US20020144455A1

US20020144455A1 - Non sooting candle composition

Info

Publication number: US20020144455A1
Application number: US10/036,825
Authority: US
Inventors: Jerome Bertrand; Charles Adams; Brian Phillips
Original assignee: Bertrand Jerome C.; Adams Charles Sullivan; Phillips Brian Charles
Current assignee: CleanWax LLP
Priority date: 2001-01-06
Filing date: 2001-11-08
Publication date: 2002-10-10

Abstract

Substantially soot free candles are disclosed that incorporate one or more fatty materials (hydrogenated fatty alcohols, free fatty acids (FFA), and/or triglycerides (TG)) having a low Iodine Value (IV). The use of low IV fatty material and proper component percentages results in low soot or soot free compositions that can be blended with paraffin if desired to create very stable, non-sooting or low-sooting candles.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation in part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/755,644, filed Jan. 6, 2001, by Alfred D. Roeske and Jerry Bertrand and entitled Non-Sooting Paraffin Containing Candle, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and which is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/670,181 filed Sep. 25, 2000 by Alfred D. Roeske and entitled Low-Soot, Low-Smoke Renewable Resource Candle.[0001]

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to candles, and more particularly to candle compositions which eliminate or substantially reduce sooting.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Paraffin wax is a product of petroleum distillation and is widely used in the production of candles. Paraffin is produced with slightly varying compositions depending on its intended use. Representative paraffin may contain normal paraffins, iso paraffins, cycloalkanes, aromatic compounds including substituted benzenes, substituted toluenes, substituted xylenes, polynuclear aromatics (like phenanthrene, anthracene, etc.), and alkylaromatic compounds of many kinds. Paraffin is used in candles because of its relative abundance, ease of processing, and favorable economics.

In modem candle making, paraffin wax is typically mixed with stearic acid. Varying the percent of paraffin to stearic acid tends to vary candle characteristics such as melting point, crystal structure, opacity, etc. Many of the candles currently sold are paraffin-stearic acid candles with paraffin contents of approximately 85-95% by weight.

A drawback of paraffin candles, however, is that they readily produce soot. Soot, which is largely synonymous with “smoke,” is made up of incomplete combustion products. In contrast, complete combustion produces only CO ₂and H₂O (carbon and hydrogen in their fully oxygenated states). For paraffin containing candles the incomplete combustion products may include polynuclear aromatic materials (such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, etc.) and long-chain and/or crossed-linked carbon molecules and polymers thereof. These products may resemble black floating material as they rise from a flame. Soot may be distinguished from usually lighter colored vapor which comprises non-combusted paraffin wax and fragrance chemicals/components. When a candle is extinguished these compounds may be visible as vaporized material that is now condensing. This condensing material is not related to soot.

Soot is not desired because it may contribute to health problems, particularly respiratory ailments and sensitive eye conditions. Soot is also disfavored because it discolors walls, curtains and candle holders, etc., and is otherwise unsightly.

Notwithstanding this disadvantageous aspect of paraffin, paraffin is widely used in the candle industry. Instead of finding a complete alternative to paraffin that is low soot or soot free, it would be highly desirable to be able to produce a candle that contains paraffin (due to its wide acceptance, low-cost and familiarity in the industry), yet does not produce soot or is substantially non-sooting.

As discussed in more detail below, the present invention achieves a non-soot or low-soot candle by combining fatty alcohols and/or hydrogenated triglycerides (TGs) and/or free fatty acids (FFAs) and/or paraffin. The present invention, however, is not the first to combine TGs or FFAs and paraffin (though it is the first to process and combine them in such a manner as to achieve a substantially non-sooting candle). Prior art TG considerations are discussed first, followed by prior art FFA considerations.

U.S. Pat. No. 1,954,659, issued to Will on Aug. 6, 1934, for a Candle and Method of Making Same, teaches a candle that includes “50% or more vegetable oil combined with paraffin wax, stearic acid, beeswax or other waxes, . . . if the vegetable oil, such as rapeseed oil is first hydrogenated.” The goal of the Will patent is to process vegetable oil in such a manner as to cause it to change from a liquid to a solid. The type of oil used by Will (e.g., high erucic-content rapeseed) combined with his “hydrogenation” method achieved a solidification or “hardening” of the oil. Nonetheless, Will's use of the word “hydrogenation” has a meaning different from hydrogenation as used in the present invention.

Circa 1930, hydrogenation was carried out using a hydrogenation catalyst that favored both (1) hydrogenation of unsaturated triglyceride fatty acid molecules and (2) isomerization of cis (“Z”) fatty acid isomers to trans (“E”) fatty acid isomers. Both (1) and (2) result in an increased melting point, and thus the desired “hardening” of the oil is achieved without fully hydrogenating the unsaturated triglycerides. This in turn results in a candle that is sufficiently hard for its intended purpose (to be freestanding), but that creates an undesirable amount of soot or smoke due to unsaturated triglycerides.

By circa 1930 standards, it is estimated that the Iodine Value (IV, a measure of the degree of unsaturation of a fatty acid, defined below) for hydrogenated rapeseed oil would have been even greater because of isomerization and high erucic acid content (approximately 20% or higher C22 mono-unsaturated fatty acid content). Thus, a paraffin and TG candle made by Will would have produced significant amounts of soot due to both paraffin and unsaturated TG combustion products.

In contrast to TGs which appear to have not been used in candles for the last 70 years, FFAs have been used (combined with paraffin) regularly from the time of Will to the present. Typically, paraffin/FFA candles are approximately 85-95% paraffin and 5-15% FFA, by weight (amongst other ingredients). The FFA is added to enhance the opacity of the resultant candle. Since hydrogenation techniques have improved since the time of Will, it is now possible to produce stearic acid (a common FFA) that has an IV near 1 and below.

Current paraffin/FFA candles that include this low IV FFA material still produce undesired amounts of soot, however, because the limited amount of low IV FFA in the candle mixture is not sufficient to compensate for the soot (i.e., the combustion products) of the remaining paraffin. This is in part due to the fact that in prior art paraffin/FFA candles, the FFA was not added to reduce soot, but to effect opacity and/or rheology. Thus, a need does exist for a paraffin/FFA candle that is substantially non-sooting.

It should also be recognized that paraffin is derived from a non-renewable source. Therefore, to the extent the present invention uses material other than paraffin in a candle, there is a need to utilize material from a renewable source.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a substantially soot free candle that contains paraffin.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a substantially soot free paraffin containing candle that includes low IV triglycerides.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially soot free paraffin containing candle that includes low IV free fatty acids.

It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially soot free candle that includes low IV fatty alcohols alone or in combination with low IV free fatty acids and/or low IV Triglycerides and/or Paraffin.

These and related objects of the present invention are achieved by the substantially non sooting candles as described herein.

The present invention includes several groups of candles. These include paraffin/TG/FFA, paraffin/TG and paraffin/FFA candles. The paraffin/TG/FFA and paraffin/TG candles preferably contain fatty material having an IV of approximately 12.5 or less (thus including IVs of 8,5,3,1,0.5, etc.).

The paraffin/FFA candles preferably contain greater than approximately 15% FFA by weight (e.g., 20%,30%,40%,50%,60%, etc.) and the IV of that FFA is preferably approximately 2 or less.

Additional groups of candles include fatty alcohols, fatty alcohols/FFA, fatty alcohol/TG, fatty alcohol/paraffin, fatty alcohol/FFA/TG, fatty alchohol/FFA/paraffin, fatty alcohol/FFA/TG/paraffin. In these combinations, fatty alcohols, FFA and TG comprise “fatty material” preferably having an IV of 12.5 or less, more preferably having an IV of 2 or less, and most preferably having an IV of 1 or less.

The fatty material (fatty alcohol, TG, or FFA) is preferably plant source, but may be from other sources.

The amount of paraffin in a candle of the present invention may vary widely, depending on TG and/or FFA and/or fatty alcohol percentages and IV values, amongst other considerations. Fatty alcohols having chain length of 12 to 18 carbons and having exceptional color (water white, APHA≦5) and extremely low IV are particularly preferred and readily available. The APHA (American Public Health Association) color determination method is a test that compares the color of near-clear and near-colorless liquid samples to color ratings in the platinum-cobalt system following the standard test procedures defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials in the following: ASTM D5386-93b, formerly ASTM D1209.

The attainment of the foregoing and related advantages and features of the invention should be more readily apparent to those skilled in the art, after review of the following more detailed description of the invention taken together with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a candle in accordance with the present invention.[0026]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention achieves reduced soot candles by virtue in part of using fatty material (a term that includes fatty alcohols, triglycerides and free fatty acids) that has low Iodine Values (IVs). IV for purposes of the present invention is a measure of the unsaturation of fats and oils and is expressed in terms of the number of centigrams of iodine absorbed per gram of sample (% iodine absorbed). The preferred measurement protocol is Official Method Cd 1d-92 of the American Oil Chemists Society, though other protocols may be used. IVs are an indication of the degree of unsaturation within the fatty alcohols, triglycerides and/or free fatty acids, and the amount of unsaturated fatty alcohols, triglycerides and/or fatty acids is proportional to the amount of undesired combustion products (i.e., soot and smoke, etc.). Thus, reducing the level of unsaturation in the fatty alcohol, TG and/or FFA components of the candle significantly reduces soot production. As discussed below, the amount of soot reduction exhibited by candle compositions produced in accordance with the present invention is beyond that which would have been expected based merely on lowered unsaturation levels, thus suggesting possible catalytic interaction between the low IV fatty alcohols, TGs and/or FFAs and paraffin. [0027]
The present invention includes candles comprised of triglyceride materials (alone or in combination with free fatty acids and/or fatty alcohols) that have IVs below 15 and, for example, include candles with collective fatty alcohol, TG and FFA IVs of less than 12.5,10,8,5,3 and 1, etc. In a more preferred embodiment of a candle in accordance with the present invention, the IV of the fatty materials are collectively less than one indicating substantially complete saturation. The present invention also includes a paraffin/FFA candle. The paraffin/FFA candles preferably have low IVs and FFA in concentrations above 15% by weight (as discussed in more detail below). The present invention also includes compositions including fatty alcohols by themselves and in combination with FFA or FFA/paraffin or FFA/TG or FFA/TG/paraffin. Because fatty alcohols can be produced by reducing FFAs or methyl esters of FFAs, the IV's of such fatty alcohols have extremely low IVs of less than 1 which are particularly desirable in the present invention. [0028]
In the text that follows, various component combinations are disclosed that are directed towards creating an inexpensive, clean burning candle. Due to more recent improvements in hydrogenation and reduction techniques, it is possible to produce fatty alcohol, TG and FFA materials that have sufficiently low IVs such that substantially non sooting candles can be produced. Various component concentrations and IVs for these components are discussed below. Certain hydrogenation considerations are also discussed below. [0029]
Referring to FIG. 1, a diagram of a [0030] candle 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown. Candle 10 includes a wick 12 that is provided within candle material 14. The wick is preferably made of cotton or cotton with a paper core or any other suitable wick substance. The candle material preferably includes paraffin and low IV fatty alcohols, triglycerides (TGs) and/or free fatty acids (FFAs) as discussed in more detail below.
Experiments were conducted in accordance with the present invention in which paraffin was combined with low IV fatty alcohols, TGs and/or FFAs to determine the amount of soot produced by the resultant combination candles. Prior to these experiments, we speculated that the amount of soot reduction, if any, would occur in a linear or pro rata manner. For example, if a [0031] 100% paraffin candle produces X amount of soot, then candles that are 50% paraffin and 50% non-sooting material might be expected to produce an amount of soot equal to X/2. The results of our experiments, however, were not consistent with this expectation. The amount of soot reduction was significantly greater.
In an initial experiment, candles were made that combined paraffin with plant source triglycerides (TGs) and plant source free fatty acids (FFAs). The TG and FFA material was preprocessed to have low IVs (for example, in a first experiment the collective IV was ≦1). The percentage by weight of each component was approximately 50, 45 and 5 percent (paraffin, TG and FFA, respectively). These candles produced no detectable soot. [0032]
In another experiment, the amount of FFA was significantly reduced or eliminated, thus producing candles that were nearly 50% paraffin and 50% TG (with approximately 0.5% or less FFA). These candles also produced no detectable soot. In yet another experiment, the amount of TG was significantly reduced or eliminated, producing candles that were primarily comprised of paraffin and low IV FFA. Increasing the concentration of low IV FFA (in addition to decreasing the IV of the FFA), decreased soot production. This and like experiments are discussed below at Table III. [0033]
Varying Fatty Material IV—TG Containing Candle [0034]
Additional experiments were conducted to examine the effect of varying the IV of fatty material in paraffin candles that include TG and FFA material. Table I illustrates a group of candles within the present invention in which the IV of the fatty material is successively reduced. [0035]

TABLE I

Varied IV Fatty Material

No. Paraffin TG/FAA Coll IV

1 50 45/5 ˜14

2 50 45/5 ˜12.5

3 50 45/5 ˜10

4 50 45/5 ˜8

5 50 45/5 ˜5

6 50 45/5 ˜3

7 50 45/5 ˜1

8 50 45/5 ˜0.5
The first column is the candle mix number, the second column is the approximate paraffin percentage by weight, the third column is the approximate TG and FFA percentages by weight and the fourth column is the collective IV of the fatty material (i.e., the TGs and FFAs). Note that in these experiments /embodiments and in others herein, the component percentages are approximate and trace amounts of other substances may be present, including but not limited to, related fatty compounds and fragrance and color compounds. [0036]
Candles with IVs of approximately 10-14 displayed generally improved non-sooting properties compared to conventional candles. Candles with IVs below 10 displayed further improved non-sooting characteristics and tended (particularly those with IVs of 3-5 or below) to produce no measurable soot. While candles having a 9:1 ratio of TG to FFA are shown in Table I, it should be recognized that the percentage of TFA in the fatty material may range from 0% to more than 50% without deviating from the present invention. [0037]
Two different tests were performed to determine the level of sooting for candles. The first test was the “laminar smoke height test” which is a scientific measure of an organic material's propensity to produce soot during combustion. This test is a standard in studies of diffusion flames (a proper characterization of candle flames) and is widely accepted within the combustion research community. The second test was the white linen “handkerchief burn test” which is a filtration test technique that lacks scientific rigor but can be used as a screening method to indicate a candle's likelihood of producing soot under actual use conditions. [0038]
Laminar Smoke Height Test [0039]
In the laminar smoke height test, the laminar smoke point is the luminosity length of a flame at the onset of soot emissions. Smoke heights (also called smoke points) are the critical flame length such that longer flames emit smoke and shorter flames do not. Soot emissions were detected visually as black smoke and sooting conditions were observed to be associated with flames whose “ears” extended beyond the centerline height of the flame. [This is consistent with published observations (e.g. Schug et al., 1980)]. The “ears” of the flame are the developing upward projections occurring at the outer edges of the flame as the soot formation begins to exceed the soot consumption within the flame boundaries and smoking (the emitting of soot) is about to begin. [0040]
Wick Selection and Preparation [0041]
Wicks used for the laminar smoke height test were #3 round wicks, approximately 3 mm in diameter. The individual wicks were cut to length and primed with wax melted from the intended candle. [0042]
Enclosure [0043]
These tests were conducted within a windowed rectangular enclosure to minimize flickering and disturbances from drafts. The enclosure was nearly cubical with sides of length 30 cm. Fresh air was frequently introduced into the enclosure to minimize oxygen depletion. [0044]
Wick and Candle Installation [0045]
The wax-stiffened wick was inserted into the candle. When necessary the candle was reamed with a drill bit to better accommodate the wick. A vertical ruler was aligned with the base of the flame. [0046]
Smoke Height Measurement [0047]
The wick was adjusted to ¼″ extension and ignited. Smoke heights were found by examining the flame tip near the axis as the wick height and, consequently, the flame height were increased. [0048]
For narrow wicks, the onset of soot emissions was observed to coincide with conditions where the flame ears were equal in height to the flame centerline. For broad wicks, the onset of soot emissions was observed to coincide with the transition from a sharply defined flame tip to one above which appeared an orange haze, attributed to quenched soot. These observations of incipiently sooting conditions are consistent with the published observations (e.g. Schug et al., 1980) and were verified periodically using a DustTrak aerosol monitor manufactured by TSI Incorporated. [0049]
White Linen Handkerchief Burn Test [0050]
The handkerchief burn test is a filtration procedure used as an indicator of soot formation. It is conducted using a white cotton handkerchief as a filtration medium to collect soot formed by a burning candle. The portions of the handkerchief surface suspended above the candle flame are compared to a clean un-used handkerchief. The whiter the handkerchief the less the soot formation. While the estimation of collected soot to total produced soot ratio is probably 20% or lower this method can be used to screen for sooting candle compositions and constructions. [0051]
Test Materials [0052]
Properly wicked candles were used in this test. The filtration medium was a 100% cotton handkerchief (Strafford brand available at JC Penney stores). Timing mechanisms were preferably utilized to record total elapsed burn time. A burning chamber was constructed as follows: a wooden or corrugated cardboard chimney was constructed having the dimensions of 10½″ wide by 7″ deep by 18″ high with the sides of the rectangular solid touching the surface while the front had an opening created by cutting out the first 5½ of the panel at the bottom and the back had an opening created by cutting out the first 1½ of the panel at the bottom. The openings allowed for convective ventilation necessary to cause any soot formed in the candle flame to rise and collect on the handkerchief surface. [0053]
Test Procedure [0054]
The handkerchief was placed on top of the burning chamber. The candle was ignited and placed in the center of the chamber below the handkerchief. The candle was burned until all of the material was consumed (time was recorded to determine the total burn time). The “burn” handkerchief was visually compared to a clean (untested) white linen handkerchief. The desired results suggesting non-sooting were no visible signs of soot on the handkerchief. [0055]
Other Experiments/Embodiments [0056]

Table II illustrates further embodiments of the present invention with varied paraffin, TG and FFA percentages in addition to varied IVs.

TABLE II


Varied Percentages and Varied IVs

No.	Paraffin	TG/FFA	TR1	TR2	TR3	TR4

1	90	9/1	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
2	80	18/2	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
3	70	27/3	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
4	60	36/4	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
5	50	45/5	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
6	40	54/6	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
7	30	63/7	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
8	20	72/8	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1
9	10	81/9	≦10	≦5	≦3	≦1

Table II illustrates various component percentages by weight and varied IV values. For example, columns 2 and 3 provide approximate paraffin and TG/FFA percentages, respectively. Column 4 indicates an IV of 10 or less for the fatty material. Columns 5-7 indicate the same paraffin, TG and FFA percentages with IVs of 5 or less, 3 or less and 1 or less, respectively. [0058]
Based on the results of burning candles comprised substantially of low IV TG material (discussed in more detail in the above referenced U.S. patent application 09/670,181 entitled Low-Soot, Low-Smoke Renewable Resource Candle), it was anticipated that candles with high concentrations of low IV TGs would be low sooting. For the candle arrangements discussed in Table II, candles with high concentrations (50% or more) of low IV TGs were nonsooting or extremely low sooting. As the paraffin percentage increased, sooting tended to increase but these candles also demonstrated desirable low sooting or nonsooting properties. It should be recognized that lesser quality paraffins (defined as paraffins that are less refined and/or having higher oil content) used in these combinations also gave substantially reduced or non sooting burn profiles suggesting that the effect of the low IV fatty substrates might be catalytic in nature. [0059]
While the candles of Table II have a 9:1 ratio of TG to FFA, it should be recognized that the percentage of FFA in the fatty material may range from 0% to more than 50% without deviating from the present invention. [0060]
It is suspected or hypothesized that the low soot or non-soot properties of these candles is a result of the low IV fatty material catalyzing a more complete combustion of the paraffin. Testing of various fuels over the past twenty years or more have shown that the propensity of an organic fuel to soot is decreased when the material is highly oxygenated (ethanol<ethane) and when the material is highly saturated (ethane<ethylene<ethyne (acetylene)). Since the fatty substrates referred to here are already fully oxygenated, the remaining variable is the degree of unsaturation. The low IVs of the TG and FFA material suggest that the non-sooting properties of the resultant candles are due in part to the high level of saturation of the low IV material. The low IVs, however, do not necessarily explain the significant reduction or elimination of soot from the paraffin component. This again suggests that the low IV fatty material may possibly “catalyze” oxidation of the paraffin, bringing about a more complete combustion. [0061]

Table III illustrates other experiments and embodiments of paraffin/FFA candles in accordance with the present invention. Table III illustrates varied paraffin and FFA combinations and varied IVs for these is combinations.

TABLE III


Paraffin/FFA Candles with Varied IVs

No.	Paraffin	FFA	TR1	TR2	TR3	TR4

1	90	10	≦1	≦0.8	≦0.5	≦0.3
2	85	15	≦1	≦0.8	≦0.5	≦0.3
3	80	20	≦2	≦1	≦0.5	≦0.3
4	70	30	≦3	≦2	≦1	≦0.5
5	60	40	≦3	≦2	≦1	≦0.5
6	50	50	≦3	≦2	≦1	≦0.5
7	40	60	≦3	≦2	≦1	≦0.5
8	30	70	≦3	≦2	≦1	≦0.5

Measured results for these candles indicated the following. Using, for example, 30-60% FFA with an IV of 2 produced candles with substantially no detectable soot. This suggests that additional FFA (compared to the typical 5-15% FFA in conventional candles) is adequate to substantially reduce soot. Reducing the IV further reduced the soot. In candles having approximately >15% to 20% FFA, it was preferred to reduce the IV to near 1 or less to achieve desired non-sooting characteristics, though IVs of 2, etc., for this FFA percentage are within the present invention. In candles with approximately 20% or more by weight FFA, IVs of 2 and less achieved desired non-sooting characteristics. IVs of 3 and less also exhibited non sooting properties, particularly as the percentage of FFA increased. [0063]
The above experiments illustrate that combining appropriately hydrogenated (i.e., low IV) fatty materials with paraffin (in appropriate quantities) produces a substantially soot free candle. [0064]
The TGs used herein may be from any source such as animal (e.g., tallow), petrochemical or vegetable or a combination thereof, but are preferably vegetable-sourced because those sources are renewable and tend to have lesser or no malodors. These criteria also apply to the FFAs discussed herein. Suitable TGs and FFAs are elaborated on in more detail below. [0065]
Fatty-Alcohol Containing Candle Compositions [0066]
Very low IV fatty alcohols can be produced by converting fatty acids or methyl esters of fatty acids using high pressure reduction in the presence of hydrogen. The consequent fully reduced product will be a saturated fatty alcohol with a very low IV and almost no acid value. IV's for such fatty alcohols are less than 1, and typically less than 0.3. Such fatty alcohols, and particularly those having chains 12-18 carbons long (abbreviated C12 for a 12 carbon chain, C14 for a 14 carbon chain, etc.), such as, for example, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol, are particularly desirable for the present invention. These alcohols are solids which are commercially available having APHA of 10 or less and IVs of 0.1 or less. Preferred purity (measured by chain distribution) is at least about 98% C12 for lauryl alcohol, at least about 95% C14 for myristyl alcohol, at least about 95% C16 for cetyl alcohol, and at least about 98% C18 for stearyl alcohol. Preferred acid values for these alcohols ranges from 0 to about 0.1; preferred saponification values for these alcohols ranges from 0 to about 0.4. Water content of the preferred alcohols, as a percentage by weight, is less than or equal to 0.1% for the lauryl alcohol and less than or equal to 0.5% for the remaining alcohols. [0067]
The following examples illustrate the wide variety of candle compositions which produce acceptable, low or no soot candles, and are not intended to be limiting. [0068]
A first candle composition was produced using 12.5% by weight Fatty Alcohol having a 12 Carbon Chain, IV<0.3, 95% or greater purity, water-white color (APHA≦5), 65% by weight soft, white paraffin (melting point approximately 128 degrees F), and 22.5% by weight FFA (triple pressed stearic acid, IV≦0.3). [0069]
While any fatty alcohol having a suitably low melting point (i.e., as low as 75 degrees F) and low IV can be used, we found the C-12 fatty alcohol provides a low enough melting point to provide easy blending with paraffin and FFA to give a very stable, non-sooting composition particularly useful in container candles. Non-sooting compositions suitable for container candles is highly desirable, since container candles using conventional candle compositions become blackened with unsightly soot after a very short burn period, and are undesirable to consumers. However, C-14, C-16 and C-18 fatty alcohols of 95% or greater purity, IV≦0.3, water white color (APHA≦5) also work well. The Free Fatty Acid can also be nominal stearic acid (C-16/C-18), triple pressed, IV≦0.5, very white color (APHA≦10). Candles made using the compositions shown below in Tables IV, V, and VI were tested and found to produce acceptably soot-free flames. [0070]

TABLE IV

Candle Compositions with Paraffin, FFA, Fatty Alcohols

No. Paraffin FFA C12 FAL C14 FAL C16 FAL C18 FAL

1 70 22.5 7.5

2 60 30 10

3 50 40 10

4 40 50 10

5 30 60 10

6 20 70 10

7 10 80 10

8 5 90 5

9 1 89 10

TABLE V


Candle Compositions with FFA, Fatty Alcohols

No.	Paraffin	FFA	C12 FAL	C14 FAL	C16 FAL	C18 FAL

1	90	10
2	85	15
3	85				15
4	80				20
5	75		25
6	75			25
7	75				25
8	70				30
9	70		15		15
10	65				35
11	55				45
12	50				50
13	50			50
14	50		50
15	50	50
16	50			30	20

TABLE VI


Candle Compositions with Fatty Alcohols

No.	Paraffin	FFA	C12 FAL	C14 FAL	C16 FAL	C18 FAL

1	100
2		100
3			100
4				100
5	50	50
6	50		50
7	50			50
8		50	50
9	33.3	33.3	33.3
10	33.3	33.3		33.3
11	33.3		33.3	33.3
12		33.3	33.3	33.3
13	25	25	25	25
14		40	60
15		25	75
16		75	25
17		95	5
18	5	80	15
19	10	87.5	2.5

Preferred Fatty Components [0073]
Palm stearine (a hydrogenated TG) is preferred as the TG component because palm stearine is currently a low-cost by-product of palm oil processing and, therefore, readily available and relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, palm stearine and related plant source TGs are derived from a renewable, non-animal source and have lower odors. [0074]
The preferred FFA is vegetable sourced stearic acid for similar reasons. While palm stearine and vegetable stearic acid are more preferred, it should be recognized that TGs and FFAs from other sources are suitable and included within the present invention. A partial list of raw material sources for these other TG and FFA raw materials is provided below. These TGs include those that have melting points between approximately 110 and 170 degrees F (and it should be recognized that commercial TGs may have small quantities of diglyceride and monoglyceride components). These TGs preferably have highly saturated C16 and/or C18 fatty acid molecules (or predominantly have these molecules) which give the desired melt point. [0075]
Utilizing known separation and hydrogenation techniques (discussed below) any fat, oil or wax that contains relatively high quantities (approximately 50% or greater in total) of C12, C14, C16 and/or C18 fatty acids in the triglyceride molecule is a suitable and preferred source candidate for the triglyceride(s) and/or free fatty acid(s) of the present invention. Thus, in addition to palm oil, the TGs and/or FFAs of the present invention may be derived from the oils of rapeseed, canola, soybean, corn, cottonseed, olive, peanut, perilla, linseed, candlenut, rubberseed, safflower, poppy, walnut, tobacco, niger, sunflower, sesame, meadowfoam, kukui nut, macadamia nut, coconut and/or cocoa, amongst other seeds and/or nuts. It also should be recognized that the TG and FFA may be obtained from animal (e.g., tallow), petroleum or other non-plant sources, in addition to other plant sources. [0076]
Triglycerides that contain higher fatty acid homologues, such as C20, C22 and C24, etc., could be used and would tend to give higher melting points. Conversely, triglycerides that contain lower fatty acid homologues, such as C12 and C14, etc., could be used and would tend to give lower melting points [0077]
Preferred fatty alcohols are the hydroxy analogs of the preferred FFA. Various chain lengths can be used as waxy components for creating non-sooting candle compositions. Fatty alcohols having carbon chains ranging in length from 12 carbons to 18 carbons and having exceptional color (water-white; APHA<5) and extremely low IV are preferred and readily available from synthesis involving both restorable natural resources and petroleum-derived hydrocarbon sources. They are particularly suitable for use in low-soot or no-soot candle compositions because: [0078]
(a) they are fully hydrogenated, mono-oxygenated hydrocarbons and therefore have a lower propensity to soot than paraffin; [0079]
(b) they are extremely color stable due to their lower IV and chemical nature; [0080]
(c) they are intermediate in polarity between paraffin and FFA or TG, and can therefore provide better solubility of the more polar FFA and/or TG in non-polar paraffin; [0081]
(d) by a proper choice of carbon chain length for melting point, fatty alcohols can effect a wider melt pool for container candles that otherwise frequently become soot producing when the melt pool is widened using conventional paraffinic materials including petrolatum; [0082]
(e) fatty alcohols derived from renewable resources can be used without paraffin to produce a naturally derived candle wax that does not soot; and, [0083]
(f) fatty alcohols diminish the likelihood of surface and subsurface crystal fracturing due to their greater co-solubility characteristics which impede fractional crystallization, “freezing out” and/or mottling effects. [0084]
Candle Formation [0085]
Palm stearine is available commercially and is usually shipped as flakes. This flaked material can be provided in a form that already possesses the lower and more desired IVs of the present invention. The FFA vegetable stearic acid is similarly commercially available, shipped as flakes, beads or bulk liquid, and having the lower and more desired IVs of the present invention. Paraffin may be provided in various chemical configurations and comes as flaked material, as slabs or blocks, or in molten form depending on handling capabilities. Fatty alcohols are available commercially in the low IVs preferred by the present invention and usually shipped as solid flaked or slab material or as a bulk liquid. [0086]
The paraffin and/or TG and/or FFA and/or fatty alcohol materials are blended and melted together (preferably at temperatures of approximately 180° F.) to provide a homogeneous candle wax that is poured into a mold about [0087] wick 12. The molten wax cools to form the candle body 11.
Hydrogenation and IV [0088]
The fatty materials used in the present invention are preferably derived from one or more of the natural sources previously listed. The oils that are isolated from these natural sources are typically in liquid or semi-solid form and must be hydrogenated (with or without solvent separation or distillation) to yield the desired solid, waxy material from which a candle can be made. For example, in the case of palm stearine, the starting material is palm oil or palm kernel oil and the “solid” portion which becomes palm stearine is isolated by chemical physical means (distillation, solvent separation, or chilling and filtering) to separate it from the more valuable palm oil. This crude solid palm stearine is then refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) to yield a RBD palm stearine that is semi-solid to solid at ambient temperature. This material is then hydrogenated to “harden” it The hydrogenation is carried out with a suitable hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogen pressure and at elevated temperature. The hydrogenation is carried out until the RBD palm stearine is hardened and continues until the triglyceride material has a desired IV. It should be recognized that while the present discussion is directed to the palm stearine fraction, the palm oil fraction could alternatively be utilized (in whole or in part) and this may be desirable in some applications. In general, however, better economics are expected to be obtained with the palm stearine fraction due to lesser hydrogenation requirements and lower “opportunity costs” for this raw material. [0089]
A triglyceride composition that is low in fatty unsaturation has a lower propensity to soot as a fuel. Propensity to soot is a function of many variables, two of which are: 1) the degree of “unsaturation” (abundance of carbon-carbon double bonds) and 2) the scarcity of oxygen in the chemical structure of the substrate being burned. The higher the level of unsaturation (in the chemical structure) the greater the propensity to soot (conversely, the higher the level of saturation the lower the propensity to soot); the lower the level of oxygen (in the chemical structure) the greater the propensity to soot (conversely, the higher the level of oxygen the lower the propensity to soot). Since the triglyceride contains a high level of oxygen in the chemical structure (the triesters of glycerine and three fatty acids) the level of unsaturation becomes a key variable in determining propensity to soot. [0090]
While embodiments of candles having IVs of 1 or 0.5 or less are particularly preferred, candles having IVs of 14 or 12 or 10 or less are within the present invention. Lower IVs are typically achieved with increased substrate processing time and costs (i.e., more comprehensive hydrogenation processing). Thus, a candle with IV of 14-10 may have a cost that is less than that of a candle having an IV of 7.5 or 5 or less. With improvements in hydrogenation processing, however, saturation levels have increased while the cost of hydrogenation processing has decreased. This permits the attainment of TG and/or FFA and/or fatty alcohol materials having IVs of 3, 1, 0.5 or less that are economically priced. For persons who are most sensitive to combustion products or have other respiratory or soot/smoke sensitive conditions, a candle having a collective IV of 0.5 to 1 and perhaps up to 3 for the fatty materials will be preferred. Persons seeking a clean burning candle, yet who are less sensitive to soot may prefer or find adequate a candle with an IV from approximately 3 to 7.5. Other persons who want a clean burning candle, yet are very cost sensitive may prefer a candle as described herein with IVs from approximately 10 to 14. Note that these criteria include generalizations, and material costs may vary based on supply and demand, amongst other parameters. [0091]
While specific IV values are provided here, it should be recognized that the present invention's contribution of more fully hydrogenated plant source TGs and low or no soot candles should not be limited by a specific number. The present invention is intended to cover candles of all IVs below those taught by the prior art, particularly for candles containing plant source TGs and/or FFAs and/or fatty alcohols. [0092]
While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modification, and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as fall within the scope of the invention and the limits of the appended claims. [0093]

Claims

1. A candle comprised of fatty alcohols in combination with one or more components selected from the group consisting of: free fatty acids, triglycerides, and paraffin, said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids and triglycerides having an Iodine Value of approximately 12.5 or less.

2. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol comprises at least approximately 5% by weight of said candle.

3. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids and triglycerides having an Iodine Value of approximately 10 or less.

4. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids and triglycerides having an Iodine Value of approximately 7 or less.

5. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids and triglycerides having an Iodine Value of approximately 4 or less.

6. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids and triglycerides having an Iodine Value of approximately 1 or less.

7. The candle of claim 6, wherein said fatty alcohol is one or more selected from the group of fatty alcohols having between 12 and 18 carbons atoms.

8. The candle of claim 1, wherein said fatty alcohol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides are derived from plant sources.

9. The candle of claim 6, including at least approximately 30% by weight paraffin to approximately 90% by weight paraffin.

10. The candle of claim 1, having substantially no paraffin.

11. A candle composition comprised at least in part of paraffin and fatty material including triglycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty alcohols, said fatty material having an Iodine Value of approximately 12.5 or less.

13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the fatty material has an Iodine Value of approximately 8 or less.

14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the fatty material has an Iodine value of approximately 3 or less.

15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the fatty material has an Iodine value of approximately 1 or less.

16. The composition of claim 15, including at least approximately 55% by weight paraffin.

17. The composition of claim 12, wherein said fatty material is at least in part derived from plant sources.

18. A candle composition comprised at least in part of fatty alcohols and hydrogenated free fatty acids, said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids having an Iodine Value of approximately 2 or less.

19. The candle composition of claim 18, wherein said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids have an Iodine Value of approximately 1 or less.

20. The candle composition of claim 18, wherein said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids have an Iodine Value of approximately 0.3 or less.

21. The candle composition of claim 18 comprised of approximately 30% or more by weight fatty alcohols and free fatty acids.

22. The candle composition of claim 18 wherein said fatty alcohols are selected from the a group having carbon chains varying in length from about 12 carbons to about 18 carbons.

23. The candle composition of claim 18, wherein said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids are at least in part derived from plant sources.

24. A candle composition comprised of one or more fatty alcohols having a melting point of at least about 75 degrees Fahrenheit.

25. The candle composition of claim 24 wherein said fatty alcohols are selected from the group having aliphatic chains of 12 to 18 carbons in length.

26. The candle composition of claim 24 additionally comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of; free fatty acids and paraffin, said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids having an Iodine Value of approximately 12.5 or less.

27. The candle composition of claim 24 additionally comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of: free fatty acids and paraffin, said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids having an Iodine Value of approximately 1 or less.

28. The candle composition of claim 24 additionally comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of: free fatty acids and paraffin, said fatty alcohols and free fatty acids having an Iodine Value of approximately 0.3 or less.

29. The candle composition of claim 24 wherein said fatty alcohols comprise approximately 100% by weight of said composition.

30. The candle composition of claim 26 wherein said fatty alcohols comprise at least about 5% by weight of said composition.

31. The candle composition of claim 26 having free fatty acids in an amount of from about 50% by weight to about 90% by weight, fatty alcohols in an amount of from about 10% by weight to about 50% by weight, and substantially no triglycerides or paraffin.

32. The candle composition of claim 30 including paraffin in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 70% by weight and free fatty acids in an amount from about 20% by weight to about 90% by weight.