US20030041922A1 - Method of strengthening Ti alloy - Google Patents
Method of strengthening Ti alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030041922A1 US20030041922A1 US10/109,338 US10933802A US2003041922A1 US 20030041922 A1 US20030041922 A1 US 20030041922A1 US 10933802 A US10933802 A US 10933802A US 2003041922 A1 US2003041922 A1 US 2003041922A1
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- alloy
- atoms
- hardness
- wear
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- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 21
- 229910003077 Ti−O Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000883 Ti6Al4V Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method of strengthening Ti alloy to improve wear resistance.
- poppet valves and other valve-operating parts are made of Ti alloy that provides high strength and low specific gravity. Poppet valves require wear resistance and scuff resistance at portion which is engaged with different valve-operating parts.
- Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-25415 discloses a Ti alloy poppet valve in which Ti—O and Ti—C solid solutions are formed, and a method of manufacturing a Ti alloy poppet valve, comprising the steps of heating the Ti alloy valve at temperature lower than beta transformation point in a plasma vacuum finance which contains oxygen less than stoichiometric amount for forming Ti oxides to diffuse O and C atoms to form O and C diffusion layer which comprises Ti—O and Ti—C solid solutions to strengthen a valve body.
- a method of strengthening Ti alloy comprising the step of heating the Ti alloy in an atmosphere of CO 2 at 600 to 900° C. in a heating furnace to diffuse C and O atoms into the Ti alloy.
- FIG. 1 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated by Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph that shows oxygen and carbon atom concentration of the Ti alloy material in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a graph of hardness to depth of Ti alloy material in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated in Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the results of wear test to Ti alloy materials.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a device for the wear test.
- Ti alloys include alpha alloys such as Ti—5Al—2.5Sn; near-alpha alloys such as Ti—6Al—2Sn—4Zr—2Mo(hereinafter refer to “Ti6242”) and Ti—8Al—Mo—V; alpha-beta alloys such as Ti—6Al—4V, Ti—6Al—6V—2Sn and Ti—6Al—2Sn—4Zr—6Mo; and beta alloys such as Ti—13V—11Cr—3Al and Ti—15Mo—5Zr—3Al.
- Ti6242 may be preferably used.
- Ti alloy is put in a heating furnace, and air in the furnace is purged by CO 2 . It is heated in an atmosphere of CO 2 at 600 to 900° C., preferably 800 to 850° C.
- CO 2 may be always fed into the heating furnace.
- Feeding rate may be 0.5 to 3.0 l/min, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 l/min.
- Time for treatment in CO 2 affects wear resistance or hardness, and may be preferably 1 to 3 hours.
- O and C atoms are diffused at depth of 25 to 50 ⁇ m from the surface, and surface hardness is HV 550 to 1000.
- a poppet valve in an internal combustion engine of an automobile is made of Ti alloy
- suitable Vickers hardness is HV 700 to 850.
- the valve treated by the method of the present invention not only provides wear and scuff resistance, but also improves attacking property to the other member.
- a poppet valve made of Ti6242 was put as sample and CO 2 was introduced to purge air. CO 2 was fed into the furnace at the flow rate of 1 l/min and the sample was heated till 800° C. and maintained at the temperature for two hours. Then, the valve was cooled to room temperature without contacting air. After cooling, the sample was taken out of the furnace and various tests were carried out.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a micrograph of a section of the sample. As illustrated in the micrograph, O and C atoms were introduced at the depth.
- FIG. 2 is a graph which shows averages of concentrations of O and C atoms measured at each depth by an electric-field-radiation-type Auger electronic spectrometer.
- an axis of abscissa denotes depth ( ⁇ m) from the surface of the sample
- an axis of ordinate denotes concentration (atomic %) of O and C atoms.
- concentration “atomic %” means rate of O and C atoms with respect to analyzed total atoms.
- the graph shows oxygen and carbon atoms in the diffusion layer of the sample.
- X-ray diffraction in X-ray microdiffraction device identifies TiC, but does not find titanium oxide. From the result, oxygen atoms do not combine with titanium, but remain as atoms. Carbon atoms partially combine with titanium to form TiC, but the remaining is diffused as carbon atoms.
- Section hardness of the sample thus obtained was measured by a Micro-Vickers hardness tester of Shimazu Corp.
- FIG. 3 shows distribution of hardness.
- An axis of abscissa means depth ( ⁇ m) from the surface, and an axis of ordinate means hardness (HV) under 100 gf. It shows improvement in hardness up to depth of 50 ⁇ m according to the method of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 prove that existence of oxygen and carbon atoms contributes improvement in hardness of Ti alloy.
- Ti6242 was heated at 710 to 850° C. for 0.5 to 50 hours, so that O and C atoms were introduced into Ti alloy without forming oxide.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a microgragh of a Ti alloy poppet valve treated In the Example 3, and O and C diffusion layer was formed.
- a poppet valve is used in an internal combustion engine of an automobile and is subjected to severe condition such as high temperature. Such a valve requires hardness of HV 700 to 850. In Examples 1, 5 and 6, a sample requires to be subject to the conditions of time for 1 to 2 hours at 800° C.
- FIG. 5 shows a micrograph of a poppet valve in Comparative Example 2, in which an oxide layer was formed on an O and C diffusion layer.
- FIG. 6 illustrates results of wear tests of Ti6242 in Examples 1 and 3, Comparative Example 2, untreated Ti alloy and tuftriding-treated heat-resistant steel.
- a test piece 2 is engaged in a valve guide 1 made of Fe-sintered material.
- Vertical weight “W” for 6 kgf was loaded and the test piece 2 was reciprocally slid for 50 hours while lubricating oil was supplied between them.
- Example 1 is equivalent to the heat-resistant steel in wear. Owing to difference in surface hardness, Example 3 is larger than Example 1 in wear.
- the minimum wear in Comparative Example 2 seems to be due to an oxide layer on the surface. Comparative Example 2 was too rigid, so that wear of the valve guide 1 engaged therewith was the maximum.
Abstract
Ti alloy is heated in an atmosphere of CO2 in a heating furnace. O and C atoms are introduced into the Ti alloy to harden it without forming Ti oxide, thereby increasing hardness by Ti—O and Ti—C solid solutions thus formed.
Description
- This invention relates to a method of strengthening Ti alloy to improve wear resistance.
- In automobile industries, poppet valves and other valve-operating parts are made of Ti alloy that provides high strength and low specific gravity. Poppet valves require wear resistance and scuff resistance at portion which is engaged with different valve-operating parts.
- In order to strengthen Ti alloy material to provide wear resistance and scuff resistance, various methods have been developed. For example, oxides are formed on the surface of Ti alloy in Japanese Patent Pub. No. 62-256956. Nitrides are formed on the surface in Japanese Patent Pub. No. 61-81505. Carburizing is carried out to diffuse carbon atoms into Ti alloy in Japanese Patent No. 2,909,361.
- Wear resistance and scuff resistance in the foregoing methods are improved in Ti alloy material, but the surface is so hard that different parts to be engaged are likely to be attacked.
- Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-25415 discloses a Ti alloy poppet valve in which Ti—O and Ti—C solid solutions are formed, and a method of manufacturing a Ti alloy poppet valve, comprising the steps of heating the Ti alloy valve at temperature lower than beta transformation point in a plasma vacuum finance which contains oxygen less than stoichiometric amount for forming Ti oxides to diffuse O and C atoms to form O and C diffusion layer which comprises Ti—O and Ti—C solid solutions to strengthen a valve body.
- To diffuse O and C atoms, in the presence of O2 less than stoichiometric amount for forming titanium oxides, heat treatment is carried out at about 800° C. Glow discharge is made in the presence of a gas for ionized carburizing, or plasma carburizing is carried out while oxygen less than stoichiometric amount for forming titanium oxide is supplied. Oxygen/carbon diffusion layer thus obtained not only improves wear and scuff resistance, but also decreases attacking property to other members.
- However, as mentioned above, heat treatment is carried out in the presence of oxygen in a plasma vacuum finance and ionizing carburizing is carried out by glow discharge, which is complicate. Furthermore, it is necessary to employ a vacuum discharge device and plasma power source in a plasma vacuum finance to increase cost.
- In view of the disadvantages in the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of strengthening Ti alloy to diffuse oxygen and carbon atoms without forming titanium oxide.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a method of strengthening Ti alloy, comprising the step of heating the Ti alloy in an atmosphere of CO2 at 600 to 900° C. in a heating furnace to diffuse C and O atoms into the Ti alloy.
- The features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description with respect to appended drawings wherein:
- FIG. 1 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated by Example 1 of the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a graph that shows oxygen and carbon atom concentration of the Ti alloy material in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a graph of hardness to depth of Ti alloy material in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated in Example 3 of the present invention;
- FIG. 5 is a micrograph of Ti alloy treated in Comparative Example 2;
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the results of wear test to Ti alloy materials; and
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a device for the wear test.
- Heat treatment of the present invention will be described as below.
- Ti alloys include alpha alloys such as Ti—5Al—2.5Sn; near-alpha alloys such as Ti—6Al—2Sn—4Zr—2Mo(hereinafter refer to “Ti6242”) and Ti—8Al—Mo—V; alpha-beta alloys such as Ti—6Al—4V, Ti—6Al—6V—2Sn and Ti—6Al—2Sn—4Zr—6Mo; and beta alloys such as Ti—13V—11Cr—3Al and Ti—15Mo—5Zr—3Al. Ti6242 may be preferably used.
- In heat treatment, Ti alloy is put in a heating furnace, and air in the furnace is purged by CO2. It is heated in an atmosphere of CO2 at 600 to 900° C., preferably 800 to 850° C.
- Below 600° C., diffusion speed of carbon atoms is too slow, which is disadvantageous in cost. Above 900° C., oxide layer is formed and the temperature exceeds beta transformation point of Ti to change its configuration, which is not preferable.
- In heat treatment, to supplement CO2 consumed by introduction of C and O into Ti alloy and to maintain CO2 atmosphere in the furnace, CO2 may be always fed into the heating furnace. Feeding rate may be 0.5 to 3.0 l/min, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 l/min.
- Time for treatment in CO2 affects wear resistance or hardness, and may be preferably 1 to 3 hours. By the heat treatment, O and C atoms are diffused at depth of 25 to 50 μm from the surface, and surface hardness is
HV 550 to 1000. - When a poppet valve in an internal combustion engine of an automobile is made of Ti alloy, suitable Vickers hardness is HV 700 to 850. The valve treated by the method of the present invention not only provides wear and scuff resistance, but also improves attacking property to the other member.
- In a muffle furnace which has volume of 24 l, a poppet valve made of Ti6242 was put as sample and CO2 was introduced to purge air. CO2 was fed into the furnace at the flow rate of 1 l/min and the sample was heated till 800° C. and maintained at the temperature for two hours. Then, the valve was cooled to room temperature without contacting air. After cooling, the sample was taken out of the furnace and various tests were carried out.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a micrograph of a section of the sample. As illustrated in the micrograph, O and C atoms were introduced at the depth.
- FIG. 2 is a graph which shows averages of concentrations of O and C atoms measured at each depth by an electric-field-radiation-type Auger electronic spectrometer. In the graph, an axis of abscissa denotes depth (μm) from the surface of the sample, and an axis of ordinate denotes concentration (atomic %) of O and C atoms. The unit of concentration “atomic %” means rate of O and C atoms with respect to analyzed total atoms. The graph shows oxygen and carbon atoms in the diffusion layer of the sample.
- X-ray diffraction in X-ray microdiffraction device identifies TiC, but does not find titanium oxide. From the result, oxygen atoms do not combine with titanium, but remain as atoms. Carbon atoms partially combine with titanium to form TiC, but the remaining is diffused as carbon atoms.
- Section hardness of the sample thus obtained was measured by a Micro-Vickers hardness tester of Shimazu Corp. FIG. 3 shows distribution of hardness. An axis of abscissa means depth (μm) from the surface, and an axis of ordinate means hardness (HV) under 100 gf. It shows improvement in hardness up to depth of 50 μm according to the method of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 prove that existence of oxygen and carbon atoms contributes improvement in hardness of Ti alloy.
- As shown in FIG. 3, surface hardness was HV 830.
- Surface treatment was carried out under different temperatures and time with respect to Ti6242, and the following Table shows the results.
TABLE Surface Temperature Time Hardness Oxide (° C.) (h) (HV) Layer Example 2 750 3 570 none 3 800 0.5 630 none 4 710 50 680 none 5 800 1 710 none 6 800 1.5 790 none 7 800 3 870 none 8 850 1 930 none 9 850 2 960 none Comparative 850 55 1030 formed Example 1 2 900 1 980 formed 3 1000 0.5 1030 formed - In an atmosphere of CO2, Ti6242 was heated at 710 to 850° C. for 0.5 to 50 hours, so that O and C atoms were introduced into Ti alloy without forming oxide.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a microgragh of a Ti alloy poppet valve treated In the Example 3, and O and C diffusion layer was formed.
- A poppet valve is used in an internal combustion engine of an automobile and is subjected to severe condition such as high temperature. Such a valve requires hardness of
HV 700 to 850. In Examples 1, 5 and 6, a sample requires to be subject to the conditions of time for 1 to 2 hours at 800° C. - As clarified in Comparative Example 1, the
temperature 850° C. was the same as those in Examples 8 and 9, but it took 55 hours to attain HV 1030. But it was so long that an oxide layer was formed on the surface. Deformation is large and it is not suitable. - In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, when the temperature was over 900° C., surface hardness was sufficient, but a thick oxide layer was formed to cause large deformation, which was not suitable for actual use.
- FIG. 5 shows a micrograph of a poppet valve in Comparative Example 2, in which an oxide layer was formed on an O and C diffusion layer.
- FIG. 6 illustrates results of wear tests of Ti6242 in Examples 1 and 3, Comparative Example 2, untreated Ti alloy and tuftriding-treated heat-resistant steel.
- To carry out the test, as shown in FIG. 7, a
test piece 2 is engaged in avalve guide 1 made of Fe-sintered material. Vertical weight “W” for 6 kgf was loaded and thetest piece 2 was reciprocally slid for 50 hours while lubricating oil was supplied between them. - The test piece made of untreated Ti6242 was the maximum in wear, and wear becomes smaller in order of Example 3, Example 1, heat-resistant steel and Comparative Example 2. Example 1 is equivalent to the heat-resistant steel in wear. Owing to difference in surface hardness, Example 3 is larger than Example 1 in wear. The minimum wear in Comparative Example 2 seems to be due to an oxide layer on the surface. Comparative Example 2 was too rigid, so that wear of the
valve guide 1 engaged therewith was the maximum.
Claims (7)
1. A method of strengthening Ti alloy, comprising the step of:
heating the Ti alloy in an atmosphere of CO2 at 600 to 900° C. in a heating furnace to diffuse C and O atoms into the Ti alloy.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the method is carried out for 0.5 to 50 hours.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the method is carried out at 800 to 850° C.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the method is carried out for 1 to 3 hours.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein CO2 is always introduced into the heating furnace.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the method is carried out at about 800° C. for 1 to 2 hours.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the Ti alloy is used to make a poppet valve in an internal combustion engine.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001265462A JP2003073799A (en) | 2001-09-03 | 2001-09-03 | Surface treatment method for titanium-based material |
JP2001-265462 | 2001-09-03 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20030041922A1 true US20030041922A1 (en) | 2003-03-06 |
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US10/109,338 Abandoned US20030041922A1 (en) | 2001-09-03 | 2002-03-28 | Method of strengthening Ti alloy |
Country Status (5)
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US (1) | US20030041922A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1288328A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003073799A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20030020228A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1407127A (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20030020228A (en) | 2003-03-08 |
JP2003073799A (en) | 2003-03-12 |
EP1288328A1 (en) | 2003-03-05 |
CN1407127A (en) | 2003-04-02 |
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