US20040138324A1 - Living olefin polymerization processes - Google Patents
Living olefin polymerization processes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20040138324A1 US20040138324A1 US10/646,355 US64635503A US2004138324A1 US 20040138324 A1 US20040138324 A1 US 20040138324A1 US 64635503 A US64635503 A US 64635503A US 2004138324 A1 US2004138324 A1 US 2004138324A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- mmol
- nmr
- metal
- initiator
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 44
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 42
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title description 18
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract description 51
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 abstract description 49
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 49
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 39
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 33
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 32
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010550 living polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical group CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 74
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 47
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 26
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 26
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 229960004132 diethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 17
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 14
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-RALIUCGRSA-N 1-bromo-2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriobenzene Chemical compound [2H]C1=C([2H])C([2H])=C(Br)C([2H])=C1[2H] QARVLSVVCXYDNA-RALIUCGRSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 11
- -1 2,6-dimethylphenyl Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 9
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 9
- JYYNAJVZFGKDEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=NC(C)=C1 JYYNAJVZFGKDEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 125000004005 formimidoyl group Chemical group [H]\N=C(/[H])* 0.000 description 7
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910007928 ZrCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910018965 MCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910010068 TiCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- DWCMDRNGBIZOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylazanide;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].C[N-]C.C[N-]C.C[N-]C.C[N-]C DWCMDRNGBIZOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L titanium(ii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+2] ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1B(C=1C(=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C=1F)F)C1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004293 19F NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019502 Orange oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical group CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910008067 ZrI2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010502 orange oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010507 β-hydride elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- KHOITXIGCFIULA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alophen Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(=O)C)=CC=C1C(C=1N=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC(C)=O)C=C1 KHOITXIGCFIULA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004639 Schlenk technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000287219 Serinus canaria Species 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N acetone d6 Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])C(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010539 anionic addition polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011903 deuterated solvents Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004431 deuterium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AASUFOVSZUIILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethanone;sodium Chemical compound [Na].C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 AASUFOVSZUIILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002330 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012035 limiting reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CCERQOYLJJULMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;carbanide;chloride Chemical compound [CH3-].[Mg+2].[Cl-] CCERQOYLJJULMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VXWPONVCMVLXBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;carbanide;iodide Chemical compound [CH3-].[Mg+2].[I-] VXWPONVCMVLXBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006343 melt-processible rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyllithium Chemical compound C[Li] DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008450 motivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-JGUCLWPXSA-N toluene-d8 Chemical compound [2H]C1=C([2H])C([2H])=C(C([2H])([2H])[2H])C([2H])=C1[2H] YXFVVABEGXRONW-JGUCLWPXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011345 viscous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
- C07F7/28—Titanium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C217/00—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C217/02—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C217/04—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
- C07C217/06—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted
- C07C217/08—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted the oxygen atom of the etherified hydroxy group being further bound to an acyclic carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C217/00—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C217/78—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C217/80—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C217/82—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C217/90—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton having amino groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring the oxygen atom of at least one of the etherified hydroxy groups being further bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. amino-diphenylethers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
- C07F7/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System without C-Metal linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S526/903—Monomer polymerized in presence of transition metal containing catalyst and hydrocarbon additive affecting polymer properties of catalyst activity
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to living olefin polymerization processes, and more specifically to initiators for such processes that are stable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer such that polymers of low polydispersity can be synthesized.
- Block copolymers are one class of polymers that have broad utility.
- block copolymers have been employed as melt processable rubbers, impact resistant thermoplastics and emulsifiers. As a result, these materials have been the focus of a particularly large amount of research and development both in industry and academia, and a variety of approaches to block copolymer synthesis have been developed.
- the initiator is a metal-hydride complex
- the first metal-carbon bond is formed when the olefin inserts into the metal-hydride bond.
- a second olefin monomer is added, and a second polymer block is formed by successively inserting, into the metal-carbon end group, the second monomer, ultimately resulting in a block copolymer including a first polymer block connected to a second polymer block. Since each polymer block is formed sequentially, the initiator and propagating species should be stable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer.
- the rate of chain propagation i.e., olefin monomer insertion into the metal-carbon bond
- the rate of initiation should be at least as great as the rate of propagation.
- Polymerization termination is typically dominated by ⁇ -hydride elimination with the products being a polymer chain having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond and the initiator having a metal-hydrogen bond. Termination of polymerization also can occur if the initiator decomposes in some other manner, such as transfer of the polymer chain from the initiator to some other element that is relatively inactive in or for olefin polymerization.
- the achievable chain length of copolymer blocks and the polydispersity of the block copolymer are principally determined by the relative rates of olefin insertion and ⁇ -hydride elimination, as well as initiator stability toward other modes of decomposition, especially in the absence of olefin monomer.
- the present invention provides a composition of matter having a structure:
- X and Z are each group 15 atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 are each a hydrogen atom or group 14 atom-containing species.
- A is either
- Y 1 is a group 16 atom
- Y 2 is a group 15 atom
- R 3 is H or a group 14 atom-containing species.
- L 1 and L 2 are each dative interconnections including at least one group 14 atom bonded to Y 1 or Y 2 .
- the present invention provides a method of synthesizing a block copolymer.
- the method comprises performing a first reaction and a second reaction.
- a first monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond is exposed to an initiator containing a metal, and the terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the first monomeric species are allowed to insert successively into the initiator to form a carbon-metal bond thereby forming a first homopolymeric block of the first monomeric species connected to the metal of the initiator.
- a second monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond is exposed to the initiator, and terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the second monomeric species are allowed to insert successively into the initiator, first inserting into the bond between the block of the first homopolymeric block and the metal of the initiator, thereby forming a copolymer including the first homopolymeric block connected to a homopolymeric block of the second monomeric species, the copolymer having a polydispersity of no more than about 1.4.
- the present invention provides a method of synthesizing a block copolymer.
- the method comprises: exposing a first monomeric species having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to an initiator including a metal and allowing terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the first species to insert successively into the initiator to form a metal-carbon bond thereby forming a first homopolymeric block of the first monomeric species having a bond to the metal of the initiator; and exposing a second monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to the initiator and allowing terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the second species to insert successively into the initiator, first inserting into the bond between the first homopolymeric block and the metal, thereby forming a copolymer including the first homopolymeric block connected to a second homopolymeric block of the second monomeric species, the method producing no more than about 25% by weight of the first homopolymer or the second homopolymer relative to a total amount of polymer product.
- the present invention provides a block copolymer which comprises a first homopolymer block and a second homopolymer block connected to the first homopolymer block.
- the first homopolymer block comprises a polymerization product of at least about ten units of a first monomeric species having a formula H 2 C ⁇ CHR 1 .
- the second homopolymer block comprises a polymerization product of at least about ten units of a second, different monomeric species having a formula H 2 C ⁇ CHR 2 .
- R 1 and R 2 can be the same or different, and each are H or a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon that is free of non-carbon heteroatoms.
- the block copolymer has a polydispersity of at most about 1.4.
- the present invention provides a method of polymerization.
- the method comprises: reacting an initiator having a metal atom with a monomeric species having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to allow terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of monomers to insert successively into the initiator to form a metal-capped polymer of the monomeric species connected to the metal through a metal-carbon bond.
- the metal-capped polymer is stable, in a solvent essentially free of the monomeric species and electron donors such as water and free oxygen at a temperature of at least about ⁇ 50° C.
- the metal-capped polymer is capable of then reacting further with monomeric species and inserting the monomeric species successively into a metal carbon bond.
- the present invention relates to a ligand (referred to herein as [LIG]) having the following representative structures:
- X and Z are group 15 atoms such as nitrogen and phosphorous that are each selected to form an anionic or covalent bond with a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including two substituents (e.g., L 1 and R 1 or L 2 and R 2 ).
- Y 1 is a group 16 atom such as oxygen or sulfur that is selected to form a dative bond with another atom such as a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including two substituents (e.g., L 1 and L 2 ).
- Y 2 is a group 15 atom such as nitrogen or phosphorus that is selected to form a dative bond with another atom such as a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including three substituents (e.g., L 1 , L 2 and R 3 ).
- _ represents a dative interconnection between X and Z, such as one or more group 14 atoms.
- Y 1 is preferably oxygen and X and Z are the same atom, more preferably, X and Z are each nitrogen atoms.
- a “dative bond” herein refers to a bond between a neutral atom of a ligand and a metal atom in which the neutral atom of the ligand donates an electron pair to the metal atom.
- an “anionic bond” denotes a bond between a negatively charged atom of a ligand and a metal atom in which the negatively charged atom of the ligand donates an electron pair to the metal atom.
- L 1 and L 2 each represent a dative interconnection between X, Y 1 , Y 2 and/or Z.
- L 1 and L 2 each correspond to at least one atom, preferably 1-4 atoms, and most preferably 2 atoms. The atoms that make up the interconnection most commonly are group 14 atoms, such as carbon or silicon.
- L 1 and L 2 each represent a C 2 unit such as —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CF 2 ) 2 —, —(o-C 6 H 4 )—, —CH 2 Si(CH 3 ) 2 — and the like.
- L 1 and L 2 may be selected such that X, Y 1 , Y 2 and/or Z are not rigidly interconnected (i.e., there is at least one rotational degree of freedom between these atoms).
- X may be interconnected to Z through L 1 or L 2 .
- the arrangement of X, Y 1 or Y 2 and Z is limited only in that, simultaneously, X and Z should each be selected to form anionic or covalent bonds with a metal atom such as a transition metal while Y 1 or Y 2 should each be selected to form a dative bond with a metal atom such as a transition metal.
- R 1 -R 3 can be the same or different and preferably are H or group 14 species such as linear, branched, cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons free of non-group 14 heteroatoms that could bind to an activated metal center.
- One set of exemplary R 1 -R 3 units include saturated or unsaturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbons.
- Another example of R 1 -R 3 units is trimethylsilyl groups.
- Still a further example of R 1 -R 3 units is 2,6-disubstituted phenyl rings such as 2,6-dimethylphenyl.
- the invention relates to metal-containing catalyst precursors, preferably group 4 metal-containing catalyst precursors, for use in the living polymerization of olefin monomers having terminal carbon-carbon double bonds.
- These catalyst precursors are particularly stable under reaction conditions in the absence of such olefin monomer. That is, when the reaction mixture is substantially depleted of the olefin monomer, the catalyst precursor remains stable in the absence of water, oxygen, basic donor ligands and the like.
- the resulting polymers e.g., homopolymers, random copolymers and/or block copolymers
- the amount of homopolymer produced is relatively low.
- Substantial depletion of an olefin monomer relates to a situation in which the olefin monomer is present in an amount below the detection limit of standard NMR spectrometers such that the olefin monomer cannot be detected using such standard NMR spectrometers.
- an olefin monomer is substantially depleted when less than about 5% of the olefin monomer remains as olefin monomer in solution relative to the amount of olefin monomer initially present in the solution.
- the catalyst precursors of the present invention have the following representative molecular structures:
- M is a metal atom that can form a metal-carbon bond into which an olefin can be inserted.
- M may be selected from metals of groups 3-6, late transition metals such as those of group 10, actinides and lanthanides.
- M is selected from Ti, Zr or Hf.
- X and Z each form an anionic or covalent bond to M while Y 1 or Y 2 each form dative bonds to M.
- the length of the M-Y 1 and M-Y 2 bonds is at most about 2.5 Angstroms, more preferably at most about 2.3 Angstroms, most preferably at most about 2.1 Angstroms, depending upon the size of M.
- R 4 and R 5 should be good leaving groups such that living polymerization can occur via the removal of R 4 or R 5 and the formation of an initiator, as described below.
- R 4 and R 5 are substantially similar to R 1 -R 3 .
- R 4 and R 5 are linear or branched alkyls having a length of from 1-10 carbon atoms.
- R 4 and/or R 5 can be hydrogen.
- the present invention is not limited by the particular geometrical configuration of the catalyst precursor.
- the catalyst precursor may have a nonplanar geometry, such as, for example, trigonal bipyramidal.
- a catalyst precursor having one of the structures:
- any or all of the isopropyl groups of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]M(R 4 )(R 5 ) may be replaced with H or branched or straight chain alkyl groups.
- alkyl groups should be selected such that an olefin monomer's access to M during polymerization (described below) is not sterically hindered by these alkyl groups.
- such alkyl groups have at most about 20 carbon atoms and include, for example, methyl, propyl, t-butyl and the like.
- the catalyst precursors can be prepared using standard alkylation techniques.
- the protanated ligand H 2 [LIG]
- M(NMe 2 ) 4 can be reacted with M(NMe 2 ) 4 to form [LIG]M(NMe 2 ) 2 which is then reacted with TMSCI to form [LIG]MCl 2 .
- the [LIG]MCl 2 is reacted with R—MgX to provide [LIG]MR 2 .
- the appropriate reaction conditions of from about ⁇ 78° C. to about 0° C. in a solvent such as ether, diethyl ether, hydrocarbons, free of oxygen and water, can be selected by those of skill in the art.
- [LIG]MCl 2 can be reacted with aluminoxane which first reacts to form the dimethyl compound [LIG]M(Me) 2 in situ, and then removes one Me group to make the active cation, serving as its counterion.
- This reaction is known, as described in, for example, published PCT patent application WO 92/12162.
- the catalyst precursor is activated via the removal either R 4 or R 5 , typically in situ, to form an initiator which is cationic in nature. Where a stable salt can be synthesized, this salt can be provided, stored, and used directly.
- Counterions for the initiator should be weakly-coordinating anions, for example [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] ⁇ . Those of ordinary skill in the art can select suitable counter ions.
- the initiator can be reacted with monomeric olefins having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond (H 2 C ⁇ CHR 6 ) to provide polymers, where R 6 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon such that the olefin can be a straight, branched, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the hydrocarbons may include additional carbon-carbon double bonds.
- any additional carbon-carbon double bonds are internal (non-terminal).
- these monomers are substantially devoid of any heteroatoms.
- Such monomers include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -olefins such as ethylene, 1-propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and the like.
- ⁇ -olefins such as ethylene, 1-propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and the like.
- Initiation of the polymerization reaction occurs by insertion of the carbon-carbon double bond of the species H 2 C ⁇ CHR 6 into a metal-carbon bond of the initiator.
- chain growth of the polymer occurs by successive insertion of the monomer into a bond formed between the terminal carbon atom of the polymer chain and the metal atom of the initiator. It is an advantageous feature of the present invention that, under reaction conditions in the absence of monomer (described above), such a metal-carbon bond remains stable for periods of time sufficient to allow depletion of monomer and subsequent addition of monomer and continued chain growth.
- the system allows depletion of one monomer H 2 C ⁇ CHR 6 , and addition to the system of a additional monomer H 2 C ⁇ CHR 7 that can be the same monomer (for continued homopolymer growth) or a different monomer (for block copolymer synthesis).
- a metal-carbon bond of the initiator such as a bond between the metal and a polymer chain, remains stable for greater than about a half an hour at room temperature under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer, water, oxygen, basic donor ligands or the like.
- the metal-carbon bond formed between the initiator and the polymer chain is not stable enough for standard analytical techniques, such as NMR, to verify the existance of the initiator, indicating that the initiator-polymer chain species is not stable for more than at most about one second at room temperature.
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- blocks of polymer may be formed in a sequential fashion by adding olefin monomer, allowing the olefin monomer to react until it is depleted and subsequently adding more olefin monomer.
- a first block of the copolymer may be formed (first homopolymeric block).
- the carbon-metal bond remains stable and a second olefin monomer may be added to the reaction mixture to form a second homopolymeric block that is connected to the first homopolymeric block.
- the second olefin monomer first inserts into the metal-carbon bond formed between the first homopolymeric block and the initiator. Subsequently, the second olefin monomer successively inserts into the metal-carbon bond formed between the initiator and the polymer chain of the second olefin monomer.
- polydispersity refers to the ratio of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer according to equation 1.
- POLYDISPERSITY ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ N i ⁇ M i 2 ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ N i ⁇ M i
- N i is the number of mer units having molecular weight M i .
- block copolymers having low polydispersities.
- Known block copolymers have been synthesized using anionic polymerization processes, but ⁇ -olefin monomers cannot be used in these processes.
- typical minimal polydispersities are on the order of about 1.5.
- block copolymers preferably have a polydispersity of at most about 1.4, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.3, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.2, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.1, and most preferably from about 1 to 1.05.
- the polydispersity of a polymer can be measured directly by a variety of techniques including, for example, gel permeation chromatography or by standard tests such as the ASTM D-1238 procedure.
- the initiator's stability results in good block copolymer formation with minimal formation of polymers formed substantially only of individual monomeric olefin units (homopolymer). That is, relatively highly pure block copolymer is formed.
- the amount of homopolymer formed is typically about 30 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including the block copolymer.
- the amount of homopolymer formed is at most about 25 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including copolymer, more preferably at most about 15 wt %, and most preferably at most about 5 wt %.
- one embodiment involves formation of block copolymer of polydispersity of less than about 1.4 with homopolymer formation of at most about 25 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including copolymer.
- the initiators of the present invention can be used for polymerization of a variety of combinations of monomers to form homopolymers, random copolymers of any number or ratio of monomers, or block copolymers of any number and size of blocks, while providing optionally the preferred polydispersities and/or purities discussed above.
- two monomers A and B H 2 C ⁇ CHR 6 and H 2 C ⁇ CHR 7 ) in a ratio of 2:1 can first be provided in a reaction system, with polymerization resulting in a random copolymer with A and B being incorporated in a ratio of 2:1, after depletion of these monomers.
- blocks of relatively pure homopolymer can be provided. For example, polymerization of A until depletion of A, followed by addition of B and polymerization of B resulting in a block copolymer AB.
- [NON]Ti(NMe 2 ) 2 was synthesized as follows. LiBu (1.6 M in hexane, 4.2 mL) was added to a solution of H 2 [NON] (1.09 g, 3.36 mmol) in diethyl ether (30 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. A suspension of TiCl 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 (696 mg, 3.36 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 mL) was added to the solution containing the Li 2 [NON] at ⁇ 35° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 15 h. After filtration through Celite all volatiles were removed in vacuo.
- [NON]TiCl 2 was synthesized as follows. A Schlenk tube was charged with [NON]Ti(NMe 2 ) 2 (379 mg, 0.83 mmol), TMSCl (270 mg, 2.49 mmol) and toluene (10 mL). The solution was heated to 110° C. for 7 days, during which time the color of the solution turned black-purple.
- [NON]TiMe 2 was synthesized as follows. A solution of MeMgCl in THF (3.0 M, 350 ⁇ L) was added to a solution of [NON]TiCl 2 (230 mg, 0.52 mmol) in ether (10 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The color immediately changed from dark purple to orange and white solid precipitated. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 15 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with pentane (about 10 mL) over a period of about 5 min.
- [NON]Zr(NMe 2 ) 2 was synthesized as follows. H 2 [NON] (6.48 g, 20 mmol) and Zr(NMe 2 ) 4 (5.34 g, 20 mmol) were dissolved in pentane (40 mL). Upon standing at room temperature colorless crystals precipitated. After 2 days the solid was filtered off (6.9 g). The supernatant was concentrated and cooled to ⁇ 35° C.
- [NON]ZrI 2 was synthesized as follows. A Schlenk tube was charged with [NON]Zr(NMe 2 ) 2 (3.5 g, 7.0 mmol), methyl iodide (15 g, 106 mmol), and toluene (100 mL). The pale yellow solution was heated to 50° C. for two days, during which time white Me 4 NI precipitated from the reaction and the color of the solution turned bright orange. The Me 4 NI was filtered off, the solvents were removed from the filtrate in vacuo, and the residue was washed with pentane (10 mL) to afford a yellow solid.
- [NON]ZrMe 2 was synthesized as follows. A solution of MeMgI in diethyl ether (2.8 M, 2.3 mL) was added to a suspension of [NON]ZrI 2 (2.119 mg, 3.17 mmol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred until the yellow solid was replaced by white precipitate (30 min). All volatile solvents were then removed in vacuo and the off-white residue was extracted with pentane (50 mL). The extract was filtered and the pentane was removed in vacuo.
- Ethylene was polymerized using ⁇ [NON]ZrMe ⁇ [MeB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] as follows. A stock solution of B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 (51 mg, 100 ⁇ mol) in toluene (5 mL) was added to [NON]ZrMe 2 (44 mg, 100 ⁇ mol) dissolved in toluene (5 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The color changed to bright yellow. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Aliquots were used for polymerization reactions.
- Ethylene was polymerized using ⁇ [NON]ZrMe(PhNMe 2 )] ⁇ [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] as follows.
- a stock solution of [NON]ZrMe 2 (44 mg, 100 ⁇ mol) in chlorobenzene (5 mL) was added to [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (80 mg, 100 ⁇ mol) dissolved in chlorobenzene (5 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature. Aliquots were employed for polymerization reactions.
- the carefully weighed, limiting reagent was the “activator,” [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]. It is assumed that the amount of catalyst precursor formed is equal to the amount of activator when it is added to a 10% excess of [NON]ZrMe 2 in chlorobenzene. ([NON]ZrMe 2 itself is inactive.)
- the total volume of the reaction mixture was always 13.0 mL
- the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hour and quenched by addition of HCl in diethyl ether (4 mL, 1.0 M). Most solvent was removed at 15 Torr (water aspirator) at 45° C.).
- the viscous oil was dried at 100 mTorr at 50-60° C. for 20 hours.
- H 2 [TMSNON] synthesis was performed as follows. A solution of BuLi in hexanes (33 mL, 1.6 M) was added to a solution of O(o-C 6 H 4 NH 2 ) 2 (5.04 g, 25.2 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at ⁇ 35° C. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 5 h. TMSCl (7.3 mL, 58.0 mmol) was added at ⁇ 35° C. The solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 14 h. All volatile components were removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with pentane (60 mL) over a period of about 15 min.
- [TMSNON]ZrCl 2 synthesis was performed as follows. H 2 [TMSNON] (1.29 g, 3.75 mmol) and Zr(NMe 2 ) 4 (1.00 g, 3.75 mmol) were dissolved in pentane (10 mL) at 25° C. After 18 hours all volatile components were removed in vacuo. The off-white residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (20 mL) and TMSCl (1.4 mL, 11.25 mmol) was added. After a few minutes a solid began to precipitate. After 90 min the volume of the mixture was reduced to about 10 mL and pentane (20 mL) was added. Copious amounts of pale yellow powder precipitated.
- [TMSNON]Zr 13 Me 2 was prepared as follows. A solution of 13 MeMgI in diethyl ether (1.4 mL, 0.9 M) was added to a suspension [TMSNON]ZrCl 2 (310 mg, 0.615 mmol) in diethyl ether at ⁇ 35° C. The solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for about 15 min during which time a brown solid precipitates. 1,4-dioxane (108 mg, 1.23 mmol) was added and all volatile components removed in vacuo. The residue was extracted with pentane (10 mL) for about 5 min.
- [TMSNON]Zr 13 Me 2 was used as a polymerization initiator as follows. Inside the glove box a 100 mL flask was charged with Ph 3 C[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (49 mg, 54 ⁇ mol) and chlorobenzene (9 mL). [TMSNON]Zr 13 Me 2 (25 mg, 54 ⁇ mol) was added as a solid under stirring at ⁇ 35° C. The flask was capped with a rubber septum and quickly brought outside where it was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. After 5 min 1-hexene (1.5 mL) was injected with a gas tight syringe.
- (2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NHCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O was prepared as follows. Solid (TsOCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O (5 g, 12.0 mmol) was added to a chilled solution of 2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NHLi (4.53 g, 24.8 mmol) in THF (30 ml). After stirring at RT for 24 h all volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was extracted with pentane. Removal of all volatiles gave an orange oil (4.2 g, 82%) which could be used without further purification. The oil crystallized upon standing.
- [0065] [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(NMe 2 ) 2 was prepared as follows. A solution of Zr(NMe 2 ) 4 (2.5 g, 9.4 mmol) in pentane (4 ml) was added to a solution of (2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NHCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O (4.0 g, 9.4 mmol) in pentane (14 ml). Almost instantaneous crystallization occurred. After standing overnight the crystals were collected and the mother liquor was cooled to ⁇ 30° C. yielding a second crop of crystals. Total yield was 3.85 g (68%).
- [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]ZrCl 2 was prepared as follows. Neat TMSCl (578 mg, 5.3 mmol) was added to a solution of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(NMe 2 ) 2 (400 mg, 0.664 mmol) in 10 ml diethyl ether at RT. After thorough mixing by vigorous shaking the reaction mixture was allowed to stand overnight at RT yielding colorless crystals (285 mg) in 73% yield.
- [0068] [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(CH 2 CHMe 2 ) 2 was prepared as follows. A chilled solution of BrMgCH 2 CHMe 2 (2.51 M in ether, 286 ⁇ l, 0.72 mmol) was added to a suspension of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(NMe 2 ) 2 (205 mg, 0.35 mmol) in diethyl ether (10 ml) at ⁇ 30° C. A fine precipitate slowly replaced the suspension of crystals and after stirring for 1.5 h at RT dioxane (63 mg, 0.72 mmol) was added.
- [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]ZrMe 2 was prepared as follows. A chilled solution of BrMgMe (4.1 M in ether, 428 ⁇ l, 1.75 mmol) was added to a suspension of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]ZrCl 2 (500 mg, 0.85 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 ml) at ⁇ 30 C. A fine precipitate slowly replaced the suspension of crystals and after stirring for 2 h at RT dioxane (154 mg, 1.75 mmol) was added.
- BrMgMe 4.1 M in ether, 428 ⁇ l, 1.75 mmol
- [NON]Hf(NMe 2 ) 2 was synthesized as follows. [NON]H 2 (8.964 g, 0.027 mol) and Hf(NMe 2 ) 4 (9.800 g, 0.027 mol) were stirred in 40 mL toluene at 115° C. in a 100 mL sealed vessel for 30 hours. Solvents were then removed in vacuo and the resulting white microcrystalline solid was slurried in 20 mL pentane, collected on a frit, washed with several portions of pentane, and dried in vacuo; yield 10.141 g (62%).
- [NON]HfCl 2 was prepared as follows. [NON]Hf(NMe 2 ) 2 (961 mg, 1.631 mmol) and TMSCl (1.063 g, 9.789 mmol) were stirred in 30 mL toluene at 100° C. for 5 hours during which a yellow color developed.
- [NON]HfMe 2 was prepared as follows. A stirred pale yellow solution of [NON]HfCl 2 (152 mg, 0.266 mmol) in 7 mL Et 2 O at ⁇ 40° C. was treated with MeMgl (0.558 mmol, 2.8 M in Et 2 O) whereupon MgClI precipitated immediately. The mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. over 1 hour after which a few drops of 1,4-dioxane were added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the product was extracted from the white residue with 10 mL pentane, filtered through Celite, and the filtrate concentrated and stored at ⁇ 40° C. overnight.
- [NON]Hf(CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ) 2 was prepared as follows. A stirred pale yellow solution of [NON]HfCl 2 (525 mg, 0.918 mmol) in 18 mL Et 2 O at ⁇ 40° C. was treated with (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 MgCl (1.882 mmol, 2.5 M in Et 2 O) whereupon MgCl 2 precipitated immediately. The mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. over 2 hours after which a few drops of 1,4-dioxane were added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(CH 2 CHMe 2 ) 2 (28 mg, 44 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (4 ml) was added to a suspension of [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (32 mg, 40 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (8 ml) at ⁇ 30° and the reaction mixture stirred upon warm up to room temperature for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° and hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml) after 80 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. Neat PhNMe 2 (5.1 ⁇ l, 40 ⁇ mol) and a solution of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]Zr(CH 2 CHMe 2 ) 2 (28 mg, 44 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (4 ml) were subsequently added to a solution of Ph 3 C[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (37 mg, 40 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (8 ml) at ⁇ 30° and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to 0°.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]ZrMe 2 (30 mg, 55 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (3 ml) was added to a suspension of [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 (40 mg, 50 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (9 ml) at ⁇ 30° and the reaction mixture stirred upon warm up to room temperature for 10 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° and hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml) after 80 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr 2 —C 6 H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O]ZrMe 2 (24 mg, 44 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (2 ml) was added to a suspension of [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (37 mg, 40 ⁇ mol) in PhCl (8 ml) at ⁇ 30°. The reaction mixture was mixed thoroughly by shaking and allowed to react at ⁇ 30° for 5 min.
- a block copolymer polyhexene and polynonene was prepared as follows. ⁇ [NON]ZrMe(PhNMe 2 ) ⁇ [ B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (46 micromoles in 8.0 ml of chlorobenzene) was generated in situ as described in example 11. 1-hexene (600 microliters) was added at 0° C. After 15 min an aliquot (1.0 ml) was taken and quenched.
- O[o-C 6 H 4 NHC(CD 3 ) 2 CH 3 ] 2 (H 2 [NON] was synthesized as follows. O(o-C 6 H 4 NH 2 ) 2 (18.8 g, 94 mmol) was dissolved in acetone-d 6 (120 g, 1.88 mol) and activated 4 molecular sieves (30 g) were added. After the condensation was complete (as judged by 1 H NMR) the molecular sieves were filtered off and the unreacted ketone was removed in vacuo.
Abstract
Processes for the living polymerization of olefin monomers with terminal carbon-carbon double bonds are disclosed. The processes employ initiators that include a metal atom and a ligand having two group 15 atoms and a group 16 atom or three group 15 atoms. The ligand is bonded to the metal atom through two anionic or covalent bonds and a dative bond. The initiators are particularly stable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer. The processes provide polymers having low polydispersities, especially block copolymers having low polydispersities. It is an additional advantage of these processes that, during block copolymer synthesis, a relatively small amount of homopolymer is formed.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/935,775, filed Aug. 23, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/307,241 filed Mar. 4, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/843,161 filed Apr. 11, 1997 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,128, Mar. 30, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
- [0002] This invention was sponsored by the Department of Energy Grant Number DE-FG02-86ER13564. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to living olefin polymerization processes, and more specifically to initiators for such processes that are stable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer such that polymers of low polydispersity can be synthesized.
- 2. Discussion of the Related Art
- Polymers are used in a large number of applications, and a great deal of attention has been paid to developing synthetic routes that result in polymers having optimal physical and chemical properties for a given application.
- Block copolymers are one class of polymers that have broad utility. For example, block copolymers have been employed as melt processable rubbers, impact resistant thermoplastics and emulsifiers. As a result, these materials have been the focus of a particularly large amount of research and development both in industry and academia, and a variety of approaches to block copolymer synthesis have been developed.
- When preparing a block copolymer, it is generally desirable to use a synthetic technique that allows for control over the chain length of each polymer block and the polydispersity of the resulting block copolymer. For some time, attempts to provide such a method have focused on block copolymer formation by living polymer synthesis. In living polymer synthesis, a metal-containing initiator having either a metal-carbon bond or a metal-hydrogen bond is reacted with an olefin monomer to form a polymer chain via the successive insertion of the first olefin monomer into a metal-carbon bond between the metal of the initiator and the growing polymer chain. If the initiator is a metal-hydride complex, the first metal-carbon bond is formed when the olefin inserts into the metal-hydride bond. When the olefin monomer is depleted, a second olefin monomer is added, and a second polymer block is formed by successively inserting, into the metal-carbon end group, the second monomer, ultimately resulting in a block copolymer including a first polymer block connected to a second polymer block. Since each polymer block is formed sequentially, the initiator and propagating species should be stable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer.
- To provide a block copolymer having sizable polymer blocks of low polydispersity, the rate of chain propagation (i.e., olefin monomer insertion into the metal-carbon bond) should be substantially greater than the rate of chain termination or transfer. To prepare a block copolymer having the lowest possible polydispersity, the rate of initiation should be at least as great as the rate of propagation.
- Polymerization termination is typically dominated by β-hydride elimination with the products being a polymer chain having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond and the initiator having a metal-hydrogen bond. Termination of polymerization also can occur if the initiator decomposes in some other manner, such as transfer of the polymer chain from the initiator to some other element that is relatively inactive in or for olefin polymerization. Hence, the achievable chain length of copolymer blocks and the polydispersity of the block copolymer are principally determined by the relative rates of olefin insertion and β-hydride elimination, as well as initiator stability toward other modes of decomposition, especially in the absence of olefin monomer.
- Attempts at synthesizing polymers using living polymer synthesis have employed a variety of initiators. For example, as reported inJACS 118, 10008 (1996), McConville and co-workers have used a diamido-titanium initiator to form polymers by polymerizing α-olefins. In addition, Turner and co-workers have developed a hafnium-containing cyclopentadienyl initiator for preparing block copolymers from α-olefin monomers (published PCT patent application WO 91/12285). Furthermore, Horton and co-workers report diamido-group IVB metal initiator effective in providing homopolymer synthesis (Organometallics 15, 2672 (1996)).
- Despite the commercial motivation for developing a living polymer synthetic method for block copolymer preparation, known methods of block copolymer synthesis can suffer from a variety of problems. For example, the initiators used can be unstable under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer, resulting in an inability to form additional homopolymer blocks to form a block copolymer. Moreover, the efficiency of block copolymer formation can be reduced due to the formation of significant amounts of homopolymer. In addition, due to the low temperatures used, the products formed using many known initiators have relatively low molecular weights and are more appropriately classified as oligomers.
- As seen from the foregoing discussion, it remains a challenge in the art to provide a method of synthesizing block copolymers that includes the use of a initiator that is stable in the absence of olefin monomer such that the resulting block copolymers have low polydispersities. Such an initiator would also offer the advantage of resulting in relatively small amounts of homopolymer synthesis.
- In one illustrative embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of matter having a structure:
- [R1—X-A-Z-R2]2−
- X and Z are each group 15 atoms. R1 and R2 are each a hydrogen atom or group 14 atom-containing species. A is either
- L1-Y1-L2
- or
- L1-Y2-L2
- —
- R3
- Y1 is a group 16 atom, and Y2 is a group 15 atom. R3 is H or a group 14 atom-containing species. L1 and L2 are each dative interconnections including at least one group 14 atom bonded to Y1 or Y2.
- In another illustrative embodiment, the present invention provides a method of synthesizing a block copolymer. The method comprises performing a first reaction and a second reaction. In the first reaction, a first monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond is exposed to an initiator containing a metal, and the terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the first monomeric species are allowed to insert successively into the initiator to form a carbon-metal bond thereby forming a first homopolymeric block of the first monomeric species connected to the metal of the initiator. In the second reaction, a second monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond is exposed to the initiator, and terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the second monomeric species are allowed to insert successively into the initiator, first inserting into the bond between the block of the first homopolymeric block and the metal of the initiator, thereby forming a copolymer including the first homopolymeric block connected to a homopolymeric block of the second monomeric species, the copolymer having a polydispersity of no more than about 1.4.
- In yet another illustrative embodiment, the present invention provides a method of synthesizing a block copolymer. The method comprises: exposing a first monomeric species having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to an initiator including a metal and allowing terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the first species to insert successively into the initiator to form a metal-carbon bond thereby forming a first homopolymeric block of the first monomeric species having a bond to the metal of the initiator; and exposing a second monomeric species containing a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to the initiator and allowing terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of the second species to insert successively into the initiator, first inserting into the bond between the first homopolymeric block and the metal, thereby forming a copolymer including the first homopolymeric block connected to a second homopolymeric block of the second monomeric species, the method producing no more than about 25% by weight of the first homopolymer or the second homopolymer relative to a total amount of polymer product.
- In a further illustrative embodiment, the present invention provides a block copolymer which comprises a first homopolymer block and a second homopolymer block connected to the first homopolymer block. The first homopolymer block comprises a polymerization product of at least about ten units of a first monomeric species having a formula H2C═CHR1. The second homopolymer block comprises a polymerization product of at least about ten units of a second, different monomeric species having a formula H2C═CHR2. R1 and R2 can be the same or different, and each are H or a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon that is free of non-carbon heteroatoms. The block copolymer has a polydispersity of at most about 1.4.
- In still a further illustrative embodiment, the present invention provides a method of polymerization. The method comprises: reacting an initiator having a metal atom with a monomeric species having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond to allow terminal carbon-carbon double bonds of monomers to insert successively into the initiator to form a metal-capped polymer of the monomeric species connected to the metal through a metal-carbon bond. The metal-capped polymer is stable, in a solvent essentially free of the monomeric species and electron donors such as water and free oxygen at a temperature of at least about −50° C. The metal-capped polymer is capable of then reacting further with monomeric species and inserting the monomeric species successively into a metal carbon bond.
- In one aspect, the present invention relates to a ligand (referred to herein as [LIG]) having the following representative structures:
- [R1—X-L1-Y1-L2-Z-R2]2− [X-L1-Y1-L2-Z]2−
- [R1—X-L1-Y2-L2-Z-R2]2− [X-L1-Y2-L2-Z]2−
- — —
- R3 R3
- X and Z are group 15 atoms such as nitrogen and phosphorous that are each selected to form an anionic or covalent bond with a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including two substituents (e.g., L1 and R1 or L2 and R2 ). Y1 is a group 16 atom such as oxygen or sulfur that is selected to form a dative bond with another atom such as a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including two substituents (e.g., L1 and L2). Y2 is a group 15 atom such as nitrogen or phosphorus that is selected to form a dative bond with another atom such as a metal atom, particularly a transition metal, while simultaneously including three substituents (e.g., L1, L2 and R3). _ represents a dative interconnection between X and Z, such as one or more group 14 atoms. In certain embodiments, Y1 is preferably oxygen and X and Z are the same atom, more preferably, X and Z are each nitrogen atoms.
- A “dative bond” herein refers to a bond between a neutral atom of a ligand and a metal atom in which the neutral atom of the ligand donates an electron pair to the metal atom. As used herein, an “anionic bond” denotes a bond between a negatively charged atom of a ligand and a metal atom in which the negatively charged atom of the ligand donates an electron pair to the metal atom.
- L1 and L2 each represent a dative interconnection between X, Y1, Y2 and/or Z. L1 and L2 each correspond to at least one atom, preferably 1-4 atoms, and most preferably 2 atoms. The atoms that make up the interconnection most commonly are group 14 atoms, such as carbon or silicon. Preferably, L1 and L2 each represent a C2 unit such as —(CH2)2—, —(CF2)2—, —(o-C6H4)—, —CH2Si(CH3)2— and the like. In certain embodiments, L1 and L2 may be selected such that X, Y1, Y2 and/or Z are not rigidly interconnected (i.e., there is at least one rotational degree of freedom between these atoms).
- Although depicted in an arrangement in which X is interconnected to Y1 or Y2 and Y1 or Y2 is interconnected to Z, other arrangements of X, Y1 or Y2 and Z are envisioned to be within the scope of the present invention. For example, in certain embodiments, X may be interconnected to Z through L1 or L2. The arrangement of X, Y1 or Y2 and Z is limited only in that, simultaneously, X and Z should each be selected to form anionic or covalent bonds with a metal atom such as a transition metal while Y1 or Y2 should each be selected to form a dative bond with a metal atom such as a transition metal. Upon reading this disclosure, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a combination of atoms X, Y1, Y2 and Z, and interconnections L1 and L2 that will provide this capability.
- R1-R3 can be the same or different and preferably are H or group 14 species such as linear, branched, cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons free of non-group 14 heteroatoms that could bind to an activated metal center. One set of exemplary R1-R3 units include saturated or unsaturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbons. Another example of R1-R3 units is trimethylsilyl groups. Still a further example of R1-R3 units is 2,6-disubstituted phenyl rings such as 2,6-dimethylphenyl.
- In another aspect, the invention relates to metal-containing catalyst precursors, preferably group 4 metal-containing catalyst precursors, for use in the living polymerization of olefin monomers having terminal carbon-carbon double bonds. These catalyst precursors are particularly stable under reaction conditions in the absence of such olefin monomer. That is, when the reaction mixture is substantially depleted of the olefin monomer, the catalyst precursor remains stable in the absence of water, oxygen, basic donor ligands and the like. As a result of the catalyst precursor's stability, the resulting polymers (e.g., homopolymers, random copolymers and/or block copolymers) have low polydispersities. Furthermore, when used to prepare block copolymers, the amount of homopolymer produced is relatively low.
- Substantial depletion of an olefin monomer relates to a situation in which the olefin monomer is present in an amount below the detection limit of standard NMR spectrometers such that the olefin monomer cannot be detected using such standard NMR spectrometers. Typically, an olefin monomer is substantially depleted when less than about 5% of the olefin monomer remains as olefin monomer in solution relative to the amount of olefin monomer initially present in the solution.
- The catalyst precursors of the present invention have the following representative molecular structures:
- [R1—X-L1-Y1-L2-Z-R2]MR4R5 [X-L1-Y1-L2-Z]MR4R5
- [R1—X-L1-Y2-L2-Z-R2]MR4R5 [X-L1-Y2-L2-Z]MR4R5
- — —
- R3 R3
- That is,:
- M is a metal atom that can form a metal-carbon bond into which an olefin can be inserted. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize metals that meet this requirement. For example, M may be selected from metals of groups 3-6, late transition metals such as those of group 10, actinides and lanthanides. In one set of preferred embodiments, M is selected from Ti, Zr or Hf. X and Z each form an anionic or covalent bond to M while Y1 or Y2 each form dative bonds to M. Preferably, the length of the M-Y1 and M-Y2 bonds is at most about 2.5 Angstroms, more preferably at most about 2.3 Angstroms, most preferably at most about 2.1 Angstroms, depending upon the size of M.
- R4 and R5 should be good leaving groups such that living polymerization can occur via the removal of R4 or R5 and the formation of an initiator, as described below. Typically, R4 and R5 are substantially similar to R1-R3. Preferably, R4 and R5 are linear or branched alkyls having a length of from 1-10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments R4 and/or R5 can be hydrogen.
- The present invention is not limited by the particular geometrical configuration of the catalyst precursor. However, in certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor may have a nonplanar geometry, such as, for example, trigonal bipyramidal. In some embodiments, it is preferable that the catalyst precursor have a geometrical configuration such that X, Y1 or Y2 and Z are interconnected in the same plane.
- In a particularly preferred set of embodiments, a catalyst precursor is provided having one of the structures:
- [NON]M(R4)(R5)
- [TMSNON]M(R4)(R5)
- [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]M(R4)(R5)
- It is to be noted that, in certain embodiments, any or all of the isopropyl groups of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]M(R4)(R5) may be replaced with H or branched or straight chain alkyl groups. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, such alkyl groups should be selected such that an olefin monomer's access to M during polymerization (described below) is not sterically hindered by these alkyl groups. Typically, such alkyl groups have at most about 20 carbon atoms and include, for example, methyl, propyl, t-butyl and the like.
- The catalyst precursors can be prepared using standard alkylation techniques. For example, the protanated ligand (H2[LIG]) can be reacted with M(NMe2)4 to form [LIG]M(NMe2)2 which is then reacted with TMSCI to form [LIG]MCl2. The [LIG]MCl2 is reacted with R—MgX to provide [LIG]MR2. The appropriate reaction conditions of from about −78° C. to about 0° C. in a solvent such as ether, diethyl ether, hydrocarbons, free of oxygen and water, can be selected by those of skill in the art. Alternatively, [LIG]MCl2 can be reacted with aluminoxane which first reacts to form the dimethyl compound [LIG]M(Me)2 in situ, and then removes one Me group to make the active cation, serving as its counterion. This reaction is known, as described in, for example, published PCT patent application WO 92/12162.
- During living polymerization, the catalyst precursor is activated via the removal either R4 or R5, typically in situ, to form an initiator which is cationic in nature. Where a stable salt can be synthesized, this salt can be provided, stored, and used directly. Counterions for the initiator should be weakly-coordinating anions, for example [B(C6F5)4]−. Those of ordinary skill in the art can select suitable counter ions.
- The initiator can be reacted with monomeric olefins having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond (H2C═CHR6) to provide polymers, where R6 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon such that the olefin can be a straight, branched, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon. Furthermore, the hydrocarbons may include additional carbon-carbon double bonds. Preferably, any additional carbon-carbon double bonds are internal (non-terminal). Preferably, these monomers are substantially devoid of any heteroatoms. Examples of such monomers include, but are not limited to, α-olefins such as ethylene, 1-propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and the like.
- Initiation of the polymerization reaction occurs by insertion of the carbon-carbon double bond of the species H2C═CHR6 into a metal-carbon bond of the initiator. During reaction of the initiator and monomeric olefin, chain growth of the polymer occurs by successive insertion of the monomer into a bond formed between the terminal carbon atom of the polymer chain and the metal atom of the initiator. It is an advantageous feature of the present invention that, under reaction conditions in the absence of monomer (described above), such a metal-carbon bond remains stable for periods of time sufficient to allow depletion of monomer and subsequent addition of monomer and continued chain growth. For example, the system allows depletion of one monomer H2C═CHR6, and addition to the system of a additional monomer H2C═CHR7 that can be the same monomer (for continued homopolymer growth) or a different monomer (for block copolymer synthesis). Preferably, a metal-carbon bond of the initiator, such as a bond between the metal and a polymer chain, remains stable for greater than about a half an hour at room temperature under reaction conditions in the absence of olefin monomer, water, oxygen, basic donor ligands or the like. For most known initiators used in polymerizing these monomers, the metal-carbon bond formed between the initiator and the polymer chain is not stable enough for standard analytical techniques, such as NMR, to verify the existance of the initiator, indicating that the initiator-polymer chain species is not stable for more than at most about one second at room temperature. In contrast, the initiating and propagating species of the present invention have been verified by NMR.
- This enhanced stability of this metal-carbon bond is desirable because blocks of polymer may be formed in a sequential fashion by adding olefin monomer, allowing the olefin monomer to react until it is depleted and subsequently adding more olefin monomer. When forming block copolymers, a first block of the copolymer may be formed (first homopolymeric block). Upon depletion of the first monomeric olefin, the carbon-metal bond remains stable and a second olefin monomer may be added to the reaction mixture to form a second homopolymeric block that is connected to the first homopolymeric block. During this reaction, the second olefin monomer first inserts into the metal-carbon bond formed between the first homopolymeric block and the initiator. Subsequently, the second olefin monomer successively inserts into the metal-carbon bond formed between the initiator and the polymer chain of the second olefin monomer.
-
- where Ni is the number of mer units having molecular weight Mi.
- In particular, the present invention can provide block copolymers having low polydispersities. Known block copolymers have been synthesized using anionic polymerization processes, but α-olefin monomers cannot be used in these processes. In known block copolymers, typical minimal polydispersities are on the order of about 1.5. According to the present invention, block copolymers preferably have a polydispersity of at most about 1.4, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.3, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.2, more preferably from about 1 to about 1.1, and most preferably from about 1 to 1.05. The polydispersity of a polymer can be measured directly by a variety of techniques including, for example, gel permeation chromatography or by standard tests such as the ASTM D-1238 procedure.
- It is a further advantage of the present invention that the initiator's stability results in good block copolymer formation with minimal formation of polymers formed substantially only of individual monomeric olefin units (homopolymer). That is, relatively highly pure block copolymer is formed. In known systems, the amount of homopolymer formed is typically about 30 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including the block copolymer. According to the present invention, the amount of homopolymer formed is at most about 25 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including copolymer, more preferably at most about 15 wt %, and most preferably at most about 5 wt %. These purity levels are preferably realized in combination with preferred polydispersity levels discussed above. For example, one embodiment involves formation of block copolymer of polydispersity of less than about 1.4 with homopolymer formation of at most about 25 wt % based on the total amount of polymer formed including copolymer.
- Most known block copolymer synthesis methods are conducted at temperatures of at most about −78° C. At these low temperatures, it is difficult to form polymers. Instead, oligomers having less than 50 mer units typically are formed. It is a further advantage of the present invention that living polymerization processes can be successfully conducted at relatively high temperatures. Preferably, living polymerization occurs at a temperature of at least about −50° C., more preferably at least about 0° C., most preferably at least about 25° C. At these higher temperatures in connection with the present invention, polymer blocks having at least about 50 mer units, preferably at least about 75 mer units, and most preferably at least about 100 mer units can be formed.
- The initiators of the present invention can be used for polymerization of a variety of combinations of monomers to form homopolymers, random copolymers of any number or ratio of monomers, or block copolymers of any number and size of blocks, while providing optionally the preferred polydispersities and/or purities discussed above. For example, two monomers A and B (H2C═CHR6 and H2C═CHR7) in a ratio of 2:1 can first be provided in a reaction system, with polymerization resulting in a random copolymer with A and B being incorporated in a ratio of 2:1, after depletion of these monomers. Then, because of the stability of the initiator, additional monomers C and D can be added to the system, and further polymerization will result in a product having a first block of random AB and a second block of random CD. As discussed, blocks of relatively pure homopolymer can be provided. For example, polymerization of A until depletion of A, followed by addition of B and polymerization of B resulting in a block copolymer AB.
- The following examples indicate certain embodiments of the present invention. These examples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting.
- All air sensitive manipulations were conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere in a Vacuum Atmospheres drybox or under argon when using Schlenk techniques. Pentane was washed with sulfuric/nitric acid (95/5 v/v), sodium bicarbonate, and then water, stored over calcium chloride, and then distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl under N2. Reagent grade diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran were distilled from sodium. Deuterated solvents were passed through activated alumina and vacuum transferred to solvent storage flasks until use. Proton and carbon spectra were referenced using the partially deuterated solvent as an internal reference. Fluorine spectra were referenced externally. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm and coupling constants are in hertz. All spectra were acquired at about 22° C. unless otherwise noted. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer FT-IR 16 spectrometer as Nujol mulls between KBr plates in an airtight cell. Microanalyses (C, H, N) were performed on a Perkin-Elmer PE2400 microanalyzer in our laboratory. Since the elemental analyzer measures moles of water, the % H was calculated assuming all D present was H, but the actual molecular mass was employed. GPC analyses were carried out on a system equipped with two Alltech columns (Jordi-Gell DVB mixed bed −250 mm×10 mm (i.d.)). The solvent was supplied at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. with a Knauer HPLC pump 64. HPLC grade CH2Cl2 was continuously dried and distilled from CaH2. A Wyatt Technology mini Dawn light scattering detector coupled to a Knauer differential-refractometer was employed. The differential refractive index increment, dn/dc, was determined assuming that all polymer that was weighed for the run (usually about 5 mg to ±0.1 mg) eluted from the column. For poly(1-hexene) polymers, to minimize polymer weighing error the average value for dn/dc (0.049 mL/g) from 18 runs (0.045 to 0.053 mL/g) was employed and the molecular weights recalculated. The yields for poly(1-hexene) were essentially quantitative (about 97% to about 100%).
- [NON]Ti(NMe2)2 was synthesized as follows. LiBu (1.6 M in hexane, 4.2 mL) was added to a solution of H2[NON] (1.09 g, 3.36 mmol) in diethyl ether (30 mL) at −35° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. A suspension of TiCl2(NMe2)2 (696 mg, 3.36 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 mL) was added to the solution containing the Li2[NON] at −35° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 15 h. After filtration through Celite all volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in a minimum of methylene chloride and layered with pentane. Cooling to −35° C. afforded orange crystalline solid; yield 864 mg (56%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.92 (m, 6H), 6.63 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 12H, NMe2), 1.28 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2); 13C NMR δ (C6D6) 150.93, 147.12, 124.37, 123.28 120.29, 118.60, 60.20, 47.84, 32.43, 31.93 (m).
- [NON]TiCl2 was synthesized as follows. A Schlenk tube was charged with [NON]Ti(NMe2)2 (379 mg, 0.83 mmol), TMSCl (270 mg, 2.49 mmol) and toluene (10 mL). The solution was heated to 110° C. for 7 days, during which time the color of the solution turned black-purple. The volatile components were removed in vacuo and the residue recrystallized from methylene chloride/pentane at −35° C.; yield 286 mg (78%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.84 (m, 4H), 6.57 (m, 4H), 1.33 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 147.78, 142.14, 126.71, 124.41, 120.58, 118.86, 64.77, 30.57, 30.35 (m). Anal. Calcd for C20H14D12Cl2N2OTi: C, 54.43; H, 5.89; N, 6.35. Found: C, 54.57; H, 5.96; N, 6.13.
- [NON]TiMe2 was synthesized as follows. A solution of MeMgCl in THF (3.0 M, 350 μL) was added to a solution of [NON]TiCl2 (230 mg, 0.52 mmol) in ether (10 mL) at −35° C. The color immediately changed from dark purple to orange and white solid precipitated. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 15 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with pentane (about 10 mL) over a period of about 5 min. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the pentane removed in vacuo to afford an orange red solid which was recrystallized from a mixture of ether and pentane at −35° C.; yield 162 mg (78%): 1H NMR_δ—6.87 (m, 6H), 6.56 (m, 2H), 1.60 (s, 6H, TiMe2,) 1.42 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 148.49, 143.47, 126.1, 122.05, 121.42, 119.31, 64.58, 60.15, 31.37, 30.85 (m). Anal. Calcd for C22H20D12N2OTi: C, 65.98; H, 8.05; N, 6.99. Found: C, 66.07; H, 7.94; N, 6.84.
- [NON]Zr(NMe2)2 was synthesized as follows. H2[NON] (6.48 g, 20 mmol) and Zr(NMe2)4 (5.34 g, 20 mmol) were dissolved in pentane (40 mL). Upon standing at room temperature colorless crystals precipitated. After 2 days the solid was filtered off (6.9 g). The supernatant was concentrated and cooled to −35° C. overnight yielding a second crop of colorless solid (1.15 g); total yield 8.05 g (80%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.97 (m, 6H), 6.55 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, 12H, NMe2), 1.33 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 147.79, 145.67, 125.62, 122.39, 118.25, 117.84, 57.04, 43.60, 32.06, 31.99(m). Anal. Calcd for C24H26D12N4OZr: C, 57.43; H, 7.57; N, 11.16. Found: C, 57.56; H, 7.76; N, 11.16.
-
- [NON]ZrMe2 was synthesized as follows. A solution of MeMgI in diethyl ether (2.8 M, 2.3 mL) was added to a suspension of [NON]ZrI2 (2.119 mg, 3.17 mmol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) at −35° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred until the yellow solid was replaced by white precipitate (30 min). All volatile solvents were then removed in vacuo and the off-white residue was extracted with pentane (50 mL). The extract was filtered and the pentane was removed in vacuo. The crude product was recrystallized from a mixture of pentane and ether to afford pale yellow crystals; yield 1.02 g (72%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.90 (m, 6H), 6.53 (m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2), 0.84 (s, 6H, ZrMe2); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 148.08, 142.87, 126.50, 122.46, 120.13, 119.28, 57.00, 45.60, 31.13, 30.59 (m). Anal. Calcd for C22H20D12N2OZr: C, 59.54; H, 7.21; N, 6.31. Found: C, 59.81; H, 7.19; N, 6.39.
- {[NON]ZrMe}[MeB(C6F5)3] was synthesized as follows. A solution of B(C6F5)3 (35 mg, 67 μmol) in pentane (5 mL) that had been cooled to −35° C. was added to a solution of [NON]ZrMe2 (30 mg, 67 μmol) in pentane (5 mL). The mixture immediately turned bright yellow. A solid precipitated when the B(C6F5)3 solution was added at −35° C., but it dissolved when the mixture was warmed to room temperature. The slightly cloudy bright yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, filtered, and cooled to −35° C. for two days. Yellow crystals were filtered off and briefly dried in vacuo; yield 31 mg (47%): 1H NMR (C6D5Br) δ 7.03-6.55 (m, 8H), 2.24 (br s, 3H, BMe), 0.98 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2), 0.77 (s, 3H, ZrMe); 13C NMR (toluene-d8, −30 ûC) δ 150.24, 147.16, 141.5 (m, C6F5), 139.5 (m, C6F5), 137.77, 13.58 (m, C6F5), 123.54, 59.20, 50.90 (s, ZrMe), 29.5 (br m, tBu, B-Me); 19F NMR (C6D6) δ −133.14 (d, 6F, Fo), −159.35 (br s, 3F, Fp), −164.27 (t, 6F, Fm).
- {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)]}[B(C6F5)4] was synthesized as follows. Solid [NON]ZrMe2 (˜8 mg, 18 μmol) was added to a suspension of [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] (15 mg, 18 μmol) in C6D5Br (1 mL) at −35° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. 1H NMR (C6D5Br) δ 6.94-6.50 (m, 13H), 2.74 (s, 6H, PhNMe2), 1.17 (s, 6H, C(CD3)2Me), 0.95 (s, 3H, ZrMe); 19F NMR(C6D5Br) −131.78 (Fo), −162.11 (t, Fp), −165.94 (brm, Fm).
- Ethylene was polymerized using {[NON]ZrMe}[MeB(C6F5)3] as follows. A stock solution of B(C6F5)3 (51 mg, 100 μmol) in toluene (5 mL) was added to [NON]ZrMe2 (44 mg, 100 μmol) dissolved in toluene (5 mL) at −35° C. The color changed to bright yellow. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Aliquots were used for polymerization reactions. A solution of {[NON]ZrMe}[MeB(C6F5)3] in toluene (2 mL, 20 μmol) was added to toluene (50 mL) and the solution was stirred vigorously under 1 atm of ethylene. White polyethylene began to precipitate. After 120 sec the reaction was stopped by addition of methanol (5 mL). All solvents were removed in vacuo and the polyethylene was washed with methanol and dried; yield 69 mg.
- Ethylene was polymerized using {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)]}[B(C6F5)4] as follows. A stock solution of [NON]ZrMe2 (44 mg, 100 μmol) in chlorobenzene (5 mL) was added to [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] (80 mg, 100 μmol) dissolved in chlorobenzene (5 mL) at −35° C. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature. Aliquots were employed for polymerization reactions. A solution of {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)]}[B(C6F5)4] in chlorobenzene (2 mL, 20 μmol) was added to chlorobenzene (50 mL) and the mixture was stirred vigorously under 1 atm of ethylene. The reaction mixture became increasingly viscous as white polyethylene formed and precipitated. After two minutes the reaction was stopped by addition of methanol (3 mL). The volume of the mixture was reduced in vacuo and the polyethylene was precipitated by adding a large excess of methanol. The polymer was filtered off and dried in vacuo; yield 540 mg.
- 1-Hexene was polymerized using {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)]}[B(C6F5)4] as follows. In a typical experiment varying amounts of hexene (0.3-3.0 mL) were added to a solution of {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)]}[B(C6F5)4] (about 50 μmol of [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] and about 1.1 equiv of [NON]ZrMe2) in chlorobenzene at 0° C.). The carefully weighed, limiting reagent was the “activator,” [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4]. It is assumed that the amount of catalyst precursor formed is equal to the amount of activator when it is added to a 10% excess of [NON]ZrMe2 in chlorobenzene. ([NON]ZrMe2 itself is inactive.) The total volume of the reaction mixture was always 13.0 mL The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hour and quenched by addition of HCl in diethyl ether (4 mL, 1.0 M). Most solvent was removed at 15 Torr (water aspirator) at 45° C.). The viscous oil was dried at 100 mTorr at 50-60° C. for 20 hours. Yields and molecular weight data are shown in Table 1. The molecular weights and polydispersities were measured by light scattering. The average value for dn/dc (0.049 mL/g) obtained (assuming total elution) from 18 runs (0.045 to 0.053 mL/g) was employed and Mn(found) calculated using that basis.
TABLE 1 Equiv 1-hexene μmol cat Mn (calcd) Mn (found) MW/Mn 49 49 4144 5139 1.14 179 45 15026 15360 1.08 229 52 19210 19320 1.04 288 56 24262 24780 1.02 343 47 28901 24590 1.05 399 52 33592 35820 1.04 408 55 34349 28030 1.03 517 43 46430 39310 1.03 - H2[TMSNON] synthesis was performed as follows. A solution of BuLi in hexanes (33 mL, 1.6 M) was added to a solution of O(o-C6H4NH2)2 (5.04 g, 25.2 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at −35° C. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 5 h. TMSCl (7.3 mL, 58.0 mmol) was added at −35° C. The solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 14 h. All volatile components were removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with pentane (60 mL) over a period of about 15 min. A white solid was filtered off (2.4 g) and washed with pentane (20 mL). All solvents were removed in vacuo to give an off-white solid; yield 8.29 g (95%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.88 (m, 6H), 6.59 (m, 2H), 4.22 (br s, 2H, NH), 0.095 (s, 18H, SiMe3.
- [TMSNON]ZrCl2 synthesis was performed as follows. H2[TMSNON] (1.29 g, 3.75 mmol) and Zr(NMe2)4 (1.00 g, 3.75 mmol) were dissolved in pentane (10 mL) at 25° C. After 18 hours all volatile components were removed in vacuo. The off-white residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (20 mL) and TMSCl (1.4 mL, 11.25 mmol) was added. After a few minutes a solid began to precipitate. After 90 min the volume of the mixture was reduced to about 10 mL and pentane (20 mL) was added. Copious amounts of pale yellow powder precipitated. All solvents were removed in vacuo ; yield 1.845 g (97%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.78 (m, 4H), 6.54 (m, 4H), 0.25 (s, 18H, SiMe3).
- [TMSNON]Zr13Me2 was prepared as follows. A solution of 13MeMgI in diethyl ether (1.4 mL, 0.9 M) was added to a suspension [TMSNON]ZrCl2 (310 mg, 0.615 mmol) in diethyl ether at −35° C. The solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for about 15 min during which time a brown solid precipitates. 1,4-dioxane (108 mg, 1.23 mmol) was added and all volatile components removed in vacuo. The residue was extracted with pentane (10 mL) for about 5 min. The solid was filtered off and washed with more pentane (about 5 mL) affording a brown solid and a pale yellow filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the off-white residue recrystallized from a mixture of diethyl ether and pentane affording colorless crystalline product; yield 155 mg (54%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.85 (m, 6H), 6.54 (m, 2H), 0.81 (d, JCH=114 Hz, 6H, Zr 13Me2), 0.26 (s, 18H, SiMe3); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 47.16 (13CH3).
- [TMSNON]Zr13Me2 was used as a polymerization initiator as follows. Inside the glove box a 100 mL flask was charged with Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (49 mg, 54 μmol) and chlorobenzene (9 mL). [TMSNON]Zr 13Me2 (25 mg, 54 μmol) was added as a solid under stirring at −35° C. The flask was capped with a rubber septum and quickly brought outside where it was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. After 5 min 1-hexene (1.5 mL) was injected with a gas tight syringe. After 30 min the mixture was quenched with HCl in diethyl ether (3 mL, 1 M). Removal of all volatile components afforded viscous material; yield 860 mg (80%). Gel permeation chromatography demonstrated a polydispersity of about 1.37.
- (2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NHCH2CH2)2O was prepared as follows. Solid (TsOCH2CH2)2O (5 g, 12.0 mmol) was added to a chilled solution of 2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NHLi (4.53 g, 24.8 mmol) in THF (30 ml). After stirring at RT for 24 h all volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was extracted with pentane. Removal of all volatiles gave an orange oil (4.2 g, 82%) which could be used without further purification. The oil crystallized upon standing. 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.18-7.14 (br m, 6H, Haromat), 3.60 (t, 2H, NH), 3.48 (sep, 4H, CHMe2), 3.35 (t, 4H, OCH2), 3.07 (q, 4H, CH2N), 1.06 (d, 24 H, CHMe2).
- [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(NMe2)2 was prepared as follows. A solution of Zr(NMe2)4 (2.5 g, 9.4 mmol) in pentane (4 ml) was added to a solution of (2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NHCH2CH2)2O (4.0 g, 9.4 mmol) in pentane (14 ml). Almost instantaneous crystallization occurred. After standing overnight the crystals were collected and the mother liquor was cooled to −30° C. yielding a second crop of crystals. Total yield was 3.85 g (68%).
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- [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrCl2 was prepared as follows. Neat TMSCl (578 mg, 5.3 mmol) was added to a solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(NMe2)2 (400 mg, 0.664 mmol) in 10 ml diethyl ether at RT. After thorough mixing by vigorous shaking the reaction mixture was allowed to stand overnight at RT yielding colorless crystals (285 mg) in 73% yield. If the ethereal solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(NMe2)2 is too concentrated, [N2O]Zr(NMe)Cl cocrystallizes with [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrCl2. 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.17 (br, 4H, m-Ph), 7.15 (br, 6H, p-Ph), 3.73 (sep, 4H, CHMe2), 3.66 (t, 4H, OCH2), 3.35 (t, 4H, CH2N), 1.51 (d, 12 H, CHMe2), 1.26 (d, 12 H, CHMe2). 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 146.4 (Ph), 145.1 (o-Ph), 127.6 (p-Ph), 125.1 (m-Ph), 73.6 (OCH2), 59.3 (CH2N), 29.0 (CHMe2), 26.9 (CHMe2), 25.4 (CHCMe2).
- [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(CH2CHMe2)2 was prepared as follows. A chilled solution of BrMgCH2CHMe2 (2.51 M in ether, 286 μl, 0.72 mmol) was added to a suspension of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(NMe2)2 (205 mg, 0.35 mmol) in diethyl ether (10 ml) at −30° C. A fine precipitate slowly replaced the suspension of crystals and after stirring for 1.5 h at RT dioxane (63 mg, 0.72 mmol) was added. After 20 min of additional stirring all volatiles were removed and the residue was extracted with pentane. Recrystallization from pentane yielded 158 mg (72%) of colorless crystals. 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.17- 7.12 (br, 4H, HAr), 3.91 (sep, 4H, CHMe2), 3.66 (br, 8H, OCH2CH2N), 1.92 (m, 2H, CH2CHMe2), 1.45 (d, 12H, CHMe2), 1.23 (d, 12H, CHMe2), 0.85 (d, 12 H, CH2CHMe2), 0.70 (d, 4H, CH2CHMe2). 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 149.2 (Cipso), 146.0 (o-Ar), 126.2 (p-Ar), 124.6 (m-Ar), 78.1 (CH2CHMe2), 74.5 (OCH2), 58.3 (CH2N), 29.7 (CH2CHMe2), 28.9 (CHMe2), 28.4 (CH2CHMe2), 27.4 (CHMe2), 24.6 (CHMe2).
- [(2,6-i-Pr C. A fine precipitate slowly replaced the suspension of crystals and after stirring for 2 h at RT dioxane (154 mg, 1.75 mmol) was added. After 20 min of additional stirring all volatiles were removed and the residue was extracted with pentane. Recrystallization from pentane yielded 280 mg (61%) of colorless crystals. 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.15 (br, 2H, p-Ar), 7.12 (br, 4H, m-Ar), 3.84 (sep, 4H, CHMe2), 3.41 (br, 8H, OCH2CH2N), 1.38 (d, 12 H, CHMe2), 1.23 (d, 12 H, CHMe2), )0.30 (s, 6H, ZrMe). 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 147.1 (Cipso), 146.5 (o-Ph), 126.5 (p-Ph), 124.7 (m-Ph), 73.6 (OCH2), 58.6 (CH2N), 43.6 (ZrMe), 28.9 (CHMe2), 27.3 (CHMe2), 24.9 (CHCMe2).2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrMe2 was prepared as follows. A chilled solution of BrMgMe (4.1 M in ether, 428 μl, 1.75 mmol) was added to a suspension of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrCl2 (500 mg, 0.85 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 ml) at −30
- [NON]Hf(NMe2)2 was synthesized as follows. [NON]H2 (8.964 g, 0.027 mol) and Hf(NMe2)4 (9.800 g, 0.027 mol) were stirred in 40 mL toluene at 115° C. in a 100 mL sealed vessel for 30 hours. Solvents were then removed in vacuo and the resulting white microcrystalline solid was slurried in 20 mL pentane, collected on a frit, washed with several portions of pentane, and dried in vacuo; yield 10.141 g (62%). 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.06 (m, 2, Ar), 6.97 (m, 2, Ar), 6.90 (m, 2, Ar), 6.56 (m, 2, Ar), 3.01 (s, 12, NMe2), 1.34 (s, 6, t-Bu);
- [NON]HfCl2 was prepared as follows. [NON]Hf(NMe2)2 (961 mg, 1.631 mmol) and TMSCl (1.063 g, 9.789 mmol) were stirred in 30 mL toluene at 100° C. for 5 hours during which a yellow color developed. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting yellow solid was extracted with Et2O/toluene (30 mL/10 mL), filtered, and solvents were removed to give the product as a canary yellow microcrystalline solid; yield 657 mg (70%): 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.80 (m, 6, Ar), 6.53 (m, 2, Ar), 1.31 (s, 6, t-Bu).
- [NON]HfMe2 was prepared as follows. A stirred pale yellow solution of [NON]HfCl2 (152 mg, 0.266 mmol) in 7 mL Et2O at −40° C. was treated with MeMgl (0.558 mmol, 2.8 M in Et2O) whereupon MgClI precipitated immediately. The mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. over 1 hour after which a few drops of 1,4-dioxane were added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the product was extracted from the white residue with 10 mL pentane, filtered through Celite, and the filtrate concentrated and stored at −40° C. overnight. Colorless prisms were separated from the mother liquor and dried in vacuo: yield 91 mg, (65%). 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.94-6.83 (m, 6, Ar), 6.54 (m, 2, Ar), 1.36 (s, 6, t-Bu), 0.65 (s, 6, Me) C22H20N2D12HfO: C, 49.76; H, 8.35 N, 5.27.
- [NON]Hf(CH2CH(CH3)2)2 was prepared as follows. A stirred pale yellow solution of [NON]HfCl2 (525 mg, 0.918 mmol) in 18 mL Et2O at −40° C. was treated with (CH3)2CHCH2MgCl (1.882 mmol, 2.5 M in Et2O) whereupon MgCl2 precipitated immediately. The mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. over 2 hours after which a few drops of 1,4-dioxane were added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the product was extracted from the white residue with pentane, filtered through Celite, and the filtrate concentrated and stored at −40° C. Large colorless prisms were separated from the mother liquor and dried in vacuo: yield 324 mg, (57%). 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 7.02-6.85 (m, 6, Ar), 6.56 (m, 2, Ar), 2.43 (m, 2, CH2CHC(CH3)2), 1.37 (s, 6, t-Bu), 1.16 (d, 12, CH2CHC(CH3)2, 1.02 (d, 4, CH2CHC(CH3)2, JHH=6.9); 13C{H} NMR (C6D6) δ 148.29, 142.77, 126.64, 123.73, 120.18, 119.48, 92.22, 31.57, 31.35, 30.81 (m, CD3), 29.84. Anal. Calcd for C28H32N2D12HfO: C, 54.66; H, 9.17 N, 4.55.
- {[NON]HfMe}[B(C6F5)4]was prepared as follows. Solid [NON]HfMe2 (15 mg, 0.028 mmol) and Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (26 mg, 0.028 mmol) were combined and then dissolved in 0.7 mL C6D5Br at 25° C. to give an orange solution. 1H NMR (C6D5Br) δ 7.68-6.75 (m, Ar), 2.03 (s, 3, Ph3CMe), 1.19 (s, 6, t-Bu), 0.68 (b, 3, HfMe).
- {[NON]HfMe(2,4-lutidine)}B(C6F5)4 was prepared as follows. Solid [NON]HfMe2 (15 mg, 0.028 mmol) and Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (26 mg, 0.028 mmol) were combined and then dissolved in 0.7 mL C6D5Br in an NMR tube at 25° C. to give an orange solution. Then 2,4-lutidine (3 mg, 0.028 mmol) was syringed into the NMR tube whereupon the solution rapidly turned yellow. 1H NMR (C6D5Br) δ 8.39 (b, 1,2,4-lut), 7.29-6.66 (m, Ar), 2.21 (b, 3, Meortho), 2.03 (s, 3, Ph3Me), 1.96 (s, 3, Mepara), 1.14 (s, 6, t-Bu), 0.63 (s, 3, HfMe).
- {[NON]Hf(CH2CHMe2}(2,4-lutidine)}B(C6F5)4 was prepared as follows. Solid [NON]Hf(CH2CH(CH3)2)2 (15 mg, 0.025 mmol) and Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (23 mg, 0.025 mmol) were dissolved in 0.7 mL C6D5Br at 25° C. followed by treatment with 2,4-lutidine (3 mg, 0.025 mmol) whereupon the orange solution turned yellow. 1H NMR (C6D5Br) δ 8.50 (b, 1,2,4-lut), 7.18-6.82 (m, Ar), 5.44 (s, 1, Ph3CH), 4.68 (s, CH2C(CH3)2, 2.42 (b, 4, CH2CH(CH2)2) and Meortho), 2.03 (s, 3, Mepara), 1.61 (s, CH2C(CH3)2, 1.02 (b, 6, t-Bu), 0.94 (d, 2, CH2CH(CH3)2), 0.73 (d, 6, CH2CH(CH3)2).
- Polymerization of 1-hexene by {[NON]HfMe}B(C6F5)4. A solution of [NON]HfMe2 (15 mg, 0.028 mmol) and 1-hexene (24 mg, 0.28 mmol) in 0.5 mL C6D5Br was combined with a solution of Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (26 mg, 0.028 mmol) in 0.5 mL C6D5Br at −40°. The resulting orange solution was transferred to an NMR tube. 1H NMR after 10 minutes showed the presence of Ph3CMe, no 1-hexene, and several featureless broad resonances in 0.8-1.70 ppm region. An additional 10 equivalents of 1-hexene (24 mg, 0.28 mmol) were syringed into the NMR tube. 1H NMR showed no remaining 1-hexene.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(CH2CHMe2)2 (28 mg, 44 μmol) in PhCl (4 ml) was added to a suspension of [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] (32 mg, 40 μmol) in PhCl (8 ml) at −30° and the reaction mixture stirred upon warm up to room temperature for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° and hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml) after 80 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. Neat PhNMe2 (5.1 μl, 40 μmol) and a solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]Zr(CH2CHMe2)2 (28 mg, 44 μmol) in PhCl (4 ml) were subsequently added to a solution of Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] (37 mg, 40 μmol) in PhCl (8 ml) at −30° and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to 0°. Hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot and after 80 min the reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml). All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrMe2 (30 mg, 55 μmol) in PhCl (3 ml) was added to a suspension of [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4 (40 mg, 50 μmol) in PhCl (9 ml) at −30° and the reaction mixture stirred upon warm up to room temperature for 10 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° and hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml) after 80 min. All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- Hexene was polymerized as follows. A solution of [(2,6-i-Pr2—C6H3NCH2CH2)2O]ZrMe2 (24 mg, 44 μmol) in PhCl (2 ml) was added to a suspension of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (37 mg, 40 μmol) in PhCl (8 ml) at −30°. The reaction mixture was mixed thoroughly by shaking and allowed to react at −30° for 5 min. Hexene (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) was added in one shot and the reaction mixture was kept at −30° until the reaction was quenched with HCl (1.0 M in ether, 4 ml) after 2 h. All volatiles were removed in vacuo (100 mTorr) at 120° C.
- A block copolymer polyhexene and polynonene was prepared as follows. {[NON]ZrMe(PhNMe2)}[B(C6F5)4] (46 micromoles in 8.0 ml of chlorobenzene) was generated in situ as described in example 11. 1-hexene (600 microliters) was added at 0° C. After 15 min an aliquot (1.0 ml) was taken and quenched. Addition of 1-nonene (700 microliters) to the catalyst precursor/polyhexene mixture and workup after 30 min yielded a polymer (756 mg) which showed a narrow, unimodal peak in the GPC (Mw/Mn=1.03). The molecular weight (Mn) was 23,600.
- O[o-C6H4NHC(CD3)2CH3]2 (H2[NON] was synthesized as follows. O(o-C6H4NH2)2 (18.8 g, 94 mmol) was dissolved in acetone-d6 (120 g, 1.88 mol) and activated 4 molecular sieves (30 g) were added. After the condensation was complete (as judged by 1H NMR) the molecular sieves were filtered off and the unreacted ketone was removed in vacuo. The imine dissolved in diethylether (60 mL) was slowly added to a precooled solution (acetone/ dry ice) of methyllithium in diethylether (270 mL, 0.88 M). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 24 h the reaction mixture was quenched by pouring it slowly into a beaker filled with 500 mL of a mixture of ice and water. The product was extracted into hexane (3×100 mL) and the combined organic layers were filtered through a 35 cm long and 2.5 cm wide alumina column. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to afford 16.7 g (55%) of the product as a viscous orange oil: 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.00 (m, 4H), 6.68 (m, 4H), 4.19 (br s, 2H, NH), 1.35 (s, 6H, CMe(CD3)2); 13C (CDCl3) δ 145.24, 138.34, 123.62, 117.76, 117.30, 115.96, 50.81, 29.81, 29.28 (m, C(CD3)2Me); MS (EI) m/e 324 (M30 ). Anal. Calcd for C20H16D12N2O: C, 74.02; H, 8.70; N, 8.63. Found: C, 74.41; H, 8.94; N, 8.30.
- Having thus described certain embodiments of the present invention, various alterations, modifications and improvements will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such alterations, modifications and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, in the aforementioned chemical species, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced with deuterium atoms. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only. The present invention is limited only as defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereto.
Claims (1)
1. A composition of matter comprising a structure:
[R1—X-A-Z-R2]2.
wherein X and Z are each group 15 atoms, R1 and R2 are each a hydrogen atom or group 14 atom-containing species and A is
L1-Y1-L2
wherein Y1 is a group 16 atom, and L1 and L2 include at least one group 14 atom bonded to Y1.
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US20020111442A1 (en) | 2002-08-15 |
WO1998046651A2 (en) | 1998-10-22 |
DE69810605D1 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
US6316555B1 (en) | 2001-11-13 |
CA2285964A1 (en) | 1998-10-22 |
US5889128A (en) | 1999-03-30 |
JP2001520696A (en) | 2001-10-30 |
US6610806B2 (en) | 2003-08-26 |
US7135544B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 |
EP0975579B1 (en) | 2003-01-08 |
AU6970998A (en) | 1998-11-11 |
DE69810605T2 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
US20050187345A1 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
WO1998046651A3 (en) | 1999-03-25 |
EP0975579A2 (en) | 2000-02-02 |
CA2285964C (en) | 2008-02-12 |
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