US20040244383A1 - High efficiency cooling device - Google Patents
High efficiency cooling device Download PDFInfo
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- US20040244383A1 US20040244383A1 US10/300,037 US30003702A US2004244383A1 US 20040244383 A1 US20040244383 A1 US 20040244383A1 US 30003702 A US30003702 A US 30003702A US 2004244383 A1 US2004244383 A1 US 2004244383A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
- F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/34—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
- H01L23/38—Cooling arrangements using the Peltier effect
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/10—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects
- H10N10/13—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects characterised by the heat-exchanging means at the junction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one thermoelectric or thermomagnetic element covered by groups H10N10/00 - H10N15/00
- H10N19/101—Multiple thermocouples connected in a cascade arrangement
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to a thermoelectric cooling device and more generally it relates to a device that allows heat to be converted to electricity with efficiency approaching the efficiency of the electric transformers.
- thermoelectric cooler thermoelectric module or thermoelectric device
- thermoelectric module thermoelectric device
- thermoelectric devices Views of a few commercially available thermoelectric devices are presented in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 .
- FIG. 1 there is shown a four stage thermoelectric device 10 reaching temperatures of ⁇ 120° C.
- the device shown in FIG. 2 is a three stage thermoelectric device 17 producing temperature of about ⁇ 90° C. with a small load and in FIG. 3, there is depicted a single layer thermoelectric device 17 capable of producing negative temperature of ⁇ 40° C. Thus, it is the amount of cooling produced by a device that is dependent on the number of stages.
- FIG. 4 there is presented a view of a single thermoelectric device.
- FIG. 4 a illustrates an upper supporting ceramic plate 16 onto which a conductive pattern 17 is deposited and highlighted in FIG. 4 b .
- FIG. 4 c shows an array of “p” and “n” types of thermoelectric columns 18 , which are electrically connected by deposited conductive patters 17 and 19 .
- Plate 20 of FIG. 4 e is the bottom plate, which carries the conductive layer from array of “p” and “n” types of thermoelectric colums.
- FIG. 4 f shows a composite view of device assembly 21 .
- thermoelectric energy conversion is the interconversion of heat and electrical energy for power generation or heat pumping and is based on the Seebeck and Peltier effects.
- semiconductor thermo elements In the early 1950s, progress led to the development of semiconductor thermo elements with the results that reasonably efficient thermoelectric devices could be constructed.
- Metallic thermocouples provide only very low efficiencies, the most favorable being combination of bismuth and antimony, which provide efficiencies of approximately 1%; selected semiconductors can provide efficiencies of approximately including 8-10%.
- thermoelectric generators have been used in specialized applications in which combinations of their desirable features outweigh their high cost and low generating efficiencies, which are typically 3-7%. Large-scale thermoelectric generators cannot compete with oil-fired central power stations, which operate at efficiencies of 35-40%.
- thermoelectric generators The Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), which have been developed for military and space systems under the aegis of the US Department of Energy DOE.
- RTGs Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
- the RTGs most recently operated in space were used to power the Voyager I and II spacecrafts and have conversion efficiencies of 6.7% and specific powers of 4.2 W/kg.
- Other RTGs have been used for such applications as floating and terrestrial weather stations, cardiac pacemakers, and navigational buoys.
- Fossil-fired thermoelectric generators have been developed for military and commercial applications. Some of these applications include power for remote navigational lights, communication line repeaters, and cathodic protection, eg, protection of the east-west pipeline across Saudi Arabia by 34 thermoelectric stations.
- thermoelectric heat pumping like thermoelectric power generation, has increased applications in those areas where the advantages of the thermoelectric conversion process, i.e., small space, lightweight, high reliability, no noise or pollution, and simple temperature control, can be utilized.
- Thermoelectric cooling devices have been developed for a variety of military and commercial applications. These include submarine air-conditioning systems, small refrigerators, and recreational instruments, and cooling for electro-optical systems. They could be used in systems using night navigation, night vision cameras, in the navigation of long and short-range rockets, missiles and other instruments of war.
- Peltier Cooling is the textbook interpretation of the inner working of thermoelectric cooling.
- FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 The principle of operation of a Peltier device is shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 .
- FIG. 5 there is shown an assembly 51 of p and n type semiconductor 52 and 53 respectively and two metallic plates 54 and 55 .
- a battery 56 is connected to both semiconductor columns 52 and 53 via metallic plates 54 and 55 .
- a passage of current will produce cooling and heating effects for given current polarity, as is shown in FIG. 6.
- the positive thermal applied to the p type semiconductor the positive end is coded and the end that the negative terminal is connected in order to be heated, and the reverse will occur for the n type semiconductor 53 .
- polarity is applied by battery 57 , previously hot ends will turn cold and the previously cold ends will turn hot, as viewed in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- FIGS. 8, 9, 10 , 11 , 12 and 13 Detailed views of events just described are given in FIGS. 8, 9, 10 , 11 , 12 and 13 .
- the role, that Joule's heat is playing, is intentionally omitted.
- W is the energy in joules transferred to or from the junction between two materials, a and b, by a charge of Q coulombs, ⁇ P ab , is often more conveniently expressed in terms of the power P (watts) transferred by a current I (amperes).
- T is the absolute temperature of the cold junction.
- thermocouple The junction of two metals to form a thermocouple has been used for a long time as a method of measuring temperature, with copper-constantan or iron-constantan couples having values of ⁇ S up to about 50 ⁇ V/° C. Correspondingly low values of ⁇ P occur, so that little energy is transferred when a current is passed through the junction, with a consequently small cooling effect. This is because the conduction electrons all have energies close to the Fermi level, and very small energy changes occur when a current flows through the junction. However, for the ohmic contact between a metal and a non-degenerate semiconductor ⁇ P is much larger and a significant cooling effect may be obtained.
- a commercial cooling device is obtained by arranging n and p type materials in couples (FIGS. 1,2 & 3 ). The passage of current due to the indicated applied voltage will cause all the top metal surfaces to be cooled and the lower ones to be heated, while reversal of the current will cause reversal of the direction of the heat flow. Thus if one side of the device is fixed to a suitable heat sink maintained at room temperature, refrigeration of an article to the other side would occur.
- a p—n bismuth—telluride couple has a Seebeck coefficient of about 400 ⁇ V/° C. and for a well heat-insulated device with 16 couples, for example, a current of 10 A will cause a heat flow of about 3W, maintaining a temperature difference of about 30° C.
- K is the thermal conductance of the device, which is reduced by efficient thermal insulation, and ⁇ T is the temperature difference between the surfaces.
- ⁇ S is desirable to give as large a drop in temperature as possible for a given current; ⁇ S is used in the above equation since it is less dependent on temperature than ⁇ P .
- metal junction Z At room temperature, for metal junction Z is about 0.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 K.
- thermoelectric type devices now outlined in the prior art, the present invention provides a thermal pocket cooling device construction wherein the same can be utilized for cooling objects, space, system or devices.
- the general purpose of the present invention is to provide a new cooling device that has many of the advantages of the thermoelectric devices mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new cooling device.
- the present invention generally comprises a device converting moving electric charges into thermal pockets.
- the main component is a junction of dissimilar materials, such as metal and p-type semiconductor, metal and n-type semiconductor, metal to metal junction, p-type semiconductor to n-type semiconductor junction, p-type or n-type semiconductor to inversion layer junction, metal to p-type and n-type semiconductor junction and other combinations thereafter. This is achieved by making the thermal conductance K and the thermal resistance as small as possible.
- a primary object of the present invention is to provide a cooling device that will overcome the shortcomings of the prior art devices.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a thermal device for cooling of objects, space, system or devices.
- Another object of the invention is to incorporate cooling device into to body of integrated circuits.
- Another object of the invention is to provide cooling of the substrate, which is used as a mounting and supporting carrier and as a cooling device to subsystems, attached to this substrate.
- Another object of the invention is to yield high efficiency, low cost, lightweight for portability, easy to use device.
- Another object of the invention is to provide low temperature environment for superconducting devices, high heat output components, integrated circuits and superconductive systems.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a cooling system that may be used to control temperature of precision voltage standards, voltage references, A/D converters, D/.A converters, amplifiers, comparators and other analog devices.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a low temperature for devices used in low light level cameras, infrared detections systems, UV systems, and weaponry.
- Another object of this invention is to provide low temperature environment for high-speed circuits, communication devices, digital processors and computing devices.
- Another object of this invention is to provide accurate low temperature in CCD and MOS cameras.
- FIGS. 1-4 illustrate prior art thermoelectric devices.
- FIGS. 5-7 illustrate a prior art Peltier device.
- FIGS. 8-13 illustrate detailed views of the operation of the Peltier device.
- FIGS. 14-18 illustrate the band diagram structure of the Peltier device.
- FIG. 19 illustrates a single-stage cooling device.
- FIG. 20 illustrates the cooling effect of the device.
- FIG. 21 illustrates a pyramid structure of the prior art of FIGS. 1-3.
- FIG. 22 illustrates a top view of a circular cooling device.
- FIG. 23 illustrates a sectional cut of the device of FIG. 22.
- FIGS. 24-25 illustrate sectional views of the cut of FIG. 22.
- FIGS. 26 ( a - d ) illustrate the progression of additional ring segments.
- FIGS. 27 ( a - b ) illustrate stacked cells separated by insulators.
- FIG. 28 illustrates a gas heater, including a pipe.
- FIG. 29 illustrates the device of FIG. 28 with additional cooling.
- FIG. 30 illustrates an application of the cooling device according to this invention.
- FIG. 31 shows a segment of the thermoelectric cooling circuit.
- FIG. 32 shows use of the thermoelectric cooling device of this invention on a high power transistor switch.
- FIG. 33 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 34 shows another alternate embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 35 shows a frontal view of an infrared tense with the cooling device of this invention.
- FIG. 36 shows a frontal view of either a spacecraft of underwatercraft with the cooling device of this invention.
- FIG. 37 is a table of components.
- Equation (6) implies that the best results are achieved when the Joule's heat and the ⁇ T and K components are minimized.
- the Joule's heat reduction could be achieved by making the device short to minimize the resistance R. This is illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 21 for n- and p-type materials. In FIGS. 14 and 18 the Joule's heat is negligible due to the reduced length of material.
- [0069] is called the temperature gradient.
- the minus sign is introduced in order that the positive direction of the flow of heat should coincide with the positive direction of l. For heat to flow in the positive direction of l, this must be the direction in which 0 decreases.
- Equation (8) deals with transport of heat from one junction to another.
- each end of the material is maintained at different temperature and empirical measurements will show a continuous distribution of temperature.
- the transport of energy between neighboring volume elements is by virtue of the temperature difference between the elements and is known as heat conduction.
- the fundamental law of heat conduction is a generalization of the results of experiments on the linear flow of heat through a slab perpendicular to the faces. If a device is made from a slab of silicon of thickness ⁇ x and of area A and one junction is maintained at the temperature ⁇ and the other at ⁇ + ⁇ .
- the heat Q that flows perpendicular to the faces for a time T is measured. It is a time unit.
- FIG. 11 there is shown a representation of a piece of p-type semiconductor material 109 that has a length of 31 as represented by dimension lines 308 .
- a metal plate 102 on one end and opposite the metal plate and separated by the distance 31 is a second metal plate 103 at the opposite end of the p-type semiconductor material 109 .
- There is a constant current source 105 provided and when a switch 141 is closed current would flow from the current source 105 through plate 103 the p-type semiconductor material 109 and then through plate 102 back to the current source 105 .
- FIG. 12 illustrates the situation where the switch 141 is in the closed position and current is flowing as indicated by arrow 110 from the constant current supply 105 .
- a depletion region 113 that is present that is caused by the electric field created by the flow of the current A, between plates 103 and 102 .
- FIG. 13 As was in FIG. 12, there is an area 114 that is also heated by the effect of the joule heating that is the results of the internal resistance of the p-type semiconductor material 109 .
- the plates 103 and 102 have been positioned so that the depletion region created by the heat next to the plate 102 is overlapping the depletion region created by the electric field created by the flow of current A into the plate 103 .
- the separation of the plate 102 by the plate 103 is determined by length L of the p-type semiconductor material 109 where L ideally should be the depletion of the p-type semiconductor material 109 when the cooling device 900 is in use.
- the constant current supply 105 is conductive such that the current I flows in the opposite direction.
- FIG. 16 shows the situation where the switch 141 is closed and there is a depletion region 133 primarily produced by the heat as well as a depletion region 129 that is next to the plate 103 . Additionally, there is the area of 114 that is caused by the resistance to the current that flows through the bar 161 . Finally in FIG. 18 the plates 102 and 103 are positioned between the p-type semiconductor material 115 such that the depletion regions are merged and the closeness of the plates enables the cooling effect of the circuit to be more effective.
- FIG. 19 illustrates a single stage-cooling device that has an outer metal contact 402 and an inner metal contact 403 .
- the metal contacts are separated by medium 201 .
- the medium material could be in any state or vacuum, or it could be a semiconductor, a conductor, a liquid, it could be in solid state or plasma.
- the selection of the material is based on the Peltier constant which determines the separations between the metal contact represented by arrow 202 .
- the shape of the cooling article of FIG. 19 is circular however; it could be any polygonal shape, circular, elliptical, parabolic, hyperbolic, cercal, parabolic, or rotating hyperboloid. The application is not dependent on the shape.
- FIG. 20 illustrates the cooling effect of the device 200 showing where the metal contact 402 is heated or the hot contact and the internal contact 403 is the cold contact.
- the separation is the depletion region of medium 201 .
- FIG. 21 illustrates the pyramid structures similar to those of FIGS. 1-3 disclosed in the prior art. The difference is that plate 102 is separated from plate 203 by the link L which has a link chosen to put the plates in contact with the depletion regions. Same is true for plate 103 . Additionally, the stack pyramid also has a plate 302 separated by plate 303 by distance L, and plate 302 is separated by plate 308 by the distance L similarly plate 402 is separated from plate 305 by the distance L. These distances are chosen to be minimum so that the joule heating effect of the current flowing through the respective semiconductor regions is minimized.
- FIG. 22 shows a top view of a cooling device that is circular in shape.
- the device 400 has dual stages, which approximately allows a doubling of the cooler effect over the device of FIG. 19.
- FIG. 23 shows a sectional cut made to the cooling device 400 and the sectional view is provided by FIG. 24.
- FIG. 24 there is a metal plate 402 and a second metal plate 403 that are separated by a medium such as a semiconductor element 201 .
- metal contact 403 is separated by a metal contact 404 by an identical medium 201 b , such as a p-type semiconductor material. If current is applied to the device 400 it would effect cooling as shown in FIG. 25.
- the positive terminal of current source 105 is applied to plate 404 and a current loop is completed via the current flowing through the p-type semiconductor device 201 B to plate 403 or metal conductor 403 back to the negative terminal of battery 105 .
- Current source 105 b provides current to plates 403 , which flows through the semiconductor device 201 to plate 402 , and back to the terminal 105 b .
- the current provided by current source 105 b is double that of current source 105 . This doubling increases because the segment that includes plate 403 , semiconductor segment 201 , and plate 402 will have to remove twice the heat as the device that comprises the metal plate 404 , semiconductor 201 b , and metal plate 403 . Since the semiconductor regions have the same lateral dimensions, the outer most region must cool both itself and all outer regions including the center one 408 .
- the total number of regions in FIG. 25 is 3, so the author states would have to remove 2 times the heat of the minus stage ie I (n ⁇ 1) unless n is the number of regions.
- FIG. 26 a the device 200 of FIG. 22 is shown. Additional rings can be added to the device 200 .
- FIG. 26 b shows device 400 of FIG. 23 having 3 conductors which conductor 413 being connected to conductor ring 402 , conductor 411 being connected to conductor ring 403 , and conductor 412 being connected to conductor ring 404 .
- FIG. 26 c device 500 is shown which includes a third ring segment 201 b that is located between metal ring 402 and metal ring 407 .
- Metal ring 407 is connected to conductor 416 .
- a device 600 is shown having an additional ring, additional segment that includes outer ring 409 , a medium 201 c located between ring 417 .
- the outer segment 421 provides additional cooling to the inner space 427 .
- FIG. 27 not only can the cooling circuit be expanded by the additional segments you can take a group of segments which are called cell 600 and stack the cells by separating each cell 600 by a insulator 601 to obtain an assembled cooling cell 603 as is shown in FIG. 27 b.
- FIG. 28 there is shown a gas heater 610 that includes a pipe 605 and an assembled cell unit 603 .
- Hot fluids or gas flow into the pipe 605 as is represented by arrow 606 to provide an outflow of cold fluids or gas as is shown by arrow 607 .
- This arrangement can be used as a heat pipe, and would have applications such as air conditioning or even cooling the tundra under the trans-Alaskan pipelines. This would be used to prevent the thermo-frost from melting due to the heat generated by the flow of the trans-Alaskan pipeline.
- FIG. 29, Providing additional cooling to the assembly 610 could further enhance the device, this embodiment is shown in FIG. 29, to which reference should now be made.
- the segment 623 can be any type of medium; or one of the previously described mediums to facilitate what is referred to as force cooling as is shown by the arrow 622 .
- the substance that is cool flows in as indicated by arrow 606 into the pipe 605 and flows out as indicated by the arrow 607 .
- the medium 623 could also be air where there is forced cooling provided between the metal sleeve 622 and 621 to remove additional heat and make the thermoelectric cooling cell more efficient (i.e. reducing the K factor of equation (6)).
- FIG. 30 there is shown an application of a cooling model according to the invention to be used with a Pentium microprocessor.
- the device includes a substrate 705 having a plurality of bonding pads 701 , located on the substrate is a Pentium microprocessor 703 .
- a thermo-electric cooling circuit 702 Surrounding the microprocessor 703 is a thermo-electric cooling circuit 702 according to the invention.
- a segment of the thermoelectric cooling circuit 702 is provided as seen from dimension lines 31 - 31 in FIG. 31.
- the segment includes a substrate of p-type material 710 and within the p-type material is an implanted N-layer 711 .
- the N-layer is divided into segments 712 - 717 .
- metal conductors 721 , 722 , 723 , 724 and 725 are connected to a constant current source.
- the first segment of 713 has a constant current source that provides current I 1 connected between conductors 721 - 722 .
- the second segment 714 has a constant current source I 2 connected between conductor 722 and 723 . I 2 provides current that is twice the current of I 1 .
- the third segment 715 has a constant current source connected between conductor 723 and conductor 724 and provides a current I 3 that is three times the current of I 1 .
- segment 716 has a current source I 4 connected between conductor 724 and 725 with I 4 being four ties the current of I 1 .
- thermoelectric cooling device of this disclosure can also be used to cool high voltage or high power transistor switches.
- Example of that is shown in FIG. 32 where there is a smart power device 800 .
- the device 800 includes a semiconductor chip 801 that is segmented into a logic portion 803 and a power mosfet switch 802 .
- a cooling circuit 804 Surrounding the power mosfet switch is a cooling circuit 804 similar to the circuit 702 of FIG. 30.
- FIG. 33 is an alternate embodiment of the invention in which there is a semiconductor circuit 810 that includes a substrate of an n+ region 821 and an n ⁇ region 821 . Within the region 821 there are p-rods that go across the semiconductor circuit p-rod 811 p-rod 812 , p-rod 813 , p-rod 814 , p-rod 815 and p-rod 816 . Mounted on the semiconductor substrate, in particular on the n region are circuit arrangements 822 over which there is an oxide layer 823 . Typically as used herein mounted on a semiconductor substrate would include implants circuits that are implanted and annealed into the semiconductor substrate.
- the cooling can be effected by connecting currents between p-rods 813 and 812 and connecting a current that is double, between p-rods 812 and 811 .
- there can be an 11 current source connected between p-rod 814 and 815 and an additional current source between p-rod 816 and p-rod 815 .
- the current between p-rod 816 and 815 would be double that between the current provided by the source connected between p-rod 815 and p-rod 814 .
- each transistor cell 920 with a cooling device 921 according to the invention of a Power Transistor 930 than includes a thousand transistor cells. This is illustrated in FIG. 34.
- FIG. 35 is a frontal view of an infrared lense 825 that includes a lens area 829 and a cooling circuit 895 .
- the cooling circuit 895 includes an outer conductor 826 , an inner conductor 828 separated by a medium such as silicon or glass. Conductors 830 and 831 are used to connect the current source between the metal boundaries 826 and 828 .
- FIG. 36 is a frontal view of an either a spacecraft or an under watercraft that includes the ship, a device 910 having a window 904 . There is an outer metal ring, metal 901 and an inner metal ring 902 and the outer skin of the craft 903 .
- a current I 1 is connected between the outer ring 901 and the inner ring 902 and a current source 902 is connected between the metal ring 902 and the outer skin of the craft 903 with the current I 2 being half that of I 1 in situation where the craft 900 if a space craft because it would be desired to cool the space craft from the heating effect caused by the sun, and the opposite would be true in the event of the craft 900 and the craft 900 is an undersea craft as would be desired to warm the craft if it were the deep ocean.
- the medium in the situation of space is of course a vacuum or very limited air, whereas the medium would be water when used as an undersea craft.
- FIG. 37 is a table which provides examples of the different combinations that can be used.
- FIG. 38 illustrate an example of a Superconducting Quantum Interface Device, SQUID, with a high efficiency cooling system as taught herein.
- the device is a circuit such as high frequency radio receiver 1000 and includes a signal processor 1001 , a cooling section such as that taught in FIG. 30 cooling superconductive elements 1003 .
- the basic operation of SQUIDs is disclosed in the August 1994 article by John Clarke in Scientific American , entitled “SQUIDs” on pages 46 through 52 also in the February 1993 article by Bishop, Grmmel and Huse entitled “Resistance in High-Temperature Superconductors' also in Scientific American pages 48 through 55. Both articles are incorporated herein by reference.
Abstract
A cooling device has a cooling area with a predefined periphery, and a cooling circuit surrounding the cooling area. The cooling circuit includes a medium and a plurality of N conductors in parallel alignment and located within the medium, the medium being a plurality of N+1 segments, with each segment being separated from other segments by a member of the plurality of conductors.
Description
- This application relates to another patent application titled High Efficiency Semiconductor Cooling Device, filed on the same date, and claims the benefits of Provisional application 60/400,152.
- Field of the Invention
- The invention relates generally to a thermoelectric cooling device and more generally it relates to a device that allows heat to be converted to electricity with efficiency approaching the efficiency of the electric transformers.
- Thermoelectric devices have been in use for years. Number of domestic and foreign organizations are manufacturing and marketing thermoelectric devices. Applications vary from small consumer-type refrigerators to precise aerospace temperature control systems. A thermoelectric cooler or heater (thermoelectric module or thermoelectric device) is a component that functions as a small heat pump. By applying a DC voltage to a thermoelectric module, heat will be moved through the module from one end to another. One module end, therefore, will be cooled while the opposite end will be heated. This phenomenon is reversible, whereby a change in polarity will cause heat to be moved in opposite direction. Consequently, a thermoelectric device may be used for both heating and cooling thereby making it highly suitable for precise temperature control application. In view of this definition and for readability the term “thermoelectric cooler” shall be generic, and mean either a heater or cooler.
- Views of a few commercially available thermoelectric devices are presented in FIGS. 1, 2 and3.
- In FIG. 1 there is shown a four stage
thermoelectric device 10 reaching temperatures of −120° C. The device shown in FIG. 2 is a three stage thermoelectric device 17 producing temperature of about −90° C. with a small load and in FIG. 3, there is depicted a single layer thermoelectric device 17 capable of producing negative temperature of −40° C. Thus, it is the amount of cooling produced by a device that is dependent on the number of stages. - In FIG. 4 there is presented a view of a single thermoelectric device. FIG. 4a illustrates an upper supporting
ceramic plate 16 onto which a conductive pattern 17 is deposited and highlighted in FIG. 4b. FIG. 4c shows an array of “p” and “n” types ofthermoelectric columns 18, which are electrically connected by depositedconductive patters 17 and 19.Plate 20 of FIG. 4e is the bottom plate, which carries the conductive layer from array of “p” and “n” types of thermoelectric colums. And FIG. 4f shows a composite view ofdevice assembly 21. - Thermoelectric energy conversion is the interconversion of heat and electrical energy for power generation or heat pumping and is based on the Seebeck and Peltier effects. In the early 1950s, progress led to the development of semiconductor thermo elements with the results that reasonably efficient thermoelectric devices could be constructed. Metallic thermocouples provide only very low efficiencies, the most favorable being combination of bismuth and antimony, which provide efficiencies of approximately 1%; selected semiconductors can provide efficiencies of approximately including 8-10%.
- The independence of size vs. efficiency, the absence of moving parts, high reliability, quietness, lack of vibration, low maintenance, simple startup, and absence of pollution problems characterize the technique of direct energy conversion. Thermoelectric generators have been used in specialized applications in which combinations of their desirable features outweigh their high cost and low generating efficiencies, which are typically 3-7%. Large-scale thermoelectric generators cannot compete with oil-fired central power stations, which operate at efficiencies of 35-40%.
- The most advanced thermoelectric systems are the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), which have been developed for military and space systems under the aegis of the US Department of Energy DOE. The RTGs most recently operated in space were used to power the Voyager I and II spacecrafts and have conversion efficiencies of 6.7% and specific powers of 4.2 W/kg. Other RTGs have been used for such applications as floating and terrestrial weather stations, cardiac pacemakers, and navigational buoys. Fossil-fired thermoelectric generators have been developed for military and commercial applications. Some of these applications include power for remote navigational lights, communication line repeaters, and cathodic protection, eg, protection of the east-west pipeline across Saudi Arabia by 34 thermoelectric stations.
- Thermoelectric heat pumping, like thermoelectric power generation, has increased applications in those areas where the advantages of the thermoelectric conversion process, i.e., small space, lightweight, high reliability, no noise or pollution, and simple temperature control, can be utilized.
- Thermoelectric cooling devices have been developed for a variety of military and commercial applications. These include submarine air-conditioning systems, small refrigerators, and recreational instruments, and cooling for electro-optical systems. They could be used in systems using night navigation, night vision cameras, in the navigation of long and short-range rockets, missiles and other instruments of war.
- Peltier Cooling is the textbook interpretation of the inner working of thermoelectric cooling.
- The principle of operation of a Peltier device is shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and7. In FIG. 5 there is shown an
assembly 51 of p and n type semiconductor 52 and 53 respectively and twometallic plates metallic plates battery 57, previously hot ends will turn cold and the previously cold ends will turn hot, as viewed in FIGS. 6 and 7. - Detailed views of events just described are given in FIGS. 8, 9,10, 11, 12 and 13. The role, that Joule's heat is playing, is intentionally omitted.
- Although the Peltier cooling and Seebeck electricity generation is not exclusive to semiconductors, the band diagram structure for p and n type semiconductors is highlighted in FIGS. 14, 15 and16.
- Current understanding of the Peltier effect principle is explained on bases of moving electrons or holes from one material to another and electrons or holes are said to be the carriers of heat. It was found that the quantity of heat transferred is proportional to the quantity of electricity flowing. The constant of proportionality is the differential Peltier coefficient, αP
ab , given by - Where W is the energy in joules transferred to or from the junction between two materials, a and b, by a charge of Q coulombs, αP
ab , is often more conveniently expressed in terms of the power P (watts) transferred by a current I (amperes). -
-
- Where T is the absolute temperature of the cold junction.
- Finally, where there is a temperature difference ΔT over part of a single conductor the passage of current I leads to thermal power ΔP being generated. This is an event, related to the Peltier and Seebeck effect, and is not considered.
- The junction of two metals to form a thermocouple has been used for a long time as a method of measuring temperature, with copper-constantan or iron-constantan couples having values of αS up to about 50 μV/° C. Correspondingly low values of αP occur, so that little energy is transferred when a current is passed through the junction, with a consequently small cooling effect. This is because the conduction electrons all have energies close to the Fermi level, and very small energy changes occur when a current flows through the junction. However, for the ohmic contact between a metal and a non-degenerate semiconductor αP is much larger and a significant cooling effect may be obtained.
- Consider an n-
type semiconductor section 81 sandwiched between twometals 82 and 83 respectively to form two ohmic contacts (FIG. 8). If a potential difference is applied as shown, only the higher energy electrons inmetal 82 will be able to move over the potential barrier φS-χ into the semiconductor 81 (FIG. 9). Thus in metal 83 the average electron energy is reduced, while inmetal 82 it is increased, so that heat is transferred frommetal 82 to metal 83. If a p-type semiconductor is substituted and the same voltage applied (FIG. 10), a hole current will flow due to movement of electrons in the valence band under the potential barrier ζ-φS. Thus low-energy electrons are removed frommetal 1, increasing its average energy and reducing the average energy ofmetal 2, so that heat is obtained from the energy diagram, since the electrons crossing frommetal 82 to an n-type semiconductor 81 possess potential energy (φS-χ) and mean kinetic energy {overscore (w)}, which is proportional to -
- The plus sign indicating energy transfer to the metal83, due to the temperature dependence of the quantities in eqs. (4) and (5) αP rises with temperature.
-
- K is the thermal conductance of the device, which is reduced by efficient thermal insulation, and ΔT is the temperature difference between the surfaces. A high value of αS is desirable to give as large a drop in temperature as possible for a given current; αS is used in the above equation since it is less dependent on temperature than αP.
-
- At room temperature, for metal junction Z is about 0.1×10−3 K.
- In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of thermoelectric type devices now outlined in the prior art, the present invention provides a thermal pocket cooling device construction wherein the same can be utilized for cooling objects, space, system or devices.
- The general purpose of the present invention is to provide a new cooling device that has many of the advantages of the thermoelectric devices mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new cooling device.
- To attain this, the present invention generally comprises a device converting moving electric charges into thermal pockets. The main component is a junction of dissimilar materials, such as metal and p-type semiconductor, metal and n-type semiconductor, metal to metal junction, p-type semiconductor to n-type semiconductor junction, p-type or n-type semiconductor to inversion layer junction, metal to p-type and n-type semiconductor junction and other combinations thereafter. This is achieved by making the thermal conductance K and the thermal resistance as small as possible.
- A primary object of the present invention is to provide a cooling device that will overcome the shortcomings of the prior art devices.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a thermal device for cooling of objects, space, system or devices.
- Another object of the invention is to incorporate cooling device into to body of integrated circuits.
- Another object of the invention is to provide cooling of the substrate, which is used as a mounting and supporting carrier and as a cooling device to subsystems, attached to this substrate.
- Another object of the invention is to yield high efficiency, low cost, lightweight for portability, easy to use device.
- Another object of the invention is to provide low temperature environment for superconducting devices, high heat output components, integrated circuits and superconductive systems.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a cooling system that may be used to control temperature of precision voltage standards, voltage references, A/D converters, D/.A converters, amplifiers, comparators and other analog devices.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a low temperature for devices used in low light level cameras, infrared detections systems, UV systems, and weaponry.
- Another object of this invention is to provide low temperature environment for high-speed circuits, communication devices, digital processors and computing devices.
- Another object of this invention is to provide accurate low temperature in CCD and MOS cameras.
- Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become obvious to the reader and it is intended that these objects and advantages be within the scope of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1-4 illustrate prior art thermoelectric devices.
- FIGS. 5-7 illustrate a prior art Peltier device.
- FIGS. 8-13 illustrate detailed views of the operation of the Peltier device.
- FIGS. 14-18 illustrate the band diagram structure of the Peltier device.
- FIG. 19 illustrates a single-stage cooling device.
- FIG. 20 illustrates the cooling effect of the device.
- FIG. 21 illustrates a pyramid structure of the prior art of FIGS. 1-3.
- FIG. 22 illustrates a top view of a circular cooling device.
- FIG. 23 illustrates a sectional cut of the device of FIG. 22.
- FIGS. 24-25 illustrate sectional views of the cut of FIG. 22.
- FIGS.26(a-d) illustrate the progression of additional ring segments.
- FIGS.27(a-b) illustrate stacked cells separated by insulators.
- FIG. 28 illustrates a gas heater, including a pipe.
- FIG. 29 illustrates the device of FIG. 28 with additional cooling.
- FIG. 30 illustrates an application of the cooling device according to this invention.
- FIG. 31 shows a segment of the thermoelectric cooling circuit.
- FIG. 32 shows use of the thermoelectric cooling device of this invention on a high power transistor switch.
- FIG. 33 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 34 shows another alternate embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 35 shows a frontal view of an infrared tense with the cooling device of this invention.
- FIG. 36 shows a frontal view of either a spacecraft of underwatercraft with the cooling device of this invention.
- FIG. 37 is a table of components.
- Equation (6) implies that the best results are achieved when the Joule's heat and the ΔT and K components are minimized. The Joule's heat reduction could be achieved by making the device short to minimize the resistance R. This is illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 21 for n- and p-type materials. In FIGS. 14 and 18 the Joule's heat is negligible due to the reduced length of material. The Peltier heat flow from one end to another becomes
-
- is called the temperature gradient. The minus sign is introduced in order that the positive direction of the flow of heat should coincide with the positive direction of l. For heat to flow in the positive direction of l, this must be the direction in which 0 decreases.
- The Equation (8) deals with transport of heat from one junction to another.
- When the current is applied to a cell, each end of the material is maintained at different temperature and empirical measurements will show a continuous distribution of temperature. The transport of energy between neighboring volume elements is by virtue of the temperature difference between the elements and is known as heat conduction. The fundamental law of heat conduction is a generalization of the results of experiments on the linear flow of heat through a slab perpendicular to the faces. If a device is made from a slab of silicon of thickness Δx and of area A and one junction is maintained at the temperature θ and the other at θ+Δθ. The heat Q that flows perpendicular to the faces for a time T is measured. It is a time unit.
- FIGS. 11-18 provide a detail explanation of the operation of the invention. Beginning with FIG. 11 there is shown a representation of a piece of p-
type semiconductor material 109 that has a length of 31 as represented bydimension lines 308. There is ametal plate 102 on one end and opposite the metal plate and separated by thedistance 31 is asecond metal plate 103 at the opposite end of the p-type semiconductor material 109. There is a constantcurrent source 105 provided and when a switch 141 is closed current would flow from thecurrent source 105 throughplate 103 the p-type semiconductor material 109 and then throughplate 102 back to thecurrent source 105. - FIG. 12 illustrates the situation where the switch141 is in the closed position and current is flowing as indicated by
arrow 110 from the constantcurrent supply 105. There is heat present and adepletion region 109 is generated by the effects of the heat on thesemiconductor bar 109. Similarly, there is adepletion region 113 that is present that is caused by the electric field created by the flow of the current A, betweenplates - In FIG. 13, as was in FIG. 12, there is an
area 114 that is also heated by the effect of the joule heating that is the results of the internal resistance of the p-type semiconductor material 109. - Referring to FIG. 14, the
plates plate 102 is overlapping the depletion region created by the electric field created by the flow of current A into theplate 103. Thus, the separation of theplate 102 by theplate 103 is determined by length L of the p-type semiconductor material 109 where L ideally should be the depletion of the p-type semiconductor material 109 when thecooling device 900 is in use. - The removing of the
joule heating area 114 from the circuit will enable the cooling circuit to function more efficiently due to the fact that the joule heating that is produced by the internal resistance has been minimized or eliminated. Therefore, in designing a heating or cooling system according to the invention, it would always be beneficial to ascertain the anticipated depletion region that is caused by the amount of heat to be removed and the depletion region that was generated/caused by the electric field generated by the current provided by the constantcurrent supply 105. If n-type semiconductor material 161 should be selected, FIG. 15-18 will demonstrate the similar results, wherein FIG. 15 the n-type material 161 is separated by the length of 31 betweenmetal plates current supply 105 is conductive such that the current I flows in the opposite direction. FIG. 16 shows the situation where the switch 141 is closed and there is adepletion region 133 primarily produced by the heat as well as adepletion region 129 that is next to theplate 103. Additionally, there is the area of 114 that is caused by the resistance to the current that flows through thebar 161. Finally in FIG. 18 theplates - FIG. 19 illustrates a single stage-cooling device that has an
outer metal contact 402 and aninner metal contact 403. The metal contacts are separated bymedium 201. The medium material could be in any state or vacuum, or it could be a semiconductor, a conductor, a liquid, it could be in solid state or plasma. - In the embodiment shown, and as was discussed in conjunction with
equations arrow 202. The shape of the cooling article of FIG. 19 is circular however; it could be any polygonal shape, circular, elliptical, parabolic, hyperbolic, cercal, parabolic, or rotating hyperboloid. The application is not dependent on the shape. - FIG. 20 illustrates the cooling effect of the
device 200 showing where themetal contact 402 is heated or the hot contact and theinternal contact 403 is the cold contact. The separation is the depletion region ofmedium 201. - FIG. 21 illustrates the pyramid structures similar to those of FIGS. 1-3 disclosed in the prior art. The difference is that
plate 102 is separated fromplate 203 by the link L which has a link chosen to put the plates in contact with the depletion regions. Same is true forplate 103. Additionally, the stack pyramid also has aplate 302 separated byplate 303 by distance L, andplate 302 is separated byplate 308 by the distance L similarly plate 402 is separated fromplate 305 by the distance L. These distances are chosen to be minimum so that the joule heating effect of the current flowing through the respective semiconductor regions is minimized. - FIG. 22 shows a top view of a cooling device that is circular in shape. The
device 400 has dual stages, which approximately allows a doubling of the cooler effect over the device of FIG. 19. - FIG. 23 shows a sectional cut made to the
cooling device 400 and the sectional view is provided by FIG. 24. - Referring to FIG. 24 there is a
metal plate 402 and asecond metal plate 403 that are separated by a medium such as asemiconductor element 201. Similarly,metal contact 403 is separated by ametal contact 404 by an identical medium 201 b, such as a p-type semiconductor material. If current is applied to thedevice 400 it would effect cooling as shown in FIG. 25. The positive terminal ofcurrent source 105 is applied toplate 404 and a current loop is completed via the current flowing through the p-type semiconductor device 201B to plate 403 ormetal conductor 403 back to the negative terminal ofbattery 105. Current source 105 b provides current toplates 403, which flows through thesemiconductor device 201 toplate 402, and back to the terminal 105 b. The current provided by current source 105 b is double that ofcurrent source 105. This doubling increases because the segment that includesplate 403,semiconductor segment 201, andplate 402 will have to remove twice the heat as the device that comprises themetal plate 404, semiconductor 201 b, andmetal plate 403. Since the semiconductor regions have the same lateral dimensions, the outer most region must cool both itself and all outer regions including the center one 408. The total number of regions in FIG. 25 is 3, so the author states would have to remove 2 times the heat of the minus stage ie I (n−1) unless n is the number of regions. - Referring to FIG. 26, in FIG. 26a the
device 200 of FIG. 22 is shown. Additional rings can be added to thedevice 200. For example, FIG. 26b showsdevice 400 of FIG. 23 having 3 conductors whichconductor 413 being connected toconductor ring 402,conductor 411 being connected toconductor ring 403, andconductor 412 being connected toconductor ring 404. - In FIG.
26c device 500 is shown which includes a third ring segment 201 b that is located betweenmetal ring 402 and metal ring 407. Metal ring 407 is connected to conductor 416. In FIG. 26d adevice 600 is shown having an additional ring, additional segment that includes outer ring 409, a medium 201 c located betweenring 417. The outer segment 421 provides additional cooling to theinner space 427. - Referring to FIG. 27 not only can the cooling circuit be expanded by the additional segments you can take a group of segments which are called
cell 600 and stack the cells by separating eachcell 600 by a insulator 601 to obtain an assembledcooling cell 603 as is shown in FIG. 27b. - Referring to FIG. 28 there is shown a
gas heater 610 that includes a pipe 605 and an assembledcell unit 603. Hot fluids or gas flow into the pipe 605 as is represented byarrow 606 to provide an outflow of cold fluids or gas as is shown byarrow 607. This arrangement can be used as a heat pipe, and would have applications such as air conditioning or even cooling the tundra under the trans-Alaskan pipelines. This would be used to prevent the thermo-frost from melting due to the heat generated by the flow of the trans-Alaskan pipeline. - Providing additional cooling to the
assembly 610 could further enhance the device, this embodiment is shown in FIG. 29, to which reference should now be made. There is anouter conductor 621 aninner conductor 622 separated bysegment 623. Thesegment 623 can be any type of medium; or one of the previously described mediums to facilitate what is referred to as force cooling as is shown by thearrow 622. Here again the substance that is cool flows in as indicated byarrow 606 into the pipe 605 and flows out as indicated by thearrow 607. Additionally, the medium 623 could also be air where there is forced cooling provided between themetal sleeve - Referring to FIG. 30 there is shown an application of a cooling model according to the invention to be used with a Pentium microprocessor. The device includes a
substrate 705 having a plurality ofbonding pads 701, located on the substrate is aPentium microprocessor 703. Surrounding themicroprocessor 703 is a thermo-electric cooling circuit 702 according to the invention. A segment of thethermoelectric cooling circuit 702 is provided as seen from dimension lines 31-31 in FIG. 31. The segment includes a substrate of p-type material 710 and within the p-type material is an implanted N-layer 711. The N-layer is divided into segments 712-717. There are 5metal conductors microprocessor 703. Each pair of metal conductors is connected to a constant current source. The first segment of 713 has a constant current source that provides current I1 connected between conductors 721-722. Thesecond segment 714 has a constant current source I2 connected betweenconductor 722 and 723. I2 provides current that is twice the current of I1. Similarly the third segment 715 has a constant current source connected betweenconductor 723 and conductor 724 and provides a current I3 that is three times the current of I1. Finally, segment 716 has a current source I4 connected betweenconductor 724 and 725 with I4 being four ties the current of I1. With this configuration the heat that is generated by themicroprocessor 703 can be removed. Thecooling circuit 702 could be bonded onto aceramic pad 705 along with themicroprocessor 703. By using thisconfiguration microprocessor 703 can be efficiently cool without the necessity of the complex cooling circuits currently being used. - The thermoelectric cooling device of this disclosure can also be used to cool high voltage or high power transistor switches. Example of that is shown in FIG. 32 where there is a
smart power device 800. Thedevice 800 includes asemiconductor chip 801 that is segmented into alogic portion 803 and apower mosfet switch 802. Surrounding the power mosfet switch is acooling circuit 804 similar to thecircuit 702 of FIG. 30. - FIG. 33 is an alternate embodiment of the invention in which there is a
semiconductor circuit 810 that includes a substrate of an n+ region 821 and an n− region 821. Within the region 821 there are p-rods that go across the semiconductor circuit p-rod 811 p-rod 812, p-rod 813, p-rod 814, p-rod 815 and p-rod 816. Mounted on the semiconductor substrate, in particular on the n region arecircuit arrangements 822 over which there is anoxide layer 823. Typically as used herein mounted on a semiconductor substrate would include implants circuits that are implanted and annealed into the semiconductor substrate. With the p-rods running under the circuit areas, the cooling can be effected by connecting currents between p-rods 813 and 812 and connecting a current that is double, between p-rods 812 and 811. Similarly, there can be an 11 current source connected between p-rod 814 and 815, and an additional current source between p-rod 816 and p-rod 815. The current between p-rod 816 and 815 would be double that between the current provided by the source connected between p-rod 815 and p-rod 814. - Still an alternative is to cool each
transistor cell 920 with acooling device 921 according to the invention of a Power Transistor 930 than includes a thousand transistor cells. This is illustrated in FIG. 34. - FIG. 35 is a frontal view of an
infrared lense 825 that includes alens area 829 and acooling circuit 895. Thecooling circuit 895 includes anouter conductor 826, aninner conductor 828 separated by a medium such as silicon or glass.Conductors metal boundaries - FIG. 36 is a frontal view of an either a spacecraft or an under watercraft that includes the ship, a device910 having a
window 904. There is an outer metal ring, metal 901 and aninner metal ring 902 and the outer skin of the craft 903. A current I1 is connected between the outer ring 901 and theinner ring 902 and acurrent source 902 is connected between themetal ring 902 and the outer skin of the craft 903 with the current I2 being half that of I1 in situation where thecraft 900 if a space craft because it would be desired to cool the space craft from the heating effect caused by the sun, and the opposite would be true in the event of thecraft 900 and thecraft 900 is an undersea craft as would be desired to warm the craft if it were the deep ocean. The medium in the situation of space is of course a vacuum or very limited air, whereas the medium would be water when used as an undersea craft. - There are many combinations of materials that could be used to fabricate the cooling device that is discussed in the previous sections. FIG. 37 is a table which provides examples of the different combinations that can be used.
- FIG. 38 illustrate an example of a Superconducting Quantum Interface Device, SQUID, with a high efficiency cooling system as taught herein. The device is a circuit such as high
frequency radio receiver 1000 and includes asignal processor 1001, a cooling section such as that taught in FIG. 30 coolingsuperconductive elements 1003. The basic operation of SQUIDs is disclosed in the August 1994 article by John Clarke in Scientific American, entitled “SQUIDs” on pages 46 through 52 also in the February 1993 article by Bishop, Grmmel and Huse entitled “Resistance in High-Temperature Superconductors' also in Scientific American pages 48 through 55. Both articles are incorporated herein by reference.
Claims (45)
1. A cooling device comprising:
a cooling area having a predefined periphery; and
a cooling circuit surrounding the cooling area, the cooling circuit includes a medium and a plurality of N conductors in parallel alignment and located within the medium, the medium being a plurality of N+1 segments with each segment being separated from other segments by a member of the plurality of conductors.
2. The cooling device according to claim 1 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises:
a plurality of N−1 current sources operatively connected to the cooling circuit.
3. The cooling device according to claim 1 wherein the predefined periphery has a polygonal shape.
4. The cooling device according to claim 3 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises:
a plurality of N−1 current sources operatively connected to the plurality of N conductors with a first current source being connected between a first conductor and a second conductor of the plurality of conductors and a second current source being connected between the second conductor and a third conductor of the plurality of N conductor and each of any remaining current sources of the plurality of current source being like wise connect through an Nth−1 current source being connected between the Nth−1 conductor and the Nth conductor.
5. The cooling device according to claim 4 wherein the cooling circuit cools the cooling area and the first conductor is located between a first segment and a second segment of the plurality of N+1 segments and the second conductor is located between the second segment and a third segment of the plurality of N+1 segments and each of any remaining conductors of the plurality of N conductors being like wise located through an Nth conductor being located being located between the Nth segment and the Nth+1 segment of the plurality of N+1 segments.
6. The cooling device according to claim 5 wherein each segment has a heat field depletion area and an electric field depletion area with the heat depletion area being located on a first side of a segment nearest the cooling area and the electric depletion area being located on a side across the segment from the first side and the width of the segment being selected so that the heat depletion area is in contact with the electric depletion area.
7. The cooling device according to claim 5 wherein the first segment is the segment nearest the cooling area and the second current source provides a current twice the current of the first current and similarly each additional current source of the plurality of N−1 current sources providing a current that is multiple of the first current source with a current source connected to a conductor nearer the cooling area providing a current that is less than a current provided from an adjacent current source connected to a conductor further from the cooling area such that the largest amount of current being provided by the N−1 current source providing N−1 times the current of the first current source.
8. The cooling device according to claim 1 with the medium being of an annular shape.
9. The cooling device according to claim 8 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises: a plurality of N−1 current sources operatively connected to the plurality of N conductors with a first current source being connected between a first conductor and a second conductor of the plurality of conductors and a second current source being connected between the second conductor and a third conductor of the plurality of N conductor and each of any remaining current sources of the plurality of current source being like wise connect through an Nth−1 current source being connected between the Nth−1 conductor and the Nth conductor.
10. The cooling device according to claim 9 wherein the cooling circuit cools the cooling area and the first conductor is located between a first segment and a second segment of the plurality of N+1 segments and the second conductor is located between the second segment and a third segment of the plurality of N+1 segments and each of any remaining conductors of the plurality of N conductors being like wise located through an Nth conductor being located being located between the Nth segment and the Nth+1 segment of the plurality of N+1 segments.
11. The cooling device according to claim 10 wherein each segment has a heat field depletion area and an electric field depletion area with the heat depletion area being located on a first side of a segment nearest the cooling area and the electric depletion area being located on a side across the segment from the first side and the width of the segment being selected so that the heat depletion area is in contact with the electric depletion area.
12. The cooling device according to claim 10 wherein the first segment is the segment nearest the cooling area and the second current source provides a current twice the current of the first current and similarly each additional current source of the plurality of N−1 current sources providing a current that is multiple of the first current source with a current source connected to a conductor nearer the cooling area providing a current that is less than a current provided from an adjacent current source connected to a conductor further from the cooling area such that the largest amount of current being provided by the N−1 current source providing N−1 times the current of the first current source.
13. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a vacuum.
14. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a semiconductor medium.
15. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a conductor medium.
16. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a liquid.
17. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a solid state medium.
18. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the medium is a plasma.
19. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the cooling area is a space ship.
20. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the cooling area is a heat pipe.
21. The cooling circuit according to claim 1 wherein the cooling area is a semiconductor circuit.
22. The cooling circuit according to claim 21 wherein the semiconductor circuit is a power MOSFET.
23. The cooling circuit according to claim 21 wherein the semiconductor circuit is a smart power device having a power section and a logic section and the cooling area is the power section.
24. A cooling device comprising:
a cooling area having a predefined periphery; and
a cooling circuit surrounding the cooling area, the cooling circuit includes a cooling cell of a medium segment and first and second conductors in parallel alignment and spaced apart by a predetermined width, L, within the medium segment, the width L being determined to be a width of the medium segment that becomes substantially depleted during operation of the cooling circuit.
25. The cooling device according to claim 24 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises:
a current sources operatively connected to the first and second conductor to facilitate the transfer heat from a first side of the cooling cell to a second side of the cooling cell.
26. The cooling device according to claim 24 wherein the predefined periphery has a polygonal shape.
27. The cooling device according to claim 24 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises: a second cooling cell of a second medium segment and a third conductor with a first side of the second medium segment being adjacent to the third conductor and a second side of the second medium segment being adjacent to the second conductor.
28. The cooling device according to claim 27 wherein each medium segment has a heat field depletion area and an electric field depletion area with the heat depletion area being located on a first side of a medium segment nearest the cooling area and the electric depletion area being located on a side across the medium segment from the first side and the width of the medium segment being selected so that the heat depletion area is in contact with the electric depletion area.
29. The cooling device according to claim 24 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises: a current source operatively connected to the first and second conductor to facilitate the transfer heat from a first side of the cooling cell to a second side of the cooling cell.
30. The cooling device according to claim 24 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises: a second cooling cell of a second medium segment and a third conductor with a first side of the second medium segment being adjacent to the third conductor and a second side of the second medium segment being adjacent to the second conductor.
31. The cooling device according to claim 30 wherein the cooling circuit further comprises:
a first current sources operatively connected to the first and second conductor to facilitate the transfer heat from a first side of the medium segment to a second side of the medium segment; and
a second current sources operatively connected to the second and third conductor to facilitate the transfer heat from the first side of the second medium segment to the second side of the second medium segment.
32. The cooling device according to claim 31 wherein the current from the second current source is one half the current from the first current source.
33. The cooling device according to claim 31 wherein each segment has a heat field depletion area and an electric field depletion area with the heat depletion area being located on a first side of a segment nearest the cooling area and the electric depletion area being located on a side across the segment from the first side and the width of the segment being selected so that the heat depletion area is in contact with the electric depletion area.
34. The cooling device according to claim 24 with the medium being of an annular shape.
35. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a vacuum.
36. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a semiconductor medium.
37. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a conductor medium.
38. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a liquid.
39. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a solid state medium.
40. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the medium is a plasma.
41. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the cooling area is a space ship.
42. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the cooling area is a heat pipe.
43. The cooling circuit according to claim 24 wherein the cooling area is a semiconductor circuit.
44. The cooling circuit according to claim 43 wherein the semiconductor circuit is a power MOSFET.
45. The cooling circuit according to claim 43 wherein the semiconductor circuit is a smart power device having a power section and a logic section and the cooling area is the power section.
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CN102635998A (en) * | 2012-04-25 | 2012-08-15 | 合肥美的荣事达电冰箱有限公司 | Infrared induction device used for refrigerator and refrigerator |
CN107462335A (en) * | 2017-08-30 | 2017-12-12 | 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 | A kind of thermoelectric refrigerating system for single photon detection |
US20230003441A1 (en) * | 2019-11-26 | 2023-01-05 | Qingdao Haier Refrigerator Co., Ltd. | Cooling device |
CN112880594A (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-06-01 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | Image alignment calibration and inspection method applied to low-light-level image intensifier |
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