DE3863190D1 - Vorrichtung zum niederschlagen von troepfchen. - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum niederschlagen von troepfchen.

Info

Publication number
DE3863190D1
DE3863190D1 DE8888300146T DE3863190T DE3863190D1 DE 3863190 D1 DE3863190 D1 DE 3863190D1 DE 8888300146 T DE8888300146 T DE 8888300146T DE 3863190 T DE3863190 T DE 3863190T DE 3863190 D1 DE3863190 D1 DE 3863190D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
channels
channel
side walls
ink
groups
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE8888300146T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Alan John Michaelis
Anthony David Paton
Stephen Temple
Walter Scott Bartky
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xaar Ltd
Original Assignee
Xaar Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26291773&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=DE3863190(D1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from GB878700531A external-priority patent/GB8700531D0/en
Priority claimed from GB878700533A external-priority patent/GB8700533D0/en
Application filed by Xaar Ltd filed Critical Xaar Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3863190D1 publication Critical patent/DE3863190D1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1607—Production of print heads with piezoelectric elements
    • B41J2/1609—Production of print heads with piezoelectric elements of finger type, chamber walls consisting integrally of piezoelectric material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
    • B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
    • B41J2/04525—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits reducing occurrence of cross talk
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
    • B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
    • B41J2/04543—Block driving
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
    • B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
    • B41J2/04581—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits controlling heads based on piezoelectric elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
    • B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
    • B41J2/04588—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits using a specific waveform
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
    • B41J2/14201—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements
    • B41J2/14209—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements of finger type, chamber walls consisting integrally of piezoelectric material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
    • B41J2/1623—Manufacturing processes bonding and adhesion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
    • B41J2/1632—Manufacturing processes machining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
    • B41J2/1632—Manufacturing processes machining
    • B41J2/1634—Manufacturing processes machining laser machining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
    • B41J2/164—Manufacturing processes thin film formation
    • B41J2/1642—Manufacturing processes thin film formation thin film formation by CVD [chemical vapor deposition]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
    • B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
    • B41J2/164—Manufacturing processes thin film formation
    • B41J2/1643—Manufacturing processes thin film formation thin film formation by plating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2002/041—Electromagnetic transducer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
    • B41J2/14201—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements
    • B41J2/14209—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements of finger type, chamber walls consisting integrally of piezoelectric material
    • B41J2002/14225—Finger type piezoelectric element on only one side of the chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2202/00—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet or thermal heads
    • B41J2202/01—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet heads
    • B41J2202/10—Finger type piezoelectric elements
DE8888300146T 1987-01-10 1988-01-08 Vorrichtung zum niederschlagen von troepfchen. Expired - Lifetime DE3863190D1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB878700531A GB8700531D0 (en) 1987-01-10 1987-01-10 Shear mode actuators
GB878700533A GB8700533D0 (en) 1987-01-10 1987-01-10 Shared actuators

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3863190D1 true DE3863190D1 (de) 1991-07-18

Family

ID=26291773

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE8888300144T Expired - Lifetime DE3863294D1 (de) 1987-01-10 1988-01-08 Troepfchen-niederschlagvorrichtung.
DE8888300146T Expired - Lifetime DE3863190D1 (de) 1987-01-10 1988-01-08 Vorrichtung zum niederschlagen von troepfchen.

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE8888300144T Expired - Lifetime DE3863294D1 (de) 1987-01-10 1988-01-08 Troepfchen-niederschlagvorrichtung.

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (4) US4887100A (de)
EP (2) EP0277703B1 (de)
JP (2) JPH0661936B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE64569T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1306899C (de)
DE (2) DE3863294D1 (de)
ES (2) ES2023252T5 (de)
HK (2) HK118496A (de)

Families Citing this family (288)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US4825227A (en) * 1988-02-29 1989-04-25 Spectra, Inc. Shear mode transducer for ink jet systems
GB8824014D0 (en) * 1988-10-13 1988-11-23 Am Int High density multi-channel array electrically pulsed droplet deposition apparatus
GB8830398D0 (en) * 1988-12-30 1989-03-01 Am Int Droplet deposition apparatus
GB8830399D0 (en) * 1988-12-30 1989-03-01 Am Int Method of testing components of pulsed droplet deposition apparatus
JP2952934B2 (ja) * 1989-02-21 1999-09-27 セイコーエプソン株式会社 液体噴射ヘッドとその製造方法、及び液体噴射記録装置
US5260723A (en) * 1989-05-12 1993-11-09 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Liquid jet recording head
JPH0764060B2 (ja) * 1989-06-09 1995-07-12 シャープ株式会社 インクジェットプリンタ
JP2867437B2 (ja) * 1989-07-19 1999-03-08 ブラザー工業株式会社 圧電式インクジェットプリンタヘッド
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US5202703A (en) * 1990-11-20 1993-04-13 Spectra, Inc. Piezoelectric transducers for ink jet systems
GB9025706D0 (en) * 1990-11-27 1991-01-09 Xaar Ltd Laminate for use in manufacture of ink drop printheads
JP2744536B2 (ja) * 1991-10-04 1998-04-28 株式会社テック インクジェットプリンタヘッド及びその製造方法
JP2964672B2 (ja) * 1991-03-19 1999-10-18 ブラザー工業株式会社 圧電式液滴噴射装置
JPH04357037A (ja) * 1991-03-19 1992-12-10 Tokyo Electric Co Ltd インクジェットプリンタヘッド
JPH04363250A (ja) * 1991-03-19 1992-12-16 Tokyo Electric Co Ltd インクジェットプリンタヘッド及びその製造方法
US5245244A (en) * 1991-03-19 1993-09-14 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Piezoelectric ink droplet ejecting device
US5371527A (en) * 1991-04-25 1994-12-06 Hewlett-Packard Company Orificeless printhead for an ink jet printer
US5410341A (en) * 1991-05-28 1995-04-25 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Droplet jet device
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US5465108A (en) * 1991-06-21 1995-11-07 Rohm Co., Ltd. Ink jet print head and ink jet printer
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US5400064A (en) * 1991-08-16 1995-03-21 Compaq Computer Corporation High density ink jet printhead with double-U channel actuator
US5227813A (en) * 1991-08-16 1993-07-13 Compaq Computer Corporation Sidewall actuator for a high density ink jet printhead
US5436648A (en) * 1991-08-16 1995-07-25 Compaq Computer Corporation Switched digital drive system for an ink jet printhead
US5521618A (en) * 1991-08-16 1996-05-28 Compaq Computer Corporation Dual element switched digital drive system for an ink jet printhead
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US5543009A (en) * 1991-08-16 1996-08-06 Compaq Computer Corporation Method of manufacturing a sidewall actuator array for an ink jet printhead
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US5235352A (en) * 1991-08-16 1993-08-10 Compaq Computer Corporation High density ink jet printhead
US5351183A (en) * 1991-09-19 1994-09-27 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ink droplet ejection device for a drop-on-demand type printer
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JP2749475B2 (ja) * 1991-10-04 1998-05-13 株式会社テック インクジェットプリンタヘッドの製造方法
JPH0596739A (ja) * 1991-10-09 1993-04-20 Rohm Co Ltd インクジエツトプリントヘツドの製造方法
US5247222A (en) * 1991-11-04 1993-09-21 Engle Craig D Constrained shear mode modulator
JPH05124186A (ja) * 1991-11-06 1993-05-21 Brother Ind Ltd 液滴噴射装置
JPH05131622A (ja) * 1991-11-13 1993-05-28 Minolta Camera Co Ltd インクジエツト記録装置
GB2288765B (en) * 1992-02-25 1996-05-01 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Ink jet head
US5268611A (en) * 1992-03-16 1993-12-07 Rockwell International Corporation Anisotropic transducer
JP2843199B2 (ja) * 1992-03-26 1999-01-06 株式会社テック インクジェットプリンタヘッドの製造方法
JP2798845B2 (ja) * 1992-03-26 1998-09-17 株式会社テック インクジェットプリンタヘッドの製造方法
JP3182851B2 (ja) * 1992-03-27 2001-07-03 セイコーエプソン株式会社 インクジェットヘッド
JP3097298B2 (ja) * 1992-04-17 2000-10-10 ブラザー工業株式会社 液滴噴射装置およびその製造方法
US5598196A (en) * 1992-04-21 1997-01-28 Eastman Kodak Company Piezoelectric ink jet print head and method of making
US5719606A (en) * 1992-07-03 1998-02-17 Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. Ink jet head including a connector having a joining component with a plurality of electroconductive particles contained therein and a method of producing said ink jet head
US5440332A (en) * 1992-07-06 1995-08-08 Compa Computer Corporation Apparatus for page wide ink jet printing
JPH0664166A (ja) * 1992-08-14 1994-03-08 Citizen Watch Co Ltd インクジェットヘッドの駆動方法
DE69315767T2 (de) * 1992-08-25 1998-05-07 Canon Kk Verfahren zur Herstellung einer laminierten piezoelektrischen Anordnung und Polarisationsverfahren und vibrationswellengetriebener Motor
US5373314A (en) * 1992-08-27 1994-12-13 Compaq Computer Corporation Ink jet print head
US5334415A (en) * 1992-09-21 1994-08-02 Compaq Computer Corporation Method and apparatus for film coated passivation of ink channels in ink jet printhead
EP0595654A3 (en) * 1992-10-30 1997-07-23 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Ink jet head
US5650810A (en) * 1992-12-03 1997-07-22 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ink jet print head having a manifold wall portion and method of producing the same by injection molding
JP3144115B2 (ja) 1993-01-27 2001-03-12 ブラザー工業株式会社 インク噴射装置
JPH06234216A (ja) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-23 Brother Ind Ltd インク噴射装置
EP0774355B1 (de) 1993-02-10 1999-11-17 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Tintenstrahlgerät
JP3047661B2 (ja) * 1993-02-16 2000-05-29 ブラザー工業株式会社 液滴噴射装置
US5345256A (en) * 1993-02-19 1994-09-06 Compaq Computer Corporation High density interconnect apparatus for an ink jet printhead
JPH06238888A (ja) * 1993-02-22 1994-08-30 Brother Ind Ltd インク噴射装置
JP3024466B2 (ja) * 1993-02-25 2000-03-21 ブラザー工業株式会社 液滴噴射装置
JPH06246914A (ja) * 1993-02-26 1994-09-06 Brother Ind Ltd インクジェットヘッド
JPH06246916A (ja) * 1993-02-26 1994-09-06 Brother Ind Ltd インク噴射装置
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Publication number Publication date
ES2023252T5 (es) 1995-08-16
EP0277703A1 (de) 1988-08-10
EP0278590B1 (de) 1991-06-12
JPH066375B2 (ja) 1994-01-26
CA1306899C (en) 1992-09-01
JPS63247051A (ja) 1988-10-13
US4887100A (en) 1989-12-12
EP0277703B1 (de) 1991-06-19
HK118596A (en) 1996-07-12
ES2023486B3 (es) 1992-01-16
JPH0661936B2 (ja) 1994-08-17
EP0278590B2 (de) 1994-03-30
US5028936A (en) 1991-07-02
HK118496A (en) 1996-07-12
JPS63252750A (ja) 1988-10-19
ATE64569T1 (de) 1991-07-15
USRE36667E (en) 2000-04-25
EP0278590A1 (de) 1988-08-17
US4879568A (en) 1989-11-07
DE3863294D1 (de) 1991-07-25
ES2023252B3 (es) 1992-01-01

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