EP1785539A2 - Cellular construction for steel constructions and vehicles - Google Patents

Abstract

Macro-cell construction comprises a base plate (10), transversal bars (12), longitudinal bars (11) and a covering plate (13) forming a sandwich-like structure. Preferred Features: The sheet metal for the base plate, transversal bars, longitudinal bars and covering plate has a thickness of 3-6 mm. The distance between the longitudinal bars and between the transversal bars is 100-500 mm. The base plate, transversal bars, longitudinal bars and covering plate are connected together by welding, soldering or adhering. The base plate and the covering plate have linear or curved surfaces and are parallel.

Description

The present invention relates to a macrocell construction for steel and vehicle construction according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

In general steel and tank construction, the weight of a structure rarely plays a major role. In power plant construction, on the contrary, one is happy that the components made of steel not only have good strength, but also a considerable weight. In a business world where work is more expensive than materials, the trend is one of building robustly where working time can be saved. This explains why the fine truss constructions used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for railway bridges and observation towers were replaced by heavy-girder constructions.

It is known from the teaching of statics that one can improve the moment of resistance to bending either by constructive means or by greater material thickness. In areas where weight plays a decisive role, eg in the Vehicle construction, for furniture and in aircraft therefore honeycomb and sandwich constructions are used for some time.

The inventor now faced a new problem in the construction of a cement trolley. Transportation, storage and reloading of dust material places great demands on the equipment, containers and silo systems used for this purpose. The reason is that finely powdered substances tend easily to bridging and caking. Depending on the surface structure of the individual particles, this can lead to extremely strong agglomerations of the particles. This phenomenon is observed in containers, pipes and transport and silo systems. The risk of caking of the particles is already great for absolutely dry powders in such plants. However, the tendency to agglomeration also depends on the moisture of the gas stream, which resp. the whirling is used.

There are many ways to deal with the problem of population. For less light or larger particles, the introduction of movement is sufficient, for example, by shaking the container or the container wall with so-called vibrators by continuous tapping in Keeps moving. For fine powder this is not enough, on the contrary, mechanical vibration over the container wall may even solidify the already slightly balling particles, so that they can no longer be loosened and moved.

For cement, the method uses all particles by continuous gas flow resp. Suspending gas swirls. The gas-powder mixture then behaves similar to a liquid and can be transported in this form. At "dead spots" of the installation, such as in corners not covered by the airflow, one applies nozzles or uses gas permeable surfaces through which gas is injected to prevent the particles from settling on the surface and at the same time closing them transport.

Another possibility would be to treat the surfaces that come in contact with the particles in such a way that the particles have no opportunity to attach themselves to the surface. This property meets, for example, the polytetrafluoroethylene known as Teflon (abbreviation PTFE). Development work in the field of nanotechnology has been and continues to be new Possibilities to equip surfaces with just the "intelligence" that the desired properties for the application are provided.

However, treating the surfaces of the devices in silo and transport facilities only solves parts of the problem. The powder no longer settles on the surfaces, but it can still bale. The constant "floating" of the gas-powder mixture is much more effective in this regard. When corners, niches and pipes are caught by the fluidization of the gas, the powder can no longer settle and there is no cause, such as, e.g. the gravitational force that would bring the particles together through an external effect.

Disadvantage of this method may be that the circuit of the gas used for the cyclone must be separated by filter systems from the space in which the powder is located. On the other hand, such a plant equipped also offers the possibility that the gas outside the actual silo or transport system can be processed. You can, for example, there a drying undergo, so that one has no problems with moisture in the powder and the product can even dry out.

Moisture increases the risk of agglomeration of the particles and is therefore absolutely undesirable.

Another influence on the deposition of particles has always present in such systems electrostatic charging of the particles. However, this topic is not discussed in the context of the present invention. It is assumed that the installations equipped with gas vortexing are equipped with facilities that effectively counteract the risks of electrostatic charge and attractions.

Now, if a container is stored in the fine powder such as cement or transported, to be emptied, offers the above-described introduction of gas to transport the powder. If the container space to be emptied has a higher pressure than the transport system or the container into which the material is to be transferred, the eddy current moves with the particles kept moving in the direction of the new container and takes the particles with it. The required pressures range from 0.1 to 2.5 bar, depending on the design of the system. These pressures also play a major role in the design the container. Silo and transport systems are therefore usually equipped with round containers. The round or cylindrical shape offers the best ratio between the material used (eg wall thickness) and the strength of the vessel for the resistance to internal pressure.

But if you want to use the corners of an available volume for reasons of space saving and for reasons of optimal material flow, you can not get around to exploit given profiles and also to build square containers that also have not curved walls. This is not a problem in itself, if the weight of such systems does not matter. You simply choose large wall thicknesses, which demonstrate the required bending strength. For stationary systems, plant components made of reinforced concrete are often used. For road or rail transport, however, weight is a deciding factor in the profitability of the device. The more dead weight a railroad car or a truck has, the less payload it can load. Therefore, one is looking for constructions that offer straight surfaces with low weight and high compressive strength.

The present invention now has the task of improving the design of pressurized surfaces of movable or stationary equipment and containers such that they have the same material higher flexural strength with less dead weight.

This object is achieved by a macrocell structure for steel construction with the features of claim 1. Further features of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the advantages thereof are explained in the following description.

Fig 1

Ansicht eines Eisenbahnwagens für den Zementtransport.

Fig 2

Schnitt durch ein Zementsilo

Fig 3

Ansicht eines Zementsilos zu einem Eisenbahnwagen

Fig 4

Ansicht eines Zementsilos zu einem Eisenbahnwagen von unten.

Fig 5

Aufbau der Makrozellenkonstruktion.

Fig 6

Querschnitt eines Balkens.

Fig 7

Querschnitt eines Eisenträgers.

In the drawing shows:

Fig. 1

View of a railroad car for cement transportation.

Fig. 2

Cut through a cement silo

Fig. 3

View of a cement silo to a railroad car

Fig. 4

View of a cement silo to a railroad car from below.

Fig. 5

Structure of macrocell construction.

Fig. 6

Cross section of a beam.

Fig. 7

Cross section of an iron carrier.

The figures represent preferred embodiments, which will be explained in the following description as examples.

The invention is presented by means of a cement cart. As shown in Figure 1 (ex. Railway carriage) are container 1 as used as structures for railroad and trucks are designed as a horizontal cylinder. This shape is chosen for various reasons. Among other things, the round shape is ideally suited to absorb internal pressure. Ideal would be a hexagonal cylindrical body, which is provided at the bottom with a discharge funnel. This is how the old cement cars are made. On a chassis consisting of bogies and carrier frame two silos are arranged in each case. Standing cylindrical silos can be closed at the bottom with a circular funnel. However, such silos are not suitable for rail or road transport, because they offer a low payload to deadweight ratio.

You choose, adapted to the profile of tunnels, rail and / or road, lying cylinder as a silo. In order now also to be able to use the effect of gravity for emptying, discharge funnels must be arranged on the cylindrical body at the bottom (FIG. 2). One opens the cylindrical part tangentially and receives in this way an emptying part 3 of the necessary manner is equipped with surfaces that are not curved. To allow complete emptying two side surfaces 30, 30 'run tangentially away from the container 1 (Figure 4) and two longitudinal surfaces 31, 31' run from the same interface of the tangent to the container part 2, at the edges of the side surfaces 30, 30 'an emptying part 3 (FIG. 3) in the form of a quadrangular funnel, toward the emptying tubes 32.

The longitudinal surfaces 31 and 31 'are in the interior of the container 1 equipped with fine-mesh filters, so-called "filter cloths". Through these filter cloths, the gas is distributed microscopically, so that you can put the Staubgut in the state of transportable gas-dust mixture. If you want to empty the container filled with Staubgut 1, you bring the drain pipe 32 (Fig 3,4) a suction line and presses through the air supply in the longitudinal surfaces 31 and 31 'air into the container. This results in the interior of container 1, an overpressure in the range of 1 - 5 bar. This overpressure is decisive for the calculation of the wall thicknesses which must be used for the cylinder part 1 and the emptying part 3 of the container 1.

A cylindrical body with curved surfaces can satisfy a pressure with smaller wall thicknesses than a non-curved surface. The walls of the cylinder part 2 with the two formed as a dished bottom 4 statements can withstand the same wall thickness higher pressures than the surfaces 30, 30 ', 31 and 31' of the emptying part. 3

For container 1, which are used for rail or road transport, this results in a weight problem. The thicker the metal surfaces, the heavier the container. Now, however, the total weight of a truck or a railroad car is given by regulations or economic factors. The more payload can be loaded into a container without exceeding the total weight, the more economical the device can be used. Therefore, it is clear that you want to keep the material content as small as possible for containers for road or rail transport to reduce its own weight. In railway construction, however, the price of the equipment as well as the weight of the empty car plays an important role. Conventional steel is therefore the right material to strive for the optimum size of dead weight, payload and cost of such a car.

The inventive idea is to use this principle of macrocell construction in steel and vehicle construction. This principle is absolutely successful in aircraft construction. In furniture construction, the longer you know it, the more you can build sturdy furniture with little weight in this way. The problem with using these systems for steel and railway construction is that such designs are very labor-intensive. Only the use of standardized systems that can be put together in welding robots brings a possible success.

The construction of the invention is based on optimization calculations only to economically viable device. On a base plate 10 (Figure 5) longitudinal webs 11 and transverse webs 12 are secured by welding, soldering, gluing or other means. Longitudinal webs 11 and transverse webs 12 are also mutually connected to each other at the interfaces by corresponding means. As shown in Figure 5, the longitudinal webs 11 and the transverse webs 12 on the side facing away from the base plate, elevations 15. Now, if the base plate 10 in the aforementioned sense with the longitudinal webs 11 and the transverse webs 12 is firmly connected, is a cover plate 13 brought over the base plate 10 with the webs 11,12, which is provided with recesses 16. The elevations 15 and the recesses 16 meet in such a way that the elevations 15 fit into the recesses 16. The cover plate 13 is now possibly directly on the basis of the longitudinal and transverse webs 11,12, the projections 15 fit into the recesses 16 and can now be connected to the edges of the recesses 16 by means of gluing, soldering, welding or other means.

If the macrocell construction is joined together by means of soldering or gluing, it is possible to proceed without elevations 15. Longitudinal webs 11 and transverse webs 12 then have the same continuous height and are connected to one another in the interfaces 14. The cover plate 13 and the base plate 10 facing surfaces are then provided with solder or adhesive. Then, the "grid" thus produced between base plate 10 and cover plate 13 is inserted. As a final process, all parts are then connected by pressure and temperature like a sandwich.

The base plate 10 with the longitudinal webs 11, the transverse webs 12 and the cover plate 13 form a solid macro-cell construction, the d with small plate thickness the individual sheets, which can apply very large resistance to vertical pressure load for base plate 10, cover plate 13 and webs 11,12. A practical example documents the weight savings (FIGS. 6 and 7): a = 20mm b = 25mm h ₁ = 4mm h ₂ = ??? h ₃ = 44mm I ₆ = Resistance torque solid material I ₇ = Resistance torque honeycomb construction F ₆ = Cross section of the solid body F ₇ = Cross section of the honeycomb construction

Resistance torque for the carrier Fig. 7

The Steiner rate valid for the calculation is decisive for the macrocell construction: $${\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{=}\frac{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{\times }{\left({\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{3}}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{2}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{\mathrm{1}}\right)}^{\mathrm{3}}}{\mathrm{12}}\mathrm{+}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{\times }\left(\frac{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{\times }{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{\mathrm{1}}}^{\mathrm{3}}}{\mathrm{12}}\mathrm{+}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{\times }\mathrm{b}\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{2}}\right)\mathrm{|}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{result}\mathrm{:}\\ {\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{=}\mathrm{95}\mathrm{\text{'}}\mathrm{818}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{4}}\end{array}$$

Thickness h ₂ according to FIG. 6

Solid material as shown in Figure 6 would thus have the thickness h ₂ . To achieve the same resistance moment, ie I ₆ = I ₇ , the following calculation results: $${\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{6}}\mathrm{=}\frac{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{\times }{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{\mathrm{2}}}^{\mathrm{3}}}{\mathrm{12}}$$

This formula yields the following calculation: $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{=}\sqrt[\mathrm{3}]{\frac{\mathrm{12}\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{6}}}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="b"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">b</figure-callout>}}}\mathbf{|}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{result}\mathrm{:}\\ {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{=}\mathrm{35.8}\mathrm{mm}\end{array}$$

With the same strength against pressure, the following aspect ratios result:

The macrocell construction has a cross-sectional area F _{7 of} all three elements (FIG. 7) of 344 mm ² with a height of h ₃ = 44 mm.

des Gewichts der Vollmaterial Version bei gleicher Festigkeit.The solid material has a cross-sectional area F6 of 896 mm ² with a height h ₂ of 35.8 mm. The macrocell construction is needed $$344{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="mm"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">mm</figure-callout>}}^2/896{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="mm"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">mm</figure-callout>}}^2=38\%$$

the weight of the solid material version with the same strength.

Solid material version with h ₂ = 35.8mm thickness is only 18.6% or 1/5 less effective than the macrocell construction with h ₃ = 44mm.

As mentioned above, this fact has long been known in the construction of aircraft and furniture. In conventional steel construction, these economically justified calculations have not been made so far. Of particular importance is this macrocell construction in railway construction and in applications that require an optimization of dead weight, costs and payload.

The thickness d of the base plate 10, the longitudinal webs 11, the transverse webs 12 and the cover plate 13 may well be different. With the thickness of the cover plate 13 and the base plate 10 most weight can be saved. The thickness is optimally between 3mm and 6mm.

The distance x between the longitudinal webs 11 is between 100mm and 500mm. The distance y between the transverse webs 12 may also be in the range between 100mm and 500mm. The distances x and y can be the same, resulting in a square macrocell construction; but they can also be different depending on the situation. Advantageously, this geometric arrangement of the strength-related situation adapted. The macrocell construction can not be constructed theoretically isolated, but will adapt to the structural parts involved. In order to find the right dimensions, mathematical models have to be produced which show the different loads and allow an optimization.

Important for the strength of the macrocell construction is the respective ratio of the thickness of the longitudinal struts 11 to the distance x and the thickness of the transverse struts 12 to the distance y within the ratios 1:60 to 1:80. For the sheet thicknesses of base plate d _G and cover plate d _D play mainly the resistance values against bending over the respective distance x resp. y a role.

Figure 5 shows one way in which the macrocell construction can be constructed. As already described above, the elevations 15 of the longitudinal struts 11 and the transverse struts 12 fit into the recesses of the cover plate 13. This type of construction is necessary if the macrocell construction is to be connected by welding. One has the option of base plate 10, Längsstreben 11 and cross struts 12 together weld together, as the lower part of Figure 5 shows. If this part is then joined together with the cover plate 13, the elevations 15 can be welded to the cover plate 13 in the recesses 16.

Further weight savings can be achieved by taking out in the base plate 10, the longitudinal webs 11, the transverse webs 12 and the cover plate 13, the material in the full areas between the compounds of the parts. The crossing points 14, where the longitudinal webs 11 meet with the transverse webs 12 and all joints between the base plate 10, longitudinal webs 11 and transverse webs 12 and cover plate 13 must have over the respective junction addition "T" forming webs to still the rule of Steiner Sentence to fulfill.

Claims (15)

Macrocell construction for steel and vehicle construction, characterized in that a base plate (10), transverse webs (12), longitudinal webs (11) and a cover plate (13) form a sandwich-like macrocell construction. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the sheets for the base plate (10), the cover plate (13), the transverse webs (12) and the longitudinal webs (11) have a plate thickness (d) of 3 to 6 mm. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance (x) between the longitudinal webs (11) is 100 to 500 mm. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance (y) between the transverse webs (12) is 100 to 500 mm. Macrocell construction according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the ratio of the plate thickness (d) of the base plate (10), the longitudinal webs (11), the transverse webs (12) and the cover plate (13) to the distance (x) between the Longitudinal webs (11) is between 1:60 and 1:80. Macrocell construction according to claims 2 and 4, characterized in that the ratio of the plate thickness (d) of the base plate (10), the longitudinal webs (11), the transverse webs (12) and the cover plate (13) to the distance (y) between the individual transverse webs (12) lies between 1:60 and 1:80. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the base plate (10), the longitudinal webs (11), the transverse webs (12) and the cover plate (13) are firmly connected to each other by means of welding. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the base plate (10), the longitudinal webs (11), the transverse webs (12) and the cover plate (13) are fixedly connected together by means of soldering. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the base plate (10), the longitudinal webs (11), the transverse webs (12) and the cover plate (13) are firmly connected to each other by means of gluing. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that base plate (10) and cover plate (13) have straight surfaces. Macrocell construction according to claim 10, characterized in that base plate (10) and cover plate (13) are arranged in parallel. Macrocell construction according to claim 1, characterized in that base plate (10) and cover plate (13) have curved surfaces. Macrocell construction according to claim 12, characterized in that base plate (10) and cover plate (13) are arranged in parallel. Macrocell construction according to claim 10, characterized in that the base plate (10) and cover plate (13) have arbitrary shapes independent of each other. Macrocell construction according to claims 10 to 14, characterized in that the longitudinal webs (11) and the transverse webs (12) always follow the shapes of the base plate (10) and cover plate (13) by bridging the distances between them.

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