DE102015108444A1 - 3D printing device and 3D printing process - Google Patents

Abstract

A 3D printing apparatus for the production of a spatially extended product, comprising at least one electron beam source (20) capable of producing an electron beam (4) with a linear intensity distribution, modulator means capable of modulating the linear intensity distribution of the electron beam (4) such that a modulated line-shaped intensity distribution is produced, a working area (14) which is or can be supplied with 3D printing material (15) to be acted upon by electron radiation (4), and scanning means which measure the working area (14) relative to the modulated electron beam (14). 4) or the modulated electron beam (4) can move relative to the working area (14), the movement taking place in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated linear intensity distribution.

Description

The present invention relates to a 3D printing apparatus for the production of a spatially extended product as well as a 3D printing method for the production of a spatially extended product.

In conventional 3D printing apparatuses, for example, by means of a laser beam or an electron beam, a powdered starting material is spiked with an amount of energy such that a process, such as melting or sintering of the starting material, is initiated at the applied location, which process increases a compound of the grains of the starting material leads. Scanning the laser beam or the electron beam over the working area in a raster manner produces the product to be produced in layers. An example of the use of an electron beam can be found in the WO 2014/173662 A1 ,

The problem underlying the present invention is the provision of a 3D printing device or the indication of a 3D printing process which are more effective, in particular faster, than the devices and methods known from the prior art.

This is achieved by a 3D printing device according to claim 1 and by a 3D printing method according to claim 9. The subclaims relate to preferred embodiments of the invention.

• – mindestens eine Elektronenstrahlquelle, die eine Elektronenstrahlung mit einer linienförmigen Intensitätsverteilung erzeugen kann,
• – Modulatormittel, die die linienförmige Intensitätsverteilung der Elektronenstrahlung so modulieren können, dass eine modulierte linienförmige Intensitätsverteilung entsteht, wobei die Modulatormittel derart in der 3D-Druck-Vorrichtung angeordnet sind, dass die von der Elektronenstrahlquelle ausgehende Elektronenstrahlung auf die Modulatormittel auftrifft,
• – ein Arbeitsbereich, dem mit Elektronenstrahlung zu beaufschlagendes Ausgangsmaterial für den 3D-Druck zugeführt wird oder werden kann, wobei der Arbeitsbereich derart in der 3D-Druck-Vorrichtung angeordnet ist, dass die von den Modulatormitteln modulierte Elektronenstrahlung auf den Arbeitsbereich auftrifft,
• – Scannmittel, die den Arbeitsbereich relativ zu der modulierten Elektronenstrahlung oder die modulierte Elektronenstrahlung relativ zu dem Arbeitsbereich bewegen können, wobei die Bewegung in einer Richtung senkrecht zur Längserstreckung der modulierten linienförmigen Intensitätsverteilung stattfindet.

According to claim 1, the device comprises:

• At least one electron beam source capable of producing electron radiation with a linear intensity distribution,
• Modulator means capable of modulating the line intensity distribution of electron radiation to produce a modulated line intensity distribution, the modulator means being disposed in the 3D printing device such that the electron beam emanating from the electron beam source impinges on the modulator means,
• A work area which is or can be supplied with starting material for 3D printing which is to be exposed to electron radiation, the working area being arranged in the 3D printing device in such a way that the electron radiation modulated by the modulator means strikes the work area,
• - Scanning means which can move the working area relative to the modulated electron beam or the modulated electron radiation relative to the working area, wherein the movement takes place in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated line-shaped intensity distribution.

By introduced into the work area line intensity distribution of the electron beam simultaneously several juxtaposed along the line sections of the work area can be energized so that over the entire length of the line corresponding to the 3D printing process, such as melting or sintering of the starting material , is initiated at the acted places. In contrast to the known from the prior art grids of a punctiform incident laser beam or electron beam over the work area results in the inventive 3D printing device a much shorter processing time.

There is the possibility that the modulator means have a longitudinal direction in which a plurality of independently controllable modulator channels are arranged side by side. In this case, the longitudinal direction of the modulator means may be parallel to the longitudinal direction of the line-shaped intensity distribution of the electron radiation impinging on it, so that the individual modulator channels can selectively deflect individual sections of the electron radiation from the electron radiation in accordance with the requirements of the product to be produced, so that they do not modulate to the modulated one contribute to a linear intensity distribution. In this way, the modulator means can determine which sections of the line-shaped intensity distribution impinging on the working area contribute to the desired process or, at the location, which sections of the process corresponding to the 3D printing are initiated by suitably activating the modulator means.

It can be provided that the modulator means comprise a plurality of longitudinally juxtaposed anode elements, on which the electron radiation can be reflected and / or which have an inclined to the propagation direction of the electron beam deflection. Due to the reflection at the deflection electrode, which corresponds to a reflection at a mirror, very large deflection angles, for example between 0 ° and 180 °, are possible.

It is possible that the individual anode elements can be controlled independently of one another, wherein in particular by controlling the individual anode elements, two mutually different anode elements can be at a different potential or can have a different angle to the propagation direction of the electron beam emanating from the electron beam source. Through both Measures can be achieved that targeted targeted individual sections of the line-shaped intensity distribution in the work area or deflected from the electron beam and transferred, for example, in a jet trap.

There is the possibility that the 3D printing device comprises at least one further electron beam source, wherein the further electron beam source can produce a further linear intensity distribution of electron radiation in the working area, wherein the further linear intensity distribution in the working area parallel and / or at least partially congruent to the linear intensity distribution of the modulated electron radiation. In this case, the electron radiation emanating from the at least one further electron beam source can impinge on the working area simultaneously or at least partially in time before the modulated electron beam, so that additional heating or preheating of the starting material to be charged with the electron beam takes place. In this way, the modulated electron beam emanating from the modulator means can have a comparatively low intensity, because due to the effective preheating by the further electron radiation from the modulated electron radiation at the desired location only a small additional amount of energy has to be introduced. The selective preheating with a relative to the work area moving line intensity distribution of electron radiation has the further advantage that the preheating takes place only locally, exactly at the place where the heating energy is needed. Because of the only local heating and the cooling time of the finished product is very short.

• – Von mindestens einer Elektronenstrahlquelle wird eine Elektronenstrahlung mit einer linienförmigen Intensitätsverteilung erzeugt.
• – Die Elektronenstrahlung trifft auf Modulatormittel, die die linienförmige Intensitätsverteilung der Elektronenstrahlung so modulieren, dass eine modulierte linienförmige Intensitätsverteilung geschaffen wird.
• – Ausgangsmaterial für den 3D-Druck wird einem Arbeitsbereich zugeführt.
• – Das dem Arbeitsbereich zugeführte Ausgangsmaterial wird mit der modulierten linienförmigen Intensitätsverteilung der Elektronenstrahlung beaufschlagt.
• – Der Arbeitsbereich wird relativ zu der modulierten Elektronenstrahlung oder die modulierte Elektronenstrahlung wird relativ zu dem Arbeitsbereich bewegt, wobei die Bewegung in einer Richtung senkrecht zur Längserstreckung der modulierten linienförmigen Intensitätsverteilung stattfindet.

According to claim 9, the method according to the invention is characterized by the following method steps:

• An electron radiation with a linear intensity distribution is generated by at least one electron beam source.
• The electron beam strikes modulator means which modulate the line intensity distribution of the electron beam to provide a modulated line intensity distribution.
• - 3D printing material is fed to a work area.
• - The output material supplied to the work area is subjected to the modulated line-shaped intensity distribution of the electron beam.
• The working area is moved relative to the modulated electron beam or the modulated electron beam is moved relative to the working area, the movement taking place in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated linear intensity distribution.

There is a possibility that plastic or synthetic resin or a ceramic material or a glass or a glass-like material or a polymeric material or a metal is used as starting material for the 3D printing, wherein the starting material is supplied in particular in powder form, for example in a grain size between 60 μm and 100 μm.

In particular, the spatially extended product is produced in layers by multiplying the starting material and applying it several times to the modulated linear intensity distribution of the electron beam.

Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show:

1 a schematic view of a 3D printing device according to the invention;

2 a schematic front view of modulator means of the 3D printing device;

3 a detailed view of the modulator means according to 2 ;

4 a side view of the details according to 3 ;

5 a schematic representation in which the intensity I in a working plane of an electron beam at different time intervals t ₁ to t _N is plotted against a location coordinate X;

6 a 5 corresponding schematic representation representing the time averaging of the intensity of the electron beam;

7 schematically several scanning options;

8th a possible intensity distribution with which a starting material can be applied in a method according to the invention;

9 schematically the impact of two line-shaped intensity distributions in a work area;

10 schematically the superposition of the two line-shaped intensity distributions an intensity distribution in the transverse direction of the line, that of 3 corresponds or resembles;

11 a schematic view of another electron beam source of a 3D printing device according to the invention;

12 schematically the generation of a long line-shaped intensity distribution in a 3D printing device according to the invention.

In the figures, identical or functionally identical parts or elements are provided with the same reference numerals.

In the described 3D printing device, some or in particular all parts may be arranged in a vacuum. The required housing is not shown in the figures.

In the 1 pictured 3D printing device 20 includes a hot cathode 1 , a cathode electrode 2 and an anode electrode 3 , With regard to these parts corresponds to the 3D printing device 20 essentially a Pierce-type electron gun. It can be an electron radiation 4 produce.

The hot cathode 1 is elongated and can be designed as a wire. It extends into the drawing plane of the 1 in or in a longitudinal direction, which is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the electron beam 4 is arranged. By this configuration, a line-shaped cross-section or a linear intensity distribution of the electron radiation 4 achieved, wherein the longitudinal direction of the line-shaped intensity distribution parallel to the longitudinal direction of the hot cathode 1 is aligned with the forming wire.

The hot cathode 1 is biased by voltage means not shown in such a way that a current through the hot cathode 1 flows, which leads to a warming of the hot cathode 1 leads. In this case, the hot cathode 1 at least partially at the same potential as the cathode electrode 2 lie.

The cathode electrode 2 includes parts 5 extending from the hot cathode 1 extend away and include an angle α between 70 ° and 110 °, for example, an angle α of about 90 ° with each other. The two parts 5 extend into the drawing plane of the 1 into it, in particular without changing its cross section.

The anode electrode 3 has an opening 6 on, through which the from the hot cathode 1 outgoing electron radiation 4 can pass through. The opening 6 is in particular rectangular and can in its longitudinal direction, which is in the plane of the drawing 1 extends into it, have a much larger dimension than in their transverse direction to allow the line-shaped electron radiation to pass.

During operation of the 3D printing device 20 lies between the cathode electrode 2 and the anode electrode 3 one from one in 1 schematically indicated voltage source 7 generated voltage to accelerate the out of the hot cathode 1 exiting electrons. The voltage may be, for example, between 1 kV and 10 kV. In this case, the cathode electrode 2 with the negative pole and the anode electrode 3 with the positive pole of the voltage source 7 connected, in particular the anode electrode 3 additionally connected to ground.

The 3D printing device 20 further comprises a deflection electrode serving as deflection means and modulator means 8th , in the beam path of electron radiation 4 behind the anode electrode 3 is arranged. The electron radiation 4 facing side of the deflection electrode 8th serves as a deflection surface 9 , This deflection surface 9 closes with the propagation direction of the electron radiation 4 an angle β, which is approximately equal to 45 ° in the illustrated embodiment. As a result, the angle of incidence γ between the incidence solder and the electron beam is 45 °.

The deflection electrode 8th is also at a negative potential, in particular at the same negative potential as the cathode electrode 2 , Preferably, it is with the negative pole of the same voltage source 7 connected as the cathode electrode 2 , It can thereby be achieved that the electrons of the electron radiation at the deflection electrode 8th come to a standstill.

The 3D printing device 20 further comprises in the propagation direction of the electron beam 4 behind the deflection electrode 8th another electrode 10 that have an opening 11 for the passage of electron radiation 4 that has the opening 6 equivalent. The further electrode 10 is connected to ground and therefore faces the deflection electrode 8th a positive potential. Therefore, the electrons decelerated at the deflection electrode become the electron radiation 4 from the other electrode 10 towards the further electrode 10 accelerate and step through the opening 11 therethrough.

Due to the orientation of the deflection surface 9 the deflection electrode 8th at an angle of 45 ° is the further electrode 10 to the deflection electrode 8th also aligned at an angle of 45 °.

Overall, this is the other electrode 10 perpendicular to the anode electrode 3 aligned. The electron radiation 4 is thus at the deflection surface 9 deflected by an angle of 90 °. In particular, the deflection electrode acts 8th together with the other electrode 10 like a mirror for electron radiation 4 , wherein, as with a reflection at a mirror, the angle of incidence γ is equal to the angle of reflection δ.

The deflection surface 9 the deflection electrode 8th may be at angles other than the imaged 45 ° angle to electron radiation 4 be aligned. Then the further electrode must be correspondingly 10 be aligned and positioned differently, so that the angle of incidence γ corresponds to the angle of divergence δ.

2 to 4 show that the deflection electrode serving as modulator means 8th in the line longitudinal direction of the linear intensity distribution of the electron radiation 4 juxtaposed deflecting elements 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n has, each serving as a modulation channel.

It may, for example, be modulator means with 1080 modulation channels, which in an in 2 with an arrow clarified longitudinal direction 12 are arranged side by side. There is also the possibility of providing fewer or more modulation channels, such as 8192 modulation channels.

Each one of the modulation channels or each of the deflection elements 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n can be controlled so that on a single deflection 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n incident part of the electron beam 4 unimpeded or completely reflected in a 1 schematically indicated beam trap 13 is distracted.

By controlling the individual modulation channels can be effected that the deflection elements 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n have different potentials from each other. There is also the possibility of the baffles 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n pivotable, allowing for different baffles 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n During operation, a different deflection direction can be selected. For example, stepper motors or piezoelectric elements can be used for this purpose.

To the individual baffles 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e , ... 8n close to each other, the in 4 clarified in height staggered arrangement can be selected.

On the serving as a modulator means deflection electrode meets the electron radiation 4 so on that the line-shaped intensity distribution of the electron radiation 4 in the longitudinal direction 12 the deflection electrode serving as modulator means 8th extends. The resolution with which the electron radiation 4 can be structured by the modulator means in the longitudinal direction of the linear intensity distribution, for example, be between 20 .mu.m and 100 .mu.m.

It is quite possible, several serving as a modulator means deflection 8th provide that can connect in particular in the longitudinal direction to each other.

The modulated electron radiation 4 becomes like this in a workspace 14 transferred, so that there is a starting material for the 3D printing with a modulated linear intensity distribution is applied. This in 1 schematically indicated powdery starting material 15 becomes the workspace 14 at the same time as the modulated electron radiation 4 or timely fed shortly before.

According to the design of the product to be produced, the individual modulation channels are driven, so that where the powdery starting material is to be solidified, for example, by melting, a sufficient amount of electron radiation impinges. At locations where, according to the design of the product to be produced, the powdery starting material is not to be exposed to electron radiation, the corresponding modulation channels of the modulator means are controlled such that the electron radiation enters the beam trap 13 is directed.

As powdered starting material 15 For 3D printing, plastic or synthetic resin or a ceramic material or a glass or a glass-like material or a polymeric material or a metal can be used. The starting material 15 may in particular have a particle size between 60 microns and 100 microns.

The apparatus further comprises scanning means which comprise the work area 14 relative to the modulated electron radiation 4 or the modulated electron radiation 4 relative to the workspace 14 can move. The scanning means are in particular designed such that the movement in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated linear intensity distribution of the electron radiation 4 takes place. This direction is in 1 with the reference number 16 Mistake.

In 7 These two possibilities are illustrated schematically, in addition It is shown that the movement is either left in 7 (See arrow 16a ) or right in 7 (See arrow 16b ).

By the supply of powdered starting material 15 and selective loading of this starting material 15 with electron radiation 4 The produced spatially extended product is built up in layers, which is always started after completion of a layer with the design of the next higher layer.

8th to 10 illustrate a variant of the invention, in addition to the electron beam 4 a second electron beam 18 in the workspace 14 is introduced. The second electron beam serves here 18 the heating, in particular the preheating of the powdery starting material 15 , The temperature to which the powdered starting material 15 through the further electron radiation 18 is heated, for example, may be just below the melting temperature of the material. Alternatively, the temperature may be just below a temperature at which a process necessary for the conversion of the feedstock begins.

Especially 9 and 10 show how the two electron beams 4 . 18 in the workspace 14 overlap. In this case also has the second electron beam 18 in the workspace 14 a line-shaped intensity distribution. This line-shaped intensity distribution of the second electron radiation 18 is however in the workspace 14 not modulated, but has substantially the same intensity over the entire length of the linear extension.

The two linear intensity distributions of the electron radiation 4 . 18 are parallel to each other and are at the same time relative to the work area at the same speed 14 emotional. In particular, but is the line width 19 in the transverse direction of the linear intensity distribution of the second electron radiation 18 larger than the line width 23 the modulated electron radiation 4 in the transverse direction (see 10 ). In this way results in the simultaneous and gleichschnschnlichen movement of the intensity distributions in the transverse direction a longer Einstrahldauer the second electron radiation 18 like this 8th it can be seen in the case of the two electron beams 4 . 18 total temperature T caused in the work area 14 located starting material 15 plotted against time t.

It turns out that by the second electron radiation 18 a heating temperature T _{H is} generated, which is just below the process limit T _P , in particular just below the melting temperature. Due to the modulated electron radiation 4 At the desired locations, an additional temperature peak is generated 21 which adds the total temperature to a process window in which the desired process, such as the melting of the starting material, is added 15 expires.

The second electron radiation 18 can from a second electron beam source 24 be generated in 11 is shown. The second electron beam source 24 corresponds with respect to the hot cathode 1 , the cathode electrode 2 and the anode electrode 3 the in 1 pictured first electron beam source 20 so they also have an electron beam 18 with line-shaped, in the plane of the drawing 11 can generate into extending intensity distribution.

Behind the anode electrode 3 are two acting as a plate capacitor electrodes 25 . 26 provided, to which an AC voltage is applied. The corresponding voltage source is not shown. The alternating voltage may for example have a frequency greater than 10 kHz, preferably between 25 kHz and 75 kHz, in particular between 40 kHz and 60 kHz, for example a frequency of 50 kHz.

The two electrodes acting as a plate capacitor 25 . 26 can due to the relatively high frequency of the AC voltage, the electron beam 18 at high speed on the work area 14 to move back and fourth. In particular, the AC voltage can be specifically influenced to some areas of the work area 14 longer with the electron radiation 18 to act as other areas.

5 and 6 clarify how with the second electron beam source 24 an intensity distribution with a large line width 19 can be generated. 5 shows by way of example a narrow electron beam, which is moved in a location coordinate X on a workpiece, which corresponds for example to the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the cross section of the electron beam line. It is in 5 to the top the intensity of electron radiation 18 applied. In particular, the individual intensity distributions are assigned time intervals t ₁ to t _N , in which the electron radiation 18 hits the area with the corresponding location coordinate X.

6 shows one 5 corresponding schematic representation showing the time averaging of the intensity of electron radiation 18 reproduces. If in the workspace 14 through the electron radiation 18 Changes are to be effected by the electron beam radiation 18 transferred heat energy caused corresponds to the in 6 Illustrated exemplary average intensity distribution 17 the effective beam profile of the electron beam 18 in the workspace 14 , This is particularly because heat processes are generally slower than the movement of electron radiation 18 in the workspace 14 expire.

It is therefore possible, by means of the two acting as a plate capacitor electrodes 25 . 26 and the drive AC voltage targeted an effective beam profile of the electron beam 18 to select or design. 6 shows just any example. Other beam profile shapes are possible.

If a very long electron beam line to be generated, it can be provided that the as the hot cathode 1 serving wire and / or the cathode electrode 2 and / or the anode electrode 3 and / or the deflection electrode 8th in the longitudinal direction of the hot cathode 1 forming wire is divided into segments or are. As a result, a modular construction of the device can be made possible.

There is still the possibility of multiple electron beam sources 20 . 24 be arranged side by side in the longitudinal direction of the line-shaped intensity distributions so that they form an uninterrupted line-shaped intensity distribution of the electron beams 4 . 18 contribute. A schematic example is in 12 displayed. There are a total of eight different electron beam sources 20 . 24 each arranged alternately on different sides of the long line-shaped intensity distribution to be generated. This linear intensity distribution can, for example, in the plane of the 12 inside move.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• WO 2014/173662 A1 [0002]

Claims (13)

3D printing apparatus for the production of a spatially extended product, comprising - at least one electron beam source ( 20 ), which is an electron beam ( 4 ) can produce with a linear intensity distribution, - modulator means, the linear intensity distribution of the electron beam ( 4 ) in such a way that a modulated line-shaped intensity distribution is produced, wherein the modulator means are arranged in the 3D printing device in such a way that the signals emitted by the electron beam source ( 20 ) outgoing electron radiation ( 4 ) impinges on the modulator means, - a work area ( 14 ), which with electron radiation ( 4 ) to be acted upon starting material ( 15 ) is or can be supplied for 3D printing, the work area ( 14 ) is arranged in the 3D printing device such that the modulated by the modulator means electron radiation ( 4 ) on the workspace ( 14 ), - Scanning means, the work area ( 14 ) relative to the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ) or the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ) relative to the workspace ( 14 ), the movement taking place in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated line-shaped intensity distribution. 3D printing device according to claim 1, characterized in that the modulator means comprise a longitudinal direction ( 12 ), in which a plurality of independently controllable modulator channels are arranged side by side. 3D printing device according to claim 2, characterized in that the longitudinal direction ( 12 ) of the modulator means parallel to the longitudinal direction of the incident thereon line intensity distribution of the electron beam ( 4 ), so that according to the requirements of the product to be produced, the individual modulator channels targeted from the electron beam ( 4 ) so that they do not contribute to the modulated linear intensity distribution. 3D printing device according to claim 3, characterized in that the modulator means comprise a plurality of longitudinally juxtaposed anode elements (FIG. 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e . 8n ) at which the electron radiation ( 4 ) and / or the one to the propagation direction of the electron beam ( 4 ) have an inclined deflection surface. 3D printing device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the individual anode elements ( 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e . 8n ) are independently controllable. 3D printing device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that by controlling the individual anode elements ( 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e . 8n ) two mutually different anode elements ( 8a . 8b . 8c . 8d . 8e . 8n ) can be at a different potential or a different angle (β) to the propagation direction of the electron beam source ( 20 ) outgoing electron radiation ( 4 ). 3D printing device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the 3D printing device at least one further electron beam source ( 24 ), wherein the further electron beam source ( 24 ) a further line-shaped intensity distribution of an electron beam ( 18 ) in the workspace ( 14 ), wherein the further line-shaped intensity distribution in the working area ( 14 ) parallel and / or at least partially congruent with the linear intensity distribution of the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ). 3D printing device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the of the at least one further electron beam source ( 24 ) outgoing electron radiation ( 18 ) simultaneously or at least partially in time before the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ) on the workspace ( 14 ), so that an additional heating or preheating of the with the electron beam ( 4 ) to be acted upon starting material ( 15 ) takes place. 3D printing process for the production of a spatially extended product, characterized by the following process steps: - by at least one electron beam source ( 20 ) an electron radiation ( 4 ) is generated with a linear intensity distribution. - The electron radiation ( 4 ) encounters modulator means which determine the linear intensity distribution of the electron beam ( 4 ) in such a way that a modulated linear intensity distribution is created. - starting material ( 15 ) for 3D printing becomes a workspace ( 14 ). - The workspace ( 14 ) supplied starting material ( 15 ) with the modulated linear intensity distribution of the electron beam ( 4 ). - The workspace ( 14 ) is relative to the modulated electron beam ( 4 ) or the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ) is relative to the workspace ( 14 ), whereby the movement in one direction ( 16 . 16a . 16b ) takes place perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the modulated linear intensity distribution. 3D printing method according to claim 9, characterized in that as starting material ( 15 ) is used for 3D printing plastic or synthetic resin or a ceramic material or a glass or a glass-like material or a polymeric material or a metal, wherein the starting material ( 15 ) is supplied in particular in powder form, for example in a particle size between 60 microns and 100 microns. 3D printing method according to one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that in addition to the modulated linear intensity distribution of the electron beam ( 4 ) a further line-shaped intensity distribution of an electron radiation ( 18 ), wherein the two line-shaped intensity distribution in the working area ( 14 ) are parallel and / or at least partially congruent to each other. 3D printing method according to claim 11, characterized in that the at least one further electron radiation ( 18 ) simultaneously or at least partially in time before the modulated electron radiation ( 4 ) on the workspace ( 14 ), so that an additional heating or preheating of the with the electron beam ( 4 ) to be acted upon starting material ( 15 ) takes place. 3D printing method according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the spatially extended product in layers by multiple feeding of the starting material ( 15 ) and multiple impingement with the modulated linear intensity distribution of the electron radiation ( 4 ) is produced.

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