US20020149830A1 - Fast optical modulator - Google Patents
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- US20020149830A1 US20020149830A1 US09/796,026 US79602601A US2002149830A1 US 20020149830 A1 US20020149830 A1 US 20020149830A1 US 79602601 A US79602601 A US 79602601A US 2002149830 A1 US2002149830 A1 US 2002149830A1
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/212—Mach-Zehnder type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/17—Multi-pass arrangements, i.e. arrangements to pass light a plurality of times through the same element, e.g. by using an enhancement cavity
Definitions
- This invention generally relates to optical modulation. More particularly, it relates to a device for high data rate modulation of an optical signal. Even more particularly, the invention relates to a device that provides a high data rate of magneto-optical modulation.
- optical fiber is preferred for high-speed transmission of data, audio, and video.
- Binary optical signals consist of low and high intensity signals traveling through the fiber.
- a limiting factor in optical fiber communication networks has been the speed at which light can be electrically switched or modulated to provide change from a high intensity signal to a low intensity signal and back to a high intensity signal. This conversion from electrical to optical signal is slower than the capability of the fiber. While the optical fiber can accommodate much higher data rates, commercial techniques for creating high-speed modulation are presently achieving approximately 40 billion bits per second, or 40 GHz.
- One method of modulating an optical signal involves providing a digital optical signal directly from a light source.
- light is directly modulated by turning on and turning off power to a laser source. It is difficult, however, to make these transitions quickly without introducing non-linear effects that can degrade the signal.
- These effects include changes in index of refraction of material in the laser cavity which effectively changes the optical path length of the cavity during the pulse, leading to an effect called chirp, and provides greater dispersion of the signal as it travels down optical fiber.
- a continuous wave light source can be externally modulated to provide a digital optical signal.
- One such method is electroabsorption modulation.
- Continuous wave light is directed through a semiconductor. When current flows in the semiconductor, enough electrons are moved from valence to conduction band to provide a population inversion. Light traveling through the semiconductor with the population inversion is amplified by stimulated emission. On the other hand, when no electric current flows, electrons move back to the valence band. Now the light is absorbed by the low energy electrons, so the light intensity is diminished as it travels through the semiconductor. The substantial difference in light intensity when current is flowing and when current is not flowing provides the on and off signals. However, this scheme is limited by the time for generation and relaxation of excited states in the semiconductor.
- a third method provides another external modulation technique in which a light beam traveling in a waveguide is split into two paths and then recombined into a single path where the two beams interfere.
- a material is provided along one path that has a refractive index sensitive to applied voltage. The change in phase introduced by the changing voltage applied to the material provides for constructive or destructive interference where the signals recombine.
- 10-15V is needed to provide the phase shift, and it has been difficult to provide high frequency signals at a high voltage to drive the phase modulator.
- DWDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
- DWDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
- Each of the dozens of signals in the fiber runs at the 40 GHz data rate, providing a substantially higher overall data rate.
- DWDM increases the data rate provided by a fiber
- the equipment cost for transmission capacity is higher for DWDM than for faster modulators.
- errors may be introduced into the data as a result of a process known as four wave mixing, in which photons of different wavelengths in a fiber combine, so data is lost in two channels in the fiber. Two other photons are generated at different wavelengths, and these may contribute to noise and errors in other channels in the fiber.
- faster modulation for each wavelength is desirable.
- the Puzey technique rapidly switches a superconducting film between superconducting and non-superconducting states and takes advantage of the difference in optical properties of the material in the two states.
- In the superconducting state more far-infrared light is reflected from the material, while in the non-superconducting state, more is transmitted.
- Continuous wave far-infrared light is modulated by an electrical signal provided to such a superconducting film. After modulation of this far-infrared light, the signal is then parametrically converted to a shorter wavelength in the near-infrared range for transmission in a standard optical fiber.
- Well known frequency up-conversion nonlinear optics are used for the conversion.
- the technique described in the Sobolewski paper stimulates magneto-optic material 10 , such as europium monochalcogenides (EuS, EuTe, EuO, and EuSe) by providing magnetic field 12 from current pulse 14 in adjacent superconducting signal electrode 16 driven by a Josephson junction, as shown in FIGS. 1 a, 1 b.
- Continuous light wave 18 is coupled into magneto-optic material 10 through fiber optic input 19 a and exits through fiber optic output 19 b.
- Portion of light wave 18 traveling in magneto-optical material 10 in magnetic field 12 has its polarization rotated, a property known as the Faraday effect.
- An interferometer is used to provide pulses of light based on this rotation of the polarization.
- magneto-optical materials occurs in a time measured in pico-seconds, as shown in FIG. 2 a from a paper, “Femtosecond Faraday rotation in spin-engineered heterostructures,” by J. J. Baumberg, et al, J. Appl. Phys. 75 (10), May 15, 1994 (“the Baumberg paper”), early investigators recognized that such magneto-optical microstriplines might provide a way to modulate signals in the THz (trillion bits per second) range, about two orders of magnitude higher than present modulation
- the current pulse is used to change the refractive index of a Bi-substituted yttrium-iron-garnet ferromagnetic film, and this causes a rotation in the plane of polarization of polarized light due to the magneto-optic Kerr or Faraday effect in the ferromagnetic film.
- the technique allowed a bandwidth of 82 GHz to be achieved.
- a superconductor is used to couple a current pulse which induces a magnetic pulse stimulation to the magneto-optical material
- optical modulating is at a much higher data rate than is otherwise achievable.
- a method of generating an electromagnetic pulse comprising the step of directing incident radiation through a material.
- the radiation has a first parameter.
- a first stimulation is provided to a first region of the material to excite a first population of the material into a first excited state.
- the material has a time for excitation and a time for relaxation after said excitation. From the incident radiation a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is generated in the material in which the pulse is shorter in time than time for the excitation plus the time for relaxation of the material.
- Electromagnetic radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state and radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state are combined.
- the first parameter of the combined radiation comprises a linear combination of the first amount and the second amount.
- the linear combination of the first amount and the second amount provides the first parameter with a value approximately equivalent to that of the initial radiation.
- the first region of the material can be in a first leg of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the second region of the material in a second leg of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
- the first region of the material can be in line with the second region of the material, wherein radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state also travels through the second region stimulated in the second excited state.
- the second amount is set to be about equal and opposite the first amount so that slow relaxations cancel each other out.
- the pulse includes a first part and a second part.
- the first part includes radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state but not through the second region stimul ated in the second excited state.
- the second part includes radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state and radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state.
- the first parameter can be polarization, wherein the incident radiation has an incident polarization.
- the incident radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state has the incident polarization rotated a first amount in a first direction.
- the radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state has its polarization rotated a second amount in a second direction.
- the second part of the pulse includes radiation having a polarization rotated back to that of the incident radiation.
- Another aspect of the invention is a device comprising an electrical conductor and a magneto-optical material.
- the electrical conductor crosses the magneto-optical material in a first location and in a second location.
- the electrical conductor is positioned to provide a first current pulse stimulating a first excitation of a first population of said magneto-optical material at the first location.
- the electrical conductor is positioned to provide a second current pulse stimulating a second excitation of a second population of the magneto-optical material at the second location.
- the electrical conductor and the magneto-optical material are configured to provide the second excitation of the second population to be opposite the first excitation of the first population.
- Another aspect of the invention is a method of making an optical signal comprising the step of providing a material. Incident radiation is directed at the material.
- the incident radiation includes a first parameter having an initial value.
- the incident radiation also includes a first segment of the wave.
- a first stimulation is provided to the material to provide a first change to the first parameter in the first segment of the wave.
- a second stimulation is provided to the material to provide a second change to the first parameter in the first segment of the wave.
- Another aspect of the invention is a circuit comprising a first superconductor, a second superconductor, and a source of a high frequency signal.
- the source has a frequency sufficient to provide resistance in the first superconductors and in the second superconductor for dividing the signal according to the resistance in each superconductor.
- FIG. 1 a is a top view of a magneto-optical waveguide of the prior art crossed by a signal electrode carrying a pulse of current for generating a magnetic field;
- FIG. 1 b is a cross sectional view of the magneto-optical waveguide of FIG. 1 a showing the magnetic field generated by the current pulse extending parallel to the direction of light propagation in the magneto-optical waveguide;
- FIG. 2 a illustrates the fast excitation and the slow relaxation of a magneto-optical material as reported in the prior art
- FIG. 2 b illustrates the effect of the fast excitation and the slow relaxation of a magneto-optical material on light transmitted through a polarizer or interferometer, as reported in the prior art
- FIG. 3 a is a top view of a magneto-optical waveguide crossed twice by an electrical conductor carrying a pulse of current to provide magnetic fields for providing two rapid stimulations of the magneto-optical waveguide for providing two rapid rotations of the plane of polarization of light traveling through the waveguide;
- FIG. 3 b is a top view of the magneto-optical waveguide of FIG. 3 a including a current divider to tune the current pulse used for providing the second rapid stimulation so as to provide cancellation of light experiencing slow relaxation;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a change in angle of the plane of polarization of a wave traveling through the magneto-optical waveguide after the pulse of current makes its first traversal across the waveguide;
- FIG. 5 a is a graph showing magnetic field as a function of time from the two current pulses that travel across the magneto-optical waveguide, showing the first magnetic field pulse at time t A and the second magnetic field pulse at time t BI ;
- FIG. 5 b is a graph showing the two fast rotations from the two rapid excitations of the magneto-optical material and the two slow rotations from the two slow relaxations of the magneto-optical material in which the second rotation is in an opposite direction to the first rotation;
- FIG. 5 c is a graph showing the light pulse resulting from a linear combination of rotations in FIG. 5 b;
- FIG. 6 a is a graph showing pairs of fast rotations and slow relaxations provided by current pulses in a modulator of the present invention
- FIG. 6 b is a graph showing a group of light pulses resulting from a linear combination of several pairs of rotations
- FIG. 7 a and 7 b are graphs showing the effect of a small amount of non-overlap of a pair of slow relaxations to produce a noise signal
- FIG. 7 c and 7 d are graphs showing a group of light pulses and noise signals resulting from a linear combination of several pairs of rotations that do not completely overlap;
- FIG. 8 shows dispersion of a current pulse as it travels in a conductor
- FIGS. 9 a and 9 b show alternate arrangements of electrical conductor and waveguide while still providing two crossing points
- FIG. 10 a and 10 b show alternate arrangements of electrical conductor, waveguide and current pulse generator
- FIG. 11 a shows a split waveguide and an alternate arrangement for providing the two stimulations of the present invention
- FIG. 11 b shows another split waveguide that provides inhomogeneous division of the wave
- FIG. 12 shows an alternate arrangement using an interferometer instead of a polarizer
- FIGS. 13 a - 13 c and 13 e - 13 h show cross sectional views of steps in fabrication of the present invention.
- FIGS. 13 d and 13 i show top views of steps in fabrication of the present invention.
- Magneto-optical materials transition from an initial state to an excited state very rapidly in response to a rapid magnetic field stimulation but the time for relaxation back to the ground state is longer.
- Baumberg found that the time for relaxation was two orders of magnitude longer than the time for excitation, as shown in FIG. 2 a.
- the excitation portion of the curve is almost vertical and time for this excitation appears to be on the order of one picosecond or less.
- Relaxation is gradual, taking about 250 ps.
- the present inventors recognized the potential offered by the very fast transition in one direction. They also recognized that the speed of modulation light to provide a high data rate in magneto-optical materials is limited by the relatively long time for the material to return to ground state from the excited state.
- the present inventors found a way to use the very fast excitation while overcoming the problem of slow relaxation. The result is substantially higher speed modulation than would otherwise be achieved.
- the invention provides two closely spaced rapid magnetic stimulations to the material to excite two populations of the material.
- the second stimulation is oppositely directed to the first stimulation so it has a counter effect on the light as the first.
- the time between the two stimulations and their physical spacing defines the width of the pulse of light that emerges.
- the inventors recognized that the effect of the oppositely directed second lengthy relaxation on the light can cancel the effect of the first lengthy relaxation.
- the result is a light pulse having a time based on the time between the two rapid excitations and their physical spacing. And the inventors recognized that a large number of such pulses could be packed into the time normally spent waiting for the slow relaxation.
- the inventors provided light pulses at very high data rate, far higher than could otherwise be provided with the long relaxation time of the magneto-optical material.
- the invention involves a conductor twice crossing a magneto-optical material, as shown in FIGS. 3 a.
- continuous light wave 20 passing through polarizer 21 has polarization 22 pointing in initial direction ⁇ o , is directed through magneto-optical material 24 , as shown in FIG. 3 a and FIG. 4.
- Magneto-optical material 24 can include Cd, Mn, Se, Eu, O, S, Bi, C, K, Mg, Al, Br, Te, Cr, Fe, Ba, Y, Gd, Ga, I, Cl, Ni, Rb, Zn, Rh, Co, or Li.
- Magneto-optical materials include the materials described in the Sobolewski paper, and europium monochalcogenides (EuS, EuTe, EuO, and EuSe).
- Well known magneto-optical materials include EuS, CrBr 3 , terbium gallium garnet, EuO, EuSe, Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , CrCl 3 , Cd 0.55 Mn O145 Te, and Tb 2 Al 5 O 12 .
- Many other magneto-optical materials such as those listed in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80 th edition, pages 12-161 to 12-167 can also be used.
- Light wave 20 may be generated by a source that provides polarized light, such as a laser, in which case polarizer 21 may be omitted.
- Light wave 20 can be plane polarized, circularly polarized, or elliptically polarized.
- Polarizer 26 is oriented perpendicular to polarizer 21 to prevent light with this initial polarization 22 from being transmitted through polarizer 26 , and then into optical fiber for further transmission through an optical network (not shown). This non-transmission provides the off-region of the digital optical signal that will be developed in magneto-optical material 24 .
- optical system 28 is set up so no light is transmitted absent some stimulation of magneto-optical waveguide 24 to rotate plane of polarization 22 of light wave 20 so the light can pass through polarizer 26 .
- polarizer 26 is shown for simplicity, an interferometer configuration can be used instead, as shown in FIG. 12, and as further described herein below.
- the polarizers can be configured so they are aligned and transmit all incident radiation. Then the stimulation of the magneto-optical material provides a pulse of radiation with reduced intensity.
- the on-region of the digital optical signal is provided by a first rapid magnetic stimulation H A of first region 24 A of magneto-optical material 24 , as shown in FIG. 3 a and in idealized form in FIG. 5 a.
- the excitation of a first population of magneto-optical material in first region 24 A causes light wave 20 traveling through first region 24 A to have the direction of its polarization 22 rotated through angle ⁇ A from initial direction ⁇ o , as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 b, and as described in a book, Handbook of Optics, edited by Michael Bass, et al, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
- the stimulation can be an interband effect, an excitonic effect, an interband or free-carrier effect, or an impurity magneto absorption effect.
- This stimulation is provided by magnetic field H A induced by pulse of current 30 A traveling in conductor 32 across magneto-optical material 24 in region 24 A .
- this excitation and the corresponding rotation of polarization 22 in light wave 20 is very rapid, as shown by the nearly vertical rise of portion 34 a of rotation angle curve 34 .
- Light wave 20 with rotated polarization 22 ′ rotated at angle ⁇ A with respect to initial angle ⁇ o can now penetrate through polarizer 26 (or the interferometer shown in FIG. 12) and so a signal can be transmitted into the optical fiber. Because of the rotation of polarization 22 ′, a significant intensity of light wave 20 can now pass through polarizing filter 26 . This is the on-region of digital signal 42 shown by region 20 b in FIG. 5 c.
- the present invention provides a scheme in which data rate is governed by the brief time for the very rapid stimulation and is not reduced by the lengthy time for this gradual decline in intensity.
- a second rapid magnetic stimulation H B is provided to a second population of magneto-optical material 24 in second region 24 B , as shown as shown in FIGS. 3 a and 5 a.
- Second rapid magnetic stimulation H B is aimed in opposite direction to first stimulation provided by magnetic field H A .
- This second stimulation is provided by current pulse 30 B returning across magneto-optical material 24 in region 24 B in opposite direction from current pulse 30 A .
- the oppositely directed magnetic field H B that current pulse 30 B produces stimulates magneto-optical material 24 in region 24 B .
- This stimulation causes light wave 20 traveling through second region 24 B to have the direction of its polarization rotated through angle ⁇ B as shown with curve 36 in FIG. 5 b, equal in magnitude to remaining rotation ⁇ B in region 24 A provided by first current pulse 30 A .
- curve 36 has rapid excitation portion 36 a and slow relaxation portion 36 b.
- the net effect of both stimulations is that a portion of light wave 20 has its polarization 22 experiencing both a rapid clockwise and a rapid counter clockwise rotation separated in time; the polarization of light wave 20 that experiences both rotations will point back in the initial direction ⁇ o , and this light that experiences both rotations will again be blocked by polarizer 26 providing an off-region of digital signal 42 , as shown by region 20 c in FIG. 5 c.
- Amplitude of rotation of radiation may be appropriately adjusted by spacing electrical conductor 32 more distantly from second region 24 B than from first region 24 A .
- the increased spacing can be achieved by providing a dielectric layer that is thicker in region 24 B than in region 24 A .
- phase fine tuning or a variable attenuator can be provided in one leg to match signal from each leg and cancel effect of slow relaxation.
- parallel current path 32 ′ can be provided, as shown in FIG. 3 b, to bleed off portion 30 B ′ of current pulse 30 B so remaining portion 30 B provides stimulation to more nearly match amplitude of rotation of light experiencing partially relaxed magneto-optical material in region 24 A .
- Parallel path 32 ′ may be a parallel superconducting path or it may have resistor Ra trimmed to properly make adjustment in current pulse 30 B ′ to provide a matching rotation.
- resistor Ra trimmed At very high frequency superconductors 32 ′, 32 both start to exhibit resistance. And these resistances can be used to provide Ra, Rb to adjust the division of current.
- Each resistance can be set by laser trimming dimensions of superconductor 32 ′, 32 .
- light wave 20 experiences a linear combination of the two rapid excitations producing two rapid rotations 34 a, 36 a and the two slow relaxations producing two slow rotations back, 34 b, 36 b.
- First excitation H A rapidly rotates polarization 22 one way through angle ⁇ A , as shown by portion 34 a of curve 34 , and light so rotated penetrates polarizer 26 to provide an on-signal in an optical fiber.
- Polarization angle of rotation immediately begins to relax, as shown by portion 34 b of curve 34 .
- second excitation H B rapidly rotates polarization 22 the other way, as shown by portion 36 a of curve 36 .
- the length of time pulse 42 penetrates through polarizer 26 depends on time t A for first current pulse 30 A and first magnetic stimulation H A at location A in magneto-optical material 24 and time t BI for second current pulse 30 B and second magnetic stimulation H B at location B in magneto-optical material 24 . It also depends on the time for light wave 20 that experiences the effects of current pulse 30 A to traverse the distance between location A and location B in magneto-optical material 24 , t BL ⁇ t A . This time difference is t BI ⁇ t BL , as shown in FIG. 5 a, and this is the time that current pulse 42 can penetrate polarizer 26 , as shown in FIG. 5 c. Rise times for the two stimulations also contribute to the time for pulse 42 .
- Pulse 42 is the only part of light wave 20 that has experienced only one rotation, and so this is the only part of light wave 20 that penetrates polarizer 26 , providing the on-signal. Only for the brief time measured by the time for current pulse 30 A to traverse the wire between the two stimulation regions 24 A , 24 B less the time for light to traverse that spacing can light penetrate polarizer 26 .
- This pulse of light 42 is far shorter than the time for stimulation plus the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material.
- the invention provides a pulse having a time that is much less than the time for excitation plus the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material.
- a closely spaced sequence of such rapid pulses can provide a digital signal at very high data rate as shown in FIGS. 6 a - 6 b, which shows data produced by a modulator of the present invention in which many bits of data fit into the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material.
- Pairs of excitation stimulations are provided, as shown in FIG. 6 a. Portions of one part of each pair cancel corresponding portions of the other of that pair to provide discrete pulses, as shown in FIG. 6 b.
- the two rapid stimulations provide much shorter pulses, much higher speed modulation, and higher data rate than can be obtained by providing the first stimulation and then waiting for the material to relax at its natural relaxation time.
- the cancellation of one slow relaxation by the other works because both relaxations are well behaved curves, typically exponential, and both follow along identical tracks.
- Magneto-optical waveguide 24 is formed of a material that is stimulated by current pulse 30 A traveling through electrical conductor 32 , as described herein above.
- Electrical conductor 32 can be a superconductor to provide electrical signals at high data rate over the short distance between pulse generator 35 and magneto-optical waveguide 24 .
- the shape of light pulse 42 is mostly affected by amplitude and slope of leading edge 36 of stimulating current pulse 30 A , 30 B and by the amount of dispersion of the current pulse, as shown in FIG. 8.
- Obtaining optical pulses with steeply sloping leading and trailing edges requires that electrical pulses 30 A , 30 B have high amplitude, steeply sloping leading edge 36 , and experience little dispersion.
- Dispersion is schematically illustrated in FIG. 8 as current pulse broadening 38 a to 38 b as current pulse 30 A travels along electrical conductor 32 from pulse generator 35 toward wave guide 24 , and then continues in U-shaped electrical conductor 32 to re-cross wave guide 24 in the opposite direction.
- trailing features of first current pulse 30 A are cancelled out because second current pulse 30 B has a shape that is identical to that of first current pulse 30 A and produces a rotation curve 36 having a shape comparable to first rotation curve 34 .
- Magnetic field lines 44 A , 44 B provided by current pulses 30 A , 30 B along electrical conductor 32 are either parallel or anti-parallel to the propagation vector of light wave 20 that is being modulated by magneto-optical material 24 .
- Pulse generator 35 may include Josephson junction technology to provide high speed current pulses 30 A .
- CMOS or InP at low temperature, SiGe, and GaAs technologies can also provide high speed current pulses.
- Dispersion depends on resistance in a conductor, and resistance increases with signal frequency.
- Short current pulses 30 A , 30 B have high frequency.
- a superconductor operating at low temperature is particularly desirable to provide electrical conductor 32 carrying current pulse 30 A , 30 B with low resistance and low dispersion for providing magnetic fields H A , H B .
- a superconductor can provide the required pulse characteristics of high amplitude, steeply sloping leading edge 36 , and low broadening 38 a to 38 b.
- Current pulse widths of less than 1 ps have been demonstrated with superconductor, as described in a paper “Experiments and Simulations of Subpicosecond SFQ Propagation in Y—Ba—Cu—O Josephson Transmission Lines,” R. Adam, et al, Proceedings of the Applied Superconductivity Conference, Sep. 17-22, 2000, Virginia Beach, Va. Pulses at lower data rate may be provided along ordinary copper, aluminum or gold wire.
- V is the Verdet coefficient (an intrinsic material property)
- B is the magnitude of the magnetic field within the material
- L is the distance the light wave travels within the magneto-optical material and within the magnetic field.
- the material can be thought of as having a circular birefringence having a magnitude that depends on magnetic field.
- the sense of rotation of the plane of polarization experienced by a wave traveling in the material is dependent on the direction of the magnetic field within the material in relation to the direction of propagation of the wave. When the projection of the magnetic field vector onto the propagation vector is parallel to the propagation vector one sense of rotation is observed. When anti-parallel, the opposite sense of rotation is observed.
- the Verdet constant of magneto-optical materials increases with shorter wavelength and lower temperature.
- the CRC handbook on page 12-162 shows a two order of magnitude increase in Verdet constant as temperature goes from 300K down to 1.45K for Tb 2 Al 5 O 12 .
- the CRC handbook on page 12-162 shows a two order of magnitude increase in Verdet constant as temperature goes from 300K down to 1.45K for Tb 2 Al 5 O 12 .
- Magnitude of optical pulse can also be increased by providing a higher magnetic field by providing a higher current.
- a superconducting wire capable of carrying a high current and that provides low resistance even at high frequency is desirable.
- Materials such as yttrium barium cuprates, bismuth cuprates, thallium cuprates, mercury cuprates, and other well known high temperature superconductors can be used as the superconducting wire.
- Low temperature superconductors, such as niobium and tin can also be used.
- Magnitude of optical pulse can also be increased by methods as described in the 100-002 application, filed on the same day as this application and incorporated herein by reference.
- the Sobolewski paper provides data showing a 4.52° rotation of the polarization of light in a EuSe magneto-optical wave guide produced by a 2.51 Oe magnetic field provided by a current pulse of 1 mA flowing in a superconducting Nb-trilayer and produced by a Josephson junction.
- the power transmitted is 0.6% of the power incident on the polarizer.
- the rotation angle and the power transmitted can be increased by providing a higher current pulse 30 A , longer interaction length L, or by adjusting temperature, material, or wavelength to provide a higher Verdet constant V.
- the rotation angle and power transmitted can also be increased by providing multiple pairs of conductors for carrying multiple pairs of current pulses across the magneto optical material timed to provide additional boosts to the rotation angle of light passing there through, as described in a patent application filed the same day as this application and having attorney docket number 100-002, incorporated herein by reference.
- light wave 20 is divided into three regions: first region 20 a of light wave 20 experiences none of the rotations and does not penetrate through polarizer 26 , as shown in FIG. 5 c. Second region 20 b experiences one of the rotations and some of this light can penetrate through polarizer 26 . Finally, third region 20 c experiences a linear combination of both rotations and this double rotation moves the plane of polarization back to the initial direction so no light can penetrate through polarizer 26 . Thus, only a narrow pulse of radiation defined by two rapid excitations penetrates polarizer 26 .
- Oppositely directed magnetic fields 44 A , 44 B around conductor 32 can be provided by providing electrical conductor 32 in a U shape to cross magneto-optical material 24 in two regions 24 A , 24 B .
- Current pulse 30 A crosses magneto-optical material in one direction in region 24 A and current pulse 30 B crosses in a direction opposite the direction of current pulse 30 A in region 24 B , as shown in FIG. 3 a, providing oppositely directed magnetic fields, 44 A , 44 B and oppositely directed rapid magnetic stimulations H A of first region 24 A and H B of second region 24 B of magneto-optical material 24 .
- a single current pulse in single electrical conductor 32 is thereby used twice to provide pulses 30 A , 30 B .
- a single current pulse provides both stimulations to define optical pulse 42 that emerges from polarizer 26 .
- the time for current pulse 30 A , 30 B to travel along the U-shaped region of electrical conductor 32 less the time for light to travel between points in waveguide 24 crossed by conductor 32 , is the time for optical pulse 42 .
- electrical conductor 32 ′ can be straight while magneto-optical material 24 ′ bends in a U shape, as shown in FIG. 9 a.
- both electrical conductor 32 ′′ and waveguide 24 ′′ can bend, as shown in FIG. 9 b.
- two current pulses from the same generator can be provided in the same direction across magneto-optical material 24 to provide the same effect if one electrical conductor is located above and the other below magneto-optical material 24 , as shown in FIG. 10 a.
- Time delay to set the length of optical pulse 42 can be provided by adjusting the relative length of electrical conductors 50 a, 50 b between generator 35 and magneto-optical material 24 .
- Separate current pulse generators can also be used, and in this case optical pulse width is also determined by the separation in time between the current pulses at magneto-optical material 24 .
- a similar result is obtained by providing current pulses in electrical conductors 51 a, 51 b extending in opposite directions from pulse generator 35 , as shown in FIG. 10 b.
- an optical pulse can be obtained from a linear combination of rotations of light wave 20 in sequence, as shown in FIGS. 3, 9 a - 9 b, 10 a - 10 b
- an optical pulse can also be obtained from a linear combination of rotations of polarizations of two waves traveling in different paths which combine, as shown in FIG. 11 a.
- Continuous light wave 52 traveling along Mach-Zehnder interferometer 54 is divided into light waves 52 a, 52 b in two magneto-optical material paths, 54 a, 54 b.
- Current pulse 60 traveling in electrical conductor 62 crosses over path 54 a some time before crossing under path 54 b.
- Current pulse 60 stimulates a rapid change in magnetic field in magneto-optical waveguide 54 a slightly before stimulating a second rapid but opposite change in magnetic field in magneto-optical waveguide 54 b.
- These two equal but opposite changes in magnetic field in waveguides 54 a, 54 b cause rotations of light waves 52 a, 52 b through equal angles but in opposite directions.
- Light wave 52 a traveling in one of the two paths 54 a of waveguide 54 has its plane of polarization rotated through angle ⁇ B in one direction while a short time later light wave 52 b traveling in other path 54 b has its plane of polarization rotated through angle ⁇ B in the opposite direction.
- the arrangement shown in FIG. 11 a provides a time delay because of the time for current pulse 60 to travel across space 64 between two paths 54 a, 54 b of waveguide 54 .
- Light with rotation from path 54 a reaches intersection 66 before any light with counter rotation from path 54 b reaches intersection 66 .
- Polarizer 68 is adjusted to exclude initial continuous light wave 52 .
- Polarizer 68 will also exclude light that includes a linear combination of contributions of oppositely rotated light from both paths 54 a, 54 b when light from path 54 b reaches intersection 66 .
- intensity matching of delayed pulse with earlier pulse can be provided, for example, by providing unequal division of initial continuous light 52 by providing path 54 a ′ wider than path 54 b ′, as shown in FIG. 11 b. Since some relaxation occurs during the time before the second stimulation, a decrease in intensity is provided so the initial second signal in path 54 b ′ matches the intensity of the partially relaxed first signal in path 54 a′.
- optical path can be longer in one arm 54 a, to provide interference where light waves 52 a, 52 b recombine (see FIG. 12).
- polarizer 68 is not needed.
- Interferometer 70 includes beam splitter 72 that directs half of polarized light wave 20 from polarizer 21 into each of two arms.
- First arm 74 has magneto-optical material 24 and electrical conductor 32 , as illustrated in FIG. 3 a and described herein above.
- Second arm 76 includes a longer or shorter optical path, such as provided by phase delay plate 78 , to provide a 180 degree phase shift to the portion of light wave 20 traveling this path. Where they recombine at beam splitter 80 , light traversing the two arms are out of phase and interfere destructively.
- interferometer 70 provides advantage in that absorption by polarizer 26 is avoided so more light is transmitted.
- the layered structure of the present invention is fabricated using techniques common to integrated circuit manufacture.
- about a 500-Angstrom thick layer of Yttrium Stabilized Zirconium (YSZ) 80 is deposited on about a 500 micrometer thick silicon substrate 82 , as shown in FIG. 13 a.
- YBCO yttrium barium copper oxide
- YBCO yttrium barium copper oxide
- about a 20 micrometer wide microstripline or electrical conductor 32 is formed from YBCO superconductor 84 , as shown in FIGS.
- YSZ is a good diffusion barrier to silicon.
- Nitride is a good barrier to water and other ionics.
- magneto-optical material 90 such as EuSe is deposited and etched to form wave guide 24 , as shown in cross sectional view in FIG. 13 g and in top view in FIG. 13 i, so that waveguide 24 is crossing over superconducting electrical conductor 32 .
- superconducting wire or magneto-optical waveguide can be formed in a U shape or other shape described herein above to provide the double stimulation to magneto-optical material 90 as provided in the present invention.
Abstract
Description
- This invention generally relates to optical modulation. More particularly, it relates to a device for high data rate modulation of an optical signal. Even more particularly, the invention relates to a device that provides a high data rate of magneto-optical modulation.
- Because of the high data rates available, optical fiber is preferred for high-speed transmission of data, audio, and video. Binary optical signals consist of low and high intensity signals traveling through the fiber. A limiting factor in optical fiber communication networks has been the speed at which light can be electrically switched or modulated to provide change from a high intensity signal to a low intensity signal and back to a high intensity signal. This conversion from electrical to optical signal is slower than the capability of the fiber. While the optical fiber can accommodate much higher data rates, commercial techniques for creating high-speed modulation are presently achieving approximately 40 billion bits per second, or 40 GHz.
- One method of modulating an optical signal involves providing a digital optical signal directly from a light source. In this method light is directly modulated by turning on and turning off power to a laser source. It is difficult, however, to make these transitions quickly without introducing non-linear effects that can degrade the signal. These effects include changes in index of refraction of material in the laser cavity which effectively changes the optical path length of the cavity during the pulse, leading to an effect called chirp, and provides greater dispersion of the signal as it travels down optical fiber.
- Alternatively, a continuous wave light source can be externally modulated to provide a digital optical signal. One such method is electroabsorption modulation. Continuous wave light is directed through a semiconductor. When current flows in the semiconductor, enough electrons are moved from valence to conduction band to provide a population inversion. Light traveling through the semiconductor with the population inversion is amplified by stimulated emission. On the other hand, when no electric current flows, electrons move back to the valence band. Now the light is absorbed by the low energy electrons, so the light intensity is diminished as it travels through the semiconductor. The substantial difference in light intensity when current is flowing and when current is not flowing provides the on and off signals. However, this scheme is limited by the time for generation and relaxation of excited states in the semiconductor.
- A third method, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, provides another external modulation technique in which a light beam traveling in a waveguide is split into two paths and then recombined into a single path where the two beams interfere. A material is provided along one path that has a refractive index sensitive to applied voltage. The change in phase introduced by the changing voltage applied to the material provides for constructive or destructive interference where the signals recombine. Currently, however, 10-15V is needed to provide the phase shift, and it has been difficult to provide high frequency signals at a high voltage to drive the phase modulator.
- An alternative approach to increase the amount of data that can be transmitted through an optical fiber is Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM), in which many individual signals, each with a slightly different wavelength, are transmitted through a single optical fiber at one time. Each of the dozens of signals in the fiber runs at the 40 GHz data rate, providing a substantially higher overall data rate. While DWDM increases the data rate provided by a fiber, the equipment cost for transmission capacity is higher for DWDM than for faster modulators. Also, errors may be introduced into the data as a result of a process known as four wave mixing, in which photons of different wavelengths in a fiber combine, so data is lost in two channels in the fiber. Two other photons are generated at different wavelengths, and these may contribute to noise and errors in other channels in the fiber. Thus, faster modulation for each wavelength is desirable.
- Two additional techniques to greatly increase modulation frequency and increase the data rate for transmission in a fiber have been proposed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,002 to K. A. Puzey, and in a paper “Magneto-Optical Modulator for Superconducting Digital Output Interface,” by Roman Sobolewski, et al, given at the Applied Superconducting Conference held Sep. 17-22, 2000 (“the Sobolewski paper”). Superconductors allow low voltage high speed current switching.
- The Puzey technique rapidly switches a superconducting film between superconducting and non-superconducting states and takes advantage of the difference in optical properties of the material in the two states. In the superconducting state, more far-infrared light is reflected from the material, while in the non-superconducting state, more is transmitted. Continuous wave far-infrared light is modulated by an electrical signal provided to such a superconducting film. After modulation of this far-infrared light, the signal is then parametrically converted to a shorter wavelength in the near-infrared range for transmission in a standard optical fiber. Well known frequency up-conversion nonlinear optics are used for the conversion.
- The technique described in the Sobolewski paper stimulates magneto-
optic material 10, such as europium monochalcogenides (EuS, EuTe, EuO, and EuSe) by providingmagnetic field 12 fromcurrent pulse 14 in adjacentsuperconducting signal electrode 16 driven by a Josephson junction, as shown in FIGS. 1a, 1 b.Continuous light wave 18 is coupled into magneto-optic material 10 through fiber optic input 19 a and exits through fiberoptic output 19 b. Portion oflight wave 18 traveling in magneto-optical material 10 inmagnetic field 12 has its polarization rotated, a property known as the Faraday effect. An interferometer is used to provide pulses of light based on this rotation of the polarization. Because the excitation of magneto-optical materials occurs in a time measured in pico-seconds, as shown in FIG. 2a from a paper, “Femtosecond Faraday rotation in spin-engineered heterostructures,” by J. J. Baumberg, et al, J. Appl. Phys. 75 (10), May 15, 1994 (“the Baumberg paper”), early investigators recognized that such magneto-optical microstriplines might provide a way to modulate signals in the THz (trillion bits per second) range, about two orders of magnitude higher than present modulation - The curves in the Baumberg paper, however, show a problem with the slow relaxation from the excited state that limits the overall transition time. The relaxation time of magneto-optical materials from their excited state back to ground state can be much longer than the time for excitation, as also shown in FIG. 2a from the Baumberg paper. Thus, there is a very fast excitation rate, on the order of one picosecond, for Faraday rotation in an applied magnetic field for a heterostructure. There is also a slow exponential relaxation rate extending over 250 ps. The slow relaxation limits the speed at which a magneto-optical material can operate as an optical modulator. No way to avoid the slow relaxation has been demonstrated. This lengthy relaxation time substantially limits the speed of operation of such devices as compared to the promise of the much more rapid excitation.
- Similarly, in a paper, “Ultrafast magneto-optic sampling of picosecond current pulses,” by A. Y. Elazzabi and M. R. Freeman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (25) Jun. 17, 1996, data is presented showing current pulses having a rise time of 15 ps and an exponential fall time of 250 ps obtained by triggering a photoconductive switch with an ultrashort laser pulse. The current pulse is used to change the refractive index of a Bi-substituted yttrium-iron-garnet ferromagnetic film, and this causes a rotation in the plane of polarization of polarized light due to the magneto-optic Kerr or Faraday effect in the ferromagnetic film. The technique allowed a bandwidth of 82 GHz to be achieved.
- In a paper, “Frequency-dependent Faraday rotation in CdMnTe,” by M. A. Butler, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49 (17), Oct. 27, 1986, data showing a large optical Faraday rotation as a function of the frequency of an applied magnetic field is presented for two compositions of the dilute magnetic semiconductor, CdMnTe. Faraday rotation was observed at frequencies up to about 5 GHz in small magnetic fields. This material has a very high response to magnetic excitation (a high Verdet constant), and it has a relaxation time constant on the order of 100 ps.
- Although a number of authors have suggested advantages to modulating light based on magneto-optical materials, none suggest a scheme to overcome the limitation on data rate provided by the slow relaxation of the magneto-optical materials. Thus, a better system for more rapidly converting an electrical signal to an optical signal is needed, and this solution is provided by the following invention.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a scheme for rapidly modulating an optical signal;
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide a scheme for rapidly rotating polarization of an optical signal while eliminating a slow relaxation of the polarization;
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide that delay associated with relaxation from an excited state of the magneto-optical material does not affect data rate;
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide rapid changes between two states in a magneto-optical material to provide the rapid modulation of the optical signal traveling through the magneto-optical material;
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide stimulations to the magneto-optical material for the transition in each direction so relaxation time does not limit the data rate;
- It is a feature of the present invention that two rotations of the plane of polarization of light are provided by stimulating the magneto-optical material twice;
- It is a feature of the present invention that two rotations of the plane of polarization of light are provided by stimulating the magneto-optical material with a single current pulse crossing the material twice;
- It is a feature of the present invention that a superconductor is used to couple a current pulse which induces a magnetic pulse stimulation to the magneto-optical material;
- It is an advantage of the present invention that a linear combination of two high speed stimulations to the magneto-optical material rotates the polarization back to its original direction while the effect of the two slow relaxation times on the light cancel each other out; and
- It is an advantage of the present invention that the optical modulating is at a much higher data rate than is otherwise achievable.
- These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are accomplished by a method of generating an electromagnetic pulse comprising the step of directing incident radiation through a material. The radiation has a first parameter. A first stimulation is provided to a first region of the material to excite a first population of the material into a first excited state. The material has a time for excitation and a time for relaxation after said excitation. From the incident radiation a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is generated in the material in which the pulse is shorter in time than time for the excitation plus the time for relaxation of the material.
- Electromagnetic radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state and radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state are combined. The first parameter of the combined radiation comprises a linear combination of the first amount and the second amount. The linear combination of the first amount and the second amount provides the first parameter with a value approximately equivalent to that of the initial radiation. The first region of the material can be in a first leg of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the second region of the material in a second leg of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Alternatively, the first region of the material can be in line with the second region of the material, wherein radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state also travels through the second region stimulated in the second excited state.
- The second amount is set to be about equal and opposite the first amount so that slow relaxations cancel each other out.
- The pulse includes a first part and a second part. The first part includes radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state but not through the second region stimul ated in the second excited state. The second part includes radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state and radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state.
- The first parameter can be polarization, wherein the incident radiation has an incident polarization. The incident radiation traveling through the first region stimulated in the first excited state has the incident polarization rotated a first amount in a first direction. The radiation traveling through the second region stimulated in the second excited state has its polarization rotated a second amount in a second direction. The second part of the pulse includes radiation having a polarization rotated back to that of the incident radiation.
- Another aspect of the invention is a device comprising an electrical conductor and a magneto-optical material. The electrical conductor crosses the magneto-optical material in a first location and in a second location. The electrical conductor is positioned to provide a first current pulse stimulating a first excitation of a first population of said magneto-optical material at the first location. The electrical conductor is positioned to provide a second current pulse stimulating a second excitation of a second population of the magneto-optical material at the second location. The electrical conductor and the magneto-optical material are configured to provide the second excitation of the second population to be opposite the first excitation of the first population.
- Another aspect of the invention is a method of making an optical signal comprising the step of providing a material. Incident radiation is directed at the material.
- The incident radiation includes a first parameter having an initial value. The incident radiation also includes a first segment of the wave. A first stimulation is provided to the material to provide a first change to the first parameter in the first segment of the wave. A second stimulation is provided to the material to provide a second change to the first parameter in the first segment of the wave.
- Another aspect of the invention is a circuit comprising a first superconductor, a second superconductor, and a source of a high frequency signal. The source has a frequency sufficient to provide resistance in the first superconductors and in the second superconductor for dividing the signal according to the resistance in each superconductor.
- The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
- FIG. 1a is a top view of a magneto-optical waveguide of the prior art crossed by a signal electrode carrying a pulse of current for generating a magnetic field;
- FIG. 1b is a cross sectional view of the magneto-optical waveguide of FIG. 1a showing the magnetic field generated by the current pulse extending parallel to the direction of light propagation in the magneto-optical waveguide;
- FIG. 2a illustrates the fast excitation and the slow relaxation of a magneto-optical material as reported in the prior art;
- FIG. 2b illustrates the effect of the fast excitation and the slow relaxation of a magneto-optical material on light transmitted through a polarizer or interferometer, as reported in the prior art;
- FIG. 3a is a top view of a magneto-optical waveguide crossed twice by an electrical conductor carrying a pulse of current to provide magnetic fields for providing two rapid stimulations of the magneto-optical waveguide for providing two rapid rotations of the plane of polarization of light traveling through the waveguide;
- FIG. 3b is a top view of the magneto-optical waveguide of FIG. 3a including a current divider to tune the current pulse used for providing the second rapid stimulation so as to provide cancellation of light experiencing slow relaxation;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a change in angle of the plane of polarization of a wave traveling through the magneto-optical waveguide after the pulse of current makes its first traversal across the waveguide;
- FIG. 5a is a graph showing magnetic field as a function of time from the two current pulses that travel across the magneto-optical waveguide, showing the first magnetic field pulse at time tA and the second magnetic field pulse at time tBI;
- FIG. 5b is a graph showing the two fast rotations from the two rapid excitations of the magneto-optical material and the two slow rotations from the two slow relaxations of the magneto-optical material in which the second rotation is in an opposite direction to the first rotation;
- FIG. 5c is a graph showing the light pulse resulting from a linear combination of rotations in FIG. 5b;
- FIG. 6a is a graph showing pairs of fast rotations and slow relaxations provided by current pulses in a modulator of the present invention;
- FIG. 6b is a graph showing a group of light pulses resulting from a linear combination of several pairs of rotations;
- FIG. 7a and 7 b are graphs showing the effect of a small amount of non-overlap of a pair of slow relaxations to produce a noise signal;
- FIG. 7c and 7 d are graphs showing a group of light pulses and noise signals resulting from a linear combination of several pairs of rotations that do not completely overlap;
- FIG. 8 shows dispersion of a current pulse as it travels in a conductor;
- FIGS. 9a and 9 b show alternate arrangements of electrical conductor and waveguide while still providing two crossing points;
- FIG. 10a and 10 b show alternate arrangements of electrical conductor, waveguide and current pulse generator;
- FIG. 11a shows a split waveguide and an alternate arrangement for providing the two stimulations of the present invention;
- FIG. 11b shows another split waveguide that provides inhomogeneous division of the wave;
- FIG. 12 shows an alternate arrangement using an interferometer instead of a polarizer;
- FIGS. 13a-13 c and 13 e-13 h show cross sectional views of steps in fabrication of the present invention; and
- FIGS. 13d and 13 i show top views of steps in fabrication of the present invention.
- Magneto-optical materials transition from an initial state to an excited state very rapidly in response to a rapid magnetic field stimulation but the time for relaxation back to the ground state is longer. For example, Baumberg found that the time for relaxation was two orders of magnitude longer than the time for excitation, as shown in FIG. 2a. The excitation portion of the curve is almost vertical and time for this excitation appears to be on the order of one picosecond or less. Relaxation is gradual, taking about 250 ps. The present inventors recognized the potential offered by the very fast transition in one direction. They also recognized that the speed of modulation light to provide a high data rate in magneto-optical materials is limited by the relatively long time for the material to return to ground state from the excited state. The present inventors found a way to use the very fast excitation while overcoming the problem of slow relaxation. The result is substantially higher speed modulation than would otherwise be achieved.
- In brief, the invention provides two closely spaced rapid magnetic stimulations to the material to excite two populations of the material. Generally, the second stimulation is oppositely directed to the first stimulation so it has a counter effect on the light as the first. The time between the two stimulations and their physical spacing defines the width of the pulse of light that emerges. The inventors recognized that the effect of the oppositely directed second lengthy relaxation on the light can cancel the effect of the first lengthy relaxation. The result is a light pulse having a time based on the time between the two rapid excitations and their physical spacing. And the inventors recognized that a large number of such pulses could be packed into the time normally spent waiting for the slow relaxation. Thus, the inventors provided light pulses at very high data rate, far higher than could otherwise be provided with the long relaxation time of the magneto-optical material.
- The invention involves a conductor twice crossing a magneto-optical material, as shown in FIGS. 3a. In the invention, continuous
light wave 20 passing throughpolarizer 21 haspolarization 22 pointing in initial direction θo, is directed through magneto-optical material 24, as shown in FIG. 3a and FIG. 4. Magneto-optical material 24 can include Cd, Mn, Se, Eu, O, S, Bi, C, K, Mg, Al, Br, Te, Cr, Fe, Ba, Y, Gd, Ga, I, Cl, Ni, Rb, Zn, Rh, Co, or Li. Magneto-optical materials include the materials described in the Sobolewski paper, and europium monochalcogenides (EuS, EuTe, EuO, and EuSe). Well known magneto-optical materials include EuS, CrBr3, terbium gallium garnet, EuO, EuSe, Y3Fe5O12, CrCl3, Cd0.55MnO145Te, and Tb2Al5O12. Many other magneto-optical materials, such as those listed in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, pages 12-161 to 12-167 can also be used. -
Light wave 20 may be generated by a source that provides polarized light, such as a laser, in which case polarizer 21 may be omitted.Light wave 20 can be plane polarized, circularly polarized, or elliptically polarized.Polarizer 26 is oriented perpendicular to polarizer 21 to prevent light with thisinitial polarization 22 from being transmitted throughpolarizer 26, and then into optical fiber for further transmission through an optical network (not shown). This non-transmission provides the off-region of the digital optical signal that will be developed in magneto-optical material 24. Thus,optical system 28 is set up so no light is transmitted absent some stimulation of magneto-optical waveguide 24 to rotate plane ofpolarization 22 oflight wave 20 so the light can pass throughpolarizer 26. Although apolarizer 26 is shown for simplicity, an interferometer configuration can be used instead, as shown in FIG. 12, and as further described herein below. Alternatively, the polarizers can be configured so they are aligned and transmit all incident radiation. Then the stimulation of the magneto-optical material provides a pulse of radiation with reduced intensity. - The on-region of the digital optical signal is provided by a first rapid magnetic stimulation HA of
first region 24 A of magneto-optical material 24, as shown in FIG. 3a and in idealized form in FIG. 5a. The excitation of a first population of magneto-optical material infirst region 24 A causeslight wave 20 traveling throughfirst region 24 A to have the direction of itspolarization 22 rotated through angle θA from initial direction θo, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5b, and as described in a book, Handbook of Optics, edited by Michael Bass, et al, McGraw-Hill, 1995. The stimulation can be an interband effect, an excitonic effect, an interband or free-carrier effect, or an impurity magneto absorption effect. This stimulation is provided by magnetic field HA induced by pulse of current 30 A traveling inconductor 32 across magneto-optical material 24 inregion 24 A. As Baumberg found (FIG. 2 and FIG. 5a), this excitation and the corresponding rotation ofpolarization 22 inlight wave 20 is very rapid, as shown by the nearly vertical rise ofportion 34 a ofrotation angle curve 34.Light wave 20 with rotatedpolarization 22′ rotated at angle θA with respect to initial angle θo can now penetrate through polarizer 26 (or the interferometer shown in FIG. 12) and so a signal can be transmitted into the optical fiber. Because of the rotation ofpolarization 22′, a significant intensity oflight wave 20 can now pass throughpolarizing filter 26. This is the on-region ofdigital signal 42 shown byregion 20 b in FIG. 5c. - If left alone, relaxation of magneto-
optical material 24 back to an unexcited state is relatively slow, as shown in FIG. 2a and byportion 34 b ofcurve 34 in FIG. 5b, solight wave 20 with plane ofpolarization 22′ rotated at an angle between angle θA and θo, would continue to pass throughfilter 26 for a time about equal to the relaxation time.Material 24 gradually de-excites, plane of polarization gradually returns to θo, and intensity oflight wave 20 penetratingpolarizer 26 decreases until intensity of light transmitted throughpolarizing filter 26 goes back to zero, as shown in FIG. 2a from the Baumberg paper and FIG. 5b. Since the intensity of light transmitted through a polarizer goes as the square of the sine of the angle between the polarization and the transmitting axis of the polarizer, the intensity of light falls substantially faster than relaxation of magneto-optical material 24, as shown in FIG. 2b. However, there is still a substantial time for this decline in intensity. The present invention provides a scheme in which data rate is governed by the brief time for the very rapid stimulation and is not reduced by the lengthy time for this gradual decline in intensity. - To provide that the on-signal has a very short duration uncoupled from the long relaxation time of the magneto-optical material, a second rapid magnetic stimulation HB is provided to a second population of magneto-
optical material 24 insecond region 24 B, as shown as shown in FIGS. 3a and 5 a. Second rapid magnetic stimulation HB is aimed in opposite direction to first stimulation provided by magnetic field HA. This second stimulation is provided by current pulse 30 B returning across magneto-optical material 24 inregion 24 B in opposite direction from current pulse 30 A. The oppositely directed magnetic field HB that current pulse 30 B produces stimulates magneto-optical material 24 inregion 24 B. This stimulation causeslight wave 20 traveling throughsecond region 24 B to have the direction of its polarization rotated through angle −θB as shown withcurve 36 in FIG. 5b, equal in magnitude to remaining rotation θB inregion 24 A provided by first current pulse 30 A. Likecurve 34,curve 36 hasrapid excitation portion 36 a andslow relaxation portion 36 b. The net effect of both stimulations is that a portion oflight wave 20 has itspolarization 22 experiencing both a rapid clockwise and a rapid counter clockwise rotation separated in time; the polarization oflight wave 20 that experiences both rotations will point back in the initial direction θo, and this light that experiences both rotations will again be blocked bypolarizer 26 providing an off-region ofdigital signal 42, as shown byregion 20 c in FIG. 5c. - Amplitude of rotation of radiation may be appropriately adjusted by spacing
electrical conductor 32 more distantly fromsecond region 24 B than fromfirst region 24 A. The increased spacing can be achieved by providing a dielectric layer that is thicker inregion 24 B than inregion 24 A. In the Mach-Zehnder embodiment, phase fine tuning or a variable attenuator can be provided in one leg to match signal from each leg and cancel effect of slow relaxation. In a single light path embodiment, parallelcurrent path 32′ can be provided, as shown in FIG. 3b, to bleed off portion 30 B′ of current pulse 30 B so remaining portion 30 B provides stimulation to more nearly match amplitude of rotation of light experiencing partially relaxed magneto-optical material inregion 24 A.Parallel path 32′ may be a parallel superconducting path or it may have resistor Ra trimmed to properly make adjustment in current pulse 30 B′ to provide a matching rotation. At veryhigh frequency superconductors 32′, 32 both start to exhibit resistance. And these resistances can be used to provide Ra, Rb to adjust the division of current. Each resistance can be set by laser trimming dimensions ofsuperconductor 32′, 32. - In essence,
light wave 20 experiences a linear combination of the two rapid excitations producing tworapid rotations polarization 22 one way through angle θA, as shown byportion 34 a ofcurve 34, and light so rotated penetratespolarizer 26 to provide an on-signal in an optical fiber. Polarization angle of rotation immediately begins to relax, as shown byportion 34 b ofcurve 34. However, soon after first excitation HA, second excitation HB rapidly rotatespolarization 22 the other way, as shown byportion 36 a ofcurve 36. Just as this second excitation of magneto-optical material 24 provides a rotation ofpolarization 22 countering the effect of the first excitation, the effect of the first slow relaxation ofmaterial 24 onpolarization 22 oflight wave 20 is similarly reversed by the equal and opposite effect of the second slow relaxation. The two slow relaxations are about equal and opposite in magnitude, so their effects onlight wave 20 passing throughmaterial 24 cancel, as shown in FIG. 5b. The result is thatlight wave pulse 42 emerges frompolarizer 26 that is unaffected by the slow relaxation of magneto-optical material 24, as shown in FIG. 5c. - The length of
time pulse 42 penetrates throughpolarizer 26 depends on time tA for first current pulse 30 A and first magnetic stimulation HA at location A in magneto-optical material 24 and time tBI for second current pulse 30 B and second magnetic stimulation HB at location B in magneto-optical material 24. It also depends on the time forlight wave 20 that experiences the effects of current pulse 30 A to traverse the distance between location A and location B in magneto-optical material 24, tBL−tA. This time difference is tBI−tBL, as shown in FIG. 5a, and this is the time thatcurrent pulse 42 can penetratepolarizer 26, as shown in FIG. 5c. Rise times for the two stimulations also contribute to the time forpulse 42. -
Pulse 42 is the only part oflight wave 20 that has experienced only one rotation, and so this is the only part oflight wave 20 that penetratespolarizer 26, providing the on-signal. Only for the brief time measured by the time for current pulse 30 A to traverse the wire between the twostimulation regions polarizer 26. This pulse oflight 42 is far shorter than the time for stimulation plus the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material. Thus, the invention provides a pulse having a time that is much less than the time for excitation plus the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material. - A closely spaced sequence of such rapid pulses can provide a digital signal at very high data rate as shown in FIGS. 6a-6 b, which shows data produced by a modulator of the present invention in which many bits of data fit into the time for relaxation of the magneto-optical material. Pairs of excitation stimulations are provided, as shown in FIG. 6a. Portions of one part of each pair cancel corresponding portions of the other of that pair to provide discrete pulses, as shown in FIG. 6b. Thus, in the invention, the two rapid stimulations provide much shorter pulses, much higher speed modulation, and higher data rate than can be obtained by providing the first stimulation and then waiting for the material to relax at its natural relaxation time. The cancellation of one slow relaxation by the other works because both relaxations are well behaved curves, typically exponential, and both follow along identical tracks.
- To the extent two
relaxation curves - Magneto-
optical waveguide 24 is formed of a material that is stimulated by current pulse 30 A traveling throughelectrical conductor 32, as described herein above.Electrical conductor 32 can be a superconductor to provide electrical signals at high data rate over the short distance betweenpulse generator 35 and magneto-optical waveguide 24. - The shape of
light pulse 42 is mostly affected by amplitude and slope of leadingedge 36 of stimulating current pulse 30 A, 30 B and by the amount of dispersion of the current pulse, as shown in FIG. 8. Obtaining optical pulses with steeply sloping leading and trailing edges requires that electrical pulses 30 A, 30 B have high amplitude, steeply sloping leadingedge 36, and experience little dispersion. Dispersion is schematically illustrated in FIG. 8 as current pulse broadening 38 a to 38 b as current pulse 30 A travels alongelectrical conductor 32 frompulse generator 35 towardwave guide 24, and then continues in U-shapedelectrical conductor 32 to re-crosswave guide 24 in the opposite direction. Along with the slow relaxation, trailing features of first current pulse 30 A are cancelled out because second current pulse 30 B has a shape that is identical to that of first current pulse 30 A and produces arotation curve 36 having a shape comparable tofirst rotation curve 34. - Magnetic field lines44 A, 44 B provided by current pulses 30 A, 30 B along
electrical conductor 32 are either parallel or anti-parallel to the propagation vector oflight wave 20 that is being modulated by magneto-optical material 24.Pulse generator 35 may include Josephson junction technology to provide high speed current pulses 30 A. CMOS or InP at low temperature, SiGe, and GaAs technologies can also provide high speed current pulses. - Dispersion depends on resistance in a conductor, and resistance increases with signal frequency. Short current pulses30 A, 30 B have high frequency. A superconductor operating at low temperature is particularly desirable to provide
electrical conductor 32 carrying current pulse 30 A, 30 B with low resistance and low dispersion for providing magnetic fields HA, HB. A superconductor can provide the required pulse characteristics of high amplitude, steeply sloping leadingedge 36, and low broadening 38 a to 38 b. Current pulse widths of less than 1 ps have been demonstrated with superconductor, as described in a paper “Experiments and Simulations of Subpicosecond SFQ Propagation in Y—Ba—Cu—O Josephson Transmission Lines,” R. Adam, et al, Proceedings of the Applied Superconductivity Conference, Sep. 17-22, 2000, Virginia Beach, Va. Pulses at lower data rate may be provided along ordinary copper, aluminum or gold wire. - The angle of Faraday rotation θA of polarization 22 produced in light traveling through a magneto-optical material is given by:
- ti θA =VBL
- where V is the Verdet coefficient (an intrinsic material property), B is the magnitude of the magnetic field within the material and L is the distance the light wave travels within the magneto-optical material and within the magnetic field. The material can be thought of as having a circular birefringence having a magnitude that depends on magnetic field. The sense of rotation of the plane of polarization experienced by a wave traveling in the material is dependent on the direction of the magnetic field within the material in relation to the direction of propagation of the wave. When the projection of the magnetic field vector onto the propagation vector is parallel to the propagation vector one sense of rotation is observed. When anti-parallel, the opposite sense of rotation is observed.
- The Verdet constant of magneto-optical materials increases with shorter wavelength and lower temperature. For example, the CRC handbook on page 12-162 shows a two order of magnitude increase in Verdet constant as temperature goes from 300K down to 1.45K for Tb2Al5O12. Thus, to provide largest rotation of the plane of polarization for a given current pulse it is best to use short wavelength light and hold the magneto-optical material at low temperature.
- Magnitude of optical pulse can also be increased by providing a higher magnetic field by providing a higher current. Thus, a superconducting wire capable of carrying a high current and that provides low resistance even at high frequency is desirable. Materials, such as yttrium barium cuprates, bismuth cuprates, thallium cuprates, mercury cuprates, and other well known high temperature superconductors can be used as the superconducting wire. Low temperature superconductors, such as niobium and tin can also be used.
- Magnitude of optical pulse can also be increased by methods as described in the 100-002 application, filed on the same day as this application and incorporated herein by reference.
- The Sobolewski paper provides data showing a 4.52° rotation of the polarization of light in a EuSe magneto-optical wave guide produced by a 2.51 Oe magnetic field provided by a current pulse of 1 mA flowing in a superconducting Nb-trilayer and produced by a Josephson junction.
- The fraction of optical power T transmitted through a polarizer having a polarization rotated through an angle θA with respect to the angle for blocking light is equal to
- T=sin 2θA
- Thus, for the 4.52° rotation found by Sobolewski, the power transmitted is 0.6% of the power incident on the polarizer. The rotation angle and the power transmitted can be increased by providing a higher current pulse30 A, longer interaction length L, or by adjusting temperature, material, or wavelength to provide a higher Verdet constant V.
- The rotation angle and power transmitted can also be increased by providing multiple pairs of conductors for carrying multiple pairs of current pulses across the magneto optical material timed to provide additional boosts to the rotation angle of light passing there through, as described in a patent application filed the same day as this application and having attorney docket number 100-002, incorporated herein by reference.
- In any case,
light wave 20 is divided into three regions: first region 20 a oflight wave 20 experiences none of the rotations and does not penetrate throughpolarizer 26, as shown in FIG. 5c.Second region 20 b experiences one of the rotations and some of this light can penetrate throughpolarizer 26. Finally,third region 20 c experiences a linear combination of both rotations and this double rotation moves the plane of polarization back to the initial direction so no light can penetrate throughpolarizer 26. Thus, only a narrow pulse of radiation defined by two rapid excitations penetratespolarizer 26. - Oppositely directed magnetic fields44 A, 44 B around
conductor 32 can be provided by providingelectrical conductor 32 in a U shape to cross magneto-optical material 24 in tworegions region 24 A and current pulse 30 B crosses in a direction opposite the direction of current pulse 30 A inregion 24 B, as shown in FIG. 3a, providing oppositely directed magnetic fields, 44 A, 44 B and oppositely directed rapid magnetic stimulations HA offirst region 24 A and HB ofsecond region 24 B of magneto-optical material 24. In this embodiment a single current pulse in singleelectrical conductor 32 is thereby used twice to provide pulses 30 A, 30 B. Thus, a single current pulse provides both stimulations to defineoptical pulse 42 that emerges frompolarizer 26. In this embodiment, the time for current pulse 30 A, 30 B to travel along the U-shaped region ofelectrical conductor 32, less the time for light to travel between points inwaveguide 24 crossed byconductor 32, is the time foroptical pulse 42. -
Light wave 20 with both rotations is excluded bypolarizing filter 26. As before, that small portion oflight wave 20 experiencing onlyfirst rotation 22′ penetratespolarization filter 26 and this transmitted light becomesoptical pulse 42, as shown schematically in FIG. 3a and graphically in FIG. 5c. - In one alternative,
electrical conductor 32′ can be straight while magneto-optical material 24′ bends in a U shape, as shown in FIG. 9a. Or bothelectrical conductor 32″ andwaveguide 24″ can bend, as shown in FIG. 9b. - In yet another alternative, two current pulses from the same generator can be provided in the same direction across magneto-
optical material 24 to provide the same effect if one electrical conductor is located above and the other below magneto-optical material 24, as shown in FIG. 10a. Time delay to set the length ofoptical pulse 42 can be provided by adjusting the relative length ofelectrical conductors generator 35 and magneto-optical material 24. Separate current pulse generators can also be used, and in this case optical pulse width is also determined by the separation in time between the current pulses at magneto-optical material 24. A similar result is obtained by providing current pulses inelectrical conductors pulse generator 35, as shown in FIG. 10b. - Just as an optical pulse can be obtained from a linear combination of rotations of
light wave 20 in sequence, as shown in FIGS. 3, 9a-9 b, 10 a-10 b, an optical pulse can also be obtained from a linear combination of rotations of polarizations of two waves traveling in different paths which combine, as shown in FIG. 11a. -
Continuous light wave 52 traveling along Mach-Zehnder interferometer 54 is divided intolight waves Current pulse 60 traveling inelectrical conductor 62 crosses overpath 54 a some time before crossing underpath 54 b.Current pulse 60 stimulates a rapid change in magnetic field in magneto-optical waveguide 54 a slightly before stimulating a second rapid but opposite change in magnetic field in magneto-optical waveguide 54 b. These two equal but opposite changes in magnetic field inwaveguides light waves Light wave 52 a traveling in one of the twopaths 54 a ofwaveguide 54 has its plane of polarization rotated through angle θB in one direction while a short time laterlight wave 52 b traveling inother path 54 b has its plane of polarization rotated through angle −θB in the opposite direction. - Thus, the arrangement shown in FIG. 11a provides a time delay because of the time for
current pulse 60 to travel acrossspace 64 between twopaths waveguide 54. Light with rotation frompath 54 areaches intersection 66 before any light with counter rotation frompath 54 b reachesintersection 66.Polarizer 68 is adjusted to exclude initial continuouslight wave 52.Polarizer 68 will also exclude light that includes a linear combination of contributions of oppositely rotated light from bothpaths path 54 b reachesintersection 66. Only during the brief interval of time forcurrent pulse 60 to traveldistance 64 betweenpaths path 54 areaches intersection 66 and before light having counter rotation θB frompath 54 b reachesintersection 66 doeslight pulse 70 penetratepolarizer 68, and this interval of time defineslight pulse 70. Thus, two fast excitations in two parallel paths mask the slow time-varying relaxation of magneto-optical material inwaveguides light 70 is again defined by amplitude, leading edge, and dispersion of fast excitationcurrent pulse 60. - For more precise cancellation of polarizations along the two paths, intensity matching of delayed pulse with earlier pulse can be provided, for example, by providing unequal division of initial
continuous light 52 by providingpath 54 a′ wider thanpath 54 b′, as shown in FIG. 11b. Since some relaxation occurs during the time before the second stimulation, a decrease in intensity is provided so the initial second signal inpath 54 b′ matches the intensity of the partially relaxed first signal inpath 54 a′. - Alternatively, optical path can be longer in one
arm 54 a, to provide interference wherelight waves - An interferometer can be used in all embodiments described herein above instead of
polarizer 26 to exclude light having polarization pointing in initial direction θo, as shown in FIG. 12.Interferometer 70 includesbeam splitter 72 that directs half ofpolarized light wave 20 frompolarizer 21 into each of two arms.First arm 74 has magneto-optical material 24 andelectrical conductor 32, as illustrated in FIG. 3a and described herein above.Second arm 76 includes a longer or shorter optical path, such as provided byphase delay plate 78, to provide a 180 degree phase shift to the portion oflight wave 20 traveling this path. Where they recombine atbeam splitter 80, light traversing the two arms are out of phase and interfere destructively. Thus, the output ofinterferometer 70 is normally dark, just as unrotated light is unable to pass throughpolarizer 26 in FIG. 3a. However, when the portion oflight wave 20 traveling through magneto-optical material 24 has its polarization rotated, there will no longer be destructive interference and signal will emerge atbeam splitter 80.Interferometer 70 provides advantage in that absorption bypolarizer 26 is avoided so more light is transmitted. - The layered structure of the present invention is fabricated using techniques common to integrated circuit manufacture. In one embodiment of the process, about a 500-Angstrom thick layer of Yttrium Stabilized Zirconium (YSZ)80 is deposited on about a 500 micrometer
thick silicon substrate 82, as shown in FIG. 13a. Approximately 1000 Angstroms of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO)superconductor 84 is then deposited onYSZ layer 80, as shown in FIG. 13b. Using standard photolithography and etch techniques, about a 20 micrometer wide microstripline orelectrical conductor 32 is formed fromYBCO superconductor 84, as shown in FIGS. 13c and 13 d to carry current pulses 30 A, 30 B. Other superconductors can be used, Alternatively, other superconducting materials, as described herein above, and other substrates such as lanthanum aluminate, strontium titanate, magnesium oxide, can be used. - In the next step about 500 Angstroms of
YSZ 86 and then about 500 Angstroms ofsilicon nitride 88 is deposited, as shown in FIGS. 13e, 13 f. YSZ is a good diffusion barrier to silicon. Nitride is a good barrier to water and other ionics. Next, about 5 microns of magneto-optical material 90, such as EuSe is deposited and etched to formwave guide 24, as shown in cross sectional view in FIG. 13g and in top view in FIG. 13i, so thatwaveguide 24 is crossing over superconductingelectrical conductor 32. Finally, about a 5000 Angstrom thick layer ofgold 92 is deposited over the entire surface to act as a ground plane, as shown in FIGS. 13h. Although not shown in FIG. 13d, superconducting wire or magneto-optical waveguide can be formed in a U shape or other shape described herein above to provide the double stimulation to magneto-optical material 90 as provided in the present invention. - While several embodiments of the invention, together with modifications thereof, have been described in detail herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident that various further modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Nothing in the above specification is intended to limit the invention more narrowly than the appended claims. The examples given are intended only to be illustrative rather than exclusive.
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