US20020032901A1 - Unitary data structure systems, methods, and computer program products, for global conflict determination - Google Patents
Unitary data structure systems, methods, and computer program products, for global conflict determination Download PDFInfo
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- US20020032901A1 US20020032901A1 US09/087,264 US8726498D US2002032901A1 US 20020032901 A1 US20020032901 A1 US 20020032901A1 US 8726498 D US8726498 D US 8726498D US 2002032901 A1 US2002032901 A1 US 2002032901A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
- G06F8/40—Transformation of program code
- G06F8/41—Compilation
- G06F8/44—Encoding
- G06F8/441—Register allocation; Assignment of physical memory space to logical memory space
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
- G06F8/40—Transformation of program code
- G06F8/54—Link editing before load time
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/44—Arrangements for executing specific programs
- G06F9/445—Program loading or initiating
- G06F9/44521—Dynamic linking or loading; Link editing at or after load time, e.g. Java class loading
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/44—Arrangements for executing specific programs
- G06F9/445—Program loading or initiating
- G06F9/44552—Conflict resolution, i.e. enabling coexistence of conflicting executables
Definitions
- the field of this invention relates to unitary data structure systems, methods, and computer program products, for global register conflict determination; and more particularly to the indication of global register usage and the detection of usage conflicts in global registers using information contained in a unitary data structure.
- separately compiled software units expressly indicate their global register usage in a unitary data structure which contains information associating and characterizing global registers and variables.
- the unitary data structure is read by the static and dynamic linkers performing linking operation to detect conflicts of usage incident to compilation.
- a unitary data structure (UDS) is established to expressly indicate particular symbol table entries which associate a global symbol with a particular global register.
- the “name” portion of the UDS points to a string that contains the name of the symbol, or else contains a NULL pointer to indicate that the register is used for scratch.
- the “value” portion of the symbol table entry indicates the particular register to which this entry applies.
- a compiler generates UDS entries to indicate how a containing object file uses particular application-reserved global registers.
- the static linker checks the UDS entries for all object files being combined into a particular target object file to ensure that the global registers referenced by the different source elements are used compatibly.
- the resulting object file produced includes these UDS entries to indicate the resulting object global register usage.
- the static linker warns if any global registers is used in a fashion incompatible with the object being built.
- the static linker generates a warning, if a shared object file is being built that uses application-reserved global registers.
- a similar warning is issued according to the present invention by an archiver, if an archive library is built containing object file that use application-reserved global registers.
- a dynamic linker according to the present invention checks to ensure that all object files being bound into a selected executable process have compatible uses of application-reserved global registers.
- a system and method for compiling and linking a source file includes a compiler for generating a UDS which associates particular global symbols with corresponding global registers for holding variable information pertaining to global symbols referenced or defined in particular source files.
- the UDS information is sufficient to enable a linker to resolve class definitions and to perform class relocation operations.
- the UDS information is included in the object file generated by the compiler according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the compiler particularly generates object files such that identification of usage conflicts and performance of relocation operations are delayed until operation of the linker.
- a linker links the object file with other object files and shared libraries to thereby generate either an executable file or a shared library.
- the list of other object files and shared libraries may be empty, in which case the linker generates the executable file or shared library from the single object file.
- the linker uses the information contained in the object file to identify usage conflicts and to perform relocation operations.
- FIG. 1A is a compilation data flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the creation of object files by a compiler which include a unitary data structure (UDS) to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- UDS unitary data structure
- FIG. 1B is a flow chart showing the generation of global information and creation of unitary data structures in object files to enable identification of global conflicts;
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A is a flowchart of a linker process which can be used in connection with the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a flowchart of a linker process according to one embodiment of the present invention which includes initialization of global registers
- FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an object file produced by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which object files are produced by the compiler with a UDS to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a UDS according to one embodiment of the present invention, including usage information and initialization information, to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the protocol for usage information in a UDS according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4D is a block diagram of the protocol for initialization information in a UDS according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of link processing according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operation of a unitary data structure (UDS) generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- UDS unitary data structure
- FIG. 1A is a compilation data flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the creation of object files by a compiler which include a unitary data structure (UDS) 406 to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a compiler 104 , a static linker 114 , and a run-time linker 118 , according to one implementation of the present invention.
- the compiler 104 generates an object file 106 including a UDS 406 according to the present invention, from a source file 102 .
- the source file 102 is written according to different embodiments of the present invention in the well-known C, C++, or the Fortran computer programming languages.
- the static linker 114 includes a relocation code section which is used to initialize register symbols.
- the UDS 406 has a name, .rela; a type, SHT_RELA; and no attributes, in accordance with the following table: TABLE A Matrix of Legal Combinations of Usage of a Given Register Name Type Attributes .rela SHT_RELA None
- the object file 106 as well as zero or more other object files 108 , and/or zero or more shared libraries 110 are transferred to a static linker 114 , according to the present invention.
- the other object files 108 were previously compiled by the compiler 104 of the present invention, and the shared libraries 110 were previously created by the static linker 114 .
- the static linker 114 generates an executable file 116 which is secured on a non-volatile medium.
- the run-time linker 118 on the other hand generates an execution image in main memory which is ready for immediate execution.
- the static linker 114 generates another shared library.
- a shared library is a form of an object file.
- the terms “object file” and “shared library” will be used interchangeably herein.
- the executable file 116 includes code, data, and other information from the object files 106 , 108 , and also contains references to shared libraries 110 (i.e., code, data, etc. from the shared libraries 110 ) which are not actually embedded in the executable file 116 .
- the executable file 116 and the shared libraries 110 are transferred to a run-time linker 118 .
- the run-time linker 118 resolves references contained in the executable file 116 to the shared libraries 110 , and produces an execution image 120 .
- the execution image 120 is stored in main memory 208 (see FIG. 2) and executed by a central processing unit 204 (FIG. 2).
- the operation of the static linker 114 and run-time linker 118 is implemented in four phases, as discussed in detail below.
- FIG. 1B is a flow chart showing the generation of global information and creation of unitary data structures in object files to enable identification of global conflicts.
- global register information pertaining to global variables which are referenced in source files, is generated 164 .
- object files are generated 166 from the source files 102 , including unitary data structures which contain the global register information.
- the object files are then evaluated 168 using the global information to determine whether there are any global register conflicts.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system 202 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the computer system 202 includes one or more processors, such as central processing unit (CPU) 204 , connected to a communication medium, such as a bus 206 .
- the computer system 202 further includes a main memory (random access memory (RAM)) 208 , which is also connected to the bus 206 .
- the computer system 202 further includes a compiler 104 and first and second linkers including a static linker 114 and a run-time linker 118 which are stored in the main memory 208 , according to one embodiment.
- Computer system 202 further includes a plurality of registers 210 including one or more global registers.
- a computer program product (such as disk 214 ) includes computer readable media having computer program logic recorded thereon according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the computer logic is executed in the computer system 202 to enable the computer system 202 to perform the functions of the present invention.
- the computer program logic is read by a floppy drive 212 for example.
- the computer program logic which represents the compiler 104 and the linkers including static linker 114 and run-time linker 118 , may then be loaded into the main memory 208 (as shown), and executed by the CPU 204 .
- a suitable form for the computer system 202 is a Sun Microsystems workstation made by Sun Microsystems, Inc., of Mountain View, Calif. Any other suitable computer system could alternatively be used.
- FIG. 3A is a flowchart of a linker process which can be used in connection with the present invention.
- the static linker 114 performs a read phase 306 , a layout phase 308 , a relocation phase 310 , and a write phase 312 .
- These linker phases 306 , 308 , 310 , and 312 are performed in connection with the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a flowchart of a linker process according to one embodiment of the present invention which includes initialization of global registers.
- the run-time linker 118 performs a read phase 306 , a layout phase 308 , a relocation phase 310 , a write to memory phase 312 , an initialization of global registers phase 364 according to the present invention, and a give control to the executable file phase 366 , followed by a termination or end of execution state 394 .
- FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an object file produced by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which object files are produced by the compiler with a UDS 406 to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers.
- the object file 106 includes code and data 402 , a symbol table 404 , a relocation table 412 , and a UDS 406 according to the present invention.
- the manner in which the compiler 104 generates such code and data 402 , the symbol table 404 , and the relocation table 412 will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art.
- the compiler 104 does not identify global symbol conflicts, or perform relocations.
- the compiler 104 generates global symbol and global register information 406 , and embeds such information 406 in the object file 106 .
- Such global symbol and global register information 406 includes information about global symbols and global registers defined and/or referenced in the source file 102 , and includes additional information on how such global symbols and global registers are used by the source file 102 .
- the global symbol and global register information is embodied in UDS 406 and is generated by the compiler 104 to enable the applicable linker 112 to identify global symbol conflicts and global register conflicts and to perform relocations to associate symbols with memory locations and global registers, as the case may be.
- the UDS 406 is further described below.
- FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a UDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention, including usage information (UI) 440 and initialization infornation(II) 441 , to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers.
- the UI 440 associates symbols with particular global registers.
- FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the protocol for UI 440 in UDS 406 according to the present invention.
- the UI protocol includes a global register number (GRN) 450 and global symbol information (GSI) 451 .
- GNN global register number
- GSI global symbol information
- FIG. 4D is a block diagram of the protocol for II 441 in a UDS 406 according to the present invention.
- the II 441 includes an initial value (IV) for each global register, as well as flags 461 to provide an initializer presence indication 471 and an indication of the absence of a name 472 .
- the compiler 104 does not identify global symbol conflicts or perform relocations. Instead, identification of global symbol conflicts is delayed from compile time to link time.
- the compiler 104 generates information about global symbols and how they are used. Such information is called symbol information 406 , and is embedded in the UDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention and in the object file 106 produced by the compiler 104 .
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart 502 according to the present invention which represents the high-level operation of the compiler 104 and the applicable one of linkers 114 , 118 .
- the compiler 104 performs step 506 when compiling the source file 104 , and the applicable one of linkers 114 , 118 performs step 508 when processing the object files 106 and 108 , and the shared libraries 110 .
- Flowchart 502 begins with step 504 , where control passes to step 506 .
- the compiler generates global symbol table entries to indicate how the associated object file uses the application-reserved global registers.
- the programmer indicates to the compiler by flags, for example, according to another embodiment of the present invention, or to the assembler by flags or directives according to one embodiment of the present invention, what the global register usage is.
- the compiler 104 generates an object file 106 from the source file 102 .
- the applicable one of linkers 114 , 118 generates an executable file 116 , and then an execution image 120 from the object files 106 and 108 , and the shared libraries 110 .
- the static linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 espectively each perform a read phase 306 , a layout phase 308 , a relocation phase 310 , and a write phase 312 .
- these linker phases 306 , 308 , 310 , and 312 are modified such that the static linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 identify global symbol conflicts and perform relocations.
- the operation of the static linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 is further discussed below.
- the static linker 114 checks these symbol table entries in all the object files being combined into an executable file or shared library to ensure that the global registers are used compatibly.
- the resulting object includes, according to the present invention, entries in its symbol table to indicate the resulting object's global register usage.
- the static linker warns if any shared library that was referenced during the linking uses global registers in a fashion incompatible with the object being built. Further according to the present invention, the static linker generates a warning if a shared object is being built that uses application-reserved global registers. A similar warning is issued by an archiver, if an archive library is built containing objects that use application-reserved global registers.
- the dynamic linker checks that all object files being bound into the target process have compatible uses of the application-reserved global registers.
- the scratch symbol according to the present invention is treated as a symbol since a null name only matches a null name and scratch registers according to the present invention have global scope.
- the symbol information 406 includes according to one embodiment of the present invention:
- the linker 114 or 118 determines the exact layout of global symbol used by an application and then satisfies the relocations required.
- the symbol table 408 comprises a plurality of entries, where each entry corresponds to a symbol. These entries are used by the linkers 114 and 118 during the relocation process.
- FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of link processing according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of a linker which generally can be broken down into four phases: a read phase 306 , a layout phase 308 , a relocation phase 310 , and a write phase 312 as noted above with respect to FIG. 3.
- these linker phases 306 , 308 , 310 , and 312 are restructured such that the applicable linker identifies global symbol conflicts based upon information contained in one or more of the unitary data structures (UDSs) 406 .
- UDSs unitary data structures
- step 606 is preferably performed in the read phase 306 in order to merge the global symbol information found in selected objects.
- Step 608 of the linker operation is preferably performed between the read phase 306 and the layout phase 308 , accomplishing the identification of global register conflicts.
- Steps 612 and 614 are preferably performed between the layout phase 308 and the relocation phase 310 during operation of the applicable linker.
- Step 616 relates to relocations to modified memory addresses or global registers, and is preferably performed during the relocation phase 310 .
- Flowchart 602 shall now be described in greater detail. Flowchart 602 particularly begins with step 604 , where control immediately passes to step 606 to accomplish merger of global symbol information.
- the applicable linker reads in the object files 106 , 108 and the shared libraries 110 and merges together the global symbol information 406 contained in the UDS 406 . Further, the applicable linker merges together the UDS 406 contained in these files to generate a merged UDS. Similarly, the applicable linker merges together the relocation tables 412 to generate a merged class relocation table.
- the applicable linker identifies global symbol conflicts. In particular, the applicable linker processes the merged tables and determines the layout of each symbol (for example, the size and alignment of each symbol, the number of fields, the data types of the fields, the number of bytes from the top of the symbol to each of the fields, etc.).
- the applicable linker particularly creates a separate data structure for each symbol, and stores this symbol specific information in such separate data structures. These data structures are called “layout data structures” for reference purposes.
- the applicable linker is aware of much of the symbol-related information produced by a compiler.
- global symbol conflicts are identified.
- the applicable linker evaluates the symbols in the merged UDS.
- the applicable linker determines the value of the symbol in each entry of the merged symbol table, and stores this value in the value field of this entry.
- the example UDS 406 in FIG. 4B The applicable linker determines the values of particular entries by referencing an associated layout data structure.
- the applicable linker stores these values in the value fields of the entries of the UDS 406 which is contained in UI 440 of UDS 406 .
- the manner in which the linker 112 calculates the values of other symbol types is described above.
- the applicable linker initializes global register structures. In particular, during step 614 the applicable linker generates tables and table pointer information tables including UDSs 406 , and stores these tables in the appropriate data structures that have been allocated.
- the applicable linker performs the relocations specified in the entries of the merged relocation table. The manner in which the applicable linker performs this function is described above. After step 616 is fully performed, the operation of flowchart 602 is complete, as indicated by step 618 .
- the operation of the applicable linker described above is, in practice, collectively performed by the static linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 .
- the static linker 114 attempts to prelink executables and shared objects so that if the executable and shared objects are in the same state as when they were created, then the run-time linker 118 needs to only load the files and start running.
- the run-time linker 118 may have to redo many of the relocations that were done by the static linker 114 .
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operation according to the present invention in which a unitary data structure (UDS) 406 which has been generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which a symbol which has been defined in a symbol table is associated with a global register, and a particular value is provided in the UDS 406 to initialize the particular global register.
- FIG. 7 is an example of the use of a unitary data structure generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the flowchart according to FIG. 7 shows first and second steps, respectively 715 and 716 .
- the method of the present invention uses information that identifies the symbol type, and information that indicates the value of the symbol for this class.
- the applicable linker calculates the values of the symbols referred to in the UDS 406 according to the present invention before processing the relocation entries in the relocation table 412 .
- the value is extracted from the symbol table and is stored at the given address according to the type of the relocation entry.
- processing is undertaken to determine the relocation entries in the relocation table 412 , the applicable linker evaluates the symbol entries in the UDS 406 .
- the applicable linker inserts a particular value into the value field of the symbol entry. According to the present invention, the applicable linker inserts this value (8 bytes) into the value field of the symbol entry. While processing includes data relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces according to the present invention a placeholder in the instruction at a particular address with a value in symbol entry. This is the case pointer in relocation entry points to symbol entry. Similarly, while processing relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces the 0 in the instruction at a particular address with the value in symbol entry. While processing relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces the value in the instruction at a particular address with the value in symbol entry.
- a register symbol in a UDS 406 is indicated by a specific Symbol Type: TABLE D Additional Symbol Table Type Name Value STT_REGISTER 13
- a symbol table entry for a register symbol includes:
- Register numbers correspond to the assignments in the SPARC Architecture Manual for integer registers.
- st_info ELF64_ST_INFO (bind.type) bind is typically STB_GLOBAL, but does reflect the actual declared scope of the name (that is, it could be STB_WEAK or STB_LOCAL). type must be STT_REGISTER (13)
- Absence of an entry for a particular global register means that that particular global register is not used by the object.
- An object according to the present invention uses one or more of the application-reserved global registers and indicates this usage with an appropriate symbol-table entry.
- the following dynamic array tag is added to the symbol table according to one embodiment of the present invention: TABLE E Symbol Table Dynamic Array Tags Name Value d_un Executable Shared Object DT_REGISTER 0x7000001 d_val optional optional DT_REGISTER This element contains the index of an STT_REGISTER symbol. There is one of these entries for every STT_REGISTER symbol table entry in the symbol table.
- the compiler 104 generates code that is relocated at link-time. If a variable is referenced in a source file, the compiler 104 according to the present invention generates a unitary data structure 406 , a symbol table 408 , and a relocation table 412 .
- the unitary data structure according to the present invention specifies the initialization value for each applicable global register, and contains information which relates particular symbols with a particular global register, permitting each applicable linker to associate the symbol and register to which it relates.
- the applicable linker which implements the association between symbol and global register based upon information in the unitary data structure, then checks for symbol conflicts based upon multiple symbol assignment to the same global register.
Abstract
A system, method and computer program product for compiling a source file and to generate a unitary data structure (UDS) containing information relating to symbols and associated global registers. The UDS permits assessment of symbol conflicts for global registers. The compiler also generates object files from related source files. The object files include the global symbol information relating to particular global registers, to enable diagnosis of conflicts between global symbols and registers.
Description
- This application is related to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. ______ and ______, filed on even date hereto, respectively invented by Stephen Chessin, Rod Evans, and Michael Walker; and Stephen Chessin, Rod Evans, and Michael Walker. Each of these related patent applications is hereby expressly referenced, incorporated herein, and made a part hereof.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The field of this invention relates to unitary data structure systems, methods, and computer program products, for global register conflict determination; and more particularly to the indication of global register usage and the detection of usage conflicts in global registers using information contained in a unitary data structure.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- Operational flexibility in computer systems is increased by designating one or more of the computer system registers as global in scope. Local registers, unlike global registers, have a scope limited to the particular module or subroutine. In other words, these registers are used by the entire computer program and not just by particular modules or subroutines. Particular global variables or symbols are used in connection with these global registers.
- Software programs are often constructed from individual pieces that are each compiled separately, causing misreferencing and incorrect scoping of variables when global registers are improperly called. The software programs particularly incorporate code from one or more libraries. This library code is compiled separately, compounding the misreferencing and scoping problems which arise. One severe technical problem arises when different portions of a particular program use a certain global register for different variable values. Such different and conflicting usages for the same global register tend to cause incorrect results during program execution, because the wrong variable value will be in the global register at the wrong time.
- According to the present invention, separately compiled software units expressly indicate their global register usage in a unitary data structure which contains information associating and characterizing global registers and variables. The unitary data structure is read by the static and dynamic linkers performing linking operation to detect conflicts of usage incident to compilation. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a unitary data structure (UDS) is established to expressly indicate particular symbol table entries which associate a global symbol with a particular global register. The “name” portion of the UDS, points to a string that contains the name of the symbol, or else contains a NULL pointer to indicate that the register is used for scratch. The “value” portion of the symbol table entry indicates the particular register to which this entry applies.
- According to the present invention, a compiler generates UDS entries to indicate how a containing object file uses particular application-reserved global registers. The static linker checks the UDS entries for all object files being combined into a particular target object file to ensure that the global registers referenced by the different source elements are used compatibly. The resulting object file produced includes these UDS entries to indicate the resulting object global register usage. According to the present invention, the static linker warns if any global registers is used in a fashion incompatible with the object being built. According to the present invention, the static linker generates a warning, if a shared object file is being built that uses application-reserved global registers. A similar warning is issued according to the present invention by an archiver, if an archive library is built containing object file that use application-reserved global registers. A dynamic linker according to the present invention checks to ensure that all object files being bound into a selected executable process have compatible uses of application-reserved global registers.
- According to the present invention, a system and method for compiling and linking a source file includes a compiler for generating a UDS which associates particular global symbols with corresponding global registers for holding variable information pertaining to global symbols referenced or defined in particular source files. The UDS information is sufficient to enable a linker to resolve class definitions and to perform class relocation operations. The UDS information is included in the object file generated by the compiler according to one embodiment of the present invention. The compiler particularly generates object files such that identification of usage conflicts and performance of relocation operations are delayed until operation of the linker. A linker links the object file with other object files and shared libraries to thereby generate either an executable file or a shared library. The list of other object files and shared libraries may be empty, in which case the linker generates the executable file or shared library from the single object file. The linker uses the information contained in the object file to identify usage conflicts and to perform relocation operations.
- FIG. 1A is a compilation data flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the creation of object files by a compiler which include a unitary data structure (UDS) to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- FIG. 1B is a flow chart showing the generation of global information and creation of unitary data structures in object files to enable identification of global conflicts;
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 3A is a flowchart of a linker process which can be used in connection with the present invention;
- FIG. 3B is a flowchart of a linker process according to one embodiment of the present invention which includes initialization of global registers;
- FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an object file produced by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which object files are produced by the compiler with a UDS to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a UDS according to one embodiment of the present invention, including usage information and initialization information, to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers;
- FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the protocol for usage information in a UDS according to the present invention;
- FIG. 4D is a block diagram of the protocol for initialization information in a UDS according to the present invention;
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of link processing according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operation of a unitary data structure (UDS) generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A is a compilation data flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the creation of object files by a compiler which include a unitary data structure (UDS)406 to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers. In particular, FIG. 1 illustrates a
compiler 104, astatic linker 114, and a run-time linker 118, according to one implementation of the present invention. Thecompiler 104 generates anobject file 106 including a UDS 406 according to the present invention, from asource file 102. Thesource file 102 is written according to different embodiments of the present invention in the well-known C, C++, or the Fortran computer programming languages. It is important to note that the present invention does not impose restrictions on how developers may use the particular language selected to produce thesource file 102. According to one embodiment of the present invention, thestatic linker 114 includes a relocation code section which is used to initialize register symbols. TheUDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention has a name, .rela; a type, SHT_RELA; and no attributes, in accordance with the following table:TABLE A Matrix of Legal Combinations of Usage of a Given Register Name Type Attributes .rela SHT_RELA None - The
object file 106, as well as zero or more other object files 108, and/or zero or moreshared libraries 110 are transferred to astatic linker 114, according to the present invention. The other object files 108 were previously compiled by thecompiler 104 of the present invention, and the sharedlibraries 110 were previously created by thestatic linker 114. Thestatic linker 114 generates anexecutable file 116 which is secured on a non-volatile medium. The run-time linker 118 on the other hand generates an execution image in main memory which is ready for immediate execution. According to one embodiment of the present invention, thestatic linker 114 generates another shared library. As will be appreciated, a shared library is a form of an object file. Accordingly, the terms “object file” and “shared library” will be used interchangeably herein. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, theexecutable file 116 includes code, data, and other information from the object files 106, 108, and also contains references to shared libraries 110 (i.e., code, data, etc. from the shared libraries 110) which are not actually embedded in theexecutable file 116. During run-time, theexecutable file 116 and the sharedlibraries 110 are transferred to a run-time linker 118. The run-time linker 118 then resolves references contained in theexecutable file 116 to the sharedlibraries 110, and produces anexecution image 120. Theexecution image 120 is stored in main memory 208 (see FIG. 2) and executed by a central processing unit 204 (FIG. 2). Generally speaking, the operation of thestatic linker 114 and run-time linker 118 is implemented in four phases, as discussed in detail below. - FIG. 1B is a flow chart showing the generation of global information and creation of unitary data structures in object files to enable identification of global conflicts. In particular, according to one embodiment of the present invention, global register information pertaining to global variables which are referenced in source files, is generated164. Then, object files are generated 166 from the source files 102, including unitary data structures which contain the global register information. The object files are then evaluated 168 using the global information to determine whether there are any global register conflicts.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a
computer system 202 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Thecomputer system 202 includes one or more processors, such as central processing unit (CPU) 204, connected to a communication medium, such as abus 206. Thecomputer system 202 further includes a main memory (random access memory (RAM)) 208, which is also connected to thebus 206. Thecomputer system 202 further includes acompiler 104 and first and second linkers including astatic linker 114 and a run-time linker 118 which are stored in themain memory 208, according to one embodiment. In particular, thesource file 102; the object files 106 and 108; the sharedlibraries 110; and theexecution image 120 are also preferably stored in themain memory 208.Computer system 202 further includes a plurality ofregisters 210 including one or more global registers. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a computer program product (such as disk 214) includes computer readable media having computer program logic recorded thereon according to one embodiment of the present invention. In particular, the computer logic is executed in thecomputer system 202 to enable thecomputer system 202 to perform the functions of the present invention. The computer program logic is read by afloppy drive 212 for example. The computer program logic, which represents thecompiler 104 and the linkers includingstatic linker 114 and run-time linker 118, may then be loaded into the main memory 208 (as shown), and executed by theCPU 204. A suitable form for thecomputer system 202 is a Sun Microsystems workstation made by Sun Microsystems, Inc., of Mountain View, Calif. Any other suitable computer system could alternatively be used. - FIG. 3A is a flowchart of a linker process which can be used in connection with the present invention. Referring to a
flowchart 302 shown in FIG. 3A, thestatic linker 114 performs aread phase 306, alayout phase 308, arelocation phase 310, and awrite phase 312. These linker phases 306, 308, 310, and 312 are performed in connection with the present invention. - FIG. 3B is a flowchart of a linker process according to one embodiment of the present invention which includes initialization of global registers. In particular, referring to a
flowchart 302 shown in FIG. 3B, the run-time linker 118 performs aread phase 306, alayout phase 308, arelocation phase 310, a write tomemory phase 312, an initialization ofglobal registers phase 364 according to the present invention, and a give control to theexecutable file phase 366, followed by a termination or end ofexecution state 394. - FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an object file produced by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which object files are produced by the compiler with a
UDS 406 to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers. As shown in FIG. 4A, theobject file 106 includes code anddata 402, a symbol table 404, a relocation table 412, and aUDS 406 according to the present invention. The manner in which thecompiler 104 generates such code anddata 402, the symbol table 404, and the relocation table 412, will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art. In accordance with the present invention, thecompiler 104 does not identify global symbol conflicts, or perform relocations. Instead, thecompiler 104 generates global symbol andglobal register information 406, and embedssuch information 406 in theobject file 106. Such global symbol andglobal register information 406 includes information about global symbols and global registers defined and/or referenced in thesource file 102, and includes additional information on how such global symbols and global registers are used by thesource file 102. The global symbol and global register information is embodied inUDS 406 and is generated by thecompiler 104 to enable theapplicable linker 112 to identify global symbol conflicts and global register conflicts and to perform relocations to associate symbols with memory locations and global registers, as the case may be. TheUDS 406 is further described below. - FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a
UDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention, including usage information (UI) 440 and initialization infornation(II) 441, to enable determination of conflicts between global register assignments by the static and run-time linkers. TheUI 440 associates symbols with particular global registers. - FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the protocol for
UI 440 inUDS 406 according to the present invention. In particular, the UI protocol includes a global register number (GRN) 450 and global symbol information (GSI) 451. - FIG. 4D is a block diagram of the protocol for
II 441 in aUDS 406 according to the present invention. In particular, theII 441 includes an initial value (IV) for each global register, as well asflags 461 to provide aninitializer presence indication 471 and an indication of the absence of aname 472. As discussed above, thecompiler 104 does not identify global symbol conflicts or perform relocations. Instead, identification of global symbol conflicts is delayed from compile time to link time. In step 506 of FIG. 5, thecompiler 104 generates information about global symbols and how they are used. Such information is calledsymbol information 406, and is embedded in theUDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention and in theobject file 106 produced by thecompiler 104. - FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a compilation/linking process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 depicts a
flowchart 502 according to the present invention which represents the high-level operation of thecompiler 104 and the applicable one oflinkers compiler 104 performs step 506 when compiling thesource file 104, and the applicable one oflinkers step 508 when processing the object files 106 and 108, and the sharedlibraries 110.Flowchart 502 begins withstep 504, where control passes to step 506. The compiler generates global symbol table entries to indicate how the associated object file uses the application-reserved global registers. The programmer indicates to the compiler by flags, for example, according to another embodiment of the present invention, or to the assembler by flags or directives according to one embodiment of the present invention, what the global register usage is. In step 506, thecompiler 104 generates anobject file 106 from thesource file 102. Instep 508, the applicable one oflinkers executable file 116, and then anexecution image 120 from the object files 106 and 108, and the sharedlibraries 110. As discussed above, during the generation of theexecutable file 116 and theexecution image 120, thestatic linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 espectively each perform aread phase 306, alayout phase 308, arelocation phase 310, and awrite phase 312. According to the present invention, these linker phases 306, 308, 310, and 312 are modified such that thestatic linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 identify global symbol conflicts and perform relocations. The operation of thestatic linker 114 and the run-time linker 118 is further discussed below. Afterstep 508 is fully performed, the operation offlowchart 502 is complete, as indicated bystep 510. Thestatic linker 114 checks these symbol table entries in all the object files being combined into an executable file or shared library to ensure that the global registers are used compatibly. The resulting object includes, according to the present invention, entries in its symbol table to indicate the resulting object's global register usage. The static linker warns if any shared library that was referenced during the linking uses global registers in a fashion incompatible with the object being built. Further according to the present invention, the static linker generates a warning if a shared object is being built that uses application-reserved global registers. A similar warning is issued by an archiver, if an archive library is built containing objects that use application-reserved global registers. The dynamic linker according to the present invention checks that all object files being bound into the target process have compatible uses of the application-reserved global registers. A dlopen( ) of an object that is not compatible with the application process, for example, fails with an error.TABLE B Matrix of Usage Combinations for a Given Register Obj1\Obj2 Unused Scratch Symbol Unused OK OK OK Scratch OK OK NO Symbol OK NO * - The scratch symbol according to the present invention is treated as a symbol since a null name only matches a null name and scratch registers according to the present invention have global scope.
- A matrix of legal combinations of st_shndx for the same register symbol follows:
TABLE C Matrix of Legal Combinations of Initialization of a Given Register Obj1\Obj2 UNDEF ABS UNDEF OK OK ABS OK NO - The
symbol information 406 includes according to one embodiment of the present invention: - 1. a symbol table408 containing a list of global symbols; and
- 2. a relocation table412 containing a list of global symbols.
- Using the
symbol information 406, thelinker step 508 determines the exact layout of global symbol used by an application and then satisfies the relocations required. The symbol table 408 comprises a plurality of entries, where each entry corresponds to a symbol. These entries are used by thelinkers - FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of link processing according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a detailed flowchart of a linker which generally can be broken down into four phases: a
read phase 306, alayout phase 308, arelocation phase 310, and awrite phase 312 as noted above with respect to FIG. 3. According to the present invention, these linker phases 306, 308, 310, and 312 are restructured such that the applicable linker identifies global symbol conflicts based upon information contained in one or more of the unitary data structures (UDSs) 406. Such modifications are shown in aflowchart 602 which is represented in FIG. 6. In particular,step 606 is preferably performed in theread phase 306 in order to merge the global symbol information found in selected objects. Step 608 of the linker operation is preferably performed between theread phase 306 and thelayout phase 308, accomplishing the identification of global register conflicts.Steps layout phase 308 and therelocation phase 310 during operation of the applicable linker. Step 616 relates to relocations to modified memory addresses or global registers, and is preferably performed during therelocation phase 310.Flowchart 602 shall now be described in greater detail.Flowchart 602 particularly begins withstep 604, where control immediately passes to step 606 to accomplish merger of global symbol information. Instep 606, the applicable linker reads in the object files 106, 108 and the sharedlibraries 110 and merges together theglobal symbol information 406 contained in theUDS 406. Further, the applicable linker merges together theUDS 406 contained in these files to generate a merged UDS. Similarly, the applicable linker merges together the relocation tables 412 to generate a merged class relocation table. Next instep 608, the applicable linker identifies global symbol conflicts. In particular, the applicable linker processes the merged tables and determines the layout of each symbol (for example, the size and alignment of each symbol, the number of fields, the data types of the fields, the number of bytes from the top of the symbol to each of the fields, etc.). The applicable linker particularly creates a separate data structure for each symbol, and stores this symbol specific information in such separate data structures. These data structures are called “layout data structures” for reference purposes. Upon the completion ofstep 608, the applicable linker is aware of much of the symbol-related information produced by a compiler. According to step 610, global symbol conflicts are identified. Instep 612, the applicable linker evaluates the symbols in the merged UDS. In particular, the applicable linker determines the value of the symbol in each entry of the merged symbol table, and stores this value in the value field of this entry. Consider, for example, theexample UDS 406 in FIG. 4B. The applicable linker determines the values of particular entries by referencing an associated layout data structure. The applicable linker stores these values in the value fields of the entries of theUDS 406 which is contained inUI 440 ofUDS 406. The manner in which thelinker 112 calculates the values of other symbol types is described above. Instep 614, the applicable linker initializes global register structures. In particular, duringstep 614 the applicable linker generates tables and table pointer informationtables including UDSs 406, and stores these tables in the appropriate data structures that have been allocated. Instep 616, the applicable linker performs the relocations specified in the entries of the merged relocation table. The manner in which the applicable linker performs this function is described above. Afterstep 616 is fully performed, the operation offlowchart 602 is complete, as indicated bystep 618. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, the operation of the applicable linker described above is, in practice, collectively performed by thestatic linker 114 and the run-time linker 118. Whether the operations described above are performed by thestatic linker 114 or the run-time linker 118 is not important in the present invention. Preferably, however, thestatic linker 114 attempts to prelink executables and shared objects so that if the executable and shared objects are in the same state as when they were created, then the run-time linker 118 needs to only load the files and start running. In practice, the run-time linker 118 may have to redo many of the relocations that were done by thestatic linker 114. - FIG. 7 is a flowchart of operation according to the present invention in which a unitary data structure (UDS)406 which has been generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which a symbol which has been defined in a symbol table is associated with a global register, and a particular value is provided in the
UDS 406 to initialize the particular global register. FIG. 7 is an example of the use of a unitary data structure generated by a compiler according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The flowchart according to FIG. 7 shows first and second steps, respectively 715 and 716. The method of the present invention uses information that identifies the symbol type, and information that indicates the value of the symbol for this class. The information for particular symbols such as additional fields and a symbol name. The symbol name when appropriate contains the name of a member. The list of symbol types is implementation specific, and depends on a number of factors, such as the computer programming language and the target machine. Example symbol types will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art. As described below, the applicable linker calculates the values of the symbols referred to in theUDS 406 according to the present invention before processing the relocation entries in the relocation table 412. In processing each relocation entry, the value is extracted from the symbol table and is stored at the given address according to the type of the relocation entry. In particular, processing is undertaken to determine the relocation entries in the relocation table 412, the applicable linker evaluates the symbol entries in theUDS 406. The applicable linker inserts a particular value into the value field of the symbol entry. According to the present invention, the applicable linker inserts this value (8 bytes) into the value field of the symbol entry. While processing includes data relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces according to the present invention a placeholder in the instruction at a particular address with a value in symbol entry. This is the case pointer in relocation entry points to symbol entry. Similarly, while processing relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces the 0 in the instruction at a particular address with the value in symbol entry. While processing relocation entry, the applicable linker replaces the value in the instruction at a particular address with the value in symbol entry. A register symbol in aUDS 406 according to one embodiment of the present invention is indicated by a specific Symbol Type:TABLE D Additional Symbol Table Type Name Value STT_REGISTER 13 - A symbol table entry for a register symbol according to one embodiment of the present invention includes:
- st13 name Index into the string table of the name of the symbol. An index value of 0, which points to the null name in the string table, indicates that the register is used for scratch. A scratch register must have binding STB_GLOBAL.
- st_value Register number. Register numbers correspond to the assignments in the SPARC Architecture Manual for integer registers.
- st_size unused (0)
- st_info ELF64_ST_INFO (bind.type) bind is typically STB_GLOBAL, but does reflect the actual declared scope of the name (that is, it could be STB_WEAK or STB_LOCAL). type must be STT_REGISTER (13)
- st_other unused (0)
- st_shndx SHN_ABS if this object initializes this register symbol; SHN_UNDEF otherwise. An initializer for a SHN_ABS register symbol is specified with a special register relocation type.
- Absence of an entry for a particular global register means that that particular global register is not used by the object. An object according to the present invention uses one or more of the application-reserved global registers and indicates this usage with an appropriate symbol-table entry. For example, the following dynamic array tag is added to the symbol table according to one embodiment of the present invention:
TABLE E Symbol Table Dynamic Array Tags Name Value d_un Executable Shared Object DT_REGISTER 0x7000001 d_val optional optional DT_REGISTER This element contains the index of an STT_REGISTER symbol. There is one of these entries for every STT_REGISTER symbol table entry in the symbol table. - The
compiler 104 generates code that is relocated at link-time. If a variable is referenced in a source file, thecompiler 104 according to the present invention generates aunitary data structure 406, a symbol table 408, and a relocation table 412. The unitary data structure according to the present invention specifies the initialization value for each applicable global register, and contains information which relates particular symbols with a particular global register, permitting each applicable linker to associate the symbol and register to which it relates. The applicable linker which implements the association between symbol and global register based upon information in the unitary data structure, then checks for symbol conflicts based upon multiple symbol assignment to the same global register. - While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims (15)
1. A method of compiling a source file, comprising:
generating global register information pertaining to global variables referenced in said source file;
generating, by said compiler, an object file from said source file, said object file comprising a unitary data structure containing said global register information; and
evaluating said object file, using said global register information to identify variable global register conflicts.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said unitary data structure conforms to SPARC architecture specifications.
3. The method according to claim 1 , including combining the unitary data structures of object files to be linked into an executable file, into a unitary data structure to determine the relationship between selected symbols and particular global registers.
4. The method according to claim 2 comprising:
selecting a global register;
determining whether more than one symbol reference is made to the particular global register; and
determining whether a particular multiplicity of symbol references for the particular global register represents a conflict.
5. The method according to claim 3 including providing diagnostic information to the user if a conflict is identified.
6. The method according to claim 2 including:
identifying a selected global register with a selected symbol; and
determining whether the symbol is consistently defined in each object file to be linked to a common executable file.
7. A system for compiling a source file, comprising:
a compiler, comprising an information generator configured to generate information to be stored in a unitary data structure, pertaining to global variables referenced in said source file;
object file generator configured to generate object file from said source file, said object file comprising a unitary data structure configured to enable identification of global register conflicts; and
a generator configured to generate an executable file, which is adapted for using said symbol information contained in said object file to identify symbol conflicts with respect to predetermined global registers.
8. The system according to claim 7 , further comprising a mechanism configured to evaluate the content of said unitary data structure to determine whether there are symbol conflicts with respect to particular global registers.
9. The system according to claim 8 , wherein said system comprises:
a comparison mechanism configured to compare the content of unitary data structures relating to particular object files which are to be linked.
10. The system according to claim 8 , comprising means for identifying global register conflicts.
11. The system according to claim 10 , wherein said system comprises a mechanism adapted for performing global register conflict identification operations.
12. A computer program product comprising a computer readable medium having computer program logic recorded thereon for enabling a computer system to compile a source file, said computer program product comprising:
symbol information generating mechanism for enabling said computer system to generate in a unitary data structure, during compile-time, information pertaining to global variables referenced in said source file;
object file generating for enabling said computer system to generate, during compile-time, an object file from said source file; and
a global register conflict determination system mechanism for enabling said computer system to evaluate global register symbol conflicts, during link-time.
13. In a computer system comprising a processor and a controller for enabling said processor to compile and link at least a single source file, said controller comprising:
a symbol information mechanism for enabling said processor to generate in a unitary data structure, during compile-time, information pertaining to global variables referenced in said at least a single source file;
object file generating mechanism for enabling said processor to generate, during compile-time, at least a single object file from said source file, said at least a single object file comprising at least a single unitary data structure for enabling identification of global register conflicts at link time; and
a linker for enabling said processor to link, during link-time, said object file with zero or more object files to thereby generate an executable file, said linker comprising a mechanism for using said information contained in said object file to identify global register conflicts.
14. A controller for enabling a processor to compile and link at least a single source file, said controller comprising:
information generating means for enabling said processor to generate, during compile-time, information pertaining to global symbols referenced in said at least a single source file;
object file generating means for enabling said processor to generate, during compile-time, a corresponding object file from each said source file, each said object file comprising a unitary data structure for enabling identification of global register conflicts at link time; and
linking means for enabling said processor to link, during link-time, said object file with at least one of another object file and a shared library to thereby generate an executable file, said linking means comprising means for using said information contained in said object file to identify global register conflicts.
15. A system for compiling a source file, comprising:
a compiler, comprising information generating means for generating information to be stored in a unitary data structure, pertaining to global variables referenced in said source file, said information permitting identification of symbol conflicts during link-time, and
object file generating means for generating an object file from said source file, said object file comprising a unitary data structure configured to enable identification of global register conflicts; and
means for generating an executable file, said means for generating being adapted for using said symbol information contained in said object file to identify symbol conflicts with respect to predetermined global registers.
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GB2342199B (en) | 2003-08-13 |
GB9911951D0 (en) | 1999-07-21 |
US6351848B1 (en) | 2002-02-26 |
DE19924702A1 (en) | 2000-03-09 |
JP2000010790A (en) | 2000-01-14 |
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