US20040155384A1 - Method and apparatus for the production of a work piece of exact geometry - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for the production of a work piece of exact geometry Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20040155384A1 US20040155384A1 US10/719,585 US71958503A US2004155384A1 US 20040155384 A1 US20040155384 A1 US 20040155384A1 US 71958503 A US71958503 A US 71958503A US 2004155384 A1 US2004155384 A1 US 2004155384A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- work piece
- production
- starting material
- mechanical finishing
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/247—Removing material: carving, cleaning, grinding, hobbing, honing, lapping, polishing, milling, shaving, skiving, turning the surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0072—Roughness, e.g. anti-slip
- B29K2995/0073—Roughness, e.g. anti-slip smooth
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Turning (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to a device and procedure for the production of a work piece with exact geometry and high surface quality, a form tool in particular. Preferably, the work piece is constructed using a process wherein powder coatings are applied one on top of each other, by means of compaction, said process being computer-controlled. After the powder has been compacted, the surfaces thereof are finely machined in a mechanical manner. During the entire machining process, the work piece to be produced is surrounded with powdery source material.
Description
- The invention relates to a method for the production of a work piece by the successive compacting, by means of electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation, of powdered starting material that has been applied horizontally in layers, so that each layer consisting of at least one trace comprises two substantially vertical lateral faces and one substantially horizontal upper face which, in turn, forms the basis for a possible following layer, wherein at least one of the two vertical side walls is subject to mechanical finishing subsequent to the compacting of the powdered starting material that has been applied horizontally in layers, and wherein the work piece to be formed is surrounded by powdered starting material during its production. Furthermore, the invention is directed to a device for performing the above-described method.
- DE 195 33 960 C2 discloses a method wherein one material layer each is applied on a base in the form of a trace and is subsequently fused or compacted, respectively, by means of a laser beam. Subsequently, a second layer is applied and compacted, and so on, with the number of the layers applied and compacted by means of a laser beam depending on the desired height of the work piece. On applying a new layer, this new layer always combines with the surface of the layer applied before. The powder-metallurgical production of the work piece is followed by a finishing of both the lateral faces and the surface by means of a cutting process. In the case of the known method it is taken care that non-melted powder is always removed from the working area by blowing or sucking it off.
- With the method known, comparatively short production times can be achieved for exactly dimensioned work pieces when the radiation device and the mechanical processing device are computer-controlled. A problem of the production method known, however, consists in that in the edge area of the work pieces produced, i.e. in the area of the lateral faces, a non-uniform material consistency is generated and that especially porosities may occur.
- For solution of this problem, DE 195 33 960 C2 suggests to fuse material beyond the desired contour dimension and to remove the distinctly projecting edges of the work piece by means of subsequent mechanical processing. By means of this procedure, it is indeed possible to remove so much material in the area of the lateral faces that a homogeneous material consistency can be achieved; this, however, renders the expenses, i.e. the working time and the tool costs, to become undesirably high.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method which substantially reduces the materials expenses with a mechanical finishing of the surface of the outer contour of the work piece and simultaneously ensures a high surface quality of the outer contour.
- In accordance with the invention, this object is solved by a method for the production of a work piece by the successive compacting, by means of electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation, of powdered starting material that has been applied horizontally in layers, so that each layer consisting of at least one trace comprises two substantially vertical lateral faces and one substantially horizontal upper face which, in turn, forms the basis for a possible following layer, wherein at least one of the two vertical side walls is subject to mechanical finishing subsequent to the compacting of the powdered starting material that has been applied horizontally in layers, and wherein the work piece to be formed is surrounded by powdered starting material during its entire production, wherein the mechanical finishing of a vertical side wall of an nth layer is only performed after the generation of an n+xth layer.
- In the following, the respectively current layer, i.e. the layer that forms the upper final layer at a particular point in time, is referred to as nth layer. All the layers positioned below this nth layer are referred to as n−xth layers, and all the layers that will, viewed from this point in time, still have to be produced in the future, are referred to as n+xth layers.
- In a preferred method of the present invention, the finishing of the nth layer is started only when the geometric distance from the nth layer to an n+xth layer positioned thereabove is so large that no thermal impact having the effect of a distortion affects the nth layer.
- When producing a work piece in accordance with the method according to the invention, the powdered starting material is applied in layer-thickness on a base over an area which exceeds the contour of the work piece. In a next step, compacting of this powdered starting material is effected in traces, with the trace width corresponding to the sphere of action of the radiation. For the construction of a layer, which regularly consists of a plurality of traces, at least, however, of merely one trace, these traces are compacted such that the edge area of each individual trace overlaps the edge area of an adjacent trace such that a homogeneous trace is produced during the compacting of the adjacent traces. When producing a layer formed by traces, various strategies of tracing can be chosen.
- For instance, the outermost contour trace is formed by a first trace, and subsequently the inner space formed within this closed contour trace is filled by a meander-shaped pattern, so that a homogeneous layer is finally produced. It is, however, also possible to fill the inner space that has been formed such by, for instance, a quasi-spiral pattern.
- By the exact controlling of the compacting beam (electromagnetic beam or particle beam) it is further possible to adjust the material characteristics in the area of the edge contour, i.e. the outermost contour trace of the work piece.
- With increasing beam power or energy supplied per area unit, the proportion of molten phase of the material increases, which results in a high compacting of the material and thus in good mechanical properties. In the direct edge area of the work piece, i.e. in the area of the lateral surface, such compacting of the powdered material will, however, also lead to an inexactness of the structure. A disadvantage of a high beam intensity is the thermal effect which may lead to a subsequent powder adherence in the n−1st or in further layers. By the respectively repeated thermal impact of the n−xth layers already formed, a so-called distortion of the contour of the work piece may occur.
- The method according to the invention takes this thermal influence of the work piece contour into account by performing the mechanical finishing after the completion of a certain number of layers only. In accordance with the invention, the finishing is only performed with layers which are, by their distance to the currently produced layer, not subject to a thermal impact effecting a distortion of the work piece.
- In accordance with the invention, several layers can be finished simultaneously. If only individual layers are referred to in the following description, these shall comprise also layer packages that may consist of a plurality of individual layers.
- A decision on the number of the layers to be finished may, for instance, depend on the contour shape. In the case of contours with frequent changes of gradient, the finishing of few layers may be more advantageous than the finishing of several layers.
- The method and the apparatus according to the invention will be explained by way of example in the enclosed drawing. There shows:
- FIG. 1 a schematic representation of an arrangement for performing the method according to the invention.
- In FIGS.2 to 9, individual steps of the method according to the invention are illustrated, wherein layer packages are shown for better illustration of the method according to the invention. There shows:
- FIG. 2 a schematic sectional representation of a work piece after the production of a first layer package;
- FIG. 3 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 2 with a second layer package;
- FIG. 4 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 3, with the first layer package being finished;
- FIG. 5 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 4, after the generation of a further layer package;
- FIG. 6 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 5, after completion of the finishing of a further layer package;
- FIG. 7 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 6, after the generation of a last layer package;
- FIG. 8 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 7, after completion of the finishing of the penultimate layer package;
- FIG. 9 a schematic sectional representation of the work piece according to FIG. 8, after completion of the finishing of the last layer package.
- In the arrangement according to FIG. 1, the work piece to be produced is denoted with1. The production is effected such that powdered
starting material 3 at an exactly predetermined layer thickness s is applied on a working table 5 that may be moved up and down vertically by means of a lifting device 7 inarrow direction 27. The starting layer thickness equals to the layer thickness of layer n, layer n−1 or layer n−2 illustrated in the drawing. The area of the powdered starting material applied has to exceed the desired final contour of the work piece. - Above the working table5, a
processing unit 20 is arranged which can be moved in its entirety inarrow direction 29 as well as preferably perpendicularly to the drawing plane. The movement of theprocessing unit 20 is computer-controlled by a control device 11 which also simultaneously controls the lifting movement of the working table 5. Theprocessing unit 20 substantially comprises aradiation source 6, one or several mirrors actuated by an actuatingunit 10, or a comparable guiding device for thebeam 18 emanating from theradiation source 6 so as to guide it by means of two-coordinate control on the working table 5 in correspondence with the desired component contour. In addition to theradiation device processing unit 20 also comprises a processing device for mechanical finishing. The processing device illustrated in FIG. 1 is amilling tool 2 with anappropriate drive unit 9 which is also controlled by the control unit 11. As is illustrated in FIG. 1, themilling tool 2 immerses into the powderedstarting material 3 for mechanical finishing, so that thework piece 1 is surrounded by powderedfinishing material 3 during its entire production and thus also during the entire mechanical finishing. Furthermore, a dressing bar 4 is provided at theprocessing unit 20, by means of which powderedstarting material 3 that was applied on the working table 5 can be distributed at constant layer-thickness by transverse movement of theprocessing unit 20 relative to the working table 5. The dressing bar 4 may simultaneously be designed as a feeding device for the powderedstarting material 3. - After applying the first layer of the powdered
starting material 3 on the working table 5, the starting material is compacted in a desired trace by a corresponding control of thebeam 18 and, as required, additionally by the relative movement of theprocessing unit 20 to the working table 5. Each time after one layer has been applied and compacted, the working table 5 is lowered by one layer-thickness by means of the lifting device 7. - Following the radiation and compacting of the powdered starting material to form a first (nth layer), further (n+1st; n+2nd; n+3rd; . . . ; n+xth) layers are applied and compacted by this method corresponding to a desired contour which is preferably stored on a record. Only after the generation of a current layer which is spaced apart from a non-finished layer to such an extent that the thermal effect emanating from this current layer does not or is not able to effect any distortion with this non-finished layer is the mechanical finishing of this non-finished layer started.
- Once this criterion of the thermal non-influencing of the nth layer has been fulfilled with regard to the n−xth layer, the finishing of the n−xth layer is started. As has been mentioned initially, the same is applicable to the nth layer package with regard to the finishing of the n−xth layer package.
- The arrangement according to FIG. 2 illustrates a
work piece 1 after the production of a first layer package A having the height Δz, illustrated in double hatching density. Thework piece 1 is mounted on a base S, with the height of the base S advantageously corresponding to the milling offset Δh. Thework piece 1 is to obtain a final contour that corresponds to thecontour 2 and lies within acontour body 3. Thiscontour body 3 is produced from a particular number of layer packages of the height Δz, which in turn consist of a plurality of layers. The dimensional difference between thecontour body 3 and thework piece 1 is removed by the mechanical finishing, so that the completedwork piece 1 is available after the mechanical finishing of the last layer package. - FIG. 3 illustrates the condition of the
work piece 1 after the generation of the second layer package B above the first layer package A, with the second layer package B also having a height of Δz. It is, however, also possible to vary the height of each layer package, for instance as a function of the contour shape of the final contour. In the case of contours with substantial change of gradient of the surface, a lower layer package height might also be of advantage. Likewise, the layer package height may depend on the type of miller. Basically, the layer package height will have to he chosen such that any desired contour may be achieved with the selected miller by keeping to the desired surface quality. A substantial technical dimension may, for instance, be the radius of a ball nose end mill. - FIG. 4 illustrates the condition after the completion of the first mechanical finishing of layer package A. The mechanical finishing is preferably performed by means of an end mill or a ball nose end mill which removes the dimensional difference between the
contour body 3 and thefinal contour 2 of thework piece 1. After completion of the finishing, a new layer package is produced, wherein the finishing is also postponed until at least the next layer package has been produced. - FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the condition of the two layer packages M and M+1. FIG. 6 illustrates the finished layer package M. As is illustrated in FIG. 7, the last layer package M+2 which is positioned above the layer package M+1 is advantageously dimensioned such that it projects by a certain amount H-h over the actual final contour height h. With the completion of the last layer of the layer package M+2, the layer construction of the
work piece 1 has been completed. - In the following working step, illustrated in FIG. 8, the mechanical finishing of the layer package M+1 is performed, wherein, caused by the contour shape, portions of the projecting layer package M+2 can also be removed already. The projecting remainder of the layer package M+2 that has now been left is, as illustrated in FIG. 9, removed by means of the last mechanical finishing. With this last working step, the production of the
work piece 1 is totally completed.
Claims (6)
1. A method for the production of a work piece by the successive compacting, by means of electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation, of powdered starting material (3) that has been applied horizontally in layers, so that each layer consisting of at least one trace comprises two substantially vertical lateral faces and one substantially horizontal upper face which, in turn, forms the basis for a possible subsequent layer, wherein at least one of the two vertical side Walls is subject to mechanical finishing subsequent to the compacting of said powdered starting material (3) that has been applied horizontally in layers, and wherein the work piece (1) to be formed is surrounded by powdered starting material (3) during its production, wherein the mechanical finishing of a vertical side wall of an nth layer is performed after the generation of an n+xth layer only.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one further layer has been produced between the production of the nth layer and the beginning of the mechanical finishing of this layer.
3. The method according to claims 1 or 2, wherein several layers are finished simultaneously.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein several layers are comprised to form layer packages.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the mechanical finishing of the n−1st layer package is started after the generation of an nth layer package.
6. An apparatus for the production of a work piece, in particular by performing a method according to any of claims 1 to 5 , consisting of a working table (5) to be lowered which can be covered by a powdered starting material (3), a processing unit (20) that is designed to be vertically and horizontally moveable and can be connected to act with a control device (11), wherein said processing unit (20) comprises at least one radiation source (6) and at least one mirror unit (8) controllable by an actuating unit (10), so that a beam (18) emanating from said radiation source (6) is guidable on the working table (5) via the at least one mirror unit (8) that is controllable by means of a two-coordinate control in correspondence with a desired component contour, wherein said processing unit further comprises a processing device for the mechanical finishing of substantially vertical faces, and wherein the control device (11) further comprises means for controlling the mechanical finishing of an nth layer with time delay vis-a-vis the completion of an n+xth layer, depending on the thermal characteristics of the work piece to be produced.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/245,140 US9550325B2 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2008-10-03 | Method and apparatus for the production of a workpiece of exact geometry |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10124795.8 | 2001-05-21 | ||
DE10124795A DE10124795A1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2001-05-21 | Device and method for producing a workpiece with an exact geometry |
PCT/EP2002/005574 WO2002094482A1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2002-05-21 | Device and procedure for the production of a work piece with exact geometry . |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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PCT/EP2002/005574 Continuation WO2002094482A1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2002-05-21 | Device and procedure for the production of a work piece with exact geometry . |
Related Child Applications (1)
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US12/245,140 Continuation US9550325B2 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2008-10-03 | Method and apparatus for the production of a workpiece of exact geometry |
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US20040155384A1 true US20040155384A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
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US10/719,585 Abandoned US20040155384A1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2003-11-21 | Method and apparatus for the production of a work piece of exact geometry |
US12/245,140 Active 2025-11-09 US9550325B2 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2008-10-03 | Method and apparatus for the production of a workpiece of exact geometry |
Family Applications After (1)
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US12/245,140 Active 2025-11-09 US9550325B2 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2008-10-03 | Method and apparatus for the production of a workpiece of exact geometry |
Country Status (6)
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US (2) | US20040155384A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1397222B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4231784B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE290447T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10124795A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002094482A1 (en) |
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US7172724B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2007-02-06 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Method of making sintered object |
US20080286139A1 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2008-11-20 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Photo-Shaping Method, Photo-Shaping System, And Photo-Shaping Program |
US20120192424A1 (en) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-02 | Richemont International Sa | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
CN104493492A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-04-08 | 华南理工大学 | Selective laser melting (SLM) and milling compound machining equipment and selective laser melting and milling compound machining method |
US20170261936A1 (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-14 | Nivarox-Far S.A. | Economical timepiece display component |
US20180111314A1 (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2018-04-26 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Method and Device for Manufacturing a Three-Dimensional Object |
US20220258383A1 (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2022-08-18 | Cummins Inc. | Creation of injection molds via additive manufacturing |
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SE535361C2 (en) | 2010-11-10 | 2012-07-10 | Biomain Ab | Dental bridges and superstructures, as well as methods for manufacturing them |
AT14162U1 (en) | 2013-10-31 | 2015-05-15 | Ceratizit Austria Gmbh | Press arrangement with post-processing module |
US10016852B2 (en) * | 2014-11-13 | 2018-07-10 | The Boeing Company | Apparatuses and methods for additive manufacturing |
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US11312076B2 (en) | 2019-09-23 | 2022-04-26 | The Boeing Company | Apparatuses for additively manufacturing an object from a powder material |
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- 2002-05-21 EP EP02743068A patent/EP1397222B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-21 JP JP2003515468A patent/JP4231784B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-21 AT AT02743068T patent/ATE290447T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-05-21 DE DE50202426T patent/DE50202426D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7172724B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2007-02-06 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Method of making sintered object |
US20080286139A1 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2008-11-20 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Photo-Shaping Method, Photo-Shaping System, And Photo-Shaping Program |
US7740797B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 | 2010-06-22 | Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd. | Photo-shaping method, photo-shaping system, and photo-shaping program |
EP2485099A3 (en) * | 2011-02-02 | 2013-08-28 | Richemont International S.A. | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
EP2485099A2 (en) | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-08 | Richemont International S.A. | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
CN102699332A (en) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-10-03 | 里奇蒙特国际股份有限公司 | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
US20120192424A1 (en) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-02 | Richemont International Sa | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
US8689446B2 (en) * | 2011-02-02 | 2014-04-08 | Richemont International S.A. | Method for producing a watch case middle of reduced weight |
US20220258383A1 (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2022-08-18 | Cummins Inc. | Creation of injection molds via additive manufacturing |
CN104493492A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-04-08 | 华南理工大学 | Selective laser melting (SLM) and milling compound machining equipment and selective laser melting and milling compound machining method |
US20180111314A1 (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2018-04-26 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Method and Device for Manufacturing a Three-Dimensional Object |
US10792861B2 (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2020-10-06 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Method for manufacturing a three-dimensional object |
US20170261936A1 (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-14 | Nivarox-Far S.A. | Economical timepiece display component |
US10474105B2 (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2019-11-12 | Nivarox-Far S.A. | Economical timepiece display component |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4231784B2 (en) | 2009-03-04 |
US9550325B2 (en) | 2017-01-24 |
DE50202426D1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
DE10124795A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
EP1397222B1 (en) | 2005-03-09 |
JP2004536229A (en) | 2004-12-02 |
ATE290447T1 (en) | 2005-03-15 |
US20090033003A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
EP1397222A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
WO2002094482A1 (en) | 2002-11-28 |
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