US20040216920A1 - Visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas - Google Patents
Visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas Download PDFInfo
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- US20040216920A1 US20040216920A1 US10/285,835 US28583502A US2004216920A1 US 20040216920 A1 US20040216920 A1 US 20040216920A1 US 28583502 A US28583502 A US 28583502A US 2004216920 A1 US2004216920 A1 US 2004216920A1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/002—Survey of boreholes or wells by visual inspection
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
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Definitions
- the invention relates to apparatus and methods which facilitate viewing subsurface areas.
- the invention also relates to visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas.
- waste disposal sites In the United States, there are hundreds of thousands of waste disposal sites. Many of these waste disposal sites contain buried radiological contaminants or other hazardous materials. Unfortunately, poor waste management and waste disposal practices have allowed dangerous contaminants to migrate from such waste disposal sites into surrounding soils and groundwater.
- Characterization and/or monitoring of a waste disposal site typically involves the use of testing probes placed directly into the subsurface areas of the site for data collection.
- testing probes may be used to assist in characterizing and/or monitoring the subsurface waste.
- One of these types of testing probes is known as a visual probe. Visual probes are used to visually inspect the physical condition of buried wastes, containers, sludges, and interstitial soils, and to provide information regarding soil moisture and contaminant migration.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an entry segment and an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an entry segment push rod and an extension segment push rod in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a pressure cap and an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view showing the pressure cap and part of the extension segment of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a pressure cap, an entry segment push rod, and an extension segment push rod in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a visual probe in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a side view showing a visual probe having been placed in a subsurface area in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a side view showing part of an extension segment and part of a push rod string in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a side view showing part of an extension segment and part of a push rod string in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a field cap and part of an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a side view showing a visual probe having been placed in a subsurface area in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1-11 depict methods and apparatus which facilitate viewing subsurface areas 2 (e.g., the ground, or other media such as gravel, water, gasses, solutions, etc.) in contaminated or non-contaminated sites.
- a visual probe for viewing such subsurface areas is generally indicated by the numeral 1 , and may best be seen in FIGS. 6, 7 and 11 .
- the visual probe 1 is sufficiently structurally sound and robust to be placed through difficult materials such as areas adjacent gasoline or oil tanks or drums, areas including buried concrete, areas including contaminated waste, etc.
- the visual probe 1 can be driven into such subsurface areas 2 by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling, thereby avoiding the need for prior excavation or drilling procedures which may bring contaminated “cuttings” to the land's surface 3 , and which may also create a pathway through which contaminated emissions may escape to the land's surface 3 (FIGS. 7, 10 and 11 ).
- FIG. 1 shows an entry segment generally indicated by the numeral 10 .
- the entry segment 10 includes a tip end 11 configured for insertion into a subsurface area 2 (FIG. 7), an attachment end 12 , and a push rod receiving point 13 .
- the tip end 11 is constructed of steel in one embodiment; however, in alternative embodiments, other materials are employed.
- the entry segment 10 also includes a first entry segment hub 14 positioned proximate the tip end 11 of the entry segment 10 .
- a second entry segment hub 15 is positioned at the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 .
- the entry segment hubs 14 and 15 are constructed of steel in one embodiment; however, in alternative embodiments, other materials are employed.
- An entry segment sidewall 20 having open ends 21 and 22 extends between the entry segment hubs 14 and 15 .
- the entry segment sidewall 20 is transparent or translucent. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the entire entry segment sidewall 20 is transparent. In the illustrated embodiment, the transparent entry segment sidewall 20 is constructed of polycarbonate, however, any other suitable material may be utilized.
- FIG. 1 a portion of the entry segment sidewall 20 has been removed so that the underlying structures may be more clearly shown.
- the open end 21 of the entry segment sidewall 20 is configured to selectively couple with the entry segment hub 14
- the open end 22 of the entry segment sidewall 20 is configured to selectively couple with the entry segment hub 15 .
- the entry segment sidewall 20 and the open ends 21 and 22 define in part an entry segment cavity 23 .
- the entry segment 10 also includes at least one entry segment hub seal 24 positioned between the open end 21 of the entry segment sidewall 20 and the entry segment hub 14 .
- the entry segment 10 also includes at least one entry segment hub seal 25 positioned between the open end 22 of the entry segment sidewall 20 and the entry segment hub 15 .
- the entry segment hub seals 24 and 25 function as a substantial barrier to contaminants, thus impeding contaminants in the ground from entering the entry segment cavity 23 .
- the at entry segment hub seals 24 and 25 each comprise two o-rings. In the illustrated embodiment, these o-rings are constructed of fluorcarbon rubber, however, any other suitable material may be used.
- an entry segment support structure 30 is positioned within the entry segment cavity 23 .
- the entry segment support structure 30 includes a hub portion 31 which is securely attached to the entry segment hub 14 , and a hub portion 32 which is securely attached to the entry segment hub 15 .
- a plurality of lateral supports 33 extend between the hub portion 31 and 32 , and are securely attached to the hub portions.
- the lateral supports 33 are radially positioned within the entry segment cavity 23 and define an entry segment push rod cavity 34 .
- the entry segment 10 utilizes a multi-tiered design which facilitates insertion into the media 2 .
- the entry segment 10 utilizes a multi-tiered design which facilitates insertion into the ground. Moving from the tip end 11 to the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 , the multi-tiered design is readily apparent.
- the first tier 26 is a smaller periphery or diameter portion of the entry segment 10 , located near the tip end 11 of the entry segment 10 . The periphery or diameter of the entry segment then increases at the first entry segment hub 14 .
- the second tier 27 is a larger periphery or diameter portion of the entry segment 10 , and extends from the first entry segment hub 14 to the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 .
- An extension segment 40 described below in greater detail, has a third diameter and defines a third tier 28 .
- the first tier 26 or smaller diameter portion of the entry segment 10 creates a “pilot hole” in the ground for the second tier 27 , which is of a larger diameter, to follow.
- the second tier 27 is followed by the third tier 28 .
- This multi-tiered design decreases the magnitude of force required to insert the visual probe 1 into the ground 2 (FIG. 7). After the probe tip portion 11 and the first tier 26 have advanced through the hardened soil overburden, they have provided a pathway which the rest of the visual probe 1 may follow.
- FIG. 1 also shows an extension segment generally indicated by the numeral 40 .
- the extension segment 40 includes first and second ends 41 and 42 which are open. The first end 41 is configured to be selectively coupled to the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 to begin forming an insertion chain 43 .
- an insertion chain 43 is defined as comprising an entry segment 10 , and one or more attached extension segments 40 .
- the extension segment 40 includes a cylindrical sidewall 44 which extends between the first and second ends 41 and 42 .
- extension segment sidewall 44 is transparent or translucent. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the entire extension segment sidewall 44 is transparent.
- the depicted extension segment sidewall 44 is constructed of polycarbonate, however, any other suitable material may be utilized.
- a portion of the extension segment sidewall 44 has been removed so that the underlying structures may be more clearly shown in the drawing.
- the cylindrical extension segment sidewall 44 and the ends 41 and 42 define in part a central cavity 45 .
- the cylindrical sidewall 44 defines an outer diameter 50 of the extension segment 10 . In the illustrated embodiment, the outer diameter 50 is up to four inches; however, other diameters are used in other embodiments.
- markings are provided along the length of the cylindrical sidewall for use in determining depth and/or orientation of subsurface objects.
- a separate ruler or rulers can be provided interior of the cylindrical sidewall for use in determining depth and orientation (relative to the direction of insertion) of subsurface objects when viewed by data capture equipment placed in the visual probe.
- the extension segment 40 includes an extension segment hub 51 positioned at the end 41 of the extension segment 40 , and an extension segment hub 52 positioned at the end 42 of the extension segment 40 .
- the illustrated extension segment hubs 51 and 52 are constructed of steel; however, other materials are employed in alternative embodiments.
- the cylindrical sidewall 44 has an open end 53 which is configured to selectively couple with the extension segment hub 51 .
- the cylindrical sidewall 44 also has an open end 54 which is configured to selectively couple with the extension segment hub 52 .
- At least one extension segment hub seal 55 is positioned between the open end 53 of the cylindrical sidewall 44 and the extension segment hub 51 .
- at least one extension segment hub seal 56 is positioned between the open end 54 of the cylindrical sidewall 44 and the extension segment hub 52 .
- the extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 each function as a substantial barrier to contaminants, thus impeding contaminants in the ground from entering the central cavity 45 .
- the extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 are each comprised of two o-rings. In one embodiment, these o-rings are constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used.
- the extension segment 40 also includes an extension segment support structure 61 positioned within the central cavity 45 .
- the extension segment support structure 61 provides axial and lateral support to the visual probe 1 while the visual probe 1 is inserted into the ground 2 (FIG. 7).
- the extension segment support structure 61 includes a hub portion 62 which is attached to the extension segment hub 51 , and a hub portion 63 which is attached to the extension segment hub 52 .
- a plurality of lateral supports 64 extend between and are attached to the hub portions 62 and 63 .
- the lateral supports 64 are radially positioned within the central cavity 45 and define an extension segment push rod cavity 65 .
- the radial positioning of the lateral supports 64 and large inside diameter allow a camera, infrared camera or sensor, or other data retrieval equipment 120 (FIG. 11) to be lowered into the extension segment push rod cavity 65 (FIG. 1) from land's surface 3 as described below.
- the extension segment hub 51 is configured to be selectively coupled to the entry segment hub 15 (of the entry segment 10 ) at an entry segment joint 70 (FIG. 7) as the insertion chain 43 is formed.
- the entry segment joint 70 includes an entry segment joint seal 71 which functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants. This entry segment joint seal 71 impedes contaminants in the ground from entering the visual probe 1 .
- the entry segment joint seal 71 comprises two o-rings. These o-rings may be constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used. Other types of seals, such as gaskets, could also be employed.
- the entry segment 10 and an extension segment 40 are configured to be selectively coupled to begin forming an insertion chain 43 .
- the insertion chain 43 which is so formed may vary in length.
- the insertion chain may include only one extension segment 40 as shown in FIG. 1, or the insertion chain 43 may instead include more than one extension segments 40 selectively coupled in series as shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 11 .
- additional extension segments 40 are added one at a time, to lengthen the insertion chain 43 as the entry segment 10 is driven deeper into the ground 2 . This may best be understood by an examination of FIG. 6, where the visual probe 1 is shown to include a plurality of the extension segments 40 .
- Each of the extension segments 40 are configured to be selectively coupled in series to the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 to form the insertion chain 43 as the entry segment is driven progressively deeper into the ground 2 . This may also be understood by an examination of FIG. 7, where a plurality of extension segments 40 are shown to have been selectively coupled in series to form an insertion chain 43 .
- each extension segment 40 has ends 41 and 42 which are open, and a cylindrical sidewall 44 at least a portion of which is transparent which extends between the ends 41 and 42 . In the depicted embodiment, the entire cylindrical sidewall 44 is transparent. Together the cylindrical sidewall 44 and the ends 41 and 42 define in part a central cavity 45 .
- the end 41 of one extension segment 40 is configured to selectively couple with the end 42 of another extension segment 40 at an extension segment joint 72 as the insertion chain 43 is formed (FIG. 7).
- Each extension segment joint 72 includes at least one extension segment joint seal 77 which functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants, thereby impeding contaminants in the ground from entering the visual probe 1 (FIG. 6).
- each extension segment joint seal 77 includes of two o-rings.
- These o-rings may be constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used.
- the insertion chain 43 which may be formed has a subsurface end 73 which is closed, and which is defined by the tip end 11 (FIG. 7) of the entry segment 10 .
- the insertion chain 43 which may be formed also has a surface end 74 which is defined by the end 42 of the extension segment 40 which has been most recently added to the insertion chain 43 .
- the insertion chain 43 also includes an insertion chain cavity 75 (FIG. 6, and shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7).
- the insertion chain cavity 75 is defined by the central cavities 45 (FIG. 6) of each of the extension segments 40 which have been coupled to form the insertion chain 43 .
- This insertion chain cavity 75 is generally a long void which extends the length of the insertion chain 43 .
- an entry segment push rod is generally indicated by the numeral 80 .
- the entry segment push rod 80 has a leading end 81 , a push rod connection tube 82 having an outer wall 87 , and a trailing end 83 .
- a gas flow path 88 is illustrated (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2).
- a plurality of gas openings 89 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to the gas passageway 88 , and extend through the outer wall 87 of the connection tube 82 .
- the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 is configured to be selectively coupled to the push rod receiving point 13 of the entry segment 10 (FIGS. 1 and 6).
- the push rod receiving point 13 is located proximate the tip end 11 of the entry segment 10 .
- the push rod receiving point 13 utilizes a connector such as threads, couples, sliders, solenoids, grooves, keyways or any other desired connector.
- the connector comprises left-handed box threads configured to selectively couple with the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 so that the push rod is firmly connected to the tip 11 . This ensures that cyclic load is transmitted to the tip 11 . Otherwise, the vertical up and down motion caused by the sonic rig would hammer and break the push rod 80 .
- the entry segment push rod 80 incorporates a tiered design to better distribute the driving forces as the entry segment 10 is driven into the subsurface.
- the entry segment push rod 80 includes a lower tier 85 and an upper tier 86 .
- the lower tier 85 is of a smaller diameter or periphery, while the upper tier 86 is of a larger diameter or periphery.
- the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 is selectively coupled with the push rod receiving point 13 of entry segment 10 , and then the entry segment 10 and attached extension segment 40 are driven into the ground by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling.
- the entry segment push rod 80 is configured so that it may be removed after the insertion chain 43 has been driven to a desired depth, while leaving the insertion chain 43 positioned subsurface.
- the entry segment push rod 80 may also later be reinserted to facilitate removal of the insertion chain 43 .
- the insertion chain 43 is short, and includes an entry segment 10 and only one attached extension segment 40 , then only an entry segment push rod 80 will be needed to drive the insertion chain 43 subsurface. However, if the entry segment 10 is to be driven deeper subsurface, then as additional extension segments 40 are added to the insertion chain 43 , additional extension segment push rods 90 will also be added, and utilized to drive the additional extension segments 40 .
- each extension segment push rod 90 includes a first end 91 , a body portion 92 having an outer wall 93 , and a second end 94 .
- Each extension segment push rod 90 has a plurality of gas openings 96 which are coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to the gas flow path 88 .
- the gas openings 96 extend through the outer wall 93 of the body portion 92 .
- Each extension segment push rod 90 is basically a hollow tube which is open at the first and second ends 91 and 94 , and which includes a plurality of holes or gas openings 96 .
- a plurality of extension segment push rods 90 are provided.
- the extension segment push rods 90 are configured to be selectively coupled in series (one at a time) to the trailing end of the entry segment push rod 80 to form a push rod string 100 as the entry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper subsurface.
- gas passageways 95 of each of the extension segment push rods 90 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form the overall gas passageway 88 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2).
- the gas passageway 88 extends along the push rod string 100 , and in operation delivers a gas which is distributed throughout the insertion chain cavity 75 (FIGS. 6 and 7).
- the push rod string 100 is configured so that, the entire push rod string 100 may be removed from the insertion chain 43 , while leaving the insertion chain 43 positioned in the media 2 .
- the push rod string 100 may then later be reinserted into the insertion chain 43 to facilitate removal of the insertion chain 43 from the media 2 .
- the insertion chain 43 may be reused as appropriate.
- the transparent cylindrical sidewall 44 of each extension segment 40 can also be removed and replaced as required. Such may be useful if the polycarbonate used to make the cylindrical sidewall 44 becomes scratched and loses its transparency.
- the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 uses left-handed threads in the illustrated embodiment, to couple to the push rod receiving point 13 .
- Each of the extension segment push rods 90 which are coupled in series to the trailing end 83 of the entry segment push rod 80 to form the push rod string 100 , are coupled using right-handed threads 99 .
- a spring pin 121 is used to further secure the entry segment push rod 80 and the first extension segment push rod 90 together.
- a spring pin 121 is used to further secure each additional extension segment push rod 90 to the push rod string 100 .
- the depicted visual probe 1 is of adequate durability to be inserted into the ground 2 without prior excavation.
- the visual probe is preferably inserted into the ground 2 by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling.
- the visual probe 1 of the illustrated embodiment is of adequate durability to be inserted into the ground 2 to a desired depth (FIG. 7). Coupling the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 to the tip end 11 of the entry segment 10 helps prevent the entry segment push rod 80 from impacting the tip end 11 while the visual probe is inserted into the ground 2 .
- a pressure cap is generally indicated by the numeral 110 .
- the pressure cap includes a pressure cap base 111 .
- the pressure cap base 111 includes (see FIG. 3) an open top surface 112 , an open bottom surface 113 , and a cap sidewall 114 .
- the open bottom surface 113 of the pressure cap 111 is configured to selectively couple with the second end 42 of an extension segment 40 which has been most recently added to the insertion chain 43 , at pressure cap joint 115 (FIG. 4).
- the open bottom surface 113 of the pressure cap base 111 threads down and sits against o-rings flush against the second extension segment hub 52 (FIGS. 3, 4 and 6 ); other embodiments are possible.
- the pressure cap 110 also includes a cap top 116 .
- the cap top 116 includes an open top end 117 and open bottom end 118 .
- the open bottom end 118 of the cap top 116 is configured to be selectively coupled with the open top surface 112 of the pressure cap base 111 .
- the cap top 116 includes threaded couplings 119 which allow the operator to adjust for variations in the length of the insertion chain 43 .
- the pressure cap 110 also includes a bolt 125 having an upper end 126 and a lower threaded end 127 .
- the bolt 125 is received by the open top end 117 of the pressure cap top 116 , and selectively couples with the second end 94 of the extension segment push rod 90 which was last added to the push rod string 100 .
- a pressure cap seal 133 is positioned between the pressure cap base 111 and the extension segment push rod 90 (FIGS. 3, 4 and 6 ).
- the pressure cap seal 133 functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants. In the event that contaminants from the ground 2 enter the insertion chain cavity 75 , the pressure cap 110 and pressure cap seal 133 help impede the movement of such contaminants, so that such contaminants will not escape to the land's surface 2 .
- the pressure cap seal 133 is comprised of two o-rings. In the illustrated embodiment, these o-rings are preferably constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used.
- the pressure cap top 116 is configured to interface with the drill rig's 130 push shoe 131 (FIG. 7).
- the pressure cap 110 also includes a selectively operable valve 132 which is located on the sidewall 114 of the pressure cap base 111 .
- a valve cover 134 is configured to cover the selectively operable valve 132 .
- the pressure cap 110 allows the central cavity 45 to be substantially sealed before the extension segment 40 and attached entry segment 10 are initially driven into the ground.
- the pressure cap 110 also allows the integrity of the insertion chain cavity 75 to be tested as each additional extension segment 40 is added to the insertion chain 43 .
- the pressure cap 110 is not only configured to selectively couple with the second end 42 of an extension segment 40 which has been most recently added to the insertion chain 43 , but it is also configured to selectively couple with the second end 94 of the extension segment push rod 90 which has been most recently added to the push rod string 100 (FIGS. 2-5).
- the pressure cap 110 allows the insertion chamber cavity 75 to be substantially sealed before the most recently added extension segment 40 is driven into the ground. In any field where there are toxic or nuclear materials, it is desirable to ensure that such materials will not come to the surface. Therefore, pressure testing is performed to ensure that the probe is not breached.
- One method for placing a visual probe into a subsurface area 2 includes providing an entry segment 10 configured to be driven into the ground 2 , providing a first extension segment 40 , and then selectively coupling a first end 41 of a first extension segment 40 with the attachment end 12 of the entry segment 10 to begin forming an insertion chain 43 .
- An entry segment push rod 80 is also provided. The leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 is selectively coupled with the push rod receiving point 13 to begin forming a push rod string 100 .
- a pressure cap 110 is provided (FIGS. 3-4).
- the pressure cap 110 is selectively coupled to the second end 42 of the extension segment 40 , and is also selectively coupled to the trailing end 83 of the entry segment push rod 80 to substantially seal the central cavity 45 .
- the central cavity 45 is substantially sealed by the pressure cap 110 , before and during advancement of the visual probe 1 into the ground 2 , thereby providing no open pathway for fugitive emissions to travel from the ground or subsurface areas 2 to land's surface 3 .
- At least a portion of the entry segment 10 and the first extension segment 40 are driven into the ground 2 . This may be accomplished by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling.
- a gas is added to the central cavity 45 using the selectively operable valve 132 (FIG. 5), so that the central cavity 45 (FIG. 1) is under a pressure, before the entry segment 10 and the first extension segment 40 are driven into the ground.
- the central cavity is substantially sealed with the pressure cap 110 before the entry segment 10 and the first extension segment 40 are driven into the ground, then a gas is added to the central cavity 45 using the selectively operable valve 132 , so that the central cavity 45 is under a pressure, to make sure that no breach of containment has occurred. Pressure is released before driving segments 10 and 40 into the ground. After the entry segment 10 and the first extension segment 40 have been driven into the ground 2 , the integrity of the visual probe 1 may again be evaluated by testing the ability of the central cavity 45 to maintain a pressure.
- the pressure cap 110 may be removed.
- the push rod string 100 may be extracted from the insertion chain 43 , so that the data acquisition equipment 120 (FIG. 11) may be placed into the central cavity 45 (FIG. 1) so that objects in the ground 2 may be viewed through the transparent portions of the extension segment sidewall 44 .
- one method includes providing a plurality of extension segments 40 which are configured to be sequentially selectively coupled in series to the entry segment 10 , to form an insertion chain 43 as the entry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper into the ground.
- extension segments 40 may be selectively coupled in series to the first extension segment 40 to lengthen the insertion chain 43 as the entry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper into the ground 2 .
- the entry segment 10 may be driven into the ground 2 to a desired depth.
- the central cavities 45 of each of the respective extension segments 40 which have been selectively coupled to form the insertion chain 43 together define an insertion chain cavity 75 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7).
- the insertion chain cavity 75 has an upper end or surface end 74 which is open to land's surface, and a lower end or subsurface end 73 which is closed.
- one method includes pressurizing the insertion chain cavity 75 by adding a gas into the insertion chain cavity 75 using the selectively operable valve 132 so that the insertion chain cavity 75 is under a pressure, and then evaluating the integrity of the insertion chain cavity 75 by testing the ability of the insertion chain cavity 75 to maintain the pressure.
- extension segment push rods 90 are sequentially added (preferably one at a time) to the push rod string 100 which is used to drive the visual probe 1 into the ground 2 .
- One method includes providing a plurality of extension segment push rods 90 which are configured to be sequentially selectively coupled to the trailing end 83 of the entry segment push rod 80 to form a push rod string 100 as the entry segment 10 is driven deeper into the ground 2 .
- each of the extension segment push rods 90 When more than one extension segment push rod 90 is selectively coupled to form a push rod string 100 , the gas passageways of each of the extension segment push rods 90 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form in part an overall gas passageway 88 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2) which extends along the push rod string 100 , and which in operation delivers a gas which is distributed throughout the insertion chain cavity 75 (FIGS. 6 and 7).
- the entry segment push rod 80 also includes a gas passageway which forms part of the overall gas passageway 88 .
- a source of pressurized gas (not shown) may be attached to the selectively operable valve 132 .
- the pressurized gas will flow through the selectively operable valve 132 and into the gas passageway of the most recently added extension segment push rod 90 .
- the gas passageway of the extension segment push rod 90 and the gas passageway of the entry segment push rod 80 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form the overall gas passageway 88 (FIG. 2).
- the gas flows through the overall gas passageway 88 and is distributed along the entire push rod string 100 (as shown by phantom lines and arrows in FIG. 2).
- the entry segment push rod 80 and the one or more extension segment push rods 90 which have been selectively coupled to form the push rod string 100 are formed of a composite or metal, such as steel, in the illustrated embodiment; however, other materials are employed in alternative embodiments.
- the push rod string 100 also functions to drive the insertion chain 43 into the ground.
- a framework 30 , 61 protects tubing from large compressive or tensive loads because the framework is longer than the clear tubes 44 . Axial loads are not placed on the tubes 44 but instead are placed on the framework.
- the framework includes round bar which can easily be seen around by a camera 120 , if a camera is the type of equipment used for data collection.
- the entry segment support structure 30 (FIG. 6) and the extension segment support structures 61 provide lateral support to the push rods string 100 (and substantially reduce the buckling risk that arises with any large column).
- a perimeter clearance exists between the outer surface of the push rod string 100 and the cylindrical sidewalls 44 of the extension segments 40 . This helps to prevent the push rod string 100 from engaging or applying force to the cylindrical sidewalls 44 of the extension segments 40 instead of to the framework.
- the integrity of the visual probe 1 is evaluated by testing the ability of the central cavity 45 to maintain the pressure.
- One method includes evaluating the integrity of the visual probe 1 by testing the ability of the central cavity 45 to maintain the pressure before each additional extension segment 40 is added to the insertion chain 43 .
- the method may also include evaluating the integrity of the visual probe 1 by testing the ability of the central cavity 45 to maintain the pressure after driving each additional extension segment 40 into the ground 2 .
- the method may also include evaluating the integrity of the insertion chain cavity 75 by testing the ability of the insertion chain cavity to maintain a pressure.
- the integrity of the insertion chain 43 is evaluated by testing the ability of the insertion chain cavity 43 to maintain a pressure.
- the term “selected depth” means a depth within the media 2 in which the visual probe 1 is to be placed. The selected depth may be chosen prior to placement of the visual probe 1 into the ground, or the selected depth may be chosen during placement of the visual probe 1 .
- the pressure cap 110 may be removed from the second end 42 of the last extension segment 40 which was added to the insertion chain 43 .
- the push rod string 100 may be removed from the insertion chain 43 .
- the push rod string 100 is first rotated in a clockwise fashion so that the leading end 81 of the entry segment push rod 80 will be un-threaded from the push rod receiving point 13 of the entry segment 10 .
- FIGS. 8 and 9 show a portion of the visual probe 1 positioned within the media 2 .
- a retractor 97 is secured to the second end 94 of the last extension push rod 90 which was added to the push rod string 100 .
- the retractor 97 is then used to extract the push rod string 100 from the visual probe 1 .
- FIG. 8 show the retractor 97 as it initially begins extracting the push rod string 100 from the visual probe 1
- FIG. 9 shows the retractor 97 as the push rod string 100 is further extracted from the visual probe 1 .
- a camera or other data retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered or placed into the insertion chain cavity 75 so that objects 150 (e.g, buried waste containers, waste materials, sludges, or other objects) in the ground 2 adjacent to the insertion chain 43 may be viewed through the transparent portions of the sidewalls 44 (or through the completely transparent sidewalls) of the extension segments 40 which make up the insertion chain 43 .
- the data retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered or moved along the entire length of the insertion chain 43 to view the subsurface 2 at a variety of depths and may be rotated.
- the data retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered into the insertion chain cavity 75 using a connector 122 ; however, any suitable device may be used to lower the data retrieval equipment 120 into the insertion chain cavity 75 .
- a field cap 140 may be selectively coupled to the upper end or surface end 74 of the insertion chain 43 , substantially sealing the insertion chain cavity 75 while the visual probe 1 is not in use.
- the field cap 140 includes a ball valve 141 and tubing 142 that terminates with a quick-disconnect body (not shown).
- the ball valve 141 and tubing 142 are housed in a weatherproof box 143 which has a door 144 .
- the field cap hub 145 selectively couples to the surface end 74 of the insertion chain 43 .
- At least one extension segment joint seal 77 substantially seals the field cap hub 145 to the surface end 74 of the insertion chain 43 , forming a substantial barrier to contaminants.
- the extension segment joint seal 77 comprises a pair of o-rings. These o-rings are constructed of fluorcarbon rubber, however, any suitable material may be used.
- the field cap 140 may be selectively coupled to the upper end or surface end 74 of the insertion chain 43 , substantially sealing the insertion chain cavity 75 for extended periods of time. The field cap 140 may then later be removed so that the visual probe 1 may again be used to visualize the subsurface areas 2 .
- the integrity of the insertion chain cavity 75 is again tested, by evaluating the ability of the insertion chain cavity 75 to maintain a pressure.
- This procedure in effect tests the integrity of each of the seals which make up the insertion chain, including: the entry segment joint seal 71 , the first and second entry segment hub seals 24 and 25 , the extension segment joint seal 77 at each extension segment joint 72 , the first and second extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 of each extension segment 40 , and the extension segment joint seal 77 at the field cap hub 145 .
- the field cap 140 may be left in place to substantially seal the surface end 74 of the insertion chain cavity 75 , impeding the escape of fugitive gases or other contaminants to land's surface 3 .
- a visual probe has been disclosed that can be used in contaminated and difficult areas as well as non-contaminated areas.
- the visual probe can be placed in hardened soil and through difficult materials (e.g., where hardened debris, concrete, asphalt, metals, etc. are included in the soil or ground environment) without prior excavation or drilling.
- the visual probe is structurally designed and engineered to withstand large force magnitudes associated with ground placement. Commercial probes of similar function are typically very fragile and normally require prior excavation.
- the visual probe's multiple-tiered entry stage provides for a pilot hole effect for trailing sections and greatly reduces force magnitudes required for probe installation.
- the visual probe provides for full viewing through its clear casing along most of its entire probe string length and perimeter. The internal structure does not hinder viewing and allows substantially for 100% circular perimeter viewing.
- the internal framework of the visual probe increases the casing's interior cavity volume and inner cavity diameter, allowing access for a camera and/or geophysical equipment placement.
- the internal framework not only provides structural stability to the probe and push rod, but also allows the probe's inner cavity to be much larger than conventional probes, which allows other geophysical instruments to be used within it, in addition to a camera.
- the visual probe supports the use of dual (redundant) seals that form a ground barrier and impede the spread of contamination to ground surface.
- the visual probe's pressure cap allows the probe casing to be pressure tested at any depth interval, to verify probe structural and seal integrity. This allows quality assurance tests to be performed on the probe to determine its functionality while it is installed into the ground.
- the visual probe is designed and engineered for longevity and allows for repetitive use, after ground insertion.
- the visual probe can be used repeatedly while it is in the ground.
- the visual probe is designed for ground retraction and reuse.
- the clear tube casing can be replaced as required and the probe can be relocated and reused. This makes this a cost efficient tool. Many conventional probes are left in the ground because retrieval would typically be too costly or result in damage.
Abstract
Description
- [0001] This invention was made with United States Government support under Contract DE-AC07-99ID13727 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
- The invention relates to apparatus and methods which facilitate viewing subsurface areas. The invention also relates to visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas.
- In the United States, there are hundreds of thousands of waste disposal sites. Many of these waste disposal sites contain buried radiological contaminants or other hazardous materials. Unfortunately, poor waste management and waste disposal practices have allowed dangerous contaminants to migrate from such waste disposal sites into surrounding soils and groundwater.
- Effective remediation and/or containment strategies are needed for these waste disposal sites. However, before an effective remediation and/or containment strategy can be developed for a particular waste site, the waste buried at the site should be adequately characterized. Additionally, in many cases, long-term monitoring of the waste site may be appropriate.
- Characterization and/or monitoring of a waste disposal site typically involves the use of testing probes placed directly into the subsurface areas of the site for data collection. Several different types of testing probes may be used to assist in characterizing and/or monitoring the subsurface waste. One of these types of testing probes is known as a visual probe. Visual probes are used to visually inspect the physical condition of buried wastes, containers, sludges, and interstitial soils, and to provide information regarding soil moisture and contaminant migration.
- Unfortunately, the placement of visual probes directly into the subsurface areas of a waste disposal site which contains buried radiological contaminants or other hazardous materials has been difficult, because placement of such probes would require drilling or coring which may bring contaminated “cuttings” to the surface and may also create a pathway through which contaminated emissions may escape. As a result, rather than placing visual probes directly into such waste sites, the probes have typically been placed around the perimeter of such sites. Unfortunately, such placement only provides information when contaminants have already migrated outside of the waste site area. Moreover, when the contaminants have migrated outside of the waste disposal site area, it is likely that a major contaminant plume exists in the subsurface soil and aquifer making remediation and containment efforts more difficult and costly.
- Additionally, typical visual probes are not structurally able to be advanced in difficult materials.
- In view of the foregoing, it would be highly desirable to provide methods and apparatus which facilitate viewing subsurface areas in contaminated as well as non-contaminated areas, while substantially avoiding these and other shortcomings of the prior art devices.
- Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an entry segment and an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an entry segment push rod and an extension segment push rod in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a pressure cap and an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view showing the pressure cap and part of the extension segment of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a pressure cap, an entry segment push rod, and an extension segment push rod in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a visual probe in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a side view showing a visual probe having been placed in a subsurface area in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a side view showing part of an extension segment and part of a push rod string in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a side view showing part of an extension segment and part of a push rod string in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a field cap and part of an extension segment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a side view showing a visual probe having been placed in a subsurface area in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (
Article 1, Section 8). - FIGS. 1-11 depict methods and apparatus which facilitate viewing subsurface areas2 (e.g., the ground, or other media such as gravel, water, gasses, solutions, etc.) in contaminated or non-contaminated sites. A visual probe for viewing such subsurface areas is generally indicated by the
numeral 1, and may best be seen in FIGS. 6, 7 and 11. Thevisual probe 1 is sufficiently structurally sound and robust to be placed through difficult materials such as areas adjacent gasoline or oil tanks or drums, areas including buried concrete, areas including contaminated waste, etc. Thevisual probe 1 can be driven intosuch subsurface areas 2 by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling, thereby avoiding the need for prior excavation or drilling procedures which may bring contaminated “cuttings” to the land'ssurface 3, and which may also create a pathway through which contaminated emissions may escape to the land's surface 3 (FIGS. 7, 10 and 11). - FIG. 1 shows an entry segment generally indicated by the
numeral 10. Theentry segment 10 includes atip end 11 configured for insertion into a subsurface area 2 (FIG. 7), anattachment end 12, and a pushrod receiving point 13. Thetip end 11 is constructed of steel in one embodiment; however, in alternative embodiments, other materials are employed. Theentry segment 10 also includes a firstentry segment hub 14 positioned proximate thetip end 11 of theentry segment 10. A secondentry segment hub 15 is positioned at theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10. Theentry segment hubs entry segment sidewall 20 havingopen ends entry segment hubs entry segment sidewall 20 is transparent or translucent. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the entireentry segment sidewall 20 is transparent. In the illustrated embodiment, the transparententry segment sidewall 20 is constructed of polycarbonate, however, any other suitable material may be utilized. - In FIG. 1, a portion of the
entry segment sidewall 20 has been removed so that the underlying structures may be more clearly shown. Theopen end 21 of theentry segment sidewall 20 is configured to selectively couple with theentry segment hub 14, while theopen end 22 of theentry segment sidewall 20 is configured to selectively couple with theentry segment hub 15. Together, theentry segment sidewall 20 and theopen ends entry segment cavity 23. - The
entry segment 10 also includes at least one entrysegment hub seal 24 positioned between theopen end 21 of theentry segment sidewall 20 and theentry segment hub 14. Theentry segment 10 also includes at least one entrysegment hub seal 25 positioned between theopen end 22 of theentry segment sidewall 20 and theentry segment hub 15. The entrysegment hub seals entry segment cavity 23. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the at entrysegment hub seals - As shown in FIG. 1, an entry
segment support structure 30 is positioned within theentry segment cavity 23. The entrysegment support structure 30 includes ahub portion 31 which is securely attached to theentry segment hub 14, and ahub portion 32 which is securely attached to theentry segment hub 15. A plurality of lateral supports 33 extend between thehub portion lateral supports 33 are radially positioned within theentry segment cavity 23 and define an entry segmentpush rod cavity 34. - In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the
entry segment 10 utilizes a multi-tiered design which facilitates insertion into themedia 2. As shown, theentry segment 10 utilizes a multi-tiered design which facilitates insertion into the ground. Moving from thetip end 11 to theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10, the multi-tiered design is readily apparent. Thefirst tier 26 is a smaller periphery or diameter portion of theentry segment 10, located near thetip end 11 of theentry segment 10. The periphery or diameter of the entry segment then increases at the firstentry segment hub 14. Thesecond tier 27 is a larger periphery or diameter portion of theentry segment 10, and extends from the firstentry segment hub 14 to theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10. Anextension segment 40, described below in greater detail, has a third diameter and defines athird tier 28. In this multi-tiered design, thefirst tier 26 or smaller diameter portion of theentry segment 10 creates a “pilot hole” in the ground for thesecond tier 27, which is of a larger diameter, to follow. Thesecond tier 27 is followed by thethird tier 28. This multi-tiered design decreases the magnitude of force required to insert thevisual probe 1 into the ground 2 (FIG. 7). After theprobe tip portion 11 and thefirst tier 26 have advanced through the hardened soil overburden, they have provided a pathway which the rest of thevisual probe 1 may follow. - FIG. 1 also shows an extension segment generally indicated by the numeral40. The
extension segment 40 includes first and second ends 41 and 42 which are open. Thefirst end 41 is configured to be selectively coupled to theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10 to begin forming aninsertion chain 43. In the context of this document, aninsertion chain 43 is defined as comprising anentry segment 10, and one or moreattached extension segments 40. Theextension segment 40 includes acylindrical sidewall 44 which extends between the first and second ends 41 and 42. - In one embodiment, at least a portion of the
extension segment sidewall 44 is transparent or translucent. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the entireextension segment sidewall 44 is transparent. The depictedextension segment sidewall 44 is constructed of polycarbonate, however, any other suitable material may be utilized. In FIG. 1, a portion of theextension segment sidewall 44 has been removed so that the underlying structures may be more clearly shown in the drawing. Together, the cylindricalextension segment sidewall 44 and theends central cavity 45. In one embodiment, thecylindrical sidewall 44 defines an outer diameter 50 of theextension segment 10. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer diameter 50 is up to four inches; however, other diameters are used in other embodiments. In one embodiment, markings are provided along the length of the cylindrical sidewall for use in determining depth and/or orientation of subsurface objects. Alternatively, a separate ruler or rulers can be provided interior of the cylindrical sidewall for use in determining depth and orientation (relative to the direction of insertion) of subsurface objects when viewed by data capture equipment placed in the visual probe. - Referring to FIG. 1, the
extension segment 40 includes anextension segment hub 51 positioned at theend 41 of theextension segment 40, and anextension segment hub 52 positioned at theend 42 of theextension segment 40. The illustratedextension segment hubs cylindrical sidewall 44 has anopen end 53 which is configured to selectively couple with theextension segment hub 51. Thecylindrical sidewall 44 also has anopen end 54 which is configured to selectively couple with theextension segment hub 52. - At least one extension
segment hub seal 55 is positioned between theopen end 53 of thecylindrical sidewall 44 and theextension segment hub 51. Similarly, at least one extensionsegment hub seal 56 is positioned between theopen end 54 of thecylindrical sidewall 44 and theextension segment hub 52. The extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 each function as a substantial barrier to contaminants, thus impeding contaminants in the ground from entering thecentral cavity 45. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 are each comprised of two o-rings. In one embodiment, these o-rings are constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used. - Still referring to FIG. 1, the
extension segment 40 also includes an extensionsegment support structure 61 positioned within thecentral cavity 45. The extensionsegment support structure 61 provides axial and lateral support to thevisual probe 1 while thevisual probe 1 is inserted into the ground 2 (FIG. 7). The extensionsegment support structure 61 includes ahub portion 62 which is attached to theextension segment hub 51, and ahub portion 63 which is attached to theextension segment hub 52. A plurality of lateral supports 64 extend between and are attached to thehub portions central cavity 45 and define an extension segmentpush rod cavity 65. The radial positioning of the lateral supports 64 and large inside diameter (smallest at the hubs at about 2.5 inches), allow a camera, infrared camera or sensor, or other data retrieval equipment 120 (FIG. 11) to be lowered into the extension segment push rod cavity 65 (FIG. 1) from land'ssurface 3 as described below. - The
extension segment hub 51 is configured to be selectively coupled to the entry segment hub 15 (of the entry segment 10) at an entry segment joint 70 (FIG. 7) as theinsertion chain 43 is formed. The entry segment joint 70 includes an entry segmentjoint seal 71 which functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants. This entry segmentjoint seal 71 impedes contaminants in the ground from entering thevisual probe 1. In an embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the entry segmentjoint seal 71 comprises two o-rings. These o-rings may be constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used. Other types of seals, such as gaskets, could also be employed. - As shown in FIG. 1, the
entry segment 10 and anextension segment 40 are configured to be selectively coupled to begin forming aninsertion chain 43. Theinsertion chain 43 which is so formed may vary in length. For example, the insertion chain may include only oneextension segment 40 as shown in FIG. 1, or theinsertion chain 43 may instead include more than oneextension segments 40 selectively coupled in series as shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 11. In one embodiment,additional extension segments 40 are added one at a time, to lengthen theinsertion chain 43 as theentry segment 10 is driven deeper into theground 2. This may best be understood by an examination of FIG. 6, where thevisual probe 1 is shown to include a plurality of theextension segments 40. Each of theextension segments 40 are configured to be selectively coupled in series to theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10 to form theinsertion chain 43 as the entry segment is driven progressively deeper into theground 2. This may also be understood by an examination of FIG. 7, where a plurality ofextension segments 40 are shown to have been selectively coupled in series to form aninsertion chain 43. - As described above, each
extension segment 40 has ends 41 and 42 which are open, and acylindrical sidewall 44 at least a portion of which is transparent which extends between theends cylindrical sidewall 44 is transparent. Together thecylindrical sidewall 44 and theends central cavity 45. Theend 41 of oneextension segment 40 is configured to selectively couple with theend 42 of anotherextension segment 40 at an extension segment joint 72 as theinsertion chain 43 is formed (FIG. 7). Each extension segment joint 72 includes at least one extension segmentjoint seal 77 which functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants, thereby impeding contaminants in the ground from entering the visual probe 1 (FIG. 6). In the depicted embodiment, each extension segmentjoint seal 77 includes of two o-rings. Other types of seals, such as gaskets, could also be used. These o-rings may be constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used. - Referring to FIGS. 7 and 11, the
insertion chain 43 which may be formed has asubsurface end 73 which is closed, and which is defined by the tip end 11 (FIG. 7) of theentry segment 10. Theinsertion chain 43 which may be formed also has asurface end 74 which is defined by theend 42 of theextension segment 40 which has been most recently added to theinsertion chain 43. Theinsertion chain 43 also includes an insertion chain cavity 75 (FIG. 6, and shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7). Theinsertion chain cavity 75 is defined by the central cavities 45 (FIG. 6) of each of theextension segments 40 which have been coupled to form theinsertion chain 43. Thisinsertion chain cavity 75 is generally a long void which extends the length of theinsertion chain 43. - Referring now to FIGS. 2, 5 and6, an entry segment push rod is generally indicated by the numeral 80. The entry
segment push rod 80 has aleading end 81, a pushrod connection tube 82 having anouter wall 87, and a trailingend 83. In the illustrated embodiment, agas flow path 88 is illustrated (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2). A plurality ofgas openings 89 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to thegas passageway 88, and extend through theouter wall 87 of theconnection tube 82. The leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 is configured to be selectively coupled to the pushrod receiving point 13 of the entry segment 10 (FIGS. 1 and 6). The pushrod receiving point 13 is located proximate thetip end 11 of theentry segment 10. The pushrod receiving point 13 utilizes a connector such as threads, couples, sliders, solenoids, grooves, keyways or any other desired connector. In the illustrated embodiment, the connector comprises left-handed box threads configured to selectively couple with the leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 so that the push rod is firmly connected to thetip 11. This ensures that cyclic load is transmitted to thetip 11. Otherwise, the vertical up and down motion caused by the sonic rig would hammer and break thepush rod 80. - In one embodiment, the entry
segment push rod 80 incorporates a tiered design to better distribute the driving forces as theentry segment 10 is driven into the subsurface. As shown in FIG. 2, the entrysegment push rod 80 includes alower tier 85 and anupper tier 86. Thelower tier 85 is of a smaller diameter or periphery, while theupper tier 86 is of a larger diameter or periphery. In operation, the leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 is selectively coupled with the pushrod receiving point 13 ofentry segment 10, and then theentry segment 10 and attachedextension segment 40 are driven into the ground by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling. The entrysegment push rod 80 is configured so that it may be removed after theinsertion chain 43 has been driven to a desired depth, while leaving theinsertion chain 43 positioned subsurface. The entrysegment push rod 80 may also later be reinserted to facilitate removal of theinsertion chain 43. - If the
insertion chain 43 is short, and includes anentry segment 10 and only one attachedextension segment 40, then only an entrysegment push rod 80 will be needed to drive theinsertion chain 43 subsurface. However, if theentry segment 10 is to be driven deeper subsurface, then asadditional extension segments 40 are added to theinsertion chain 43, additional extensionsegment push rods 90 will also be added, and utilized to drive theadditional extension segments 40. - Referring to FIGS. 2, 5 and6, each extension
segment push rod 90 includes afirst end 91, abody portion 92 having anouter wall 93, and asecond end 94. Each extensionsegment push rod 90 has a plurality ofgas openings 96 which are coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to thegas flow path 88. Thegas openings 96 extend through theouter wall 93 of thebody portion 92. Each extensionsegment push rod 90 is basically a hollow tube which is open at the first and second ends 91 and 94, and which includes a plurality of holes orgas openings 96. - In one embodiment, a plurality of extension
segment push rods 90 are provided. The extensionsegment push rods 90 are configured to be selectively coupled in series (one at a time) to the trailing end of the entrysegment push rod 80 to form apush rod string 100 as theentry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper subsurface. When multiple extensionsegment push rods 90 are coupled together to form thepush rod string 100,gas passageways 95 of each of the extensionsegment push rods 90 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form the overall gas passageway 88 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2). Thegas passageway 88 extends along thepush rod string 100, and in operation delivers a gas which is distributed throughout the insertion chain cavity 75 (FIGS. 6 and 7). - Referring to FIGS. 8-9, the
push rod string 100 is configured so that, the entirepush rod string 100 may be removed from theinsertion chain 43, while leaving theinsertion chain 43 positioned in themedia 2. Thepush rod string 100 may then later be reinserted into theinsertion chain 43 to facilitate removal of theinsertion chain 43 from themedia 2. After aninsertion chain 43 has been retracted from theground 2, theinsertion chain 43 may be reused as appropriate. The transparentcylindrical sidewall 44 of eachextension segment 40 can also be removed and replaced as required. Such may be useful if the polycarbonate used to make thecylindrical sidewall 44 becomes scratched and loses its transparency. - As described above, the leading
end 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 uses left-handed threads in the illustrated embodiment, to couple to the pushrod receiving point 13. Each of the extensionsegment push rods 90 which are coupled in series to the trailingend 83 of the entrysegment push rod 80 to form thepush rod string 100, are coupled using right-handedthreads 99. - As shown best in FIGS. 2 and 6, after the entry
segment push rod 80 and the first extensionsegment push rod 90 have been selectively coupled, aspring pin 121 is used to further secure the entrysegment push rod 80 and the first extensionsegment push rod 90 together. Similarly, when multiple extensionsegment push rods 90 are utilized, after each additional extensionsegment push rod 90 has been coupled to thepush rod string 100, aspring pin 121 is used to further secure each additional extensionsegment push rod 90 to thepush rod string 100. - The depicted
visual probe 1 is of adequate durability to be inserted into theground 2 without prior excavation. The visual probe is preferably inserted into theground 2 by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling. Furthermore, thevisual probe 1 of the illustrated embodiment is of adequate durability to be inserted into theground 2 to a desired depth (FIG. 7). Coupling theleading end 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 to thetip end 11 of theentry segment 10 helps prevent the entrysegment push rod 80 from impacting thetip end 11 while the visual probe is inserted into theground 2. - Referring to FIGS. 3-7, a pressure cap is generally indicated by the numeral110. The pressure cap includes a
pressure cap base 111. Thepressure cap base 111 includes (see FIG. 3) an opentop surface 112, an openbottom surface 113, and acap sidewall 114. The openbottom surface 113 of thepressure cap 111 is configured to selectively couple with thesecond end 42 of anextension segment 40 which has been most recently added to theinsertion chain 43, at pressure cap joint 115 (FIG. 4). In the illustrated embodiment, the openbottom surface 113 of thepressure cap base 111 threads down and sits against o-rings flush against the second extension segment hub 52 (FIGS. 3, 4 and 6); other embodiments are possible. - As shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and6, the
pressure cap 110 also includes acap top 116. Thecap top 116 includes an opentop end 117 and openbottom end 118. The openbottom end 118 of thecap top 116 is configured to be selectively coupled with the opentop surface 112 of thepressure cap base 111. In one embodiment, thecap top 116 includes threadedcouplings 119 which allow the operator to adjust for variations in the length of theinsertion chain 43. Thepressure cap 110 also includes abolt 125 having anupper end 126 and a lower threadedend 127. Thebolt 125 is received by the opentop end 117 of thepressure cap top 116, and selectively couples with thesecond end 94 of the extensionsegment push rod 90 which was last added to thepush rod string 100. Apressure cap seal 133 is positioned between thepressure cap base 111 and the extension segment push rod 90 (FIGS. 3, 4 and 6). - The
pressure cap seal 133 functions as a substantial barrier to contaminants. In the event that contaminants from theground 2 enter theinsertion chain cavity 75, thepressure cap 110 andpressure cap seal 133 help impede the movement of such contaminants, so that such contaminants will not escape to the land'ssurface 2. In the depicted embodiment, thepressure cap seal 133 is comprised of two o-rings. In the illustrated embodiment, these o-rings are preferably constructed of fluorcarbon rubber; however, any suitable material may be used. - The
pressure cap top 116 is configured to interface with the drill rig's 130 push shoe 131 (FIG. 7). Thepressure cap 110 also includes a selectivelyoperable valve 132 which is located on thesidewall 114 of thepressure cap base 111. Avalve cover 134 is configured to cover the selectivelyoperable valve 132. - The
pressure cap 110 allows thecentral cavity 45 to be substantially sealed before theextension segment 40 and attachedentry segment 10 are initially driven into the ground. Thepressure cap 110 also allows the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 75 to be tested as eachadditional extension segment 40 is added to theinsertion chain 43. As described above, thepressure cap 110 is not only configured to selectively couple with thesecond end 42 of anextension segment 40 which has been most recently added to theinsertion chain 43, but it is also configured to selectively couple with thesecond end 94 of the extensionsegment push rod 90 which has been most recently added to the push rod string 100 (FIGS. 2-5). Thepressure cap 110 allows theinsertion chamber cavity 75 to be substantially sealed before the most recently addedextension segment 40 is driven into the ground. In any field where there are toxic or nuclear materials, it is desirable to ensure that such materials will not come to the surface. Therefore, pressure testing is performed to ensure that the probe is not breached. - The methods and operation of the present invention are now further described with reference to FIGS. 1-11. One method for placing a visual probe into a
subsurface area 2 includes providing anentry segment 10 configured to be driven into theground 2, providing afirst extension segment 40, and then selectively coupling afirst end 41 of afirst extension segment 40 with theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10 to begin forming aninsertion chain 43. An entrysegment push rod 80 is also provided. The leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 is selectively coupled with the pushrod receiving point 13 to begin forming apush rod string 100. After selectively coupling the leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 to the pushrod receiving point 13, and after selectively coupling afirst end 41 of thefirst extension segment 40 with theattachment end 12 of theentry segment 10, apressure cap 110 is provided (FIGS. 3-4). Thepressure cap 110 is selectively coupled to thesecond end 42 of theextension segment 40, and is also selectively coupled to the trailingend 83 of the entrysegment push rod 80 to substantially seal thecentral cavity 45. In this way, thecentral cavity 45 is substantially sealed by thepressure cap 110, before and during advancement of thevisual probe 1 into theground 2, thereby providing no open pathway for fugitive emissions to travel from the ground orsubsurface areas 2 to land'ssurface 3. After substantially sealing thecentral cavity 45 with thepressure cap 110, at least a portion of theentry segment 10 and thefirst extension segment 40 are driven into theground 2. This may be accomplished by direct push, by sonic drilling, or by a combination of direct push and sonic drilling. - According to one method, a gas is added to the
central cavity 45 using the selectively operable valve 132 (FIG. 5), so that the central cavity 45 (FIG. 1) is under a pressure, before theentry segment 10 and thefirst extension segment 40 are driven into the ground. According to one method, the central cavity is substantially sealed with thepressure cap 110 before theentry segment 10 and thefirst extension segment 40 are driven into the ground, then a gas is added to thecentral cavity 45 using the selectivelyoperable valve 132, so that thecentral cavity 45 is under a pressure, to make sure that no breach of containment has occurred. Pressure is released before drivingsegments entry segment 10 and thefirst extension segment 40 have been driven into theground 2, the integrity of thevisual probe 1 may again be evaluated by testing the ability of thecentral cavity 45 to maintain a pressure. - After the integrity of the
visual probe 1 has been proved (i.e. thecentral cavity 45 is able to maintain a pressure to make sure there is no breach of containment), thepressure cap 110 may be removed. At this point, thepush rod string 100 may be extracted from theinsertion chain 43, so that the data acquisition equipment 120 (FIG. 11) may be placed into the central cavity 45 (FIG. 1) so that objects in theground 2 may be viewed through the transparent portions of theextension segment sidewall 44. - Furthermore, after the integrity of the
visual probe 1 has been proved, it is also possible to remove thepressure cap 110 so that anadditional extension segment 40 may be added to lengthen theinsertion chain 43, and so that an extensionsegment push rod 80 may be added to thepush rod string 100, thereby allowing thevisual probe 1 to be driven deeper into theground 2. - In order to drive the
visual probe 1 incrementally deeper into theground 2,additional extension segments 40 are sequentially added (preferably one at a time) to theinsertion chain 43. As eachadditional extension segment 40 is added, an additional extensionsegment push rod 90 is also added to thepush rod string 100. Therefore, one method includes providing a plurality ofextension segments 40 which are configured to be sequentially selectively coupled in series to theentry segment 10, to form aninsertion chain 43 as theentry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper into the ground. Theseadditional extension segments 40 may be selectively coupled in series to thefirst extension segment 40 to lengthen theinsertion chain 43 as theentry segment 10 is driven progressively deeper into theground 2. In the depicted embodiment, theentry segment 10 may be driven into theground 2 to a desired depth. Depths of over 50 feet, for example, are possible. Thecentral cavities 45 of each of therespective extension segments 40 which have been selectively coupled to form theinsertion chain 43 together define an insertion chain cavity 75 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7). Theinsertion chain cavity 75 has an upper end orsurface end 74 which is open to land's surface, and a lower end orsubsurface end 73 which is closed. - After each
individual extension segment 40 is respectively added to theinsertion chain 43, theinsertion chain cavity 75 is sealed with thepressure cap 110 and pressure tested, before theinsertion chain 43, which now includes theadditional extension segment 40, is driven into theground 2. Therefore, the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 75 and the integrity of the seals are proved with eachextension segment 40 which is driven into theground 2. Before selectively coupling eachadditional extension segment 40 to lengthen theinsertion chain 43, one method includes pressurizing theinsertion chain cavity 75 by adding a gas into theinsertion chain cavity 75 using the selectivelyoperable valve 132 so that theinsertion chain cavity 75 is under a pressure, and then evaluating the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 75 by testing the ability of theinsertion chain cavity 75 to maintain the pressure. - As described above, in order to drive the
visual probe 1 deeper into theground 2, additional extensionsegment push rods 90 are sequentially added (preferably one at a time) to thepush rod string 100 which is used to drive thevisual probe 1 into theground 2. One method includes providing a plurality of extensionsegment push rods 90 which are configured to be sequentially selectively coupled to the trailingend 83 of the entrysegment push rod 80 to form apush rod string 100 as theentry segment 10 is driven deeper into theground 2. - When more than one extension
segment push rod 90 is selectively coupled to form apush rod string 100, the gas passageways of each of the extensionsegment push rods 90 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form in part an overall gas passageway 88 (shown in phantom lines in FIG. 2) which extends along thepush rod string 100, and which in operation delivers a gas which is distributed throughout the insertion chain cavity 75 (FIGS. 6 and 7). The entrysegment push rod 80 also includes a gas passageway which forms part of theoverall gas passageway 88. - Referring to FIG. 5, a source of pressurized gas (not shown) may be attached to the selectively
operable valve 132. When thevalve 132 is opened, the pressurized gas will flow through the selectivelyoperable valve 132 and into the gas passageway of the most recently added extensionsegment push rod 90. The gas passageway of the extensionsegment push rod 90 and the gas passageway of the entrysegment push rod 80 are coupled in fluid flowing relation to form the overall gas passageway 88 (FIG. 2). The gas flows through theoverall gas passageway 88 and is distributed along the entire push rod string 100 (as shown by phantom lines and arrows in FIG. 2). If additional extensionsegment push rods 90 have been added to thepush rod string 100, these will also be coupled in fluid flowing relation to form part of theoverall gas passageway 88. As depicted in FIG. 2, the gas flows through theoverall gas passageway 88 and flows out of the plurality ofgas openings insertion chain cavity 75. - The entry
segment push rod 80 and the one or more extensionsegment push rods 90 which have been selectively coupled to form thepush rod string 100 are formed of a composite or metal, such as steel, in the illustrated embodiment; however, other materials are employed in alternative embodiments. In addition to distributing gas to theinsertion chain cavity 75, thepush rod string 100 also functions to drive theinsertion chain 43 into the ground. Aframework clear tubes 44. Axial loads are not placed on thetubes 44 but instead are placed on the framework. In the illustrated embodiment, the framework includes round bar which can easily be seen around by acamera 120, if a camera is the type of equipment used for data collection. The entry segment support structure 30 (FIG. 6) and the extensionsegment support structures 61 provide lateral support to the push rods string 100 (and substantially reduce the buckling risk that arises with any large column). A perimeter clearance exists between the outer surface of thepush rod string 100 and thecylindrical sidewalls 44 of theextension segments 40. This helps to prevent thepush rod string 100 from engaging or applying force to thecylindrical sidewalls 44 of theextension segments 40 instead of to the framework. - In one method, after a portion of the
entry segment 10 and thefirst extension segment 40 have been driven into theground 2, the integrity of thevisual probe 1 is evaluated by testing the ability of thecentral cavity 45 to maintain the pressure. One method includes evaluating the integrity of thevisual probe 1 by testing the ability of thecentral cavity 45 to maintain the pressure before eachadditional extension segment 40 is added to theinsertion chain 43. The method may also include evaluating the integrity of thevisual probe 1 by testing the ability of thecentral cavity 45 to maintain the pressure after driving eachadditional extension segment 40 into theground 2. The method may also include evaluating the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 75 by testing the ability of the insertion chain cavity to maintain a pressure. In one method, after theadditional extension segments 40 have been added to theinsertion chain 43, and after additional extensionsegment push rods 90 have been added to thepush rod string 100, and after theentry segment 10 has been driven to a selected depth, the integrity of theinsertion chain 43 is evaluated by testing the ability of theinsertion chain cavity 43 to maintain a pressure. In the context of this document, the term “selected depth” means a depth within themedia 2 in which thevisual probe 1 is to be placed. The selected depth may be chosen prior to placement of thevisual probe 1 into the ground, or the selected depth may be chosen during placement of thevisual probe 1. After the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 43 has be confirmed, thepressure cap 110 may be removed from thesecond end 42 of thelast extension segment 40 which was added to theinsertion chain 43. - Referring to FIGS. 1-9, after removing the
pressure cap 110 thepush rod string 100 may be removed from theinsertion chain 43. To remove thepush rod string 100 from theinsertion chain 43, thepush rod string 100 is first rotated in a clockwise fashion so that the leadingend 81 of the entrysegment push rod 80 will be un-threaded from the pushrod receiving point 13 of theentry segment 10. - FIGS. 8 and 9 show a portion of the
visual probe 1 positioned within themedia 2. After thepressure cap 110 has been removed, aretractor 97 is secured to thesecond end 94 of the lastextension push rod 90 which was added to thepush rod string 100. Theretractor 97 is then used to extract thepush rod string 100 from thevisual probe 1. FIG. 8 show theretractor 97 as it initially begins extracting thepush rod string 100 from thevisual probe 1, while FIG. 9 shows theretractor 97 as thepush rod string 100 is further extracted from thevisual probe 1. - As shown best in FIG. 11, after the
pressure cap 110 and thepush rod string 100 have been removed from thevisual probe 1, a camera or otherdata retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered or placed into theinsertion chain cavity 75 so that objects 150 (e.g, buried waste containers, waste materials, sludges, or other objects) in theground 2 adjacent to theinsertion chain 43 may be viewed through the transparent portions of the sidewalls 44 (or through the completely transparent sidewalls) of theextension segments 40 which make up theinsertion chain 43. Thedata retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered or moved along the entire length of theinsertion chain 43 to view thesubsurface 2 at a variety of depths and may be rotated. Thedata retrieval equipment 120 may be lowered into theinsertion chain cavity 75 using aconnector 122; however, any suitable device may be used to lower thedata retrieval equipment 120 into theinsertion chain cavity 75. - Referring to FIG. 10, after removing the
pressure cap 110, afield cap 140 may be selectively coupled to the upper end or surface end 74 of theinsertion chain 43, substantially sealing theinsertion chain cavity 75 while thevisual probe 1 is not in use. Thefield cap 140 includes aball valve 141 andtubing 142 that terminates with a quick-disconnect body (not shown). Theball valve 141 andtubing 142 are housed in aweatherproof box 143 which has adoor 144. Thefield cap hub 145 selectively couples to thesurface end 74 of theinsertion chain 43. At least one extension segmentjoint seal 77 substantially seals thefield cap hub 145 to thesurface end 74 of theinsertion chain 43, forming a substantial barrier to contaminants. In the depicted embodiment, the extension segmentjoint seal 77 comprises a pair of o-rings. These o-rings are constructed of fluorcarbon rubber, however, any suitable material may be used. - When the
visual probe 1 is not in use, thefield cap 140 may be selectively coupled to the upper end or surface end 74 of theinsertion chain 43, substantially sealing theinsertion chain cavity 75 for extended periods of time. Thefield cap 140 may then later be removed so that thevisual probe 1 may again be used to visualize thesubsurface areas 2. - Before the
field cap 140 is removed, and thevisual probe 1 used, the integrity of theinsertion chain cavity 75 is again tested, by evaluating the ability of theinsertion chain cavity 75 to maintain a pressure. This procedure in effect tests the integrity of each of the seals which make up the insertion chain, including: the entry segmentjoint seal 71, the first and second entry segment hub seals 24 and 25, the extension segmentjoint seal 77 at each extension segment joint 72, the first and second extension segment hub seals 55 and 56 of eachextension segment 40, and the extension segmentjoint seal 77 at thefield cap hub 145. If theinsertion chain cavity 75 cannot maintain a pressure, due to a failure of any of the seals or for any other reason, thefield cap 140 may be left in place to substantially seal thesurface end 74 of theinsertion chain cavity 75, impeding the escape of fugitive gases or other contaminants to land'ssurface 3. - Thus, a visual probe has been disclosed that can be used in contaminated and difficult areas as well as non-contaminated areas. The visual probe can be placed in hardened soil and through difficult materials (e.g., where hardened debris, concrete, asphalt, metals, etc. are included in the soil or ground environment) without prior excavation or drilling. The visual probe is structurally designed and engineered to withstand large force magnitudes associated with ground placement. Commercial probes of similar function are typically very fragile and normally require prior excavation. The visual probe's multiple-tiered entry stage provides for a pilot hole effect for trailing sections and greatly reduces force magnitudes required for probe installation. The visual probe provides for full viewing through its clear casing along most of its entire probe string length and perimeter. The internal structure does not hinder viewing and allows substantially for 100% circular perimeter viewing. The internal framework of the visual probe increases the casing's interior cavity volume and inner cavity diameter, allowing access for a camera and/or geophysical equipment placement. The internal framework not only provides structural stability to the probe and push rod, but also allows the probe's inner cavity to be much larger than conventional probes, which allows other geophysical instruments to be used within it, in addition to a camera. The visual probe supports the use of dual (redundant) seals that form a ground barrier and impede the spread of contamination to ground surface. The visual probe's pressure cap allows the probe casing to be pressure tested at any depth interval, to verify probe structural and seal integrity. This allows quality assurance tests to be performed on the probe to determine its functionality while it is installed into the ground. The visual probe is designed and engineered for longevity and allows for repetitive use, after ground insertion. The visual probe can be used repeatedly while it is in the ground. The visual probe is designed for ground retraction and reuse. The clear tube casing can be replaced as required and the probe can be relocated and reused. This makes this a cost efficient tool. Many conventional probes are left in the ground because retrieval would typically be too costly or result in damage.
- In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Claims (87)
Priority Applications (2)
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US10/285,835 US6820701B1 (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2002-11-01 | Visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas |
US10/995,799 US7311011B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2004-11-22 | Apparatuses for interaction with a subterranean formation, and methods of use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/285,835 US6820701B1 (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2002-11-01 | Visual probes and methods for placing visual probes into subsurface areas |
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US10/285,798 Division US6826972B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2002-10-31 | Lysimeter methods and apparatus |
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US10/376,153 Continuation-In-Part US6920780B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-02-28 | Tensiometer, drive probe for use with environmental testing equipment, and methods of inserting environmental testing equipment into a sample |
US10/995,799 Continuation-In-Part US7311011B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2004-11-22 | Apparatuses for interaction with a subterranean formation, and methods of use thereof |
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US20040216920A1 true US20040216920A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
US6820701B1 US6820701B1 (en) | 2004-11-23 |
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Cited By (2)
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CN111119854A (en) * | 2020-01-03 | 2020-05-08 | 山东科技大学 | Slidable large-stroke mining peeping instrument anti-fouling cap and using method thereof |
CN115555395A (en) * | 2022-07-04 | 2023-01-03 | 孙慧晓 | Medicament penetrant unit convenient to soil remediation |
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US7311011B2 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2007-12-25 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Apparatuses for interaction with a subterranean formation, and methods of use thereof |
US7810381B2 (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2010-10-12 | Gregg Drilling & Testing, Inc. | Hydrostatically compensated deep sea probe with shear strain gauges |
BE1018192A3 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2010-07-06 | M D C E Bvba | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MEASURING A RHEOLOGICAL CONDUCT. |
FR3025887B1 (en) * | 2014-09-15 | 2016-09-09 | Sol Solution | METHOD OF CHARACTERIZING THE SEAT OF A RAILWAY, DEVICE FOR VISUALIZING THE INTERIOR OF A FLOOR AND ASSEMBLY OF THE SEAT OF A RAILWAY COMPRISING SUCH A DEVICE |
US9952156B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2018-04-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Native fluorescence imaging direct push probe |
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CN115555395A (en) * | 2022-07-04 | 2023-01-03 | 孙慧晓 | Medicament penetrant unit convenient to soil remediation |
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