DE4424753A1 - Retina implant with array of polymer-sheathed conductive filaments on insulating substrate - Google Patents

Retina implant with array of polymer-sheathed conductive filaments on insulating substrate

Info

Publication number
DE4424753A1
DE4424753A1 DE4424753A DE4424753A DE4424753A1 DE 4424753 A1 DE4424753 A1 DE 4424753A1 DE 4424753 A DE4424753 A DE 4424753A DE 4424753 A DE4424753 A DE 4424753A DE 4424753 A1 DE4424753 A1 DE 4424753A1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
substrate
polymer
retina implant
retina
array
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
DE4424753A
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German (de)
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DE4424753B4 (en
Inventor
Joerg-Uwe Dr Meyer
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Priority to DE4424753A priority Critical patent/DE4424753B4/en
Publication of DE4424753A1 publication Critical patent/DE4424753A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE4424753B4 publication Critical patent/DE4424753B4/en
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/08—Devices or methods enabling eye-patients to replace direct visual perception by another kind of perception
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
    • A61N1/0543—Retinal electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
    • A61L2430/16—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of eye parts, e.g. intraocular lens, cornea
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36046—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of the eye

Abstract

Conductive bodies are provided in an array with a comb or honeycomb structure on an insulating substrate and may be controlled by a conductor track system on or in the substrate. The system includes contact bumps on the substrate and is connected to an external or implanted drive. The substrate is mfd. from a polymer or silicone rubber and/or other body-compatible substrate and the conductive bodies comprise filaments of flexible, body-compatible material or metal wires of Ag, Au, Pt, Ir sheathed in a polymer.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Retina-Implantat und insbesondere ein Filament-Elektroden-Array (FEA).The invention relates to a retina implant and in particular to a Filament electrode array (FEA).

Das Filament-Elektroden-Array stellt eine elastische Kontaktstruktur eines Retina-Im­ plantats dar, um eine neuroprothetische Sehhilfe für Patienten zu schaffen, die z. B. an Retinitis Pigmentosa erkrankt sind.The filament-electrode array provides an elastic contact structure of a retina-Im plantats to create a neuroprosthetic vision aid for patients who, for. B. are suffering from retinitis pigmentosa.

Stand der Technik; Nachteile des Standes der TechnikState of the art; Disadvantages of the prior art

Erste Versuche wurden unternommen, konventionelle, starre Mikroelektroden direkt in die visuelle Hirnrinde eines Patienten zu implantieren (NIH, USA). Bei Elektrodenrei­ zung empfand der blinde Patient eine Wahrnehmung von Leuchtpunkten.Initial attempts have been made to conventional, rigid microelectrodes directly to implant in a patient's visual cortex (NIH, USA). With electrode rows the blind patient felt a perception of luminous dots.

Nachteile: Es muß die Schädelkalotte geöffnet werden; operativ sehr aufwendig.Disadvantages: the skull cap must be opened; operationally very complex.

In der Retina müssen zur effektiven Ankopplung von Elektroden tiefere Strukturen er­ reicht werden. Ein flaches Elektroden-Array würde dieser Aufgabe nicht Genüge lei­ sten. Einen möglichen Ansatz bilden Nadelkissen-Elektroden aus Silizium (Norman et al. 1990, Meier, 1992, Hoogerwerf et al., 1991).Deeper structures are required in the retina for the effective coupling of electrodes be enough. A flat electrode array would not meet this task most. Pincushion electrodes made of silicon (Norman et al. 1990, Meier, 1992, Hoogerwerf et al., 1991).

Nachteil: Diese Silizium-Strukturen sind starr, brechen leicht und sind in Bezug auf Biokompatibilität noch unzureichend erforscht.Disadvantage: These silicon structures are rigid, break easily and are in terms of Inadequate research into biocompatibility.

Es arbeiten in USA mehrere Gruppen an einem Retina-Implantat (MIT; Harvard Univ.; Duke Univ.; Johns Hopkins Univ). Die Implantate sind mehr oder weniger flexibel. Nachteil: Die Struktur der Reizelektroden ist flach, die Elektroden besitzen keinen di­ rekten Kontakt zu tieferen Nervenstrukturen innerhalb der Retina. Die meisten Kon­ taktierungselemente sind starr und können somit die Retina schädigen.Several groups are working on a retinal implant in the USA (MIT; Harvard Univ .; Duke Univ .; Johns Hopkins University). The implants are more or less flexible. Disadvantage: The structure of the stimulation electrodes is flat, the electrodes do not have di direct contact with deeper nerve structures within the retina. Most con Tacting elements are rigid and can therefore damage the retina.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, diese Nachteile zu beseitigen und ein Retina-Implan­ tat zu schaffen, das viele Elektroden besitzt, die die Retina selbst nicht schädigen.The object of the invention is to eliminate these disadvantages and a retinal implant to create that has many electrodes that do not damage the retina itself.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch das Retina-Implantat nach Anspruch 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.This object is achieved by the retina implant according to claim 1. Beneficial Refinements are characterized in the subclaims.

Mit der Erfindung gelöste AufgabenTasks solved with the invention

Folgende Aufgaben sind mit der Erfindung gelöst:The invention achieves the following tasks:

  • - Die flexiblen Filamente können in tiefere Strukturen der Retina eindringen und somit tiefer gelegene Zellen direkt erreichen. Damit werden geringe Reiz­ stromstärken zur Stimulation der Nervenzelle benötigt. Eine auf tiefere Areale verteilte höhere räumliche Auflösung der Stimulation ist erreicht.- The flexible filaments can penetrate into deeper structures of the retina and thus directly reaching lower-lying cells. This will make little appeal currents needed to stimulate the nerve cell. One on deeper areas distributed higher spatial resolution of the stimulation is reached.
Erzeugte Verbesserung und Vorteile gegenüber dem Stand der TechnikGenerated improvement and advantages over the prior art

Da es sich um äußerst flexible Strukturen handelt, wird die Retina minimal traumati­ siert. Ein völlig neuer Ansatz besteht darin, das Filament-Elektroden-Array vollständig (einschließlich dem Elektrodenmaterial) aus biokompatiblen Materialien (z. B. Silikon Kautschuk) aufzubauen. Damit bestände der Vorteil, daß nur geringe Abstoßungser­ scheinungen des retinalen Gewebes zu erwarten sind.Since the structures are extremely flexible, the retina becomes minimally traumatic siert. A completely new approach is to complete the filament electrode array (including the electrode material) made of biocompatible materials (e.g. silicone Rubber). This would have the advantage that only low rejection rates symptoms of the retinal tissue are to be expected.

Grundzüge des LösungswegesBasics of the solution

Das Filament-Elektroden-Array (FEA) besteht aus einem flexiblen, isolierenden Substrat und leitenden Filamenten (siehe Abb. 1). Durch Verknüpfung mikromechani­ scher Strukturierung und Abformtechniken werden Strukturen mit Filamenten aus flexiblen, biokompatiblen Materialien (z. B. Polymeren: Silikon, Kautschuk, Polyuret­ han, Polyimid) hergestellt. The filament electrode array (FEA) consists of a flexible, insulating substrate and conductive filaments (see Fig. 1). By combining micromechanical structuring and impression techniques, structures with filaments made of flexible, biocompatible materials (e.g. polymers: silicone, rubber, polyurethane, polyimide) are produced.

Ausführungsbeispiel (Abb. 1 und Abb. 2)Exemplary embodiment ( Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)

Die Filamente selbst können aus leitenden Polymeren (z. B. Polyacetylen oder Po­ lypyrrol) oder leitendem Silikonkautschuk bestehen. Das flexible Material kann z. B. mit Metall dotiert sein oder Metallfasern enthalten, z. B. Gold, Silber, Platin oder Iridi­ um. Ebenso können die Filamente dadurch hergestellt werden, daß flexible Metallfa­ sern mit dem flexiblen Polymer oder Kautschuk umhüllt werden, wobei nur die Kon­ taktspitzen nicht isoliert sind. Es entstehen so kammförmige Elemente. Die Länge der Filamente beträgt ca. 10-50 µm. Mögliche Substratmaterialien sind Polyimid oder isolierender Silikonkautschuk. Einfache Strukturen können durch Bearbeitung mit ei­ ner Wafer-Säge, Methoden der Mikroassemblierung oder bei komplexeren Strukturen durch Einsatz von Lithographie-Galvanoabformungstechnik erstellt werden. Die ein­ zelnen Filamente werden selektiv angesteuert und müssen somit an eine Mikroelek­ tronik, die implantiert sein kann oder extern am Körper angeordnet, ankoppelbar sein. Die Mikroelektronik zur Ansteuerung des Arrays wird dazu benutzt, um z. B. an die Ausgänge einer Videokamera angeschlossen zu werden. Das Bild der Videokamera muß dann natürlich zwischenverarbeitet werden, so daß nur relativ große Körper er­ kennbar werden. Die Bildelemente der Videokamera müssen ja mit der Anzahl der Elektroden des Arrays übereinstimmen. Die Kontaktierung der einzelnen Filamente bzw. zu dem flexiblen Substrat mit elektronischen Bauelementen kann über An­ schlüsse (Kontakte-Bumps) an den Kanten des Substrats erfolgen. Die Kontakte-Bumps und die entsprechende Oberfläche des Substrates, die zur Aufnahme der Fi­ lamente vorgesehen sind, werden so mikromechanisch strukturiert, daß eine Klettver­ schluß-ähnliche Verbindung zwischen dem flexiblen Elektroden-Array und dem Substrat entsteht.The filaments themselves can be made of conductive polymers (e.g. polyacetylene or Po lypyrrole) or conductive silicone rubber. The flexible material can e.g. B. be doped with metal or contain metal fibers, e.g. B. gold, silver, platinum or iridi around. The filaments can also be produced in that flexible metal fa be wrapped with the flexible polymer or rubber, only the con clock peaks are not isolated. This creates comb-shaped elements. The length of the Filaments is approx. 10-50 µm. Possible substrate materials are polyimide or insulating silicone rubber. Simple structures can be created by editing with egg ner wafer saw, methods of microassembly or with more complex structures can be created using lithographic electroplating technology. The one Individual filaments are controlled selectively and therefore have to be connected to a microelek tronics, which can be implanted or arranged externally on the body, can be coupled. The microelectronics for controlling the array is used to, for. B. to the Outputs of a video camera to be connected. The image of the video camera must then of course be intermediate, so that only relatively large body he become recognizable. The picture elements of the video camera must match the number of Electrodes of the array match. The contacting of the individual filaments or to the flexible substrate with electronic components can via An conclusions (contacts bumps) on the edges of the substrate. The contacts bumps and the corresponding surface of the substrate, which is used to hold the fi laments are provided, are micromechanically structured so that a Velcro final-like connection between the flexible electrode array and the Substrate is formed.

Eine Modifizierung des flexiblen Elektroden-Array zu einer Kontaktstruktur mit koni­ schen Elektroden-Arrays ist möglich und in Abb. 2 angedeutet. Die Struktur besitzt ebenfalls einen Durchmesser von weniger als zwei Millimeter.A modification of the flexible electrode array to a contact structure with conical electrode arrays is possible and indicated in Fig. 2. The structure also has a diameter of less than two millimeters.

Die konischen Elemente sind ebenfalls leitende Silikon-Kautschuk-Noppen oder Pris­ men auf isolierendem Silikon-Kautschuk-Substrat. Die Höhe der Noppen beträgt dabei etwa 20 µm, die Kantenlänge 25 µm.The conical elements are also conductive silicone rubber nubs or pris on an insulating silicone rubber substrate. The height of the knobs is about 20 µm, the edge length 25 µm.

Das Retina-Implantat wird zwischen der Retina und dem Glaskörper, aber außerhalb des Strahlenganges implantiert, wobei sich die Filamente bzw. Noppen oder Prismen in die Retina eindrücken ohne sie zu verletzen. Diese Körper sollten in jedem Falle so ausgebildet sein, daß sich die leitenden Spitzen der Kamin- oder Wabenstruktur in das Gewebe der Retina eindrücken lassen, ohne diese zu traumatisieren und so elektri­ sche Impulse auch in tiefere Regionen einbringbar sind.The retina implant is between the retina and the vitreous, but outside of the beam path implanted, the filaments or knobs or prisms press into the retina without injuring it. In any case, these bodies should be like this be designed so that the conductive tips of the chimney or honeycomb structure in the  Allow the retinal tissue to be pressed in without traumatizing it and thus electri ce impulses can also be brought into deeper regions.

Claims (4)

1. Retina-Implantat, wobei auf einem isolierenden Substrat in einer Array-Anord­ nung leitende Körper mit einer Kamm- oder Wabenstruktur vorgesehen sind, die über ein Leiterbahnsystem auf oder in dem Substrat ansteuerbar sind und dieses Leiterbahnsystem mit Anschlüssen (Kontakt-Bumps) an dem Substrat versehen sind und mit einer externen oder implantierten Ansteuerung in Ver­ bindung stehen.1. Retina implant, being placed on an insulating substrate in an array arrangement conductive bodies with a comb or honeycomb structure are provided, which can be controlled via a conductor track system on or in the substrate and this interconnect system with connections (contact bumps) on the substrate are provided and with an external or implanted control in Ver bond. 2. Retina-Implantat nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat ein Polymer oder Silikon-Kautschuk und/oder ein anderes körperverträgliches Substrat ist.2. retina implant according to claim 1, characterized, that the substrate is a polymer or silicone rubber and / or another body-compatible substrate. 3. Retina-Implantat nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die leitenden Körper aus leitenden Filamenten bestehen, die ganz aus lei­ tendem, flexiblen körperverträglichem Material bestehen, oder aus Metalldräh­ ten aus Silber, Gold, Platin, Iridium, das mit einem Polymer umhüllt ist. 3. retina implant according to claim 1, characterized, that the conductive bodies consist of conductive filaments made entirely of lei Tender, flexible body-compatible material, or made of metal wire made of silver, gold, platinum, iridium, which is coated with a polymer.   4. Retina-Implantat nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die leitenden Körper eine noppen-, kegel- oder pyramidenförmige Struktur haben.4. retina implant according to claim 3, characterized, that the conductive body has a knob, cone or pyramid-shaped structure to have.
DE4424753A 1994-07-13 1994-07-13 Retinal implant Expired - Fee Related DE4424753B4 (en)

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998017344A1 (en) * 1996-10-23 1998-04-30 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Universitätsklinikum Optically controllable microelectrode arrangement for stimulating cells, in particular a retina implant
WO1998017343A1 (en) * 1996-10-23 1998-04-30 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Universitätsklinikum Retina implant
WO1999045870A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 1999-09-16 Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
WO2001083025A1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2001-11-08 Intelligent Implants Gmbh Microcontact structure for neuroprostheses for implanting on nerve tissue and method therefor
DE10144704A1 (en) * 2001-09-11 2003-03-27 Infineon Technologies Ag Chip components connecting method, involves producing electrically conductive and flexible microparticles on any of two terminal regions and detachably connecting the regions via microparticles
DE10355815A1 (en) * 2003-11-28 2005-06-30 Universität Zu Lübeck Electrode for nerve tissue
US20120213841A1 (en) * 2008-11-13 2012-08-23 Peyman Gholam A Ophthalmic drug delivery system and method
CN106473837A (en) * 2016-03-17 2017-03-08 黄飞 Artificial cornea
CN106491242A (en) * 2016-03-17 2017-03-15 黄飞 Artificial cornea

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4628933A (en) * 1985-07-23 1986-12-16 Michelson Robin P Method and apparatus for visual prosthesis
US5016633A (en) * 1989-08-08 1991-05-21 Chow Alan Y Artificial retina device
US5109844A (en) * 1990-10-11 1992-05-05 Duke University Retinal microstimulation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4628933A (en) * 1985-07-23 1986-12-16 Michelson Robin P Method and apparatus for visual prosthesis
US5016633A (en) * 1989-08-08 1991-05-21 Chow Alan Y Artificial retina device
US5109844A (en) * 1990-10-11 1992-05-05 Duke University Retinal microstimulation

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998017343A1 (en) * 1996-10-23 1998-04-30 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Universitätsklinikum Retina implant
US6298270B1 (en) 1996-10-23 2001-10-02 Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tubingen Universitatsklinkum Retina implant
WO1998017344A1 (en) * 1996-10-23 1998-04-30 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Universitätsklinikum Optically controllable microelectrode arrangement for stimulating cells, in particular a retina implant
US6347250B1 (en) 1996-10-23 2002-02-12 Nmi Univ Tuebingen Optically controllable microelectrode array for stimulating cells within a tissue
EP1625874A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2006-02-15 The Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
WO1999045870A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 1999-09-16 Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
EP2298411A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2011-03-23 John Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
EP1723984A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2006-11-22 The Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
EP1702647A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2006-09-20 The Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
EP1702645A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2006-09-20 The Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
EP1702646A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2006-09-20 The Johns Hopkins University Visual prosthesis
DE10020846A1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2001-12-06 Intelligent Implants Gmbh Micro-contact structure for neuroprostheses for implantation on nerve tissue and method therefor
US6970746B2 (en) 2000-04-28 2005-11-29 Intelligent Implants Gmbh Microcontact structure for neuroprostheses for implantation on nerve tissue and method therefor
WO2001083025A1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2001-11-08 Intelligent Implants Gmbh Microcontact structure for neuroprostheses for implanting on nerve tissue and method therefor
US6927982B2 (en) 2001-09-11 2005-08-09 Infineon Technologies Ag Method of connecting a device to a support, and pad for establishing a connection between a device and a support
DE10144704A1 (en) * 2001-09-11 2003-03-27 Infineon Technologies Ag Chip components connecting method, involves producing electrically conductive and flexible microparticles on any of two terminal regions and detachably connecting the regions via microparticles
DE10144704B4 (en) * 2001-09-11 2007-10-04 Infineon Technologies Ag Method for connecting a component to a carrier
DE10355815B4 (en) * 2003-11-28 2006-06-29 Universität Zu Lübeck Electrode for nerve tissue
DE10355815A1 (en) * 2003-11-28 2005-06-30 Universität Zu Lübeck Electrode for nerve tissue
US20120213841A1 (en) * 2008-11-13 2012-08-23 Peyman Gholam A Ophthalmic drug delivery system and method
US9486357B2 (en) * 2008-11-13 2016-11-08 Gholam A. Peyman Ophthalmic drug delivery system and method
CN106473837A (en) * 2016-03-17 2017-03-08 黄飞 Artificial cornea
CN106491242A (en) * 2016-03-17 2017-03-15 黄飞 Artificial cornea

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