DE19725536C2 - Process for controlling the heating power of a clothes dryer - Google Patents

Process for controlling the heating power of a clothes dryer

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Publication number
DE19725536C2
DE19725536C2 DE19725536A DE19725536A DE19725536C2 DE 19725536 C2 DE19725536 C2 DE 19725536C2 DE 19725536 A DE19725536 A DE 19725536A DE 19725536 A DE19725536 A DE 19725536A DE 19725536 C2 DE19725536 C2 DE 19725536C2
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
heating
air
room air
temperature value
controlling
Prior art date
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Expired - Fee Related
Application number
DE19725536A
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German (de)
Other versions
DE19725536A1 (en
Inventor
Wolfhard Jording
Gerhard Rodefeld
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Miele und Cie KG
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Miele und Cie KG
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Publication date
Application filed by Miele und Cie KG filed Critical Miele und Cie KG
Priority to DE19725536A priority Critical patent/DE19725536C2/en
Publication of DE19725536A1 publication Critical patent/DE19725536A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE19725536C2 publication Critical patent/DE19725536C2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/32Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/34Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers  characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • D06F58/36Control of operational steps, e.g. for optimisation or improvement of operational steps depending on the condition of the laundry
    • D06F58/38Control of operational steps, e.g. for optimisation or improvement of operational steps depending on the condition of the laundry of drying, e.g. to achieve the target humidity
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/32Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/34Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers  characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • D06F58/48Control of the energy consumption
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2101/00User input for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2101/20Operation modes, e.g. delicate laundry washing programs, service modes or refreshment cycles
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/02Characteristics of laundry or load
    • D06F2103/08Humidity
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/28Air properties
    • D06F2103/32Temperature
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/28Air properties
    • D06F2103/34Humidity
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/28Electric heating
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F25/00Washing machines with receptacles, e.g. perforated, having a rotary movement, e.g. oscillatory movement, the receptacle serving both for washing and for centrifugally separating water from the laundry and having further drying means, e.g. using hot air 
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B40/00Technologies aiming at improving the efficiency of home appliances, e.g. induction cooking or efficient technologies for refrigerators, freezers or dish washers

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Steuern der Heizleistung eines Wäsche­ trockners, insbesondere eines Ablufttrockners, mit einer Trockenkammer mit einem Lufteinlaß und einem Luftauslaß, mit einer vor dem Lufteinlaß angeordneten Heizvorrichtung und mit einer Programmsteuerung zum Ansteuern der Heizvorrich­ tung wobei über mindestens einen Temperatursensor vor Inbetriebnahme der Heizvorrichtung bei eingeschaltetem Prozeßluftgebläse die Messung eines Raumluft- Temperaturwertes TR erfolgt.The invention relates to a method for controlling the heating power of a laundry dryer, in particular an exhaust air dryer, with a drying chamber with an air inlet and an air outlet, with a heating device arranged in front of the air inlet and with a program control for controlling the Heizvorrich device with at least one temperature sensor before startup the heating device with the process air blower switched on the measurement of a room air temperature value T R takes place.

Es ist aus der DE 195 04 249 A1 bekannt, bei einem Wäschetrockner, die Heiz­ leistung in Abhängigkeit von einem während des Trockenvorgangs gemessenen Temperaturwert zu steuern. Um an warmen Tagen die elektrische Energieaufnahme eines Trockners, insbesondere eines Ablufttrockners durch verstärkte Nutzung der Umwelt-(Sonnen-)energie zu reduzieren, erfolgt über mindestens einen Temperatursensor vor Inbetriebnahme der Heizvorrichtung bei eingeschaltetem Prozeßluftgebläse die Messung eines Raumluft-Temperaturwertes TR und die An­ steuerung der Heizung erfolgt durch die Programmsteuerng in Abhängigkeit von diesem Raumluft-Temperaturwert TR. Außerdem kann zur Ansteuerung der Heizung der Feuchtegehalt in der zu trocknenden Wäsche als Steuerkriterium neben dem Raumlufttemperaturwert ausgewertet werden.It is known from DE 195 04 249 A1 to control the heating power in a tumble dryer as a function of a temperature value measured during the drying process. In order to reduce the electrical energy consumption of a dryer, in particular an exhaust air dryer, through increased use of environmental (solar) energy on warm days, the measurement of a room air temperature value T R and the on is carried out via at least one temperature sensor before the heating device is started with the process air blower switched on The heating is controlled by the program control depending on this room air temperature value T R. In addition, to control the heating, the moisture content in the laundry to be dried can be evaluated as a control criterion in addition to the room air temperature value.

Bei einem derartigen Verfahren wird nur der Wert der Raumlufttemperatur sowie der Feuchtegehalt in der Wäsche ausgewertet. Für einen optimalen Trockenprozeß unter Ausnutzung der Energie der Raumluft ist auch der Wert der relativen Luftfeuchte der Raumluft von Bedeutung, um ein energiesparendes Trocknen zu ermöglichen.With such a method, only the value of the room air temperature and the Moisture content in the laundry evaluated. For an optimal drying process under Utilization of the energy of the indoor air is also the value of the relative air humidity Indoor air is important to enable energy-saving drying.

Aus der JP 3-254797 ist ein Wäschetrockner bekannt, bei dem ein Sensor für die Erfassung der Raumlufttemperatur und ein weiterer Sensor zur Erfassung der Raumluftfeuchte vorgesehen ist. Bei dieser Ausführung ist der Einsatz eines zusätzlichen Sensors zur Erfassung der Raumluftfeuchte erforderlich.From JP 3-254797 a clothes dryer is known in which a sensor for the Detection of the room air temperature and another sensor to detect the Indoor air humidity is provided. In this version, the use of a additional sensor for recording the room air humidity is required.

Mit der vorliegenden Erfindung soll das Problem gelöst werden, an warmen Tagen die elektrische Energieaufnahme eines Trockners, insbesondere eines Ablufttrockners in Abhängigkeit der am Aufstellungsort festgestellten Raumklimadaten durch verstärkte Nutzung der Umwelt-(Sonnen-)energie zu reduzieren. Der Aufwand für die Erfassung der Raumklimadaten soll dabei klein gehalten werden.With the present invention, the problem is to be solved on warm days electrical energy consumption of a dryer, in particular an exhaust air dryer in  Dependency of the indoor climate data determined at the installation site by increased To reduce the use of environmental (solar) energy. The effort for capturing the Indoor climate data should be small being held.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dieses Problem durch ein Verfahren zur Steuerung der Heizleistung eines Wäschetrockners, insbesondere eines Ablufttrockners, mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs gelöst.According to the invention, this problem is solved by a method for controlling the Heating output of a clothes dryer, in particular an exhaust air dryer, with the Features of the claim solved.

Die mit der erfindungsgemäßen Ausbildung erreichbaren Vorteile bestehen darin, daß bei hoher Raumluft-Temperatur und niedriger Raumluftfeuchte im Umgebungsbereich eine Reduzierung der Heizleistung und somit eine Energieeinsparung möglich ist. Mit einer im Trockner angeordneten Auswerteschaltung werden Raumlufttemperatur und Raumluftfeuchte in Relation zueinander gesetzt und in Abhängigkeit der gemessenen Werte eine Reduzierung der Heizleistung durchgeführt. Die Raumlufttemperatur wird dabei vorzugsweise zu Beginn des Trockenprozesses bei ausgeschalteter Heizung über den Temperaturfühler nach der Trommel gemessen. Die Raumluftfeuchte wird in Abhängigkeit dieses Temperaturwertes und eines weiteren Temperaturwertes ermittelt, was ebenfalls durch den Temperaturfühler nach der Trommel erfolgen kann und sich als äußerst aufwandsarm darstellt. Dazu wird nach einer festgesetzten Zeitspanne bei ausgeschalteter Heizung gemessen. Der Wert der Raumluftfeuchte wird indirekt über die Temperaturwerte bei ausgeschalteter Heizung ermittelt.The advantages achievable with the training according to the invention are that with high ambient air temperature and low ambient air humidity in the surrounding area a reduction in the heating power and thus an energy saving is possible. With An evaluation circuit arranged in the dryer monitors the room air temperature and Room air humidity in relation to each other and depending on the measured Values a reduction in the heating output carried out. The room air temperature will preferably at the beginning of the drying process with the heating switched off measured via the temperature sensor after the drum. The room air humidity is in Dependence of this temperature value and another temperature value determines what can also be done by the temperature sensor after the drum and presents itself as extremely effortless. This is done after a set period of time with the heating switched off measured. The value of the room air humidity is indirectly influenced by the temperature values switched off heating determined.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachstehend näher erläutert:An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and will explained in more detail below:

Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch den Aufbau eines Wäschetrockners mit der Prozeßluft­ führung über die Heizung (1), die Trommel (2) und das Gebläse (3) sowie die An­ steuerung der Heizung (1) in Abhängigkeit von Raumlufttemperatur TR und relativer Raumluftfeuchte YR. Der Wäschetrockner weist in der Bedienblende (4) eine Anwahlmöglichkeit für ein Energiesparprogramm über einen Drucktastenschalter (5) oder dgl. auf. Neben der Anwahl des Energiesparprogramms ist die Einstellung einer maximalen Trockenzeit tmax über Korrekturtasten (6) möglich. Die maximale Trockenzeit tmax ist dabei immer größer einer festgesetzten Minimalzeit tmin z. B. 1,5 Stunden festzulegen. Nach Anwahl des Energiesparprogramms wird bei aus­ geschalteter Heizung (1) und laufendem Prozeßluftgebläse (3) der Wert der Raumlufttemperatur TR1 über einen Temperatursensor (7) nach der Trommel (2) erfaßt. Innerhalb einer festgelegten Zeitspanne wird mindestens ein zweiter Tem­ peraturwert T2 und zwar in aller Regel über den gleichen Temperatursensor (7) erfaßt. Die relative Raumluftfeuchte YR ist eine Funktion der Temperaturwerte von Raumluft­ temperatur TR1 und dem weiteren Temperaturwert T2 über der Zeit. Am Verlauf der Temperatur ist der Wert der relativen Raumluftfeuchte YR nach dem Psychro­ meterprinzip berechenbar. Fig. 1 shows schematically the structure of a dryer with the process air management via the heater ( 1 ), the drum ( 2 ) and the blower ( 3 ) and the control of the heater ( 1 ) depending on the room air temperature T R and relative room humidity Y. R. In the control panel ( 4 ), the dryer has a selection option for an energy-saving program via a push-button switch ( 5 ) or the like. In addition to the selection of the energy saving program, a maximum drying time t max can be set using the correction buttons ( 6 ). The maximum drying time t max is always greater than a set minimum time t min . B. 1.5 hours. After selecting the energy saving program, the value of the room air temperature T R1 is detected by a temperature sensor ( 7 ) after the drum ( 2 ) with the heating ( 1 ) switched off and the process air blower ( 3 ) running. Within a specified period of time, at least a second temperature value T 2 is recorded, in general as a rule via the same temperature sensor ( 7 ). The relative room air humidity Y R is a function of the temperature values of room air temperature T R1 and the further temperature value T 2 over time. The value of the relative room air humidity Y R can be calculated according to the psychometric principle over the course of the temperature.

Über den Mikrocomputer (8) der Programmsteuereinrichtung erfolgt die Ansteuerung der Heizung (1) für das Trockenprogramm in Abhängigkeit der erfaßten bzw. berechneten Werte TR und YR. Ein Trockenprogramm ohne oder mit verringerter Heizleistung PH1 ist nur bei bestimmten Umgebungsbedingungen sinnvoll. Die Raumlufttemperatur TR sollte 20°C nicht unterschreiten und die relative Raum­ luftfeuchte YR sollte nicht mehr als 60% betragen. Je höher die Raumlufttemperatur TR und je niedriger die relative Raumluftfeuchte YR, desto weniger Heizleistung PHges ist erforderlich. Für die Raumlufttemperatur TR wird ein erster Grenzwert TRGrenz1, der nicht unterschritten werden sollte, und ein zweiter Grenzwert TRGrenz2, der für einen optimalen Trockenprozeß überschritten werden darf, festgelegt. Vom Mikrocomputer (8) werden die in Fig. 2a bis 2c gezeigten Ansteuerungsmöglichkeiten für die Heizung (1) vorgegeben:
The heating ( 1 ) for the drying program is controlled via the microcomputer ( 8 ) of the program control device as a function of the detected or calculated values T R and Y R. A drying program without or with a reduced heating output P H1 is only useful under certain environmental conditions. The room air temperature T R should not fall below 20 ° C and the relative room humidity Y R should not be more than 60%. The higher the room air temperature T R and the lower the relative room humidity Y R , the less heating power P Hges is required. A first limit value T RGrenz1 , which should not be undercut, and a second limit value T RGrenz2 , which may be exceeded for an optimal drying process, are defined for the room air temperature T R. The control options for the heater ( 1 ) shown in FIGS. 2a to 2c are specified by the microcomputer ( 8 ):

  • a) Raumtemperatur TR < TRGrenz1 oder relative Raumluftfeuchte YR < 60%, dann wie im normalen Trockenprogramm mit voller PHges oder verringerter Heizleistung PH1 trocknen.a) Room temperature T R <T R Limit1 or relative room humidity Y R <60%, then dry as in the normal drying program with full P Hges or reduced heating power P H1 .
  • b) TRGrenz1 < TR < TRGrenz2 und 40% < YR < 60%, dann Trockengang mit Teilheizung PH1 beginnen und die Heizung (1) entsprechend so schalten, daß an­ gewählte Trockenzeit tmax erreicht wird.b) T RGrenz1 <T R <T RGrenz2 and 40% <Y R <60%, then start the drying cycle with partial heating P H1 and switch the heating ( 1 ) accordingly so that the selected drying time t max is reached.
  • c) TR < TRGrrenz2 und YR < 40%, dann Trockengang ohne Heizung (1) beginnen und entsprechend der angewählten Zeit tmax die Heizung (1) zuschalten.c, then begin drying cycle without heating (1)) T R <T RGrrenz2 Y and R <40%, and according to the selected switch time t max, the heater (1).

Bei allen anderen Raumlufttemperatur- und Raumluftfeuchtebedingungen wird die Heizleistung und Heizzeit so variiert, daß auf jeden Fall die angewählte maximale Trockendauer nicht überschritten wird.For all other indoor air temperature and indoor air humidity conditions, the Heating output and heating time vary so that the selected maximum in any case Drying time is not exceeded.

Claims (1)

Verfahren zum Steuern der Heizleistung eines Wäschetrockners, insbesondere eines Ablufttrockners, mit einer Trockenkammer mit einem Lufteinlaß und einem Luftauslaß, mit einer vor dem Lufteinlaß angeordneten Heizvorrichtung und mit einer Programmsteuerung zum Ansteuern der Heizvorrichtung, wobei über mindestens einen Temperatursensor vor Inbetriebnahme der Heizvorrichtung bei eingeschaltetem Prozeßluftgebläse die Messung eines Raumluft-Temperaturwertes TR erfolgt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß über diesen Sensor nach einem festgelegten Zeitabschnitt vor Inbetriebnahme der Heizung mindestens ein weiterer Temperaturwert T2 erfaßt wird und der Wert der relativen Luftfeuchte YR der Raumluft in Abhängigkeit des Raumluft- Temperaturwertes TR und des weiteren Temperaturwertes T2 nach dem Psychrometerprinzip berechenbar ist und daß die Ansteuerung der Heizung (1) durch den Mikrocomputer (8) der Programmsteuerung in Abhängigkeit von dem Raumluft- Temperaturwert TR und dem Wert der relativen Luftfeuchte YR erfolgt.Method for controlling the heating output of a tumble dryer, in particular an exhaust air dryer, with a drying chamber with an air inlet and an air outlet, with a heating device arranged in front of the air inlet and with a program control for controlling the heating device, with at least one temperature sensor before starting the heating device when the process air blower is switched on the measurement of a room air temperature value T R takes place, characterized in that at least one further temperature value T 2 is detected via this sensor after a defined period of time before the heating is started up, and the value of the relative air humidity Y R of the room air as a function of the room air temperature value T R and the further temperature value T 2 can be calculated according to the psychrometer principle and that the activation of the heating ( 1 ) by the microcomputer ( 8 ) of the program control as a function of the room air temperature value T R and the W the relative humidity Y R takes place.
DE19725536A 1997-06-17 1997-06-17 Process for controlling the heating power of a clothes dryer Expired - Fee Related DE19725536C2 (en)

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DE19725536C2 true DE19725536C2 (en) 2000-06-15

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10302973B3 (en) * 2003-01-25 2004-09-09 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Tumble dryer and method of controlling heat output
DE102005062938A1 (en) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH A method for establishing the moisture content of circulated clothes drying air in a domestic dryer has a dual temperature measurement system by which the accuracy of the measurement is improved
DE102006020578A1 (en) * 2006-05-03 2007-11-08 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Circuit arrangement and method for operating a Peltier module of a heat pump of a domestic appliance
DE102006037239A1 (en) * 2006-08-09 2008-02-14 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Method and tumble dryer for controlling the drying of wet laundry
DE102008043176A1 (en) * 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Heat pump dryer, process for its operation and method for air conditioning a room
DE102012016516A1 (en) 2012-08-21 2014-02-27 Fritz Curtius Dryer for laundry, has volume control unit which is connected to fan, and pipeline portions are provided to and from the drum, and are provided for small amounts of air so as to increase proportionality factor

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE60220169T2 (en) * 2002-11-15 2008-02-14 Candy S.P.A., Monza Process for drying laundry in a drying device
DE202004017677U1 (en) * 2004-11-15 2005-01-05 Elektromanufaktur Zangenstein Hanauer Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Apparatus for detecting a conductance of a fluid
DE102007061519A1 (en) * 2007-12-20 2009-06-25 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH A laundry drying apparatus having a moisture determining device and methods of operating a clothes drying machine
DE102017217767A1 (en) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-11 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Laundry treatment apparatus and method for operating a laundry treatment appliance
CN108577734B (en) * 2018-06-20 2023-09-05 佛山市顺德区美的洗涤电器制造有限公司 Dish washer and control method and device thereof

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10302973B3 (en) * 2003-01-25 2004-09-09 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Tumble dryer and method of controlling heat output
DE102005062938A1 (en) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH A method for establishing the moisture content of circulated clothes drying air in a domestic dryer has a dual temperature measurement system by which the accuracy of the measurement is improved
DE102006020578A1 (en) * 2006-05-03 2007-11-08 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Circuit arrangement and method for operating a Peltier module of a heat pump of a domestic appliance
DE102006037239A1 (en) * 2006-08-09 2008-02-14 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Method and tumble dryer for controlling the drying of wet laundry
DE102008043176A1 (en) * 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Heat pump dryer, process for its operation and method for air conditioning a room
DE102008043176B4 (en) 2008-10-24 2021-08-26 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Dryer with heat pump, method for its operation and method for air conditioning a room
DE102012016516A1 (en) 2012-08-21 2014-02-27 Fritz Curtius Dryer for laundry, has volume control unit which is connected to fan, and pipeline portions are provided to and from the drum, and are provided for small amounts of air so as to increase proportionality factor

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