EP0157278B1

EP0157278B1 - Multi-component cutting element using polycrystalline diamond disks

Info

Publication number: EP0157278B1
Application number: EP85103149A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alexander K. Meskin; Clifford R. Pay
Original assignee: Eastman Christensen Co
Current assignee: Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations LLC
Priority date: 1984-03-26
Filing date: 1985-03-19
Publication date: 1989-11-02
Also published as: AU3946885A; CA1245624A; JPS60242291A; DE3574043D1; EP0157278A2; EP0157278A3

Description

The present invention relates to a cutter for mounting in a rotary drill bit as claimed in the precharacterizing part of claim 1.
Rotating diamond drill bits were initially manufactured with natural diamonds of industrial quality. The diamonds were square, round or of irregular shape and fully embedded in a metallic bit body, which was generally fabricated by powder metallurgical techniques (US-A-3 885 637). Typically, the natural diamonds were of a small size ranging from various grades of grit to larger sizes where natural diamonds of 5 or 6 stones per carat were fully embedded in the metal matrix. Because of the small size of the natural diamonds, it was necessary to fully embed the diamonds within the matrix in order to retain them on the bit face under the tremendous pressures and forces to which a drill bit is subjected during rock drilling.
Later, the commercial production of synthetically produced diamond grit and polycrystalline stones became a reality. For example, synthetic diamond was sintered into larger disk shapes and were formed as metal compacts, typically forming an amalgam of polycrystalline sintered diamond and cobalt carbide. Such diamond tables are commercially manufactured by General Electric Company under the trademark STRATAPAX. The diamond tables are bonded, usually within a diamond press to a cobalt carbide slug and sold as an integral slug cutter. The slug cutters are then attached by the drill bit manufacturers to a tungsten carbide slug which is fixed within a drill bit body according to the design of the bit manufacturer (US-A-4 244 432, GB-A-2 081 347).
However, such prior art polycrystalline diamond (PCD) compact cutting slugs are characterised by a low temperature stability. Therefore, their direct incorporation into an infiltrated matrix bit body is not practical or possible.
In an attempt to manufacture diamond cutting elements of improved hardness, abrasion resistance and temperature stability, prior art diamond synthesizers have developed a polycrystalline sintered diamond element from which the metallic interstitial components, typically cobalt, carbide and the like, have been leached or otherwise removed. Such leached polycrystalline synthetic diamond is manufactured by the General Electric Company under the trademark GEOSET, for example 2102 GEOSETS, which are formed in the shape of an equilateral prismatic triangle 4 mm on a side and 2.6 mm deep (3 per carat), and as a 2103 GEOSET shaped in the form of an equilateral triangular prismatic element 6 mm on a side and 3.7 mm deep (1 per carat). However, due to present fabrication techniques, in order to leach the synthetic sintered PCD and achieve the improved temperature stability, it is necessary that these diamond elements be limited in size. Therefore, whereas the diamond compact slug cutters, STRATAPAX, may be formed in the shape of circular disks of 3/8" (9.5 mm) to 1/2" (12.7 mm) in diameter, the leached triangular prismatic diamonds, GEOSETS, have maximum dimensions of 4 mm to 6 mm. It is well established that the cutting rate of a diamond rotating bit is substantially improved by the size of the exposed . diamond element available for useful cutting. Therefore, according to the prior art, the increased temperature stability of leached diamond products has been achieved only at the sacrifice of the size of the diamond elements and therefore the amount of diamond available in a bit design for useful cutting action.
From US-A-4 299 297 a cutter for mounting in a rotary percussion bit is known comprising a matrix and a plurality of hard metal elements disposed in said matrix and having an exposed end face, the exposed portions of said elements defining an enlarged hard metal cutter for use within a rotary percussion bit.
What is needed is a cutter which can be made of virtually unlimited size and of any desired shape having the temperature stability and characteristics of leached diamond products, and which can be mounted in a drag bit in a simple manner reducing costs, increasing bit quality and obtaining stronger cutters.
The invention is a cutter for mounting in a drill bit comprising a matrix and a plurality of hard cutting elements of the kind referred to and further comprising the features specified in the characterising part of claim 1. Regarding further embodiments attention is drawn to claims 2-7.
These and other embodiments of the invention are best understood by considering the following drawings wherein like elements are referenced by like numerals.

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a multicomponent cutting element formed in the shape of a circular disk according to the invention.
Figure 2 is a side view of the disk illustrated in Figure 1 shown as attached to a stud cutter.
Figure 3 is a side view of a multicomponent cutting element of the type shown in Figure 1 mounted in matrix tooth integrally formed in an infiltrated matrix bit.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention showing a triangular shaped multicomponent cutting element.
Figure 5 is a third embodiment of the invention showing a perspective view of a multicomponent rectangular shaped cutting element.

These and other embodiments can best be understood by viewing the above drawings in light of the following description.
The invention is an enlarged diamond cutter comprised of a plurality of right circular cylindrical thermally stable or leached PCD disks arranged in array within a cutting slug or table. The slug in turn is comprised of metallic powder which is infiltrated, molded or pressed about the array of PCD disks to form an amalgamated integral mass. The multiple edges of the PCD, disks tend to increase the total diamond cutting perimeter.
The invention can better be understood by turning first to the illustrated embodiment of Figure 1. In Figure 1 a perspective view of a diamond table or cutting slug, generally denoted by reference numeral 10, is depicted. Cutting slug 10 is comprised of an array of PCD elements 12. In the illustrated embodiment, elements 12 are right, circular cylindrical disks which are comprised of leached polycrystalline synthetic diamond formed in a diamond press. Such material is of substantially the same composition as synthetic diamond made and sold by General Electric Company under the trademark GEOSET, or by various Ministries of the Peoples of the People's Republic of China. In the case of synthetic diamond material available from China, the diamond stock is sold in rod-like cylindrical shapes of approximately 0.07 inch (2.00 mm) to 0.394 inch (10.0 mm) in length and 0.078" to 0.315" (2 mm to 8mm) in diameter. These rod-like shapes can then be sectioned to form cylindrical disk elements 12 to any desired thickness by laser-cutting, electro discharge machining or other equivalent means. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, disk diamond elements 12 are 0.157" (4 mm) in diameter and 0.039" (1 mm) thick.
Cutting slug 10 in the embodiment of Figure 1 has an overall geometric shape of a right circular cylindrical disk. In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness of cutting slug 10 is substantially equal to the thickness of diamond elements 12, although it could be increased or decreased if desired. Diamond elements 12 are disposed in cutting the slug 10 in an array which may be compactly formed, wherein each diamond element 12 contacts or is immediately proximate to at least one adjacent diamond element. PCD elements in the invention in a compact array may actually touch each other or may be separated by a thin layer of matrix material which tends to bond the adjacent elements together. For the purposes of this specification, either situation or its equivalent shall be defined as an "immediately proximate" configuration.
Alternatively, the array of diamond elements 12 could be placed within cutting slug 10 in a spaced apart relationship so that no two adjacent elements contacted each other and the interstitial space between diamond elements 12 is completely filled by matrix material 14. In addition, diamond coverage can be extended by using fractional portions of whole discs where appropriate. Matrix material 14 is an amalgam of powdered metals well known to the art, principally comprised of tungsten carbide.
Other elements and compounds may be added as well to effect the physical/chemical properties of matrix material 14 as required.
The invention is particularly characterised in that matrix material 14 also incorporates natural or synthetic diamond grit. Any mesh or grit size well known to the art may be used according to the required performance characteristics as determined by well known principles. In general, a grit size of 0.01 inch (0.00254 mm) to 0.05 (1,27 mm) inch in diameter is employed. A diamond grit incorporated or impregnated within matrix material 14 is disposed therein in a dispersion at least within that portion of matrix material 14 forming a layer near cutting face 16 of cutting slug 10. In the preferred embodiments, the grit is uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the matrix material at a concentration of 50% to 100% by volume. Cutting face 16 is thus comprised of the exposed end faces 18 of each diamond element 12 and the interstitial exposed surface of diamond bearing matrix material 14. In the illustrated embodiment, diamond grit is substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the entire volume of matrix material 14 and not merely in the proximity of cutting face 16.
Cutting slug 10 of the embodiment of Figure 1 may be fabricated by conventional hot pressing or infiltration techniques. Consider first fabrication by hot pressing. A carbon mold, in which a right circular cylindrical cavity is defined, is fabricated with movable end pieces or anvils.
Polycrystalline synthetic diamond elements 12, which are prefabricated, typically in a diamond press, are then placed within the cylindrical cavity defined in the carbon mold. The placement may be in a compact array or spaced apart array or such other arrangement as may be deemed appropriate. Thereafter, powder metal in which the diamond grit is uniformly mixed is placed in the mold between diamond elements 12 and at least above or below the elements. A greater depth of the diamond bearing matrix powder is loaded in the mold, than the thickness of diamond elements 12 in order to account for the higher compressability of the matrix powder as compared to synthetic polycrystalline diamonds 12. Sealing anvils are then placed on the top or bottom or both ends of the cylindrical cavity of the filled carbon mold and the mold and anvils are then placed within a hot press. The filled mold and its contents are then heated by a conventional induction heater and subjected to pressure. The pressure and temperature causes the matrix powder to amalgamate and compress to form the circular disk depicted as cutting slug 10 in Figure 1. The pressures and temperatures used in the hot press are well outside the diamond synthesis phase regions and no appreciable amount of diamond is either synthesized or converted into raphie during the process. For example, a pressure of 200 psi (1,38 MPa) is exerted upon the contents of the filled mold which is held at 1900°F (1,038°C for 3 minutes. The result is a multicomponent array of PCD elements 12 in a circular cylindrical disk 10 of approximately 0.512" (1 3mm) in diameter.
The same disk may be fabricated by conventional infiltration techniques wherein diamond elements 12 are again set within a carbon mold which is backfilled with matrix powder. The filled mold is then pressed and the powder allowed to settle and infiltrate to form an amalgamated sintered mass having the shape as defined by the mold.
Turn now to Figure 2 wherein cutting slug 10 is shown in sectional side view. Cutting slug 10 may be bonded by soldering or brazing to a steel or tungsten carbide stud 20 well known to the art. Stud 20 in turn is disposed within a drill bit body by press fitting, brazing or other well known methods. Cutting slug 10 in the illustrated embodiment is bonded to stud 20 by braze or solder forming a bonding layer 22 shown in exaggerated sectional view in Figure 2. Cutting face 16 is thus fully exposed and provides the useful cutting surface. Therefore, by using high temperature-stable and improved leached diamond elements 12, an enlarged cutting slug 10 of a size comparable or greater than presently available diamond compact cutters, such as STRATAPAX cutters, can be employed in conventional bit designs or in combination with conventional stud cutters as illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows a side sectional view of cutting slug 10 as disposed within an infiltrated matrix body bit. Only the tooth portion of the matrix body is illustrated. Cutting slug 10 is disposed in a carbon mold according to conventional infiltration techniques. Thereafter, the mold is filled with a metal matrix. The filled mold is then furnaced allowing the metallic powder to become sintered and infiltrate downward through the mold to form an integral mass As illustrated in Figure 3, cutting slug 10 thus becomes bonded to the integral mass of the matrix body and is embedded therein according to the bit design and tooth structure defined within the mold. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of Figure 3, cutting slug 10 is fully exposed above surface 24 of the bit and is provided with a trailing, integrally formed portion 26 to provide a backing and support for cutting slug 10. Cutting face 16 thus is fully exposed and forms the forward moving surface of the composite tooth structure that is characterised by an overall size and geometric shape heretofore characterised only by diamond compact stud cutters which could not be fabricated within an infiltration matrix bit because of their poor thermal stability.
Turn now to the second embodiment of Figure 4 wherein a cutting slug, generally denoted by reference numeral 28, is formed in the shape of a triangular table. Again, a plurality of synthetic PCD right circular disks 12 are disposed within cutting slug 28. Diamond elements 12 are disposed in an array which may either be compactly formed or spaced-apart. The interstitial space between and about diamond elements 12 within - cutting slug 28 is comprised of a metallic diamond bearing matrix 14 described above. As before, diamond elements 12 have at least one circular end face exposed on cutting face 30 of cutting slug 28. The thickness of slugs 28 may be substantially equal to the thickness of diamond elements 12. Again, cutting slug 28 may be formed by conventional hot press or infiltration techniques and then mounted on a stud in the manner as shown in connection with Figure 2 or directly disposed within an infiltrated matrix body bit as described in connection with Figure 3.
Figure 5 illustrates a third embodiment of the invention wherein a diamond table or cutting slug, generally denoted by a reference numeral 32, is formed in a rectangular or square shape. The same circular diamond elements 12 as described above are disposed within cutting slug 32 in an array with the interstitial spaces between and around diamond elements 12 filled with a diamond bearing matrix material 14. The embodiment of Figure 5 differs only from that of Figure 4 and Figure 1 by the overall gross geometric outline of the cutting slug and not by any detail of its constituents or mode of fabrication. Again, the cutting slug is fabricated using infiltration or hot press techniques and can then be mounted on a stud cutter in the manner briefly described in Figure 2 or directly in a matrix bit as suggested in Figure 3.
Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The illustrated embodiment has been shown only for the purposes of clarity and example and should not be taken as limiting the invention which is defined in the following claims.

Claims

1. A cutter for mounting in a rotary drill bit, comprising a matrix (14) and a plurality of hard cutting elements (12) disposed in said matrix (14) and having a least one exposed end face, characterized in that the cutting elements (12) being of leached polycristalline diamond (PCD) synthetic disks, and the matrix (14) forming a cutting slug (10, 28, 32) comprising a substantially planar cutting surface (16; 30), said PCD disks (12) being embedded within said matrix material (16) so that said one end face of said PCD disks being fully exposed on said cutting surface (16; 30), said one end face (34) of said plurality of PCD disks (12) collectively comprising and at least predominantly characterising said cutting face of said cutting slug (10, 28, 32) by exposed diamond material, whereby an enlarged diamond cutter is provided for mounting in a drag bit by directly infiltrating the cutting slug (10; 28; 32) into an integral cutting tooth (26) of a matrix body bit, and whereby said diamond cutter simulates an integral diamond table.

2. A cutter as claimed in claim 1 wherein said matrix material (14) incorporating a dispersion of diamond grit at least in that portion of said matrix material (14) adjacent to said cutting face (16; 30) of said cutting slug (10, 28, 32).

3. A cutter as claimed in claim 2 wherein said diamond grit being uniformly dispersed throughout the volume of said matrix material (14).

4. A cutter as claimed in one of claims 1-3 wherein said plurality of PCD disk (12) are disposed within said cutting slug (10, 28, 32) in a compact array wherein each PCD disk (12) is immediately proximate to at least one adjacent PCD disk.

5. A cutter as claimed in claim 2 wherein said plurality of PCD disks (12) are disposed within said cutting slug (10, 28; 32) in a compact arraywherein each PCD disk is in a spaced-apart relationship to any adjacent PCD disk, said matrix material (16) is disposed between said adjacent PCD disks and no PCD disk is immediately proximate to any other.

6. A cutter as claimed in one of the claims 1-5 wherein said plurality of PCD disks (12) are each formed of prefabricated synthetic PCD formed as right circular disks.

7. A cutter as claimed in one of the claims 1-7 wherein said cutting slug (10; 28; 30) is characterized by a thickness substantially equal to the thickness of said PCD disks (12).