog as compared to the article prior to the conditioning step. Conditioning by exposure to an aqueous environment provides the article with greater fog resistance than an unconditioned article.
- The surface of the article is exposed to an aqueous environment effective to provide an increase in fog resistance as compared to an article that has not been conditioned. Any means of exposing the surface of the article to an aqueous environment that provides the article with an increased fog resistant property may be used as long as the anti-fog property is not compromised. Exposure to excess water may result in washing away of the anti-fog additive and a subsequent decrease in fog resistance. Accordingly, the exposure to the aqueous environment is preferably controlled to provide the desired increase in fog resistance. Non-limiting examples of exposing to an aqueous environment include exposing the article to water vapor, exposure to steam, immersion in aqueous liquid, spraying or misting with an aqueous liquid, and the like. Optionally, the conditioning step further includes drying the article after exposure to the aqueous environment.
- Preferably the aqueous environment is water, including deionized and/or purified water, or optionally miscible blends of solvent and water, as long as the solvent does not detrimentally affect the fog resistant properties of the article or other desired properties such as transparency. Suitable solvents that are miscible with water include, for example, C1-C6 alkyl alcohols, and the like. Preferably the aqueous environment is liquid water or water vapor. A preferred water includes Milli-Q® deionized, purified water available from Millipore.
- The thermoplastic polymer article is generally exposed to the aqueous environment for any amount of time effective to provide an increase in fog resistance. Suitable exposure to the aqueous environment includes, for example, about one minute to about 48 hours, preferably about 5 minutes to about 24 hours, even more preferably about 20 minutes to about 12 hours, and yet more preferably about 45 minutes to about 2 hours.
- All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable.
- By the term “halo” or “halogen” is meant, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
- By the term “alkyl” is meant straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups.
- By the term “haloalkyl” is meant an alkyl group as described previously comprising one or more halogen atoms substituting available hydrogen atoms up to perhalogenated substitution.
- By the term “about” in combination with a number quantity is meant that the amount can differ depending on a particular embodiment and that it may be necessary for the person skilled in the art to do some limited experimentation to find the optimum amount.
- The anti-fog additives that are suitable to provide a fog resistant article after conditioning include both ionic and non-ionic anti-fog additives that exhibit a balance of properties to provide the fog resistance. Suitable anti-fog additives are preferably thermally stable to processing temperatures of the thermoplastic polymers, especially aromatic thermoplastic polymers. The additive desirably has the ability to migrate to the surface of the article where it can provide the anti-fog property. It is known that more hydrophobic groups present in the additive, such as long chain alkyls or perfluorinated alkyls, enhance the additive's ability to migrate to the surface of the article. Although the additive should have a degree of hydrophobicity to allow for migration to the surface, the additive is also preferably hydrophilic enough to provide reduced surface tension of water that may be present at the surface of the article. The reduction in surface tension allows for the fog resistance at the surface of the article. The balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic should also allow for the positioning of the hydrophilic moiety of the additive to be directed toward the surface of the article.
- It has been found that certain compounds that are known surface seeking additives, including anti-static additives, may also possess the correct balance of properties described above to be suitable as the anti-fog additive. Not all anti-static compounds can function as the anti-fog additive as described herein as they may be too hydrophobic and cannot reduce the surface tension of water at the surface of the article sufficiently.
- A convenient method has been developed to quickly and easily determine if an anti-static compound, or any other compound, can function as the anti-fog additive as described herein. The compound may first be tested as a coating on the surface of a thermoplastic article. If the compound provides good fog resistance as a coating under fogging conditions, it is then further tested to determine if it can provide fog resistance as an additive to the thermoplastic polymer. Testing the compound as a coating provides a quick and easy method to determine whether a compound has the potential to be an anti-fog additive without having to prepare multiple samples of compounded thermoplastic polymer blends followed by molding the samples into test specimens.
- Suitable ionic anti-fog additives include, for example, sulfonic acid salts. Exemplary sulfonic acid salts may be expressed by the following formula:
wherein Q indicates nitrogen or phosphorus; R1 indicates a C1-C40 alkyl group, a C1-C40 haloalkyl group, a C6-C40 aryl group, a (C6-C12 aryl)C1-C40 alkyl group, or a (C1-C40 alkyl)C6-C12 aryl group; and R2, R3, R4 and R5 each independently indicate a group selected from hydrogen atoms, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl group, and a C6-C12 aryl group. Here, the term alkyl group includes linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl groups. Furthermore, such alkyl groups and aryl groups may be substituted by optional groups as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,907 to Saito et al. - Examples of alkyl groups which may occur as R1 include C1-C40 alkyl groups, for example, dodecyl groups, decyl groups, butyl groups and ethyl groups, and the like. Examples of aryl groups, (alkyl)aryl, or (aryl)alkyl groups include dodecylphenyl groups, phenyl groups, benzyl groups, phenethyl groups, tolyl groups and xylyl groups, etc. Preferred R1 is a (C6-C12 aryl)C4-C40 alkyl group, more preferred is a (C6 aryl)C4-C18 alkyl group, and most preferred is a (C6 aryl)C6-C14 alkyl group wherein the sulfur is attached to the aryl. Nonlimiting examples of suitable sulfonates include trifluoromethyl sulfonate, perfluorinated n-butyl sulfonate, n-heptyl sulfonate, 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and the like.
- Examples of alkyl groups which may occur as R2 through R5 independently include C1-C20 alkyl groups, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and octyl groups, and the like. Examples of aryl, (alkyl)aryl, or (aryl)alkyl groups include phenyl groups, benzyl groups, phenethyl groups, tolyl groups and xylyl groups, and the like. Examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxy methyl, hydroxy ethyl, hydroxy propyl, and the like. Preferably at least one of R2 through R5 is a C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl group.
- Examples of desirable sulfonic acid phosphonium salts include tetraalkylphosphonium salts and trialkyl(hydroxyalkyl)phosphonium salts. Examples include tetraalkylphosphonium salts of dodecylsulfonic acid, and tetraalkylphosphonium salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, tetraalkylphosphonium salts of heptylsulfonic acid, combinations of the foregoing, and the like.
- Examples of desirable sulfonic acid ammonium salts include tetraalkylammonium salts and trialkyl(hydroxyalkyl)ammonium salts. Examples include tetraalkylammonium salts of trifluoromethylsulfonic acid, tetraalkylammonium salts of perfluorobutylsulfonic acid, trialkyl(hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts of trifluoromethylsulfonic acid, trialkyl(hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts of perfluorobutylsulfonic acid, combinations of the foregoing, and the like.
- It is also contemplated that compounds comprising bis(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)imides as disclosed in WO 01/49925 by 3M are suitable as the ionic anti-fog additive.
- The ionic anti-fog additive may be present in the composition in amounts of about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 1 to about 7 weight percent, and still more preferably about 2 to about 5 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
- Suitable non-ionic anti-fog additives include polysiloxane-polyether (co)polyethers, especially those compatible with polycarbonate. In general the copolymer can be described as having a siloxane backbone with attached one or more polyether groups. The polysiloxane may be substituted with one or more of hydrogen; C1-C6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and the like; phenyl; vinyl; and C1-C6 alkoxy substituents. The polysiloxane backbone can be a random or block copolymer containing one or more substitutents including hydrogen; C1-C6 alkyl; phenyl; vinyl; or C1-C6 alkoxy substituents.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable polysiloxane-polyether polymers include homopolymers of methyl-substituted siloxane, phenyl-substituted siloxane, random copolymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, block copolymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, branched polymers of methyl and phenyl substitued siloxane, star polymers of methyl and phenyl substituted siloxane, and the like. The polyether can be bonded to the ends of the polysiloxane backbone or grafted onto the polysiloxane.
- In one embodiment the polysiloxane-polyether has the general formula
wherein n is about 3 to about 5000, preferably about 3 to about 100, and more preferably about 3 to about 40; R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, are each independently hydrogen, a C1-C20 alkyl, C6-C12 aryl, (C1-C20 alkyl)C6-C12 aryl, (C6-C12 aryl)C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy or polyether group and at least one of R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, or R15 is a polyether group. Where n is greater than 1, each R10 and R11 are independently chosen from hydrogen, a C1-C20 alkyl, C6-C12 aryl, (C1-C20 alkyl)C6-C12 aryl, (C6-C12 aryl)C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy or polyether group. Non limiting examples of R10-R15 are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, 2-phenylpropyl, vinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or a polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene group. The polyether group may be, for example, polyethyleneoxide or polypropyleneoxide or combinations thereof, and may be terminated with hydroxyl or C1-C10 alkyl. - The polysiloxane-polyether compounds can be block copolymers (i.e. R14 and/or R15 are polyethers) or graft copolymers (i.e. any or all of R10, R11, R12, and R13 are polyether).
- The molecular weight of the polyether may be about 100 to about 10000, preferably about 500 to about 5000, and more preferably about 500 to about 2500 grams/mole (g/mol).
- The siloxane backbone can generally be a random or block (co)polymer substituted with methyl, phenyl, 2-phenylpropyl, hydrogen and alkoxy groups.
- The non-ionic anti-fog additive may be present in the composition in amounts of about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 2 to about 7 weight percent, and still more preferably about 3 to about 6 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
- Suitable aromatic thermoplastic polymers that may be used include aromatic polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, aromatic polyester, polyphenylene ether/styrene blend, aromatic polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, blends thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polymers. A preferred aromatic thermoplastic polymer includes aromatic polycarbonates.
- The polycarbonate articles may be prepared from polycarbonate, including aromatic polycarbonate, a polyester, a (co)polyester carbonate, copolymers of aromatic polycarbonates, or blends thereof including blends with other thermoplastics resins.
- Polycarbonate includes compositions having structural units of the formula (III):
in which greater than or equal to about 60 percent of the total number of R′ groups are aromatic organic radicals and the balance thereof are aliphatic or alicyclic radicals. Preferably, R′ is an aromatic organic radical and, more preferably, a radical of the formula (IV):
—A1—Y1—A2— (IV)
wherein each of A1 and A2 is a monocyclic divalent aryl radical and Y1 is a bridging radical having zero, one, or two atoms which separate A1 from A2. In an exemplary embodiment, one atom separates A1 from A2. Illustrative examples of radicals of this type are —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, —C(O)—, methylene, cyclohexyl-methylene, 2-[2,2,1]-bicycloheptylidene, ethylidene, isopropylidene, neopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cyclopentadecylidene, cyclododecylidene, adamantylidene, or the like. The bridging radical Y1 can be a hydrocarbon group or a saturated hydrocarbon group such as methylene, cyclohexylidene or isopropylidene. In another embodiment, zero atoms separate A1 from A2, instead a covalent bond links A1 to A2. - Polycarbonates, in general, can be manufactured by known processes, including interfacial reaction and melt polymerization. For example, polycarbonates can be produced by the interfacial reaction of dihydroxy compounds in which only one atom separates A1 and A2. As used herein, the term “dihydroxy compound” includes, for example, bisphenol compounds having general formula (V) as follows:
wherein Ra and Rb each independently represent hydrogen, a halogen atom, preferably bromine, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group; p and q are each independently integers from 0 to 4; and Xa represents one of the groups of formula (VI):
wherein Rc and Rd each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent linear or cyclic hydrocarbon group, and Re is a divalent hydrocarbon group, oxygen, or sulfur. - Examples of the types of bisphenol compounds that may be represented by formula (V) include the bis(hydroxyaryl)alkane series such as, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (or bisphenol A); 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)octane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)n-butane; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-1-methylphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-t-butylphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-bromophenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)decane; 4,4-dihydroxydiphenyl ether; 4,4-thiodiphenol; 4,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dichlorodiphenyl ether; 4,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydroxydiphenyl ether; or the like; bis(hydroxyaryl)cycloalkane series such as, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,1-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclododecane; 1,1-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclododecane; 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing bisphenol compounds.
- Other examples of bisphenol compounds that may be represented by formula (V) include those where Xa is —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)2—, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenylether, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethylphenyl ether, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfides, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfide, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl) sulfoxides, such as, 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfoxides, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfoxides, or the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfones, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfone, or the like; or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing bisphenol compounds.
- Other dihydroxy compounds that may be utilized in the polycondensation of polycarbonate are represented by the formula (VII):
wherein, Rf, is a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen substituted hydrocarbon group; n is a value from 0 to 4. The halogen is preferably bromine. When n is at least 2, Rf may be the same or different. Examples of compounds that may be represented by the formula (VII), are resorcinol, substituted resorcinol compounds such as 5-methyl resorcinol, 5-ethyl resorcinol, 5-propyl resorcinol, 5-butyl resorcinol, 5-t-butyl resorcinol, 5-phenyl resorcinol, 5-cumyl resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrafluoro resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrabromo resorcinol, or the like; catechol; hydroquinone; substituted hydroquinones, such as 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-ethyl hydroquinone, 2-propyl hydroquinone, 2-butyl hydroquinone, 2-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2-phenyl hydroquinone, 2-cumyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetra-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrafloro hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo hydroquinone, or the like; or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing compounds. -
- Typical carbonate precursors include the carbonyl halides, for example carbonyl chloride (phosgene), and carbonyl bromide; the bis-haloformates, for example the bis-haloformates of dihydric phenols such as bisphenol A, hydroquinone, or the like, and the bis-haloformates of glycols such as ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol; and the diaryl carbonates, such as diphenyl carbonate, di(tolyl) carbonate, and di(naphthyl) carbonate. The preferred carbonate precursor for the interfacial reaction is carbonyl chloride.
- Branched polycarbonate, as well as blends of linear polycarbonate and a branched polycarbonate may also be used. The branched polycarbonate may be prepared by adding a branching agent during polymerization. These branching agents may comprise polyfunctional organic compounds containing at least three functional groups, which may be hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, haloformyl, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing branching agents. Specific examples include trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, trimellitic trichloride, tris-p-hydroxy phenyl ethane, isatin-bis-phenol, tris-phenol TC (1,3,5-tris((p-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)benzene), tris-phenol PA (4(4(1,1-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl) α,α-dimethyl benzyl)phenol), 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride, trimesic acid, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing branching agents. The branching agents may be added at a level of about 0.05 to about 2.0 weight percent (wt %), based upon the total weight of the polycarbonate. Branching agents and procedures for making branched polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,635,895 and 4,001,184.
- All types of polycarbonate end groups are contemplated as being useful in the polycarbonate composition. Some examples of common polycarbonate end groups are phenol, p-cumylphenol (PCP) and t-butylphenol.
- In one embodiment, the polycarbonate may be produced by a melt polycondensation reaction between a dihydroxy compound and a carbonic acid diester. Examples of the carbonic acid diesters that may be utilized to produce the polycarbonates are diphenyl carbonate, bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)carbonate, bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) carbonate, bis(2-cyanophenyl) carbonate, bis(o-nitrophenyl) carbonate, ditolyl carbonate, m-cresyl carbonate, dinaphthyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dicyclohexyl carbonate, bis(o methoxyphenyl) carbonate (bis(methylsalicyl)carbonate or BMSC) or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing carbonic acid diesters. Preferred carbonic acid diesters are diphenyl carbonate and BMSC.
- Also suitable are (co)polyester carbonates, also known as (co)polyester-polycarbonates or polyestercarbonates, that is, resins which contain, in addition to recurring polycarbonate chain units of the formula (IX):
wherein D is a divalent radical of a dihydroxy compound employed in the polymerization reaction, the dihydroxycompound as described previously; repeating or recurring carboxylate units, for example of the formula (X):
wherein D is as defined above and T is an aromatic radical such as phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylene, substituted phenylene and the like; a divalent aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon radical such as an alkaryl or alkaryl radical; or two or more aromatic groups connected through such aromatic linkages which are known in the art. - The copolyester-polycarbonate resins are also prepared by interfacial polymerization technique, well known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,169,121 and 4,487,896).
- Examples of dicarboxylic acids include isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and α, ω aliphatic di-acids with 6-18 carbon atoms. Preferred (co)polyestercarbonates are those of isophthalic, terephthalic acid and resorcinol with or without BPA. In general, any dicarboxylic acid used in the preparation of linear polyesters may be utilized in the preparation of the polyestercarbonate resins. Generally, the dicarboxylic acids which may be utilized includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, and aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids. These acids are well known and are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,121. Mixtures of dicarboxylic acids may be employed. Preferred as aromatic dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acids, and mixtures thereof. A particularly useful difunctional carboxylic acid comprises a mixture of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid wherein the weight ratio of terephthalic acid to isophthalic acid is in the range of from about 10:1 to about 0.2:9.8.
- Rather than utilizing the dicarboxylic acid per se, it is possible, and sometimes even preferred, to employ the reactive derivatives of the acid. Illustrative of these reactive derivatives are the acid halides. The preferred acid halides are the acid dichlorides and the acid dibromides. Thus, for example instead of using isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or mixtures thereof, it is possible to employ isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl dichloride, and mixtures thereof.
- Blends of PC with other compatible polymers may also be used in the present compositions. Examples of such polymers include polybutylene terephtalate and butadiene styrene rubbers like MBS rubber. The ratio of the other compatible polymers to PC may be up to 50:50, or greater.
- The thermoplastic composition may also comprise various optional components, including UV absorbing agents, phosphorous type stabilizers as oxidation inhibitors, hindered phenol type oxidation inhibitors, epoxy type stabilizers and sulphur type stabilizers, etc.
- Any ultraviolet absorbing agent customarily used in resin compositions may be used as the above mentioned ultraviolet absorbing agent. For example, benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agents, benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbing agents or salicylate type ultraviolet absorbing agents, etc., may be used. Examples of benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agents include 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-t-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-amylbutylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-dodecyl-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dicumylphenyl)benzotriazole and 2,2′-methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol], etc. For example, a benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbing agent is marketed by American Cyanamid Co. as UV5411. Furthermore, a benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbing agent is marketed by American Cyanamid Co. as UV531. Examples of salicylate type ultraviolet absorbing agents include phenyl salicylate, p-t-butylphenyl salicylate and p-octylphenyl salicylate, etc.
- Examples of phosphorous type stabilizers comprise triphenyl phosphite, diphenylnonyl phosphite, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite, trisnonylphenyl phosphite, diphenylisooctyl phosphite, 2,2′-methylenebis (4,6-di-t-butylphenyl)octyl phosphite, diphenylisodecyl phosphite, diphenylmono(tridecyl) phosphite, 2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-t-butylphenol) fluorophosphite, phenyldiisodecyl phosphite, phenyldi(tridecyl) phosphite, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite, tris(isodecyl) phosphite, tris(tridecyl) phosphite, dibutyl hydrogenphosphite, trilauryl trithiophosphite, tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)4,4′-biphenylene diphosphite, 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol alkyl (C12-C15) phosphites, 4,4′-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenyl)ditridecyl phosphite, bis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(nonylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, distearyl-pentaerythritol diphosphite, phenyl-bisphenol A pentaerythritol diphosphite, tetraphenyldipropylene glycol diphosphite, 1,1,3-tris (2-methyl-4-di-tridecylphosphite-5-t-butylphenyl)butane and 3,4,5,6-dibenzo-1,2-oxaphosphan-2-oxide, and the like. Available commercial products include Adekastab PEP-36, PEP-24, PEP-4C and PEP-8 (all trademarks, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo K. K.), Irgafos 168 (trademark, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals.), Sandostab P-EPQ (trademark, manufactured by Clariant), Chelex L (trademark, manufactured by Sakai Kagaku Kogyo K. K.), 3P2S (trademark, manufactured by Ihara Chemical Kogyo K. K.), Mark 329K and Mark P (both trademarks, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo K. K.) and Weston 618 (trademark, manufactured by Sanko Kagaku K. K.).
- Examples of hindered phenol type oxidation inhibitors include n-octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) and pentaerythritol-tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and the like.
- Examples of epoxy type stabilizers include epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, phenylglycidyl ether, allylglycidyl ether and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, and the like.
- Other customary additives may be added to all of the resin compositions at the time of mixing or molding of the resin in amounts as necessary which do not have any deleterious effect on physical properties. For example, coloring agents (pigments or dyes), reinforcing agents (glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc.), fillers (carbon black, silica, titanium oxide, etc.), heat-resistant agents, oxidation inhibitors, weather-proofing agents, lubricants, mold release agents, plasticizer, flame retarding agents and fluidity enhancing agents, etc., may be added. Furthermore, dyes may be added in order to ameliorate yellowness in the blue direction.
- As to the method of preparing the present compositions conventional techniques using standard equipment can be used without any particular limitation, e.g. melt mixing optionally using small amounts of solvents. The components of the composition can be mixed in any order. Extruders, Banbury mixers, rollers and kneaders etc. operated batchwise or continuously are examples of suitable apparatus. The extruded material can be pelletized and dried prior to molding or used directly in the molding process without pelletization or isolation.
- The compositions may be converted to articles using common thermoplastic processes such as film and sheet extrusion, injection molding, gas-assist injection molding, extrusion molding, compression molding and blow molding. Film and sheet extrusion processes may include and are not limited to melt casting, blown film extrusion and calendaring. Co-extrusion and lamination processes may be employed to form composite multi-layer films or sheets. Single or multiple layers of coatings may further be applied to the single or multi-layer substrates to impart additional properties such as scratch resistance, ultra violet light resistance, aesthetic appeal, etc. Coatings may be applied through standard application techniques such as rolling, spraying, dipping, brushing, or flow-coating. Film and sheet of the invention may alternatively be prepared by casting a solution or suspension of the composition in a suitable solvent onto a substrate, belt or roll followed by removal of the solvent.
- Oriented films may be prepared through blown film extrusion or by stretching cast or calendared films in the vicinity of the thermal deformation temperature using conventional stretching techniques. For instance, a radial stretching pantograph may be employed for multi-axial simultaneous stretching; an x-y direction stretching pantograph can be used to simultaneously or sequentially stretch in the planar x-y directions. Equipment with sequential uniaxial stretching sections can also be used to achieve uniaxial and biaxial stretching, such as a machine equipped with a section of differential speed rolls for stretching in the machine direction and a tenter frame section for stretching in the transverse direction.
- The compositions may be converted to multiwall sheet comprising a first sheet having a first side and a second side, wherein the first sheet comprises a thermoplastic polymer, and wherein the first side of the first sheet is disposed upon a first side of a plurality of ribs; and a second sheet having a first side and a second side, wherein the second sheet comprises a thermoplastic polymer, wherein the first side of the second sheet is disposed upon a second side of the plurality of ribs, and wherein the first side of the plurality of ribs is opposed to the second side of the plurality of ribs.
- The films and sheets described above may further be thermoplastically processed into shaped articles via forming and molding processes including but not limited to thermoforming, vacuum forming, pressure forming, injection molding and compression molding. Multi-layered shaped articles may also be formed by injection molding a thermoplastic resin onto a single or multi-layer film or sheet substrate as described below:
-
- 1. Providing a single or multi-layer thermoplastic substrate having optionally one or more colors on the surface, for instance, using screen printing or a transfer dye
- 2. Conforming the substrate to a mold configuration such as by forming and trimming a substrate into a three dimensional shape and fitting the substrate into a mold having a surface which matches the three dimensional shape of the substrate.
- 3. Injecting a thermoplastic resin into the mold cavity behind the substrate to (i) produce a one-piece permanently bonded three-dimensional product or (ii) transfer a pattern or aesthetic effect from a printed substrate to the injected resin and remove the printed substrate, thus imparting the aesthetic effect to the molded resin.
- Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that common curing and surface modification processes including and not limited to heat-setting, texturing, embossing, corona treatment, flame treatment, plasma treatment and vacuum deposition may further be applied to the above articles to alter surface appearances and impart additional functionalities to the articles.
- Accordingly, another embodiment relates to articles, sheets and films prepared from the compositions above. The aromatic thermoplastic polymer sheets, films, etc. can be conditioned to provide fog resistance by the conditioning step described previously. Alternatively, the sheets and films may further be processed into final products which are then conditioned to result in a fog resistance article. Preferred applications of the thermoplastic compositions are for goggles, lenses, greenhouse panels, automotive headlamp lenses, and the like.
- All cited patents, patent applications, and other references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
- Initial determination of potential anti-fog additives from coatings of anti-static compounds:
- The following anti-static additives were obtained from 3M and a coating of these materials was made on a polycarbonate sheet (Blendex PC 175 available from GE Plastics) by melting the salts and applying a thin layer onto a transparent polycarbonate plaque. Liquid salts were spread directly onto the polycarbonate. These coatings were screened for anti-fog properties by holding the plaque (coated side down) over a beaker of water at 50° C. and recording the time until visible fog appeared on the plaque.
- The anti-fog test was carried out using an IKAMAG-REB oil bath heater with an IKATRON-ETS temperature meter heated to 60° C. In the oil bath hangs a 250 ml beaker filled with 200 ml MilliQ® water and is held at a constant temperature of 50° C.±1° C. The temperature of the water was measured with a Kane-May KM330 temperature meter. The sample to be tested is laid on the top of the beaker and the time until a visible mist of water condensate appears on the plaque is measured. Results are reported in seconds. Longer fog free times indicate better anti-fog performance.
- An anti-static additive was judged to be effective for anti-fog if the fog free time was at least 20 seconds, but preferably more than 60 seconds (Examples 1 and 2). Those additives that failed to provide a fog free time of at least 20 seconds are listed as comparative examples (CE 1-7). For reference, an uncoated piece of polycarbonate was also measured. These results clearly show that only a subset of these salts is effective for anti-fog when evaluated as a coating (Table 1).
TABLE 1 3M anti-static additives screened for anti-fog (as a coating). Fog free time Tradename as coating Example of anti-static Chemical structure of anti-static (seconds) 1 L-16176 C8H17N(CH3)2(CH2CH2OH)+−O3SCF3 >60 2 L-18357 C8H17N(CH3)2(CH2CH2OH)+−O3SC4F9 >60 CE 1 none <1 CE 2 L-1858 C8H17N(CH3)2(CH2CH2OH)+−N(SO2SCF3) 11 CE 3 L-18360 (CH3CH2)4N+−O3SCF3 6 CE 4 L-18362 (C4H9)4N+−O3SCF3 3 CE 5 L-18359 (CH3CH2)4N+−N(SO2SCF3) <1 CE 6 L-18361 (C4H9)3N+CH3 −O3SC4F9 <1 CE 7 L-18364 (C4H9)4N+−N(SO2CF3)2 <1 - From Table 1, it is apparent that an anti-fog additive can contain fluorine or other hydrophobic constituents and still be suitable for anti-fog. However, if the additive is too hydrophobic, then it cannot function effectively as an anti-fog material. It is believed that if the additive is too hydrophobic it cannot spread the water bead across the surface or it cannot dissolve in the water bead and reduce the surface tension of the water. Such an effect is shown in Table 2 where a perfluorinated material (more hydrophobic) is not found to be anti-fog while its non-fluorinated counterpart is.
TABLE 2 Comparison of perfluorinated and aliphatic tails on anti-fog properties. Fog free Water time as Example Tradename Additive Source solubility coating (s) 3 None H3C(CH2)3SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 Synthesized Soluble 22 CE 8 Zonyl FASP-1 F3C(CF2)3SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 DuPont 830 mg/L <1
Initial determination of potential anti-fog additives from coatings of other surface-active materials: - In addition to these examples, other surface-active materials (not exclusively designed as anti-static additives) were screened for their potential to be anti-fog additives for polycarbonate as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Various salts and nonionic surfactants which were found suitable for anti- fog when screened as a coating. Fog free time as coating Example Additive Tradename Source (seconds) 4 H3C(CH2)6SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 — Synthesized >60 5 H3C(CH2)11(C6H4)SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 EPA-202 Takemoto >60 6 Fluorinated ethylene glycol copolymer FluorN 561 Cytonex >60 7 Fluorinated ethylene glycol copolymer FluorN 562 Cytonex >60 8 triglyceryl monooleate + sorbitan Glycolube Lonza >60 monooleate ethoxylate AFA-1 9 Hydroxyl functionalized dendrimer DSM >60 10 Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) DSM >60 functionalized dendrimer 11 Polydimethylsiloxane-Poly(ethylene SF1188A; GE Silicones >60 oxide) (PDMS-PEO) copolymers SF1388; SF1488; 12 Poly(ethylene oxide)-block- Aldrich >60 poly(propylene oxide)-block- poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers 13 Poly(propylene oxide)-block- Aldrich >60 poly(ethylene oxide)-block- poly(propylene oxide) copolymers CE 9 none, uncoated polycarbonate — — <1 CE 10 Perfluoropolyethers Galden FenS 15 HT270 Chemicals - Table 3 illustrates the wide variety of materials that meet the initial criteria for an anti-fog additive for polycarbonate in that they have some mechanism for surface activity and, as coatings, are excellent for anti-fog. The counter example again shows that some perfluorinated materials are not as suitable for anti-fog as they may be too hydrophobic to provide fog resistance.
- Determination of anti-fog additives from blends of polycarbonate:
- Those anti-static additives or surface-active materials that were proven to have potential for anti-fog were then compounded with polycarbonate to determine compatibility with polycarbonate, transparency, surface activity, and anti-fog properties as an additive rather than a coating. Compounding with polycarbonate was done at loadings between 1 and 5 weight % of the additive. Typical polycarbonate stabilizers, such as Irgafos 168 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (0.036 weight %), and Irganox 1076 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (0.02 weight %), were added to the formulation, but a mold release additive was not used. Plaques were injection molded at 300° C. using injection speeds of 15 and 35 seconds. Plaques used for surface measurements were wrapped in aluminum foil to protect the surface.
- The polycarbonate blends were evaluated on the following criteria, surface activity, transparency, and fog free time, both before and after conditioning. Hot fog tests were performed as described for the coatings. Transparency was determined by visual inspection. Surface activity was determined by X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS), which measures what atoms are present at the surface of a sample, including sulfur (S), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F). Penetration depth is typically 2-10 nanometers. The presence of S, O, F indicate the presence on the surface of the sample of surface active compounds. Samples having the presence of such atoms are noted in the table with a “yes” under the surface activity column.
- Table 4 shows the results of anti-fog additives blended with polycarbonate. While all the additives had the potential to be suitable for anti-fog as judged from their performance as coatings, not all retained the transparency of polycarbonate or were sufficiently surface active. Of the additives that were transparent and surface active, none showed improvement in the fog free time prior to conditioning. Therefore, conditioning the molded blends by exposing the surface to aqueous water or to hot water vapors activated the anti-fog properties.
- Conditioning to improve anti-fog performance was performed by either placing the plaque over a beaker containing 50° C. water for 45 minutes or by placing ultrapure (MilliQ® available from Millipore) water drops on the surface of the plaque. In either case, the sample was allowed to dry overnight prior to measuring the fog free time. As a control, an unmodified polycarbonate plaque was conditioned and no improvement in the fog free time was found (Comparative Example 11, CE11).
TABLE 4 Results of compounding additives with polycarbonate. Cond. Fog Fog Free Free Surface Time time Example Additive Wt % Transparency Activity (s) (s) 14 C8H17N(CH3)2(CH2CH2OH)+−O3SCF3 2.67 Yes Yes 2 20 15 C8H17N(CH3)2(CH2CH2OH)+−O3SC4F9 1.67 Yes Yes 1 >60 16 H3C(CH2)6SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 2 Yes Yes 2 16 17 H3C(CH2)11(C6H4)SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 3 Yes Yes 3 >60 (EPA-202) 18 H3C(CH2)11(C6H4)SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 5 Yes Yes 1 >60 (EPA-202) 19 PDMS-PEO 5 Yes Yes 1 10 CE 11 None N/A Yes N/A <1 <1 CE 12 Fluorinated ethylene glycol 3 Yes No N/A N/A copolymer (Cytonex FluorN 562) CE 13 H3C(CH2)3SO3 −+P(C4H9)4 0.5 Yes No N/A N/A CE 14 triglyceryl monooleate + sorbitan 5 Not N/A N/A N/A monooleate ethoxylate (Glycolube extrudable AFA-1) CE 15 Hydroxyl functionalized dendrimer 5 Not N/A N/A N/A extrudable CE 16 PEO functionalized dendrimer 3 Yes No N/A N/A - The results in Table 4 show the value of using conditioning to activate anti-fog performance in transparent polycarbonate blends containing an anti-fog surface active additive.
- While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/749,071 US7731881B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2003-12-30 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
EP04814851A EP1702000A1 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2004-12-20 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
JP2006547205A JP4896736B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2004-12-20 | Method for producing anti-fogging thermoplastic resin article and article produced thereby |
PCT/US2004/042715 WO2005066257A1 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2004-12-20 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
TW093141164A TW200604271A (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2004-12-29 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/749,071 US7731881B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2003-12-30 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050140051A1 true US20050140051A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
US7731881B2 US7731881B2 (en) | 2010-06-08 |
Family
ID=34701009
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/749,071 Expired - Fee Related US7731881B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 | 2003-12-30 | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7731881B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1702000A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4896736B2 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200604271A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005066257A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080187728A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2008-08-07 | General Electric Company | Anti-frost film assemblies, method of manufacture, and articles made thereof |
US20110003160A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2011-01-06 | Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership | Silicate-Containing Antifog Coatings |
US20110143148A1 (en) * | 2009-12-13 | 2011-06-16 | General Electric Company | Articles comprising a weather resistant silicone coating |
US20120193839A1 (en) * | 2011-01-28 | 2012-08-02 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | Use of moulding compositions |
US8426532B2 (en) | 2010-09-17 | 2013-04-23 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Polycarbonate graft copolymers |
CN107001779A (en) * | 2014-11-30 | 2017-08-01 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | Antifog polycarbonate compositions and its product with optical property |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3508275B1 (en) | 2015-01-26 | 2023-04-26 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Swimming pool cleaner with hydrocyclonic particle separator and roller drive system |
US9885196B2 (en) | 2015-01-26 | 2018-02-06 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner power coupling |
EP3356476B1 (en) * | 2015-10-02 | 2021-09-22 | The Chemours Company FC, LLC | Hydrophobic extenders in non-fluorinated surface effect coatings |
US10156083B2 (en) | 2017-05-11 | 2018-12-18 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner power coupling |
US9885194B1 (en) | 2017-05-11 | 2018-02-06 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner impeller subassembly |
US9896858B1 (en) | 2017-05-11 | 2018-02-20 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Hydrocyclonic pool cleaner |
CN108059805B (en) * | 2018-01-09 | 2020-02-14 | 浙江工业大学之江学院 | Blue light resistant sulfonated organic membrane and manufacturing method thereof |
KR102523108B1 (en) * | 2022-01-13 | 2023-05-26 | 주식회사 가든 | A anti-fog coating composition, a manufacturing method of the composition and a coating method using the composition |
Citations (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3048263A (en) * | 1961-03-29 | 1962-08-07 | Union Carbide Corp | Fog resistant polyolefin films |
US3169121A (en) * | 1957-08-22 | 1965-02-09 | Gen Electric | Carbonate-carboxylate copolyesters of dihydric phenols and difunctional carboxylic acids |
US3433653A (en) * | 1966-08-31 | 1969-03-18 | Drager Otto H | Transparent plastic antifogging viewing glass containing a plasticizer which becomes a wetting agent by being hydrolyzed when contacted with water |
US3635895A (en) * | 1965-09-01 | 1972-01-18 | Gen Electric | Process for preparing thermoplastic polycarbonates |
US3720652A (en) * | 1969-07-08 | 1973-03-13 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Polymeric composition with anti-static and anti-fogging properties |
US3766299A (en) * | 1970-11-04 | 1973-10-16 | Esb Inc | Reaction product of polyalkylene imine and epoxy halo ethylenic substituted difunctional compounds |
US3891719A (en) * | 1972-12-06 | 1975-06-24 | Bayer Ag | Thermoplastic moulding compositions of a polycarbonate and a graft copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile on an acrylic acid ester polymer |
US3933407A (en) * | 1972-06-29 | 1976-01-20 | Tu Robert S | Articles coated with synergistic anti-fog coatings based on hydrophillic polymers and organosiloxane- oxyalkylene block copolymers |
US4001184A (en) * | 1975-03-31 | 1977-01-04 | General Electric Company | Process for preparing a branched polycarbonate |
US4450249A (en) * | 1979-08-01 | 1984-05-22 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Internal antistatic agents for polycarbonates and for polycarbonate films |
US4487896A (en) * | 1983-09-02 | 1984-12-11 | General Electric Company | Copolyester-carbonate compositions exhibiting improved processability |
US4690688A (en) * | 1985-03-29 | 1987-09-01 | Dow Corning, Ltd. | Foam control |
US4943380A (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1990-07-24 | Takemoto Yushi Kabushiki Kaisha | Antistatic resin composition with transparency containing phosphonium sulphonate |
US4983648A (en) * | 1988-03-09 | 1991-01-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Preparation of additive modified thermoplastic blend |
US5002825A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1991-03-26 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Surface porous film |
US5071884A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1991-12-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Antistatic polyolefin foams and films and method of making the foam and antistatic composition |
US5187214A (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1993-02-16 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Quaternary ammonium antistatic polymer compositions |
US5306801A (en) * | 1991-06-28 | 1994-04-26 | Ge Plastics Japan, Ltd. | Catalytic melt preparation of polycarbonate with subsequent addition of sulfonic acid compound |
US5316825A (en) * | 1991-06-19 | 1994-05-31 | Mitsubishi Kasei Vinyl Company | Anti-fogging film made of a transparent synthetic resin |
US5322882A (en) * | 1988-12-26 | 1994-06-21 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate/polyorganosiloxane composition |
US5376715A (en) * | 1992-04-23 | 1994-12-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Heat stabilization or aromatic polycarbonates |
US5487920A (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1996-01-30 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Process for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of anti-fog and anti-scratch coatings onto various substrates |
US5620485A (en) * | 1995-12-15 | 1997-04-15 | Dow Corning Corporation | Silicone foam control agents for hydrocarbon liquids |
US5877254A (en) * | 1996-07-22 | 1999-03-02 | Film Specialties, Inc. | Scratch-resistant anti-fog coating composition incorporating isocyanate-reactive surfactants |
US5910540A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1999-06-08 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic elastomer composition and composite molded product |
US6040053A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-03-21 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating composition having anti-reflective and anti-fogging properties |
US6187896B1 (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2001-02-13 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Aromatic polycarbonate composition |
US6225391B1 (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 2001-05-01 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Reduced volatility precursors to anti-fog agents |
US20020045027A1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-04-18 | Dainippon Ink And Chemicals, Inc. | Anti-fog resin sheet, anti-fog agent and method article |
US20030109660A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2003-06-12 | Hiroji Oda | Flame retardant resin composition |
US6677014B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2004-01-13 | Cryovac, Inc. | Printed antifog film with cellulose ester ink or overprint varnish |
US6740413B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2004-05-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Antistatic compositions |
US6797383B2 (en) * | 2000-06-09 | 2004-09-28 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Synthetic resin laminate having both polarization characteristic and photochromism characteristic |
US20050158537A1 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2005-07-21 | Polinas Plastic Of America, Inc. | Multilayer oriented antimicrobial and antifogging films |
US6923997B2 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-08-02 | Pactiv Corporation | Antifogging compositions and methods for using the same |
US7008979B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2006-03-07 | Hydromer, Inc. | Coating composition for multiple hydrophilic applications |
Family Cites Families (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2854136A1 (en) | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-12 | Gen Electric | Stabilised and plasticised polycarbonate compsn. - contg. siloxy-oxyalkylene! block copolymer |
JPS5935572B2 (en) * | 1978-12-30 | 1984-08-29 | シ−アイ化成株式会社 | agricultural cladding |
JPH078543B2 (en) * | 1986-08-20 | 1995-02-01 | ダイセル化学工業株式会社 | Method for hydrophilizing a molded aromatic polysulfone |
EP0492545B1 (en) | 1990-12-25 | 1998-03-25 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Transparent substrate with monomolecular film thereon and method of manufacturing the same |
JP3374291B2 (en) * | 1993-01-20 | 2003-02-04 | ミヨシ油脂株式会社 | Antifogging agent for styrene resin film |
AU4699796A (en) | 1995-02-17 | 1996-09-04 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Thermoplastic block copolymer with inherent anti-fog properties |
DE19514770A1 (en) | 1995-04-21 | 1996-10-24 | Bayer Ag | Short glass fiber reinforced polycarbonates |
JPH09194655A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1997-07-29 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | Antifogging agent for styrenic resin film |
US6194497B1 (en) | 1997-07-23 | 2001-02-27 | General Electric Company | Anti-static resin composition containing fluorinated phosphonium sulfonates |
JP3969609B2 (en) | 1997-09-17 | 2007-09-05 | Hoya株式会社 | Cast molding material for plastic lens and method for producing plastic lens |
JPH11106635A (en) | 1997-09-30 | 1999-04-20 | Ge Plastics Japan Ltd | Polycarbonate resin composition and method product thereof |
JP2000204193A (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2000-07-25 | Takemoto Oil & Fat Co Ltd | Antistatic agent for synthetic polymer material and method for imparting antistaticity to synthetic polymer material |
US6133370A (en) | 1999-02-22 | 2000-10-17 | Dow Corning Corporation | Silicone polyethers with arylalkyl groups |
US6372829B1 (en) | 1999-10-06 | 2002-04-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Antistatic composition |
US6455142B1 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2002-09-24 | Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Llc | Anti-fog coating and coated film |
US6592988B1 (en) | 1999-12-29 | 2003-07-15 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Water-and oil-repellent, antistatic composition |
US20040014883A1 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2004-01-22 | Motonori Yamamoto | Polyester film |
EP1256600A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 | 2002-11-13 | General Electric Company | Thermoplastic composition comprising an antistatic activity enhancer and use of such an enhancer |
JP2003176405A (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2003-06-24 | Teijin Chem Ltd | Antistatic polycarbonate resin composition |
-
2003
- 2003-12-30 US US10/749,071 patent/US7731881B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-20 WO PCT/US2004/042715 patent/WO2005066257A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-12-20 JP JP2006547205A patent/JP4896736B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-20 EP EP04814851A patent/EP1702000A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-29 TW TW093141164A patent/TW200604271A/en unknown
Patent Citations (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3169121A (en) * | 1957-08-22 | 1965-02-09 | Gen Electric | Carbonate-carboxylate copolyesters of dihydric phenols and difunctional carboxylic acids |
US3048263A (en) * | 1961-03-29 | 1962-08-07 | Union Carbide Corp | Fog resistant polyolefin films |
US3635895A (en) * | 1965-09-01 | 1972-01-18 | Gen Electric | Process for preparing thermoplastic polycarbonates |
US3433653A (en) * | 1966-08-31 | 1969-03-18 | Drager Otto H | Transparent plastic antifogging viewing glass containing a plasticizer which becomes a wetting agent by being hydrolyzed when contacted with water |
US3720652A (en) * | 1969-07-08 | 1973-03-13 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Polymeric composition with anti-static and anti-fogging properties |
US3766299A (en) * | 1970-11-04 | 1973-10-16 | Esb Inc | Reaction product of polyalkylene imine and epoxy halo ethylenic substituted difunctional compounds |
US3933407A (en) * | 1972-06-29 | 1976-01-20 | Tu Robert S | Articles coated with synergistic anti-fog coatings based on hydrophillic polymers and organosiloxane- oxyalkylene block copolymers |
US3891719A (en) * | 1972-12-06 | 1975-06-24 | Bayer Ag | Thermoplastic moulding compositions of a polycarbonate and a graft copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile on an acrylic acid ester polymer |
US4001184A (en) * | 1975-03-31 | 1977-01-04 | General Electric Company | Process for preparing a branched polycarbonate |
US4450249A (en) * | 1979-08-01 | 1984-05-22 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Internal antistatic agents for polycarbonates and for polycarbonate films |
US4487896A (en) * | 1983-09-02 | 1984-12-11 | General Electric Company | Copolyester-carbonate compositions exhibiting improved processability |
US4690688A (en) * | 1985-03-29 | 1987-09-01 | Dow Corning, Ltd. | Foam control |
US4943380A (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1990-07-24 | Takemoto Yushi Kabushiki Kaisha | Antistatic resin composition with transparency containing phosphonium sulphonate |
US4983648A (en) * | 1988-03-09 | 1991-01-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Preparation of additive modified thermoplastic blend |
US5187214A (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1993-02-16 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Quaternary ammonium antistatic polymer compositions |
US5322882A (en) * | 1988-12-26 | 1994-06-21 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate/polyorganosiloxane composition |
US5002825A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1991-03-26 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Surface porous film |
US5071884A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1991-12-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Antistatic polyolefin foams and films and method of making the foam and antistatic composition |
US5316825A (en) * | 1991-06-19 | 1994-05-31 | Mitsubishi Kasei Vinyl Company | Anti-fogging film made of a transparent synthetic resin |
US5306801A (en) * | 1991-06-28 | 1994-04-26 | Ge Plastics Japan, Ltd. | Catalytic melt preparation of polycarbonate with subsequent addition of sulfonic acid compound |
US5376715A (en) * | 1992-04-23 | 1994-12-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Heat stabilization or aromatic polycarbonates |
US5487920A (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1996-01-30 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Process for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of anti-fog and anti-scratch coatings onto various substrates |
US5910540A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1999-06-08 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic elastomer composition and composite molded product |
US5620485A (en) * | 1995-12-15 | 1997-04-15 | Dow Corning Corporation | Silicone foam control agents for hydrocarbon liquids |
US6040053A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-03-21 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating composition having anti-reflective and anti-fogging properties |
US5877254A (en) * | 1996-07-22 | 1999-03-02 | Film Specialties, Inc. | Scratch-resistant anti-fog coating composition incorporating isocyanate-reactive surfactants |
US6225391B1 (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 2001-05-01 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Reduced volatility precursors to anti-fog agents |
US6187896B1 (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2001-02-13 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Aromatic polycarbonate composition |
US6677014B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2004-01-13 | Cryovac, Inc. | Printed antifog film with cellulose ester ink or overprint varnish |
US6797383B2 (en) * | 2000-06-09 | 2004-09-28 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Synthetic resin laminate having both polarization characteristic and photochromism characteristic |
US20020045027A1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-04-18 | Dainippon Ink And Chemicals, Inc. | Anti-fog resin sheet, anti-fog agent and method article |
US20030109660A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2003-06-12 | Hiroji Oda | Flame retardant resin composition |
US6740413B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2004-05-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Antistatic compositions |
US20050158537A1 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2005-07-21 | Polinas Plastic Of America, Inc. | Multilayer oriented antimicrobial and antifogging films |
US7008979B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2006-03-07 | Hydromer, Inc. | Coating composition for multiple hydrophilic applications |
US6923997B2 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-08-02 | Pactiv Corporation | Antifogging compositions and methods for using the same |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080187728A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2008-08-07 | General Electric Company | Anti-frost film assemblies, method of manufacture, and articles made thereof |
US20110003160A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2011-01-06 | Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership | Silicate-Containing Antifog Coatings |
US9110229B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-08-18 | Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership | Silicate-containing antifog coatings |
US20110143148A1 (en) * | 2009-12-13 | 2011-06-16 | General Electric Company | Articles comprising a weather resistant silicone coating |
US8426532B2 (en) | 2010-09-17 | 2013-04-23 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Polycarbonate graft copolymers |
US20120193839A1 (en) * | 2011-01-28 | 2012-08-02 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | Use of moulding compositions |
CN107001779A (en) * | 2014-11-30 | 2017-08-01 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | Antifog polycarbonate compositions and its product with optical property |
US20180037734A1 (en) * | 2014-11-30 | 2018-02-08 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Anti-fog polycarbonate compositions with optical properties and articles thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1702000A1 (en) | 2006-09-20 |
JP2007517113A (en) | 2007-06-28 |
TW200604271A (en) | 2006-02-01 |
JP4896736B2 (en) | 2012-03-14 |
US7731881B2 (en) | 2010-06-08 |
WO2005066257A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7731881B2 (en) | Method for making fog resistant thermoplastic articles and articles made therefrom | |
US20150218309A1 (en) | Processes for enhancing flame retardance and chemical resistance of polymers | |
JP5040224B2 (en) | Resin composition and resin molded body | |
US20090326110A1 (en) | Resin composition and resin molded product | |
US20190203043A1 (en) | Copolycarbonate lenses, methods of manufacture, and applications thereof | |
US7220792B2 (en) | Water resistant permanent antistatic thermoplastic composition | |
JP6427409B2 (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition | |
JP5540934B2 (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition | |
US7094861B2 (en) | Thermoplastic composition containing polymeric anti-static salt, method of making, and use thereof | |
JP2009155382A (en) | Aromatic polycarbonate resin composition and molded product of the same | |
JP6087745B2 (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition and molded product | |
JP5521565B2 (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition | |
JP5275890B2 (en) | Aromatic polycarbonate resin composition and molded article thereof | |
JP5484256B2 (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition for outdoor installation molded article and outdoor installation molded article | |
EP3224319B1 (en) | Anti-fog polycarbonate compositions with optical properties and articles thereof | |
JP2010270295A (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition and molded article thereof | |
JP5141054B2 (en) | Resin composition and resin molded body | |
JP2010120978A (en) | Flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition and electric or electronic component obtained by molding the same | |
JP2016113559A (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition | |
TW202313796A (en) | Polycarbonate resin composition and molded article |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DEAN, JENNIFER;HOEKS, THEODORUS LAMBERTUS;REEL/FRAME:015590/0039 Effective date: 20040304 Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY,NEW YORK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DEAN, JENNIFER;HOEKS, THEODORUS LAMBERTUS;REEL/FRAME:015590/0039 Effective date: 20040304 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V., NETHERLANDS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:020985/0551 Effective date: 20070831 Owner name: SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V.,NETHERLANDS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:020985/0551 Effective date: 20070831 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NEW YORK Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V.;REEL/FRAME:021423/0001 Effective date: 20080307 Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT,NEW YORK Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V.;REEL/FRAME:021423/0001 Effective date: 20080307 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V., NETHERLANDS Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:CITIBANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:032459/0798 Effective date: 20140312 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SABIC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES B.V., NETHERLANDS Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SABIC INNOVATIVE PLASTICS IP B.V.;REEL/FRAME:038883/0795 Effective date: 20140402 |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.) |
|
LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED FOR FAILURE TO PAY MAINTENANCE FEES (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: EXP.) |
|
STCH | Information on status: patent discontinuation |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362 |
|
FP | Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee |
Effective date: 20180608 |