US20050024561A1 - Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process - Google Patents
Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process Download PDFInfo
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- US20050024561A1 US20050024561A1 US10/631,152 US63115203A US2005024561A1 US 20050024561 A1 US20050024561 A1 US 20050024561A1 US 63115203 A US63115203 A US 63115203A US 2005024561 A1 US2005024561 A1 US 2005024561A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
- G02B5/3083—Birefringent or phase retarding elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
- C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
- C08G63/19—Hydroxy compounds containing aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- C08G63/682—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing halogens
- C08G63/6824—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing halogens derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/6826—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/03—Viewing layer characterised by chemical composition
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
- G02F1/133634—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation the refractive index Nz perpendicular to the element surface being different from in-plane refractive indices Nx and Ny, e.g. biaxial or with normal optical axis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multilayer optical compensator for liquid crystal displays comprising polymeric A and polymeric B layers exhibiting particular birefringent properties.
- the invention also relates to a process for making such a compensator and liquid crystal displays using the compensator.
- Liquid crystals are widely used for electronic displays.
- a liquid crystal cell is typically situated between a pair of polarizer and analyzers.
- An incident light polarized by the polarizer passes through a liquid crystal cell and is affected by the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal, which can be altered by the application of a voltage across the cell. The altered light goes into the analyzer.
- the transmission of light from an external source including ambient light, can be controlled.
- the energy required to achieve this control is generally much less than required for the luminescent materials used in other display types such as cathode ray tubes (CRT).
- liquid crystal technology is used for a number of electronic imaging devices, including but not limited to digital watches, calculators, portable computers, electronic games for which light-weight, low-power consumption and long-operating life are important features.
- Contrast, color reproduction, and stable gray scale intensities are important quality attributes for electronic displays, which employ liquid crystal technology.
- the primary factor limiting the contrast of a liquid crystal display (LCD) is the propensity for light to “leak” through liquid crystal elements or cells, which are in the dark or “black” pixel state.
- the leakage and hence contrast of a liquid crystal display are also dependent on the direction from which the display screen is viewed. Typically the optimum contrast is observed only within a narrow viewing angle range centered about the normal incidence to the display and falls off rapidly as the viewing direction deviates from the display normal.
- the leakage problem not only degrades the contrast but also causes color or hue shifts with an associated degradation of color reproduction.
- LCDs are quickly replacing CRTs as monitors for desktop computers and other office or house hold appliances. It is also expected that the number of LCD television monitors with a larger screen size will sharply increase in the near future. However, unless problems of viewing angle dependence such as coloration, degradation in contrast, and an inversion of brightness are solved, LCD's application as a replacement of the traditional CRT will be limited.
- FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are the schematics of VA liquid crystal cell in OFF 201 and ON 203 states.
- the liquid crystal optic axis 205 In its OFF state, the liquid crystal optic axis 205 is almost perpendicular to the substrate 207 , FIG. 2A . With an applied voltage, the optic axis 205 is tilted away from the cell normal, FIG. 2B .
- the OFF state light does not see the birefringence in the normal direction 209 , giving the dark state that is close to that of orthogonally crossed polarizers.
- obliquely propagated light 211 picks up phase retardation giving light leakage. This results in a poor contrast ratio in some viewing angle range.
- a bend aligned nematic liquid crystal display also referred as an Optically Compensated Bend Liquid Crystal Display (OCB-LCD) uses a nematic liquid crystal cell based on the symmetric bend state.
- the brightness of the display using the bend aligned nematic liquid crystal cell is controlled by an applied voltage or field that leads to a different degree in the bend orientation within the cell as shown in FIG. 3A (OFF) 301 and FIG.3B (ON) 303 .
- the liquid crystal optic axis 305 takes symmetric bend state around the cell middle plane 307 .
- the optic axis becomes substantially perpendicular to the cell plane except near the cell substrates 309 .
- OCB mode offers faster response speed that is suitable to the liquid crystal display television (LCD-TV) application. It also has advantages in viewing angle characteristic (VAC) over conventional displays, such as Twisted Nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD)
- US 2001/0026338 discloses a use of retardation increasing agent in combination with triacetylcellulose (TAC).
- TAC triacetylcellulose
- the retardation-increasing agent is chosen from aromatic compounds having at least two benzene rings.
- TAC triacetylcellulose
- Sasaki et al. proposes (US2003/0086033) the use of cholesteric liquid crystal disposed on the positively birefringent thermoplastic substrate.
- the pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal (CHLC) is shorter than the wavelength of the visible light, thus properly aligned CHLC exhibits form birefringence giving negative R th .
- R in is controlled by adjusting the stretching amount of the thermoplastic substrate. The method enables one to adjust R th and R in separately.
- the use of short pitch CHLC not only makes the manufacturing cost high but also complicates the processing due to the alignment procedure.
- JP2002-210766 discloses the use of propionyl or butyryl substituted TAC. They show higher birefringence than ordinary TAC. Thus, by biaxially stretching the substituted TAC film, one generates R in and R th . The method does not require any additional coating or layer but it suffers a difficulty of independent control of R in and R th .
- the invention provides a multilayer compensator comprising one or more polymeric A layers and one or more polymeric B layers, wherein said A layers comprise a polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence not more negative than ⁇ 0.01, and said B layers comprise an amorphous polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence more negative than ⁇ 0.01, and the overall in-plane retardation (R in ) of said multilayer compensator is greater than 20 nm and the out-of-plane retardation (R th ) of said multilayer compensator is more negative than ⁇ 20 nm.
- the invention also provides a LCD and a process for preparing a compensator of the invention.
- the invention multilayer optical compensator is readily manufactured and provides the required value of the R in and the R th values.
- FIG. 1 is a view of a typical layer with thickness d and x-y-z coordinate system attached to the layer.
- FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are schematics showing, respectively, the typical ON and OFF state of the VA liquid crystal cell.
- FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are schematics showing, respectively, the typical ON and OFF states of the OCB liquid crystal cell.
- FIG. 4A , FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C are elevation schematics of the multilayer optical compensator of the invention.
- FIG. 5A , FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C are schematics of a liquid crystal display with multilayer optical compensators of the invention.
- the invention provides a multilayer compensator comprising one or more polymeric A layers and one or more polymeric B layers, wherein said A layers comprises a polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence not more negative than ⁇ 0.01, and said B layer comprises an amorphous polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence more negative than ⁇ 0.01, and the overall in-plane retardation (R in ) of said multilayer compensator is greater than 20 nm and the out-of-plane retardation (R th ) of said multilayer compensator is more negative than ⁇ 20 nm.
- the A layer is made from polymer film other than one containing a chromophore group in the backbone.
- the A layer has positive intrinsic birefringence, ⁇ n int .
- a polymer examples include, TAC, cellulose acetate butylate (CAB), cyclic polyolefin, polycarbonate, polysulfonate, and other polymers known to those skilled in the art. These polymeric materials can be made into a film form by solvent casting, heat extrusion, or other methods. To generate R in that is greater than 20 nm in the A layer, any viable methods can be used, however, most commonly practiced procedure is stretching.
- indices of refraction in the plane of the layer satisfies nx>ny, where “x” denotes the primary direction of stretching and “y” is the direction perpendicular to x.
- x denotes the primary direction of stretching
- y is the direction perpendicular to x.
- the film can be stretched uniaxially or biaxially.
- uniaxial stretching the film is stretched into one direction.
- biaxial stretching where two stretching directions x and y are perpendicular to each other, the undesired shrinkage caused by the stretch in the primary stretching direction (say in x direction) is prevented by simultaneous stretch in the secondly direction (y).
- the polymeric A layer has ⁇ n th not more negative than ⁇ 0.01.
- the polymeric A layers of the multilayer compensator are such that the overall in-plane retardation (R in ) of said multilayer compensator is suitably greater than 20 nm, desirably between than 30 and 200 nm, and conveniently between 30 nm and 150 nm.
- the polymeric B layers will typically be solvent coated onto the A layer. This solvent coating could be accomplished by spin coating, hopper coating, gravure coating, wire bar coating or other coating methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the coated B layers are contiguous to the A layer.
- the B layer is coated from a solution containing a polymer that yields high negative birefringence that is more negative than ⁇ 0.01 upon solvent coating.
- a polymer that yields high negative birefringence that is more negative than ⁇ 0.01 upon solvent coating.
- polymers with positive ⁇ n int are used.
- Such polymers usually contain non-visible chromophore groups such as vinyl, carbonyl, amide, imide, ester, carbonate, sulfone, azo, and aromatic groups (i.e. benzene, naphthalate, biphenyl, bisphenol A) in the polymer backbone.
- non-visible chromophore groups such as vinyl, carbonyl, amide, imide, ester, carbonate, sulfone, azo, and aromatic groups (i.e. benzene, naphthalate, biphenyl, bisphenol A) in the polymer backbone.
- each B layer should be less than 30 ⁇ m. Typically it should be from 0.1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. Conveniently it should be from 1.0 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. Desirably it should be from 2 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m.
- the combined thickness of the multilayer optical compensator should be less than 200 ⁇ m. Typically it should be from 40 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m. Desirably it should be from 80 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the B layers should be of sufficient thickness so that the out-of-plane retardation of the B layers is more negative than ⁇ 20 nm. Typically it should be from ⁇ 600 nm to ⁇ 60 nm. Conveniently it should be from ⁇ 500 nm to ⁇ 50 nm. Desirably it should be from ⁇ 400 nm to ⁇ 50 nm.
- FIG. 4A , FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C are elevation schematics of the exemplary multilayer optical compensators in accordance with the invention.
- Compensator 401 in FIG. 4A has a structure in which a B layer 409 is disposed on an A layer 407 .
- the A layer 407 and the B layer 409 are contiguous.
- two B layers 413 , 415 disposed on one A layer 411 such as the compensator 403 in FIG. 4B .
- one B layer 417 is sandwiched by two A layers 419 , 421 .
- the compensator 405 can be formed, for example, by laminating contiguous layers of A 421 and B 417 , and the single layer of A 419 .
- the lamination is done at the interface of B layer 417 and A layer 419 , and the two layers 417 and 419 may or may not be contiguous depending on the method of the lamination.
- One skilled in the art could conceive of more complex structures.
- LCD 501 shown in FIG. 5A the liquid crystal cell 503 is placed between the polarizer 505 and analyzer 507 .
- Transmission axis of the polarizer 509 and analyzer 511 form angle 90 ⁇ 10° thus, pair of polarizer 509 and analyzer 511 are said to be “crossed polarizer”.
- a multilayer optical compensator 512 is placed between the polarizer 505 and the liquid crystal cell 503 . It can also be placed between the liquid crystal cell 503 and the analyzer 507 .
- LCD 513 shown schematically in FIG. 5B has two multilayer optical compensators 515 , 517 placed on the both sides of the liquid crystal cell 503 .
- FIG. 5C shows an application example of multilayer optical compensator in a reflective type LCD 519 .
- the liquid crystal cell 503 is located between the polarizer 505 and a reflective plate 521 .
- the multilayer compensator 523 is placed between the liquid crystal cell 503 and the polarizer 505 .
- it can also be placed between the reflective plate 521 and the liquid crystal cell 503 .
- embodiments of the present invention avoids retardation increasing agent that causes coloration, do not require the use of liquid crystal compounds and its alignment procedure, provide enhanced optical compensation in a relatively thin ( ⁇ 200 ⁇ m) structure, and are easily manufactured.
- embodiments enable the control of R in , which is primarily the responsibility of the A layer while control of R th is primarily the responsibility of the B layer.
- R in and R th are often coupled and are not controlled independently.
- the glass transition temperature of this polymer was measured by differential scanning calorimetry to be 265° C Poly(4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene-bisphenol-co- 4,4′-(2-norbornylidene) bisphenol) terephthalate-co-isophthalate.
- Polymer 1 was spun cast (8% solids in 80% propylacetate 20% toluene) onto both a glass slide and a stretched polymer substrate sample, and was analyzed with an ellipsometer (model M2000V, J.A. Woollam Co.) at 550 nm wavelength to obtain the R th and R in . These values are listed in TABLE I. TABLE I Sample R in (nm) R th (um) Polymer 1 0.6 ⁇ 38 on glass Stretched polymer 40.0 ⁇ 123 substrate Polymer A on 35.0 ⁇ 190 stretched polymer substrate
- the layer of polymer 1 also did not show any sign of a long-range order therefore the layer was determined to be comprised of an amorphous polymer.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a multilayer optical compensator for liquid crystal displays comprising polymeric A and polymeric B layers exhibiting particular birefringent properties. The invention also relates to a process for making such a compensator and liquid crystal displays using the compensator.
- Liquid crystals are widely used for electronic displays. In these display systems, a liquid crystal cell is typically situated between a pair of polarizer and analyzers. An incident light polarized by the polarizer passes through a liquid crystal cell and is affected by the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal, which can be altered by the application of a voltage across the cell. The altered light goes into the analyzer. By employing this principle, the transmission of light from an external source, including ambient light, can be controlled. The energy required to achieve this control is generally much less than required for the luminescent materials used in other display types such as cathode ray tubes (CRT). Accordingly, liquid crystal technology is used for a number of electronic imaging devices, including but not limited to digital watches, calculators, portable computers, electronic games for which light-weight, low-power consumption and long-operating life are important features.
- Contrast, color reproduction, and stable gray scale intensities are important quality attributes for electronic displays, which employ liquid crystal technology. The primary factor limiting the contrast of a liquid crystal display (LCD) is the propensity for light to “leak” through liquid crystal elements or cells, which are in the dark or “black” pixel state. Furthermore, the leakage and hence contrast of a liquid crystal display are also dependent on the direction from which the display screen is viewed. Typically the optimum contrast is observed only within a narrow viewing angle range centered about the normal incidence to the display and falls off rapidly as the viewing direction deviates from the display normal. In color displays, the leakage problem not only degrades the contrast but also causes color or hue shifts with an associated degradation of color reproduction.
- LCDs are quickly replacing CRTs as monitors for desktop computers and other office or house hold appliances. It is also expected that the number of LCD television monitors with a larger screen size will sharply increase in the near future. However, unless problems of viewing angle dependence such as coloration, degradation in contrast, and an inversion of brightness are solved, LCD's application as a replacement of the traditional CRT will be limited.
- A Vertically-Aligned liquid crystal display (VA-LCD) offers an extremely high contrast ratio for normal incident light.
FIG. 2A andFIG. 2B are the schematics of VA liquid crystal cell inOFF 201 and ON 203 states. In its OFF state, the liquid crystaloptic axis 205 is almost perpendicular to thesubstrate 207,FIG. 2A . With an applied voltage, theoptic axis 205 is tilted away from the cell normal,FIG. 2B . In the OFF state, light does not see the birefringence in thenormal direction 209, giving the dark state that is close to that of orthogonally crossed polarizers. However, obliquely propagatedlight 211 picks up phase retardation giving light leakage. This results in a poor contrast ratio in some viewing angle range. - A bend aligned nematic liquid crystal display, also referred as an Optically Compensated Bend Liquid Crystal Display (OCB-LCD) uses a nematic liquid crystal cell based on the symmetric bend state. In its actual operation, the brightness of the display using the bend aligned nematic liquid crystal cell is controlled by an applied voltage or field that leads to a different degree in the bend orientation within the cell as shown in
FIG. 3A (OFF) 301 andFIG.3B (ON) 303. In both states, the liquid crystaloptic axis 305 takes symmetric bend state around thecell middle plane 307. In the On state, the optic axis becomes substantially perpendicular to the cell plane except near thecell substrates 309. OCB mode offers faster response speed that is suitable to the liquid crystal display television (LCD-TV) application. It also has advantages in viewing angle characteristic (VAC) over conventional displays, such as Twisted Nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) - The above-mentioned two modes, due to their superiority over the conventional TN-LCD, are expected to dominate the high-end application such as LCD-TV. However, practical applications of both OCB and VA-LCDs require optical compensating means to optimize the VAC. In both modes, due to the birefringence of liquid crystal and crossed polarizer, VAC suffers deterioration in contrast when the displays are viewed from oblique angles. Use of biaxial films have been suggested to compensate the OCB (U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,058) and VA (JP1999-95208 ) LCDs. In both modes, liquid crystals align sufficiently perpendicular to the plane of the cell in ON (OCB) or OFF (VA) states. This state gives positive Rth, thus the compensation films have to have sufficiently large negative Rth for satisfactory optical compensation. The need for a biaxial film with a large Rth is also common for Super Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (STN-LCD).
- Several methods of manufacturing biaxial films with sufficient negative value of Rth suitable for compensating LCD modes such as OCB, VA and STN have been suggested.
- US 2001/0026338 discloses a use of retardation increasing agent in combination with triacetylcellulose (TAC). The retardation-increasing agent is chosen from aromatic compounds having at least two benzene rings. By stretching agent doped TAC, one can generate both Rth and Rin. The problems with this method is that the amount of the doping of the agent. To generate the desired effects of increasing Rth and Rin, the necessary amount of agent is high enough to cause coloration. With this method, it is difficult to control the values of Rth and Rin independently.
- Sasaki et al. proposes (US2003/0086033) the use of cholesteric liquid crystal disposed on the positively birefringent thermoplastic substrate. The pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal (CHLC) is shorter than the wavelength of the visible light, thus properly aligned CHLC exhibits form birefringence giving negative Rth. Rin is controlled by adjusting the stretching amount of the thermoplastic substrate. The method enables one to adjust Rth and Rin separately. However, the use of short pitch CHLC not only makes the manufacturing cost high but also complicates the processing due to the alignment procedure.
- JP2002-210766 discloses the use of propionyl or butyryl substituted TAC. They show higher birefringence than ordinary TAC. Thus, by biaxially stretching the substituted TAC film, one generates Rin and Rth. The method does not require any additional coating or layer but it suffers a difficulty of independent control of Rin and Rth.
- Thus, it is a problem to be solved to provide a multilayer optical compensator with independently controlled Rth and Rin that can be readily manufactured.
- The invention provides a multilayer compensator comprising one or more polymeric A layers and one or more polymeric B layers, wherein said A layers comprise a polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence not more negative than −0.01, and said B layers comprise an amorphous polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence more negative than −0.01, and the overall in-plane retardation (Rin) of said multilayer compensator is greater than 20 nm and the out-of-plane retardation (Rth) of said multilayer compensator is more negative than −20 nm. The invention also provides a LCD and a process for preparing a compensator of the invention.
- The invention multilayer optical compensator is readily manufactured and provides the required value of the Rin and the Rth values.
- While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a view of a typical layer with thickness d and x-y-z coordinate system attached to the layer. -
FIG. 2A andFIG. 2B are schematics showing, respectively, the typical ON and OFF state of the VA liquid crystal cell. -
FIG. 3A andFIG. 3B are schematics showing, respectively, the typical ON and OFF states of the OCB liquid crystal cell. -
FIG. 4A ,FIG. 4B andFIG. 4C are elevation schematics of the multilayer optical compensator of the invention. -
FIG. 5A ,FIG. 5B andFIG. 5C are schematics of a liquid crystal display with multilayer optical compensators of the invention. - The following definitions apply to the description herein:
- Optic axis refers to the direction in which propagating light does not see birefringence.
- ON and OFF state refers to the state with and without applied voltage to the liquid crystal cell.
- In-plane phase retardation Rin, of a
layer 101 shown inFIG. 1 is a quantity defined by (nx−ny)d, where nx and ny are indices of refraction in the direction of x and y. The x axis is taken as a direction of maximum index of refraction in the x-y plane and the y direction is perpendicular to the x axis. For stretched positively birefringent layers, x corresponds to the direction of primary stretch. The x-y plane is parallel to theplane 103 of the layer. d is a thickness of the layer in the z-direction. The quantity (nx−ny) is referred to as in-plane birefringence, Δnin. The values of Δnin and Rin hereafter are given at wavelength λ=550 nm. - Out of-plane phase retardation, Rth, of a
layer 101 shown inFIG. 1 , herein, is a quantity defined by [nz−(nx+ny)/2]d. nz is the index of refraction in z-direction. The quantity [nz−(nx+ny)/2] is referred to as out-of-plane birefringence, Δnth. If nz>(nx+ny)/2, Δnth is positive, thus the corresponding Rth is also positive. If nz<(nx+ny)/2, Δnth is negative and Rth is also negative. The values of Δnth and Rth hereafter are given at λ=550 nm. - Intrinsic Birefringence Δnint of a polymer herein refers to the quantity defined by (ne-no), where ne, and no are extraordinary and ordinary index of the polymer, respectively. Intrinsic birefringence is determined by factors, such as the polarizabilities of functional groups and their bond angles with respect to the polymer chain. The actual birefringence (in-plane Δnin or out-of-plane Δnth) of a polymer layer depends on the process of forming it, thus the order parameter, and the Δnint.
- Amorphous means a lack of long-range order. Thus an amorphous polymer does not show long-range order as measured by techniques such as X-ray diffraction.
- Chromophore means an atom or group of atoms that serve as a unit in light adsorption. (Modern Molecular Photochemistry Nicholas J. Turro Editor, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Menlo Park, Calif. (1978) Pg 77). Typical chromophore groups include vinyl, carbonyl, amide, imide, ester, carbonate, aromatic (i.e. heteroaromatic or carbocylic aromatic such as phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, thiophene, bisphenol), sulfone, and azo or combinations of these groups.
- Non-visible chromophore means a chromophore that has an absorption maximum outside the range of 400-700 nm.
- Contiguous means that articles are in contact with each other. In two contiguous layers, one layer is in direct contact with the other. Thus, if a polymer layer is formed on the substrate by coating, the substrate and the polymer layers are contiguous.
- The invention provides a multilayer compensator comprising one or more polymeric A layers and one or more polymeric B layers, wherein said A layers comprises a polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence not more negative than −0.01, and said B layer comprises an amorphous polymer having an out-of-plane birefringence more negative than −0.01, and the overall in-plane retardation (Rin) of said multilayer compensator is greater than 20 nm and the out-of-plane retardation (Rth) of said multilayer compensator is more negative than −20 nm. The A layer is made from polymer film other than one containing a chromophore group in the backbone. The A layer has positive intrinsic birefringence, Δnint. Examples of such a polymer include, TAC, cellulose acetate butylate (CAB), cyclic polyolefin, polycarbonate, polysulfonate, and other polymers known to those skilled in the art. These polymeric materials can be made into a film form by solvent casting, heat extrusion, or other methods. To generate Rin that is greater than 20 nm in the A layer, any viable methods can be used, however, most commonly practiced procedure is stretching. As the A layers are made from polymer film with positive Δnint, indices of refraction in the plane of the layer satisfies nx>ny, where “x” denotes the primary direction of stretching and “y” is the direction perpendicular to x. By stretching polymeric materials, individual polymer chain segments are oriented predominantly to the direction of primary stretch, thus increase the birefringence of polymer layer. As it is necessary to orient the polymer segment, the stretching has to be done above the glass transition temperature of the polymeric materials. Thus, the polymeric film is heated above Tg and stretched. Other method is to stretch the film while solvents are incorporated within the film. With this method, the film can be stretched immediately after the polymer is solvent-cast into a film form. The film can be stretched uniaxially or biaxially. In uniaxial stretching, the film is stretched into one direction. However, by unxiaxial stretching, it is difficult to control the films three indices of refraction, nx, ny and nz, where nz is an index of refraction in the film normal direction. This is particularly true when the stretching of the film in the x direction is large enough so that there is a contraction in the y direction. This contraction effectively gives stretching in the film normal direction z, thus increases nz. In biaxial stretching, where two stretching directions x and y are perpendicular to each other, the undesired shrinkage caused by the stretch in the primary stretching direction (say in x direction) is prevented by simultaneous stretch in the secondly direction (y). Thus the increase in nz can effectively be prevented. Means to stretch are not particularity limited so long the stretched film has sufficient uniformity in three indices of refraction. The polymeric A layer has Δnth not more negative than −0.01. The polymeric A layers of the multilayer compensator are such that the overall in-plane retardation (Rin) of said multilayer compensator is suitably greater than 20 nm, desirably between than 30 and 200 nm, and conveniently between 30 nm and 150 nm.
- The polymeric B layers will typically be solvent coated onto the A layer. This solvent coating could be accomplished by spin coating, hopper coating, gravure coating, wire bar coating or other coating methods known to those skilled in the art. The coated B layers are contiguous to the A layer.
- The B layer is coated from a solution containing a polymer that yields high negative birefringence that is more negative than −0.01 upon solvent coating. To produce negative Δnth (or Rth), polymers with positive Δnint are used. Such polymers usually contain non-visible chromophore groups such as vinyl, carbonyl, amide, imide, ester, carbonate, sulfone, azo, and aromatic groups (i.e. benzene, naphthalate, biphenyl, bisphenol A) in the polymer backbone. Examples of such polymers are polyesters, polycarbonates, polyimides, polyetherimides, and polythiophenes. One could also add fillers and non-polymeric molecules to these polymers for the second layer.
- Desirably, polymers to be used in the B layers will not have chromophores off of the backbone. An example of such an undesirable polymer with chromophores in and off the backbone would be polyarylates possessing the fluorene group. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers used in the B layer is significant. It should be above 180° C. to achieve the desired results. The polymers used in the B layers could be synthesized by a variety of techniques: condensation, addition, anionic, cationic or other common methods of synthesis could be employed.
- The thickness of each B layer should be less than 30 μm. Typically it should be from 0.1 μm to 20 μm. Conveniently it should be from 1.0 μm to 10 μm. Desirably it should be from 2 μm to 8 μm.
- The combined thickness of the multilayer optical compensator should be less than 200 μm. Typically it should be from 40 μm to 150 μm. Desirably it should be from 80 μm to 100 μm.
- The B layers should be of sufficient thickness so that the out-of-plane retardation of the B layers is more negative than −20 nm. Typically it should be from −600 nm to −60 nm. Conveniently it should be from −500 nm to −50 nm. Desirably it should be from −400 nm to −50 nm.
- Reference will now be made to the drawings in which the various elements of the present invention will be given numerical designations and in which the invention will be discussed so as to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art.
-
FIG. 4A ,FIG. 4B andFIG. 4C are elevation schematics of the exemplary multilayer optical compensators in accordance with the invention.Compensator 401 inFIG. 4A has a structure in which aB layer 409 is disposed on anA layer 407. TheA layer 407 and theB layer 409 are contiguous. It is also possible to have twoB layers layer 411 such as thecompensator 403 inFIG. 4B . Inother case 405, oneB layer 417 is sandwiched by twoA layers compensator 405 can be formed, for example, by laminating contiguous layers of A 421 andB 417, and the single layer ofA 419. The lamination is done at the interface ofB layer 417 and Alayer 419, and the twolayers - In
LCD 501 shown inFIG. 5A , theliquid crystal cell 503 is placed between thepolarizer 505 andanalyzer 507. Transmission axis of thepolarizer 509 andanalyzer 511 form angle 90±10° thus, pair ofpolarizer 509 andanalyzer 511 are said to be “crossed polarizer”. A multilayeroptical compensator 512 is placed between thepolarizer 505 and theliquid crystal cell 503. It can also be placed between theliquid crystal cell 503 and theanalyzer 507.LCD 513 shown schematically inFIG. 5B has two multilayeroptical compensators liquid crystal cell 503.FIG. 5C shows an application example of multilayer optical compensator in areflective type LCD 519. Theliquid crystal cell 503 is located between thepolarizer 505 and areflective plate 521. In the figure, themultilayer compensator 523 is placed between theliquid crystal cell 503 and thepolarizer 505. However, it can also be placed between thereflective plate 521 and theliquid crystal cell 503. - Compared to the prior art, embodiments of the present invention avoids retardation increasing agent that causes coloration, do not require the use of liquid crystal compounds and its alignment procedure, provide enhanced optical compensation in a relatively thin (<200 μm) structure, and are easily manufactured.
- As a further attribute, embodiments enable the control of Rin, which is primarily the responsibility of the A layer while control of Rth is primarily the responsibility of the B layer. In the prior art, Rin and Rth are often coupled and are not controlled independently.
- The present invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples of its practice.
- Polymer 1 (Synthesis):
- To a stirred mixture of 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidenediphenol (23.53 g, 0.07 mole), 4,4′-(2-norbornylidene) bisphenol (8.4 g, 0.03 mole) and triethylamine (22.3 g, 0.22 mole) in methyl ethyl ketone (100 mL) at 10° C. was added a solution of terephthaloyl chloride (16.23 g, 0.8 mole) and isophthaloyl chloride (4.08g, 0.2 mole) in methyl ethyl ketone (60 mL). After the addition, the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature and the solution was stirred under nitrogen for 4 hours, during which time triethylamine hydrochloride precipitated in a gelatinous form and the solution became viscous. The solution was then diluted with toluene (160 mL) and washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, (200 mL of 2% acid) followed three times by water (200 mL). The solution was then poured into ethanol with vigorous stirring, and a white bead like polymer precipitated, collected and dried at 50° C. under vacuum for 24 hours. The glass transition temperature of this polymer was measured by differential scanning calorimetry to be 265° C
Poly(4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene-bisphenol-co- 4,4′-(2-norbornylidene) bisphenol) terephthalate-co-isophthalate. -
Polymer 1 was spun cast (8% solids in 80% propylacetate 20% toluene) onto both a glass slide and a stretched polymer substrate sample, and was analyzed with an ellipsometer (model M2000V, J.A. Woollam Co.) at 550 nm wavelength to obtain the Rth and Rin. These values are listed in TABLE I.TABLE I Sample Rin (nm) Rth (um) Polymer 10.6 −38 on glass Stretched polymer 40.0 −123 substrate Polymer A on 35.0 −190 stretched polymer substrate - The layer of
polymer 1 also did not show any sign of a long-range order therefore the layer was determined to be comprised of an amorphous polymer. -
- 101 film
- 103 plane of the film
- 201 VA liquid crystal cell in OFF state
- 203 VA liquid crystal cell in ON state
- 205 liquid crystal optic axis
- 207 liquid crystal cell substrate
- 209 light propagating cell normal direction
- 211 light propagating oblique direction
- 301 OCB liquid crystal cell in OFF state
- 303 OCB liquid crystal cell in ON state
- 305 liquid crystal optic axis
- 307 cell middle plane
- 309 cell boundaries
- 401 multilayer optical compensator
- 403 multilayer optical compensator
- 405 multilayer optical compensator
- 407 A layer
- 409 B layer
- 411 A layer
- 413 B layer
- 415 B layer
- 417 B layer
- 419 A layer
- 421 A layer
- 501 LCD
- 503 liquid crystal cell
- 505 polarizer
- 507 analyzer
- 509 transmission axis of polarizer
- 511 transmission axis of analyzer
- 512 multilayer optical compensator
- 513 LCD
- 515 multilayer optical compensator
- 517 multilayer optical compensator
- 519 LCD
- 521 reflective plate
- 523 multilayer optical compensator
- nx index of refraction in x direction
- ny index of refraction in y direction
- nz index of refraction in z direction
- no ordinary index of refraction
- ne extraordinary index of refraction
- Δnth out-of-plane birefringence
- Δnin in-plane birefringence
- Δnint intrinsic birefringence of polymer
- d thickness of the layer or film
- Rth out-of-plane phase retardation
- Rin in-plane phase retardation
- λ wavelength
- Tg glass transition temperature
Claims (32)
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/631,152 US7083835B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2003-07-31 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
JP2006521882A JP4636622B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-07-16 | Optical compensator, manufacturing method thereof, and liquid crystal display |
PCT/US2004/022944 WO2005012989A1 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-07-16 | Optical compensator, process of its fabrication, and liquid crystal display |
CNB200480022067XA CN100426096C (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-07-16 | Optical compensator, process of its fabrication, and liquid crystal display |
KR1020067002111A KR101096972B1 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-07-16 | Optical compensator, process of its fabrication, and liquid crystal display |
TW093123017A TWI363217B (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-07-30 | Optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
US11/165,090 US7479309B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2005-06-23 | Multi-layered compensation film using specified Tg material as a birefringent layer |
US11/409,931 US7163724B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2006-04-24 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/631,152 US7083835B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2003-07-31 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
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US10/859,670 Continuation-In-Part US7211304B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2004-06-03 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
US11/165,090 Continuation-In-Part US7479309B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2005-06-23 | Multi-layered compensation film using specified Tg material as a birefringent layer |
US11/409,931 Division US7163724B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2006-04-24 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
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US20050024561A1 true US20050024561A1 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
US7083835B2 US7083835B2 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
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US10/631,152 Expired - Lifetime US7083835B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2003-07-31 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
US11/409,931 Expired - Lifetime US7163724B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2006-04-24 | Multilayer optical compensator, liquid crystal display, and process |
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US (2) | US7083835B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4636622B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101096972B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100426096C (en) |
TW (1) | TWI363217B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005012989A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7083835B2 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
JP4636622B2 (en) | 2011-02-23 |
KR101096972B1 (en) | 2011-12-20 |
CN1829938A (en) | 2006-09-06 |
TW200528853A (en) | 2005-09-01 |
KR20060054391A (en) | 2006-05-22 |
US20060193975A1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
US7163724B2 (en) | 2007-01-16 |
WO2005012989A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
JP2007500866A (en) | 2007-01-18 |
CN100426096C (en) | 2008-10-15 |
TWI363217B (en) | 2012-05-01 |
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