EP0023347A1 - Method of soil quality enhancement and agent for carrying it out - Google Patents

Method of soil quality enhancement and agent for carrying it out Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0023347A1
EP0023347A1 EP80104351A EP80104351A EP0023347A1 EP 0023347 A1 EP0023347 A1 EP 0023347A1 EP 80104351 A EP80104351 A EP 80104351A EP 80104351 A EP80104351 A EP 80104351A EP 0023347 A1 EP0023347 A1 EP 0023347A1
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Prior art keywords
water
soil
soils
grain size
average grain
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EP80104351A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0023347B1 (en
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Gottfried Helbling
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Isaflex AG
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Isaflex AG
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Priority to AT80104351T priority Critical patent/ATE5198T1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/14—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing organic compounds only
    • C09K17/18—Prepolymers; Macromolecular compounds
    • C09K17/20—Vinyl polymers
    • C09K17/22—Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S71/00—Chemistry: fertilizers
    • Y10S71/903—Soil conditioner
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S71/00—Chemistry: fertilizers
    • Y10S71/904—Carrier

Definitions

  • the invention described here relates to a method for increasing the water absorption capacity, for improving water retention, for reducing water evaporation and for stabilizing loosening of desert soils and soils of a similar nature, but also of potted plant culture soils under desert climates or in closed rooms.
  • a granulate which essentially consists of polyacrylamide, which has an average grain size of 0.5 to 5 mm, which is water-swellable, gellable and difficult to rot and which is capable of permanently binding and releasing water serves as a means of carrying out this process.
  • U.S. Patent No. 3,973,355 issued August 10, 1976, describes a method of making container-free plant soil bodies using plant cultivation materials such as vermiculite, perlite, sand, sawdust, wood fiber, humus, etc. in the form of Particles are coated externally with an aqueous gel of a water-insoluble, water-swellable crosslinked polymer, for example polyacrylamide, the mixture obtained is brought into a three-dimensional shape and this shape is then dried to such an extent that it does not disintegrate when rewetted. It is immediately clear that such a method is unsuitable for improving the soil quality of lawn floors or even larger cultivated areas. Likewise, the above method can hardly be used by the normal holder of potted plants.
  • plant cultivation materials such as vermiculite, perlite, sand, sawdust, wood fiber, humus, etc. in the form of Particles are coated externally with an aqueous gel of a water-insoluble, water-swellable crosslinked polymer
  • the usual soil conditioners, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. can be added to it.
  • the agent for carrying out the method according to the invention is a granulate which essentially consists of polyacrylamide.
  • the granulate has an average grain size of 0.5 to 5 mm, is swellable and gellable in water and is not rotten by the usual soil components. It can permanently bind a high proportion of water; however, it releases this water easily.
  • the water absorption capacity of this soil prepared according to the invention was compared to the pure soil material, i.e. with fine desert sand, at values of over 60% more than with desert sand.
  • the water retention, measured 1 day after watering, was more than 100% higher for the soil prepared according to the invention than for the unprepared soil material.
  • the maximum temperatures on the floor surface were over 70 ° C.
  • various desert-resistant trees were planted at adapted intervals, first in soils around the root area prepared with the granules according to application 1 and once in unprepared soils. After watering all the plants several times, the trees were left to the natural desert climate.
  • the method according to the invention together with a suitable planting, indirectly leads to a stabilization of the desert soil. Evaporation of water from the soil was reduced: soil samples were examined a few days after the last irrigation. The prepared floors still had a clearly noticeable moisture level, which was not the case with the unprepared floors.

Abstract

A method for improving the water conservation properties of soil. The method increases the ability of the soil to absorb and retain water and acts to stabilize the loosening of break-up of the soil.

Description

Die hier beschriebene Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit, zur Verbesserung der Wasserretention, zur Erniedrigung der Wasserverdunstung und zur stabilisierenden Auflockerung von Wüstenböden und von Böden ähnlicher Beschaffenheit, aber auch von eingetopften Pflanzenkulturböden unter Wüstenklimatas, bzw. in geschlossenen Räumen.The invention described here relates to a method for increasing the water absorption capacity, for improving water retention, for reducing water evaporation and for stabilizing loosening of desert soils and soils of a similar nature, but also of potted plant culture soils under desert climates or in closed rooms.

Als Mittel zur Ausführung dieses Verfahrens dient ein Granulat, das im wesentlichen aus Polyacrylamid besteht, das eine mittlere Körnung von 0,5 bis 5 mm aufweist, das wasserquellbar, gelierbar und schwer verrottbar ist und das permanent Wasser zu binden und wieder abzugeben vermag.A granulate which essentially consists of polyacrylamide, which has an average grain size of 0.5 to 5 mm, which is water-swellable, gellable and difficult to rot and which is capable of permanently binding and releasing water serves as a means of carrying out this process.

Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Bodenqualitäten in bezug auf Wasserhaushalt sind bekannt. Zum Teil sind es mechanische Verfahren, wie beispielsweise Drainage, zum Teil physikalische, wie beispielsweise die Beigabe von geschäumten Kunststoffpartikeln zum Bodenmaterial.Methods for improving the soil quality with regard to water balance are known. Some of them are mechanical processes, such as drainage, some are physical, such as the addition of foamed plastic particles to the floor material.

Eigentliche, chemisch-physikalische Methoden unter Einsatz von beständigen, d.h. nicht abbaubaren Materialien, sind der Anmelderin nicht bekannt.Actual, chemical-physical methods using the applicant is not aware of stable, ie non-degradable materials.

Die US-Patentschrift Nr. 3 973 355, die am 10. August 1976 erteilt worden ist, beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von behälterfreien Pflanzenbödenkörper, bei dem Pflanzenkultivationsmaterialien wie Vermiculite, Perlite, Sand, Sägemehl, Holzfasern, Humus, usw. in Form von Partikeln mit einem wässrigen Gel eines wasserunlöslichen, in Wasser quellbaren vernetzten Polymer, beispielsweise Polyacrylamid, äusserlich beschichtet werden, die erhaltene Mischung in eine dreidimensionale Form gebracht wird und diese Form dann soweit getrocknet wird, dass sie beim Wiederanfeuchten nicht zerfällt. Es leuchtet sofort ein, dass ein solches Verfahren ungeeignet ist zur Verbesserung der Bodenqualitäten von Rasenböden oder noch grösseren Kulturflächen. Ebenso kann das obige Verfahren kaum durch den Normalhalter von eingetopften Pflanzen angewendet werden.U.S. Patent No. 3,973,355, issued August 10, 1976, describes a method of making container-free plant soil bodies using plant cultivation materials such as vermiculite, perlite, sand, sawdust, wood fiber, humus, etc. in the form of Particles are coated externally with an aqueous gel of a water-insoluble, water-swellable crosslinked polymer, for example polyacrylamide, the mixture obtained is brought into a three-dimensional shape and this shape is then dried to such an extent that it does not disintegrate when rewetted. It is immediately clear that such a method is unsuitable for improving the soil quality of lawn floors or even larger cultivated areas. Likewise, the above method can hardly be used by the normal holder of potted plants.

Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit, zur Verbesserung der Wasserretention, zur Erniedrigung der Wasserverdunstung und zur stabilisierenden Auflockerung von Wüstenböden und von Böden ähnlicher Beschaffenheit, aber auch von eingetopften Pflanzenkulturböden unter Wüstenklimatas bzw. in geschlossenen Räumen, ist gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Verfahrensschritte:

  • - örtliche oder ortsfremde Zubereitung einer Bodenmischung aus dem vorliegenden Bodenmaterial und aus 1 bis 20 % - bezogen auf das Mischungsgewicht - quervernetztem, anionischem Polyacrylamid in Form eines wasserquellbaren, schwer verrottbaren, permanent Wasser ad- und desorbierenden Granulates mit einer mittleren Korngrösse zwischen 0,5 und 5 mm,
  • - Einbringen der genannten Bodenmischung im Hauptwurzelbereich der zu pflanzenden Kulturen und
  • - Bewässerung der eingebrachten Bodenmischung auf einen Quellgrad des Granulates von ΔV ≥ 200 % von Vo.
The process according to the invention for increasing the water absorption capacity, for improving the water retention, for reducing the water evaporation and for the stabilizing loosening of desert soils and of soils of a similar nature, but also of potted plant culture soils under desert climates or in closed rooms, is characterized by the following process steps:
  • - Local or non-local preparation of a soil mixture from the existing soil material and from 1 to 20% - based on the mixture weight - cross-linked, anionic polyacrylamide in the form of water-swellable, difficult to rot, permanent water-adsorbing and desorbing granules with an average grain size between 0.5 and 5 mm,
  • - Introducing the soil mixture mentioned in the main root area of the crops to be planted and
  • - Irrigation of the introduced soil mixture to a degree of swelling of the granulate of ΔV ≥ 200% of V o .

Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren kann beim Vorliegen von feinen, sandigen Böden mit einem Granulat einer mittleren Korngrösse von ca. 0,5 mm und beim Vorliegen von schweren, lehmhaltigen Böden mit einem solchen einer mittleren Korngrösse von über 1 mm ausgeführt werden.The process according to the invention can be carried out with fine, sandy soils with granules with an average grain size of approximately 0.5 mm and with heavy, clayey soils with an average grain size of over 1 mm.

Bei der Zubereitung der Bodenmischung können derselben übliche Bodenkonditioniermittel, Dünger, Pestizide, usw. zugegeben werden.When preparing the soil mixture, the usual soil conditioners, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. can be added to it.

Das Mittel zur Ausführung des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens ist ein Granulat, das im wesentlichen aus Polyacrylamid besteht. Das Granulat weist eine mittlere Körnung von 0,5 bis 5 mm auf, ist im Wasser quellbar und gelierbar und wird durch die üblichen Bodenbestandteile nicht verrottet. Es vermag permanent einen hohen Anteil von Wasser zu binden; es gibt dieses Wasser aber auch leicht wieder ab.The agent for carrying out the method according to the invention is a granulate which essentially consists of polyacrylamide. The granulate has an average grain size of 0.5 to 5 mm, is swellable and gellable in water and is not rotten by the usual soil components. It can permanently bind a high proportion of water; however, it releases this water easily.

Erstaunlicherweise hat es sich gezeigt, dass das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren sowohl bei Wüstenböden wie auch bei Topfkultivationsböden ausgezeichnete Resultate zeigt.Surprisingly, it has been shown that the method according to the invention shows excellent results both in desert soils and in pot cultivation soils.

Als Beispiele für das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren werden nun einige Anwendungen beschrieben.Some applications will now be described as examples of the method according to the invention.

Anwendung 1Application 1

Unter feinen Wüstensand wurden ca. 20 kg trockenes Polyacrylamid-Granulat in ca. 1 m3 Sand gemischt. Das Granulat bestand aus einem unlöslichen, nicht-toxischen Polymermaterial, das mittels Copolymerisation von 95 Gew.-% Acrylamid und 5 Gew.-% N,N'-Methylenbisacrylamid erhalten worden war. Es lag in einer Körnung von 2 bis 3 mm vor. Dieses Material wurde in Wurzelhöhe ausgebreitet und dann ausgiebig bewässert. Der darin angepflanzte Rasen wuchs in normaler Zeit und musste nachher nur noch einmal pro Woche gewässert werden, im Gegensatz zum Rasen, der in konventionell präparierten Wüstenböden gepflanzt worden war und täglich gewässert werden musste.About 20 kg of dry polyacrylamide granules were mixed into about 1 m 3 of sand under fine desert sand. The granules consisted of an insoluble, non-toxic polymer material which had been obtained by copolymerizing 95% by weight of acrylamide and 5% by weight of N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide. It had a grain size of 2 to 3 mm. This material was spread out at root height and then watered extensively. The lawn planted in it grew in normal time and afterwards only had to be watered once a week, in contrast to the lawn that had been planted in conventionally prepared desert soils and had to be watered daily.

Die Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit dieses erfindungsgemäss präparierten Bodens lag, verglichen mit dem reinen Bodenmaterial, d.h. mit feinem Wüstensand, bei Werten von über 60 % mehr als beim Wüstensand. Die Wasserretention, gemessen 1 Tag nach der Wässerung, war beim erfindungsgemäss präparierten Boden über 100 % höher als beim nicht präparierten Bodenmaterial. Die Höchsttemperaturen an der Bodenoberfläche betrugen dabei über 70°C.The water absorption capacity of this soil prepared according to the invention was compared to the pure soil material, i.e. with fine desert sand, at values of over 60% more than with desert sand. The water retention, measured 1 day after watering, was more than 100% higher for the soil prepared according to the invention than for the unprepared soil material. The maximum temperatures on the floor surface were over 70 ° C.

Anwendung 2Application 2

Zur Stabilisierung von Sanddünenböden wurden in angepassten Abständen verschiedene wüstenbeständige Bäume gepflanzt, einmal in erfindungsgemäss mit dem Granulat gemäss Anwendung 1 präparierten Böden um den Wurzelbereich und einmal in nicht präparierten Böden. Nach mehrmaliger Bewässerung aller Pflanzen wurden die Bäume dem natürlichen Wüstenklima überlassen.In order to stabilize sand dune soils, various desert-resistant trees were planted at adapted intervals, first in soils around the root area prepared with the granules according to application 1 and once in unprepared soils. After watering all the plants several times, the trees were left to the natural desert climate.

Nach einem Jahr zeigte es sich, dass die Bäume im nicht präparierten Boden dem Dünendruck mangels Verwurzelung allesamt nicht standgehalten hatten, währenddem die Bäume im erfindungsgemäss präparierten Boden zum grössten Teil noch standen und den Dünenfortgang eingedämmt hatten.After a year, it was found that the trees in the unprepared soil had not withstood the dune pressure due to lack of rooting, while the trees in the soil prepared according to the invention still stood for the most part and contained the progress of the dunes.

Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren führt also, zusammen mit einer geeigneten Bepflanzung, indirekt zu einer Stabilisierung des Wüstenbodens. Die Verdunstung des Wassers aus dem Boden war reduziert: Einige Tage nach der letzten Bewässerung wurden Bodenproben untersucht. Die präparierten Böden wiesen noch eine deutlich fühlbare Feuchtigkeit auf, was bei den nicht präparierten Böden nicht der Fall war.The method according to the invention, together with a suitable planting, indirectly leads to a stabilization of the desert soil. Evaporation of water from the soil was reduced: soil samples were examined a few days after the last irrigation. The prepared floors still had a clearly noticeable moisture level, which was not the case with the unprepared floors.

Durch die Verminderung der Bewässerung in wüstenklimatischen Bedingungen wird, wegen des Restsalzgehaltes des zur Bewässerung in Wüstengebieten eingesetzten Wassers, übrigens auch die vom Boden aufgenommene Salzmenge reduziert.By reducing irrigation in desert climatic conditions, because of the residual salt content of the water used for irrigation in desert areas, the amount of salt absorbed by the soil is also reduced.

Anwendung 3Application 3

Topfpflanzen, die vor der erfindungsgemässen Präparation des Bodens mit dem Granulat gemäss Anwendung 1, jedoch mit der Korngrösse 1-2 mm, täglich begossen werden mussten, benötigten nach der Präparation nur noch halb- oder wöchentliche Bewässerung; Pflanzen, die wöchentlich begossen werden mussten, lediglich noch eine Bewässerung in 3 Wochen.Potted plants that had to be watered daily with the granulate according to application 1, but with the grain size 1-2 mm, had to be watered every day after the preparation according to the invention only required half or weekly watering after the preparation; Plants that had to be watered weekly only need watering in 3 weeks.

Claims (4)

l. Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit, zur Verbesserung der Wasserretention, zur Erniedrigung der Wasserverdunstung und zur stabilisierenden Auflockerung von Wüstenböden und von Böden ähnlicher Beschaffenheit, aber auch von eingetopften Pflanzenkulturböden unter Wüstenklimatas, bzw. in geschlossenen Räumen, gekennzeichnet durch - örtliche oder ortsfremde Zubereitung einer Bodenmischung aus dem vorliegenden Bodenmaterial und aus 1 bis 20 % - bezogen auf das Mischungsgewicht - quervernetztem, wasserunlöslichem, anionischem Polyacrylamid, erhalten mittels Copolymerisation von überwiegend Acrylamid und wenig N,N'-Methylenbisacryl- amid in Form eines wasserquellbaren, schwer verrottbaren, permanent Wasser ad- und desorbierenden Granulates mit einer mittleren Korngrösse zwischen 0,5 und 5 mm, - Einbringen der genannten Bodenmischung im Hauptwurzelbereich der zu pflanzenden Kulturen und - Bewässerung der eingebrachten Bodenmischung auf einen Quellgrad des Granulates von ΔV/Vo ≥200 %. l. Process for increasing the water absorption capacity, for improving water retention, for lowering water evaporation and for the stabilizing loosening of desert soils and soils of a similar nature, but also of potted plant culture soils under desert climates or in closed rooms, characterized by - Local or non-local preparation of a soil mixture from the present soil material and from 1 to 20% - based on the mixture weight - cross-linked, water-insoluble, anionic polyacrylamide, obtained by copolymerization of predominantly acrylamide and little N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide in the form of a water-swellable , difficult to rot, permanent water adsorbing and desorbing granules with an average grain size between 0.5 and 5 mm, - Introducing the soil mixture mentioned in the main root area of the crops to be planted and - Irrigation of the introduced soil mixture to a degree of swelling of the granulate of ΔV / V o ≥200%. 2. Verfahren gemäss Patentanspruch l,in dem bei feinen, sandigen Böden ein Granulat auf Basis von Polyacrylamid mit einer mittleren Korngrösse von ca. 0,5 mm und bei schweren, lehmhaltigen Böden ein solches mit einer mittleren Korngrösse von über 1 mm eingesetzt wird.2. The method according to claim 1, in which a granulate based on polyacrylamide with an average grain size of about 0.5 mm is used in fine, sandy soils and one with an average grain size of over 1 mm in heavy, loamy soils. 3. Verfahren gemäss Patentanspruch 1, in dem bei der Zubereitung der Bodenmischung derselben noch übliche Bodenkonditioniermittel, Dünger, Pestizide usw. zugegeben werden.3. The method according to claim 1, in which the usual soil conditioners, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. are added to the preparation of the soil mixture thereof. 4. Granulat als Mittel zur Ausführung des Verfahrens gemäss Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es im wesentlichen aus Polyacrylamid besteht, dass es eine mittlere Körnung von 0,5 bis 5 mm aufweist, dass es wasserquellbar, gelierbar und schwer verrottbar ist und dass es permanent Wasser zu binden und wieder abzugeben vermag.4. Granules as means for carrying out the method according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists essentially of polyacrylamide, that it has an average grain size of 0.5 to 5 mm, that it is water-swellable, gellable and difficult to rot and that it can permanently bind water and release it again.
EP80104351A 1979-07-31 1980-07-24 Method of soil quality enhancement and agent for carrying it out Expired EP0023347B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80104351T ATE5198T1 (en) 1979-07-31 1980-07-24 METHODS OF IMPROVING SOIL QUALITIES AND MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING THEM.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH704979A CH635126A5 (en) 1979-07-31 1979-07-31 METHODS FOR IMPROVING WATER MANAGEMENT AND REMOVAL OF DESERT SOIL AND POTTED SOIL AND MEANS FOR IMPLEMENTING THESE.
CH7049/79 1979-07-31

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EP0023347A1 true EP0023347A1 (en) 1981-02-04
EP0023347B1 EP0023347B1 (en) 1983-11-02

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US (1) US4540427A (en)
EP (1) EP0023347B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5622378A (en)
AT (1) ATE5198T1 (en)
AU (1) AU533696B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1134161A (en)
CH (1) CH635126A5 (en)
DE (1) DE3065461D1 (en)
ES (1) ES8105770A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2462463A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2054706B (en)
IL (1) IL60223A (en)
MA (1) MA18897A1 (en)
OA (1) OA06559A (en)
ZA (1) ZA803622B (en)

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EP0072213A1 (en) * 1981-08-07 1983-02-16 Unilever N.V. Particulate compositions useful as plant growing media additives
EP0072214A1 (en) * 1981-08-07 1983-02-16 Unilever N.V. Copolymeric compositions useful as plant growing media additives
WO1983000482A1 (en) * 1981-08-07 1983-02-17 Bosley, John, Anthony Particulate compositions useful as plant growing media additives
WO1983000498A1 (en) * 1981-08-07 1983-02-17 Bosley, John, Anthony Polymeric compositions useful as plant growing media additives
EP0101253A2 (en) * 1982-08-17 1984-02-22 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Water Treatments Limited Water absorbing polymers
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EP0150302A2 (en) * 1983-12-03 1985-08-07 Wolff Walsrode Aktiengesellschaft Water swellable high molecular substances and their use as soil improving agent
EP0150302A3 (en) * 1983-12-03 1986-02-19 Wolff Walsrode Aktiengesellschaft Water swellable high molecular substances and their use as soil improving agent
US4614780A (en) * 1983-12-03 1986-09-30 Wolff Walsrode Aktiengesellschaft High molecular weight water-swellable substances
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WO2002015687A3 (en) * 2000-08-21 2002-06-13 Procter & Gamble Systems for delivering moisture to plants and soils

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GB2054706A (en) 1981-02-18
IL60223A (en) 1982-09-30
US4540427A (en) 1985-09-10
ES493514A0 (en) 1981-07-01
EP0023347B1 (en) 1983-11-02
CA1134161A (en) 1982-10-26
GB2054706B (en) 1983-06-08
FR2462463B1 (en) 1984-10-26
AU533696B2 (en) 1983-12-08
IL60223A0 (en) 1980-09-16
ZA803622B (en) 1981-06-24
FR2462463A1 (en) 1981-02-13
CH635126A5 (en) 1983-03-15
ES8105770A1 (en) 1981-07-01
ATE5198T1 (en) 1983-11-15
OA06559A (en) 1981-07-31
JPS5622378A (en) 1981-03-02
AU5919980A (en) 1981-02-05
DE3065461D1 (en) 1983-12-08
MA18897A1 (en) 1981-04-01

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