DE102014006126B3 - TUBE COLLECTOR WITH A CONCENTRATOR ELEMENT AND A RECEIVER ELEMENT - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a tube collector (1) with a plane of symmetry (0) consisting of a concentrator element (2) and a receiver element (3), which tube collector (1) is designed in particular as a collector column (11) or as a sun protection element (12) and at uniaxial tracking to the azimuth or elevation angle of the sun about an axis of rotation (x) the sun's rays (Sp) incident on day and season at different angles onto a bundle of focal lines (f1-fn) in the plane of symmetry (0) arranged receiver element (3) concentrated. According to the invention, the concentrator element (2) has at least two individual triangular prisms (20) arranged mirror-symmetrically to the plane of symmetry (O), each having a refractive irradiation side with an angle of incidence (α) and a totally reflecting side with an angle of reflection (γ) and a failure side with an angle of reflection (δ) and are formed so that the angle of incidence (α) and the angle of reflection (δ) have the same amount and the reflection angle (γ) on the total reflecting side is greater than the glass-type specific critical angle of total reflection, preferably greater than 42 degrees.

Description

The invention relates to a tube collector with a concentrator element and a receiver element, wherein the concentrator consists of at least two mirror images of each other arranged triangular prisms, each having a refractive incidence side, a total reflecting side and a refractive failure side and are arranged so that an angle of incidence on Einfallslot and a failure angle on the failure slot in each case has the same amount. The sides of a triangular prism are formed either as flat surfaces or as curved surfaces. The triangular prisms combine the parallel incident rays of the sun on a plurality of focal lines, which have an intersection with the plane of symmetry of the tube collector. A parallel to the focal lines arranged receiver element consists in a photovoltaic tube collector of PV cells, which are arranged on a fuel strip or a solar thermal collector from a traversed by a heat transfer fluid absorber tube or in the case of a hybrid collector of PV cells on the surface of a Absorber tube are arranged. In a first application of the invention, the tube collector is designed as a freestanding column collector and follows in an azimuth bearing the respective position of the sun. In a second application of the invention, the tube collector is designed as a translucent sun protection element, which is integrated into a building envelope construction.

State of the art

In addition to flat-plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors, a tube collector is a very common design for solar collectors. As a sun-adjustable collector, a tube collector requires only one axis of rotation. Among the solar thermal collectors are evacuated tube collectors, which are in a continuous sequence z. B. are arranged on sloping roofs, particularly effective. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that per square meter roof area very many individual elaborately made tube collectors are required. In order to compensate for this disadvantage, tube collectors are known which have a secondary concentrator mirror arranged outside the tube collector and are therefore arranged at a horizontal or vertical distance from one another. In concentric tube collectors with a photovoltaic receiver element, the cooling of the solar cells is a problem.

Known solar lights, which allow independent from the mains lighting, have one or more rigidly aligned to the sun solar cells that produce electricity that is stored in a battery in the housing of the solar lamp. At night, the battery supplies the power for the operation of bulbs for ambient lighting.

Among the many possibilities of training a sun protection device for buildings apply external sun protection elements such as rigid or movable slats, venetian blinds or shutters-blinds are particularly effective, since they are only temporarily used and on the other hand keep unwanted high-energy solar radiation from a building before the high-energy radiation Interior of the building has reached. Known sun protection systems such as blinds and shutters have the disadvantage that they shade a building in an effective sun protection position so much that an artificial lighting is necessary inside.

The DE 199 31 976 A1 shows a rigidly oriented to the sun tube collector with a translucent housing, which carries on its inside a system of different lenses and prisms and is adapted to focus the incident at different angles parallel beam of the sun on a disposed within the Röhrenkolletors receiver element. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that always only a narrow sector of the tube collector facing the respective position of the sun is suitable for bundling the rays of the sun onto the receiver element.

The US Pat. No. 4,022,186 A shows a linear focusing solar thermal solar collector with a radiation side, symmetrically to an absorber tube, arranged housing, which is formed in the central region of a Fresnel lens and in the subsequent areas of a prism array. Both the Fresnel lens and the prisms can, with uniaxial tracking of the solar collector, direct the parallel beams of the sun only inaccurately on the absorber tube, since it due to the different angles of incidence of the sun's rays when passing through a Fresnel lens or prism, where the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection do not have the same amount, undesirable scattering occurs.

The US 4,337,759 A also shows a linear focusing solar thermal solar collector, in which a translucent housing is arranged in mirror image to an absorber tube. With uniaxial tracking to the respective position of the sun, the beams are directed to the receiver element by total reflection of prisms. Since the angle of incidence and reflection of the sun's rays in this concentrator element have the same amount, the beams can be precisely focused on the absorber tube in uniaxial tracking. A disadvantage of this prism arrangement is a concentric element which is severely fissured by stomata and which, due to the notch-shaped prism surfaces, loses its structural stability and therefore can not be manufactured with the necessary precision. Another problem is the cleaning of the totally reflecting prism surfaces, which is also hardly possible for geometrical reasons.

The DE 198 34 089 A1 shows a linear concentrating solar thermal solar collector, which is designed as a tube collector. The translucent collector housing is designed as a cylindrical tube, the inside of which carries radiation-side stepwise arranged prisms, which are to concentrate the parallel incident radiation beams of the sun on a central media-flowed absorber tube. In a uniaxial tracking the focal range of the prisms shifts depending on the position of the sun, so that with the prism arrangement proposed here, an exact focusing of the sun's rays is not possible.

At the in 3 In the embodiment shown, the prisms arranged on the irradiation side are each arranged at a distance from one another, so that approximately half of the light radiation falls on a parabolic mirror located behind the absorber tube, which deflects the parallel incident beam bundle in a convergent beam onto the side of the absorber tube facing away from the radiation.

The DE 10 2008 014 618 A1 shows a device for concentrating and converting solar energy, in which a flat prism plate on its side facing away from the radiation carries prisms, which redirects the solar irradiation in uniaxial tracking on each of a left and a right receiver element, which is offset from the radiation splitter. Since the receiver elements themselves can receive direct radiation, this device for concentrating and converting the solar energy allows me to concentrate about twice the concentration of sunlight on a receiver element.

The DE 20 2006 001 083 U1 shows a Sonnenstrahlkonzentrator, arranged on a triangle Fresnel lenses direct the incident sunrays parallel to a central absorber tube. In this case, the triangle is oriented with one side to the radiation while the two radiation-remote sides of the triangle of mirrors receive reflected light, which are arranged on both sides of the triangle at an angle to the sun.

The US 4 299 201 A shows a, integratable into a roof structure, rigidly oriented to the sun solar collector, which is formed of half-shells, each carrying on its side facing away from radiation prisms or lenses that direct the incident sunlight at different angles on a central absorber tube. Due to the rigid orientation to the sun, only different sections of the absorber tube are always reached by the collimated radiation.

The DE 20 2007 015 968 U1 shows an absorber tube for solar thermal applications, in which the absorber element and a glass cladding tube at the end faces of the glass cladding tube by means of a glass metal compound are connected to each other vacuum-tight.

From the DE 10 2009 038 962 A1 is a concentrating solar collector with a focus on a focal line parabolic mirror is known in which the parabolic mirror is designed as a supporting element of a bending, thrust and torsion-resistant tube.

task

Based on the illustrated prior art, the object of the invention is to find a prism arrangement for a tube collector, the uniaxial tracking to the daily and seasonal conditionally changing sunshine an exact focus with up to 100 times the concentration of sunlight on a Receiver element allows. If incidence and exit angles are selected identically on a triangular prism, the focus position is maintained when the position of the sun is changing, whereby the scattering effects on the incidence and failure sides of a totally reflecting prism cancel each other out. These objects are achieved with the features mentioned in claim 1 of the invention. Further advantageous properties and possible applications of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sides of a triangular prism are formed as flat surfaces, wherein the focal lines of adjacent triangular prisms overlap on the receiver element of a tube collector in a focal region. In a further embodiment variant of the invention, the triangular prisms are designed as free-form prisms, in which at least one side, but preferably all three sides, have a curvature, so that the sun's rays which collide in parallel are focused by one or more adjacent free-form prisms onto a focal line. In order to achieve optimal focusing even with changing angles of incidence of the sun on a focal line, all three sides of a freeform prism are formed as curved surfaces whose curvature is defined by a polynomial of higher order.

A first application of the invention relates to a freestanding collector column. The concentrator element and the receiver element of the collector column form an immovable unit with each other and follow within a rigid, transparent collector housing the respective position of the sun. In a further embodiment variant, the concentrator element and the receiver element with the collector housing form an inherently non-displaceable unit which can be aligned to the sun with an azimuth bearing on the base of the collector column. The receiver element of a collector column consists of PV cells, which are interconnected by a busbar so that each individual solar cell is connected to a DC-DC converter, so that the solar cells can react individually to the different insolation conditions of the sun. The size of the PV cells depends on the wafer size and is z. B. 156 × 156 mm at up to 10 times the concentration of sunlight. From a concentration greater than 100 suns, special silicon concentrator solar cells with a size of 4.5 × 4.5 mm can be used. So-called. Stack solar cells that are only a few millimeters in size require at least 300 times the concentration of sunlight.

On its radiation side facing away from the PV cells are connected to a heat exchanger, the z. B. from an extruded aluminum profile with cooling fins, which transmit the absorbed heat from the solar cells by convection to the ambient air consists. In a fluid cooling, the heat absorbed by the solar cells heat is transferred to a heat transfer fluid, which is guided in a heat transfer tube. When cooled by a phase-changing material, the solar cells are thermally conductively connected on their side facing away from the radiation with a container containing a PCM such. A salt hydrate [Ba (OH) ₂ .8H ₂ O]. This container has a capacity of 0.112 m ³ for a 5 m high collector column and an assumed cross section of 150 × 150 mm, which corresponds to a melting enthalpy of 61.9 MJ. The salt hydrate with a melting temperature of 79 ° C at atmospheric pressure is thus able to temporarily limit the temperature rise of the solar cells. To cap temporarily occurring temperature peaks on the PV cells, another salt hydrate whose melting temperature z. B. at 50 ° C, be installed in the container. During night cooling, a PCM crystallizes to a solid and liquefies from a certain temperature in intense sunlight. The specific enthalpy of fusion of a PCM can be used to cool the solar cells.

In a further embodiment, it is provided to integrate a wind turbine in the collector column, wherein the collector column has at its base an air inlet opening and at its upper end an air outlet, so that the chimney effect can be used within a collector housing to drive a wind turbine and the of derive heat absorbed by the solar cells.

The front end of a tube collector forms a front mirror, which is adapted to reflect the concentrated by the triangular prisms beam on the receiver element. To protect the triangular prisms from contamination, a transparent housing is provided. In a solar thermal tube collector heat losses are avoided by a vacuum between the transparent cladding tube and the absorber tube. To avoid reflection losses, the light-receiving surfaces of a tube collector are antireflective. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, a tube collector is designed as a solar lamp, in which a plurality of LED lights are arranged parallel to the solar cells. At night, the divergent beams of the LED lights are directed at the triangular prisms and allow uniform illumination of the environment in a selected direction.

In a two-shell constructed transparent collector housing the triangular prisms can be frictionally connected to the inner and the outer shell of the collector housing, so that a prism hollow profile can be made as a lightweight component that forms the concentrator element of a tube collector. The triangular prisms can also be arranged in a staggered formation within a fixed transparent cladding tube. About a foundation element is a Collector column connected to a ground and can have a minimum diameter of only 15 cm and a maximum of several meters. With a clamping on the ground via a suitable foundation element, a slender collector column z. B. 2 m high and a collector column with several meters in diameter, a height of up to 20 m can be built. The chimney effect is possible for the operation of a turbine already from a height of the collector column of three to four meters and a diameter of about one meter. The housing of a collector column consists either of a single or double-shelled transparent cladding tube or of a pneumatically supported transparent foil or of a transparent hollow chamber shell. In the base of the collector column are both a control unit and the actuator for tracking the column to the respective position of the sun as well as one or more DC-DC converters for converting the direct current produced by the PV cells into alternating current as well as batteries for storing the electricity obtained at the solar cells accommodated. The surfaces of a transparent cladding tube or of a translucent hollow chamber shell and the surfaces of the triangular prisms themselves each carry an antireflecting coating. All transparent or translucent parts of a tube collector are made of low-iron soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass or transparent plastics. For the production of prism hollow chamber profiles, in which triangular prisms are arranged as structurally effective spacers between a transparent outer and a transparent inner shell, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polycarbonate are suitable for an extrusion process. A second possible application of a tube collector according to the invention relates to a sun protection element. A variety of circular sun protection elements form a tube register, in which the individual tube collectors are aligned together to the sun. A variety of lamellar tube collectors forms a lamellar register, in which the individual lamellae are aligned as a blind or blinds blinds together to the sun. A translucent sunscreen has the advantage that the high-energy direct solar radiation is kept away from a building and only diffuse radiation is transmitted. In combination with an interior glare protection, translucent sun protection meets all the requirements for effective sun protection.

Tube collectors, which are combined in a tube register, also form an external sunscreen, which can be aligned to the respective position of the sun by simply turning the tube collectors. The tube collectors are arranged either offset in one plane or in two levels against each other, so that direct sunlight can be kept out of a building.

The adjustment mechanism for tracking the tube collectors can be integrated into the glass holding structure of a facade or in a movably mounted frame in front of the facade. Such a sliding frame is z. B. if necessary, driven in front of a window opening.

Finally, the tube collectors can be made with a circular or oval or polygonal or lamellar cross-section. In this case, a lamella has a housing with a radiation-facing side and a radiation-remote side. The triangular prisms are integrated into the irradiation-side shell of a lamella. A variety of such slats can be summarized in a lamella and aligned with the sun. The adjustment of the individual slats takes place with a slat register or a shutter blind on support and control ropes. A sunshade element, in which two triangular prisms are integrated into a transparent collector housing, can be produced economically in an extrusion process made of plastic, the PV cells with heat exchanger being arranged outside the collector housing. The triangle prisms can z. B. are produced in a drawing process of a borosilicate glass and vacuum-sealed in a glass tube made of a low-iron soda lime glass enclosed. For this purpose, end caps made of metal are required, which are soldered to the glass tube vacuum-tight and wear on their inside a front mirror, which ensures that the convergent beams are reflected on the PV cells. Selected embodiments of the invention and their respective advantageous features will be apparent from the figures.

Show it:

1 a tube collector with two mirror-image arranged triangular prisms, which are non-positively connected to a transparent cladding tube, in cross section

2 a tube collector with two mirror-image arranged free-form prisms, which are arranged on retaining clips in an evacuated transparent cladding tube, in cross section

3 a tube collector with free-form prisms in a staggered formation and a housing which is formed by a fixed, transparent and pneumatically supported film in schematic cross-section

4 a tube collector with triangular prisms in a staggered formation and a housing, which is formed by a fixed transparent cladding tube, in schematic cross-section

5 a tube collector with triangular prisms in a staggered formation and a housing which is formed by a clam shell evacuated and transparent cladding, in schematic cross-section

6 a tube collector with triangular prisms in a staggered formation and a housing which is formed by two eccentrically arranged to each other transparent cladding tubes, in schematic cross-section

7 a tube collector with triangular prisms in a staggered formation and a housing, which is formed by a prism hollow chamber profile, in schematic cross-section

8th a tube collector with free-form prisms in a staggered formation and a housing, which is formed by a prism hollow chamber profile, as a solar thermal collector in schematic cross-section

9 a tube collector as sun protection element in lamellar form with triangular prisms in a staggered formation and a housing which is formed by a prism hollow chamber profile, in schematic cross-section

10 a collector column in an isometric cutaway view

11 a collector column with integrated turbine in a schematic longitudinal section

12 a collector column with integrated turbine in an isometric cutaway view

13 the longitudinal section of a collector column, which is designed as a solar lamp in an isometric cutaway view

14 an arrangement of tube collectors as sun protection elements for a facade in the perspective overview representation

15 the tube register 14 in a perspective sectional view

16 Tubular collectors as sun protection elements in a sliding frame in front of a window opening

17 a roller shutter blind from tube collectors in the perspective overview

18 a ramped lamellae of lamellar tube collectors in a schematic cross section

19 the slat register after 18 in an active sun protection position in a schematic cross section

20 a tube register of tube collectors as sun protection elements each with a horizontal axis of rotation in a schematic vertical section

21 a tube register of tube collectors as sun protection elements each with a vertical axis of rotation in an isometric view in detail

1 shows the cross section through a tube collector 1 arranged in mirror image to the plane of symmetry O arranged triangular prisms 20 , the parallel and incidentally at different angles incident, parallel beam Sp of the sun with uniaxial tracking of the tube collector 1 on a receiver element 3 focus, that of a plurality of PV cells arranged in series parallel to the focal lines f1-fn 30 is formed. An exemplified light beam of the beam Sp first passes through the housing 10 of the prism tube 201 and penetrates with an angle of incidence α on the radiation-facing side of the triangular prism 20 into the optically denser prism body, where it is refracted with an angle of refraction β towards the entrance slot. On the opposite side of the triangle prism 20 the light beam is totally reflected at a reflection angle γ to the failure side of the triangular prism 20 with an angle of incidence α 'and a divergence angle δ in the transition from the optically denser to the optically thinner medium away from the dummy slot on the PV cell 30 to be steered. A plurality of each mirror image of the symmetry plane O of the tube collector 1 arranged light beams of a convergent beam Sk intersects at a plurality of focal points f1-fn in the plane of symmetry O and forms an overlapping focal region. At the exit from the triangle prisms 20 the light beams are transmitted as convergent radiation beams Sk onto the PV cells arranged perpendicular to the plane of symmetry O. 30 concentrated. With this prism arrangement is an approximately fourfold concentration of sunlight on the PV cells 30 possible. With an assumed width of 15 mm for the PV cells 30 the tube collector has a diameter of about 60 mm. A longitudinal groove in the prism tube 201 takes the PV cells 30 passing through a power bus 300 connected to each other, on. A prism tube 201 in which the triangle prisms 20 integral with a transparent housing 10 can be easily prepared in an extrusion process of a transparent plastic, such as polymethylmethacrylate (Pmma) or polycarbonate. Alternatively, the tube collector 1 are also made of low-iron soda lime glass, the triangular prisms 20 glued into a transparent glass tube. Caps are provided on the front sides, which carry on their inside a front mirror 112 , so that an obliquely incident beam Sk on the PV cells 30 is reflected.

2 shows a tube collector 1 in which the concentrator element 2 from two mirror images of the symmetry plane 0 arranged triangular prisms 20 consists. The triangle prisms 20 are as free-form prisms 200 in which all three sides of the prism have a curvature defined by a polynomial of higher order. The free-form prisms 200 are in a transparent cladding tube 102 integrated and are arranged by sections arranged retaining clips 100 within the transparent cladding tube 102 kept in position. The tube collector 1 is aligned in a horizontal, vertical or inclined rotation axis x to the respective position of the sun, with a parallel beam Sp from the free-form prisms 200 in two convergent beams Sk is focused on a focal point f1. Outside of the flattened on its radiation side facing away trained, transparent cladding tube 102 meet the two convergent beams Sk on an approximately 15 mm wide strip of PV cells 30 as a receiver element 3 of the tube collector 1 , The PV cells 30 are on their side facing away from the radiation with a heat exchanger 31 connected by an extruded metal support with cooling fins 310 is formed. The free-form prisms 200 allow about seven times the concentration of sunlight on the PV cells 30 , To the free-form prisms 200 To protect against contamination, is the transparent cladding 102 at both ends by means of end caps made of metal, each carrying a front mirror 112 , sealed vacuum-tight. The face mirrors 112 reflect a concentrated beam Sk on the PV cells 30 , The concentration of the parallel beam Sp on the PV cells 30 is exemplified by a light beam. The angle of incidence α defines the angle of refraction β when the light beam enters the free-form prism 200 , At the next prism side in the further course of the radiation, the beam is totally reflected at a reflection angle γ with respect to the solder in order to be at the exit side of the prism 20 with an angle of incidence α 'and a divergence angle δ with respect to the failure solder on the PV cells 30 to be concentrated. The free-form prisms 200 are designed so that for each light beam, the angle of incidence α and the angle of divergence δ have the same amount. The PV cells 30 are about 15 mm wide and 78 mm long mini solar panels by means of a busbar 300 individually interconnected.

3 shows the cross section of a collector column 11 with a vertical axis of rotation x, which is designed as a solar lamp and in which the concentrator element 2 and the receiver element 3 form a self-rotatable unit and within a fixed housing 10 that of a transparent, pneumatically supported film 104 is formed, are arranged. The triangle prisms 20 are each as freeform prisms 200 formed, have a staggered formation and are at its lower end on a front mirror 112 , which is within the housing 10 together with the receiver element 3 is rotatably mounted. The collector column 11 has z. B. a diameter of 1 m and a height of 4 m. The parallel beams Sp of the sun are from the free-form prisms 200 focused on a focal line f1. Behind the focal line f1 are PV cells 30 on its radiation side facing away with a heat exchanger 31 connected as a container 311 with a filling of PCM 312 exists and that of the PV cells 30 absorbs absorbed heat to the surrounding air. The concentrator element 2 from freeform prisms 200 is capable of the parallel beams Sp of the sun with up to 100-fold concentration on the focal line f1 concentrate. In the example shown, the receiver element is 3 parallel to the focal line f1 arranged so that an approximately 10-fold concentration of sunlight to a 10 cm wide, with PV cells 30 occupied container 311 is possible. The container 311 takes a power bus 300 on top of every single PV cell 30 is connected to an unspecified DC-DC converter, so that the PV cells 30 individually react to the changing solar radiation conditions. The PV cells 30 be on the left and the right side of the container 311 from a variety of LED lights 116 flanked, whose divergent beams Sd on the triangular prisms 20 are directed so that a solar lamp at night ambient lighting with a opposite to the collector function reversed beam path allows.

4 shows a collector column 11 as a solar light in a horizontal section, whose fixed housing 10 a transparent cladding tube 102 having. The concentrator element 10 consists of triangular prisms 20 arranged in a semicircular staggered formation and the parallel beams Sp of the sun on one with PV cells 30 occupied heat exchanger 31 focus. The heat exchanger 31 consists of a container 311 with a filling of PCM 312 , which consists of a salt hydrate, z. B. [Ba (OH) ₂ .8H ₂ O] consists. The PV cells 30 stand on their side facing away from the radiation in a thermally conductive contact with the container 311 , The heat exchanger 31 cuts off temperature peaks on the PV cells 30 from 79 ° C at atmospheric pressure. At the base of the collector column 11 an end mirror 112 is provided which matches that of the triangular prisms 20 focused on the focal lines f1-fn light rays in a convergent beam Sk on the PV cells 30 reflected. The container 311 will be left and right of a variety of LED lights 116 flanked, whose divergent beams Sd on the triangular prisms 20 are directed so that a solar lamp at night ambient lighting with a opposite to the collector function reversed beam path allows. The fixed glass cladding 102 forms a clamping frame for the triangle prisms 20 , which at their upper and at their lower end in each case via a rotatable ring with the transparent cladding tube 102 are connected and therefore as zugbeanspruchte triangle prisms 20 can be trained.

5 shows the horizontal section through a collector column 11 , which is designed as a solar lamp and in the triangle prisms 20 in a staggered formation between two concentrically arranged, transparent sheaths 102 are arranged. At this collector column 11 form the concentrator element 2 , the receiver element 3 and the bivalve transparent cladding tube 102 a unit that can not be twisted in itself, as a whole in an azimuth bearing 110 at the base of the collector column 11 is aligned to the respective position of the sun. Also in this example, a face mirror 112 is for reflecting the convergent beams Sk onto the PV cells 30 intended. The concentric transparent ducts 102 are fused together at their ends to form a hollow body, to which a vacuum V is applied to the triangular prisms 20 to protect against environmental influences. The individual prisms are not shown by metal brackets, as in 2 exemplified, held in their respective position. PV cells 30 are on their side facing away from radiation heat-conducting with a heat exchanger 31 connected from a container 311 with a filling of PCM 312 consists. LED lights 116 are on both sides of the container 311 arranged and emit at night a divergent beam Sd on the triangular prisms 20 ,

6 shows a horizontal section through a collector column 11 with a double shell housing 10 , consisting of two eccentrically arranged transparent cladding tubes 102 is constructed. Between the two ducts 102 made of glass, a vacuum V is provided to the gap in which the triangle prisms 20 are arranged to protect against contamination. The triangle prisms 20 are arranged in mirror image to the plane of symmetry 0 and each have a different profile with planar prism sides. Individually adjustable LED lights 116 , on both sides of the heat exchanger 31 are attached, provide at night for a lighting of the environment. The PV cells 30 are arranged on a metallic support, on the radiation side facing away from cooling fins 310 for the derivation of the PV cells 30 provide absorbed heat. By not shown metal brackets between the transparent sheaths 102 become the single triangle prisms 20 fixed exactly in their respective position.

7 shows the horizontal section through a collector column 11 in which the case 10 Irradiation side of a prismatic hollow profile 202 and on the radiation side facing away from a transparent hollow chamber shell 103 is formed. The double-shell and circular collector housing 10 can be made in one piece or segments in an extrusion process. With an approximately tenfold concentration, the parallel beam Sp of the sun on a plurality of focal lines f1-fn, each having an intersection with the plane of symmetry O , on a transversely to the plane of symmetry O arranged receiver element 3 concentrated. The receiver element 3 has a 100-150 mm wide, with a series of solar cells 30 occupied strip on which a radiation-oriented side of the heat exchanger 31 forms. The heat exchanger 31 consists of a container 311 with a filling of PCM 312 , Laterally on the container 311 attached LED lights 116 are at night on the triangle prisms 20 directed, so that the light from the solar lamp is emitted evenly in a selectable direction.

8th shows a tube collector 1 with a two-shell transparent housing 10 , the irradiation side, a prism hollow chamber profile 202 and on the radiation side facing away from a transparent hollow chamber shell 103 is formed. The concentrator element 2 becomes of triangle prisms 20 as freeform prisms 200 formed in a staggered, mirror image of the plane of symmetry 0 formation arranged and concentrate the parallel incident beam Sp of the sun on a focal line f1. The receiver element 3 is concentric and coaxial with the focal line f1 and the axis of rotation x of the tube collector 1 arranged and consists of an absorber tube 32 with an absorbent coating 320 that of a heat transfer fluid 33 flows through and from a transparent cladding tube 102 is surrounded. Between the absorber tube 32 and the transparent cladding tube 102 a vacuum V is provided to prevent heat loss. The face mirror 112 is configured to be one of the triangle prisms 20 concentrated beam Sk each at the end faces of the collector on the absorber tube 32 to concentrate.

9 shows a tube collector 1 with a lamella shape as a sun protection element 12 , Irradiation side of this tube collector is a prismatic hollow chamber profile 202 trained, while on the radiation side facing away from the housing 10 is single-shelled and one with PV cells 30 equipped receiver element 3 wearing. The sun protection element 12 is aligned to a vertical, inclined or horizontal rotation axis x to the respective position of the sun. The sun protection element 12 can be made in an extrusion process of a transparent plastic.

10 shows a collector column 11 in their construction the in 3 corresponds to the embodiment shown in horizontal section. The transparent housing 10 is made of a transparent film 104 formed, which is pneumatically supported by an internal pressure by means of a fan, not shown. The concentrator element 2 and the receiver element 3 form a self-rotating unit in an azimuth bearing 110 at the base of the tube collector 1 is aligned with the sun via a servomotor, not shown. The concentrator element 2 consists of a variety of triangle prisms 20 arranged in a V-shaped staggered formation and as free-form prisms 200 are formed. The receiver element 3 consists of PV cells 30 , on their side facing away from the radiation heat-conducting with a heat exchanger 31 are connected. As in 3 described has the heat exchanger 31 a container 311 with a filling of PCM 312 on.

11 shows a tube collector 1 as a collector column 11 , which at its base an air inlet opening 113 and at its top an air outlet 114 having. In the area of the azimuth bearing 110 is a turbine 115 with coaxial with the axis of rotation x of the tube collector 1 , arranged rotary axis installed. Will the concentrator element 2 that the in 4 shown example and from a variety of triangular prisms 20 aligned, aligned to the sun, the parallel sunbeams of the triangle prisms 20 as a convergent beam on the PV cells 30 of the receiver element 3 concentrated. In the case of a 4 to 5 m high column collector, this occurs within the transparent cladding tube 102 a chimney effect from that at the PV cells 30 absorbed heat is released and the turbine 115 drives.

12 shows a collector column 11 in their construction the in 6 in the horizontal section shown example corresponds. In an azimuth warehouse 110 follows the collector column 11 by means of a servomotor, not shown with control unit the respective position of the sun. Via an air inlet 113 at the base and an air outlet 114 at the upper end of the collector column 11 can be inside the double shell housing 10 the chimney effect can be used around a turbine 115 drive. The PV cells 30 are on their side facing away from radiation heat-conducting with a heat exchanger 31 connected by a metallic carrier profile with cooling fins 310 is formed. The air cooling of the PV cells 30 causes a vertical air flow, which is responsible for the operation of a turbine 115 in the area of the air inlet opening 113 is being used. The air outlet opening 114 is located at the open end of the collector column 11 ,

13 shows a longitudinal section of a collector column 11 to 12 , which is designed as a solar lamp. The triangle prisms 20 each have a different profile cross-section with plane prism sides and are in a two-shell housing 10 with an outer and an inner transparent cladding tube 102 built-in. The receiver element 3 consists of PV cells 30 , on their side facing away from the radiation with a heat exchanger 31 are connected. The heat exchanger 31 consists of an extruded carrier with cooling fins 310 , on the LED lights 116 are connected. The LED to shine 116 throw divergent beams Sd on the triangle prisms 20 so that a uniform illumination of the environment is possible at night.

14 shows a tube register 120 from tube collectors 1 , each as sunscreen elements 12 are formed and essentially in the 1 and 2 in cross section explained tube collectors 1 correspond. In the glass holding construction of a building envelope construction 13 is a servomotor 118 integrated, the tube collectors 1 aligns to the respective position of the sun. The sun protection elements 12 are as external sun protection on the insolation side in front of an insulating glazing 130 arranged. Every tube collector 1 is aligned about a horizontal axis of rotation x to the sun.

15 shows the tube register 120 to 14 with a toothed belt drive integrated in the glass support structure. Every tube collector 1 has a concentrator element 2 from two mirror-inverted triangular prisms 20 and a receiver element 3 that of PV cells 30 is formed and corresponds in its structure in the 1 and 2 shown in cross-section embodiments.

16 shows a tube register 120 in which a variety of tube collectors 1 in a unspecified sliding metal frame in front of a window opening with double glazing 130 is integrated. At the same time the tube register forms 120 a translucent sunscreen that, as in 15 is aligned by means of integrated in the frame belt drive to the respective position of the sun. A sun protection element 12 corresponds in its structure and its dimensions in the 1 and 2 shown embodiments.

17 shows a shutter blind 122 Made from a variety of lamellar tube collectors 1 is constructed. The tube collectors 1 correspond in their construction to the in 9 shown embodiment of a sun protection element 12 , The housing 10 a tube collector 1 has on its radiation side facing a prismatic hollow chamber profile 202 on. In an unspecified shutter box, the sun protection elements 12 rolled up. The shutter blind 122 is as a temporary sunscreen in front of a window with double glazing 130 appropriate. The concentrator element 2 focuses the sun's rays on a receiver element 3 that with PV cells 30 is equipped. The sun protection elements 12 wear an anti-reflective coating 203 and are made in an extrusion process of acrylic or polycarbonate.

18 shows a slat register 121 in the raised state. The slat register 121 is made of lamellar tube collectors 1 built in the 9 correspond to the example shown.

19 shows the slat register 121 to 18 in a sunshade position, with each individual sunshade element 12 about a horizontal axis x to the day and seasonally incident at different angles parallel radiation beams Sp the sun is aligned. This will not only be an effective sunscreen for a building envelope construction 13 ensured, but also a photovoltaic power generation on each individual sun protection element 12 allows. Analogous to a conventional blind, the individual sun protection elements form 12 a ropes led, adjustable lamellar register 121 ,

20 shows a tube register 120 Coming from a variety of tube collectors 1 which exists in its construction in the 8th correspond to the embodiment shown and each a concentrator element 2 and a receiver element 3 and can be aligned about a horizontal axis x to the parallel incident beam Sp of the sun. The receiver element 3 is formed as a traversed by a heat transfer fluid and surrounded by a transparent cladding tube absorber tube. The on a solar thermal tube collector 1 The heat gained can contribute to the heating support in winter and, in conjunction with absorption or adsorption heat exchangers, in summer to cool the building. The schematic vertical section shows a building envelope construction 13 with double glazing 130 and external translucent sun protection elements 12 ,

21 shows a tube register 120 Standing out vertically in front of a building envelope construction 13 with double glazing 130 arranged, circular in cross-section tube collectors 1 is constructed. The tube collectors 1 correspond in their construction to the in 8th shown embodiment and can be used as solar thermal collectors, as in 20 shown, or be designed as photovoltaic panels. The sun protection elements 12 are aligned about a vertical axis x to the respective position of the sun. Reference numeral Overview tube collector 1 concentrator 2 casing 10 triangular prism 20 retaining clip 100 Freeform prism 200 Headmirrors 101 prismatic tube 201 Transparent cladding tube 102 Prisms-wall profile 202 Transparent hollow chamber shell 103 Antireflection coating 203 Transparent foil 104 focal lines f1-fn collector column 11 Parallel beam sp yaw bearings 110 Divergent beam sd Headmirrors 112 Convergent beam sk Air inlet opening 113 angle of incidence α, α ' air outlet 114 angle of refraction β turbine 115 angle of reflection γ LED lights 116 angle of reflection δ servomotor 118 receiver element 3 Sunshade element 12 PV cell 30 tube register 120 Busbar 300 finned coil 121 Heat exchanger 31 Shutter-blind 122 cooling fins 310 Gebäudehüllkonstruktion 13 container 311 glazing 130 PCM 312 vacuum V absorber tube 32 axis of rotation x absorbent coating 320 plane of symmetry O Heat transfer fluid 33

Claims (12)

Tube collector ( 1 ) having a symmetry plane ( 0 ) consisting of a concentrator element ( 0 ) 2 ) and a receiver element ( 3 ), which tube collector ( 1 ) in particular as a collector column ( 11 ) or as a sun protection element ( 12 is formed and in uniaxial tracking to the azimuth or elevation angle of the sun about a rotation axis (x) the day and seasonally incident at different angles beam (Sp) of the sun on the parallel to a bundle of focal lines (f1-fn) in the symmetry plane ( 0 ) arranged receiver element ( 3 ), characterized in that the concentrator element ( 2 ) at least two individual, in mirror image to the plane of symmetry ( O ) arranged, triangular prisms ( 20 ), each having a refractive irradiation side with an incident angle (α) and a total reflecting side with a reflection angle (γ) and a failure side with a failure angle (δ) and are formed so that the incident angle (α) and the angle of reflection (δ ) have the same amount and the reflection angle (γ) at the total reflecting side is greater than the glass-type specific critical angle of total reflection, preferably greater than 42 degrees. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the sides of the triangular prisms ( 20 ) are formed as flat surfaces, wherein a parallel incident beam (Sp) of the sun of at least two mirror images of each other arranged triangular prisms ( 20 ) is focused on a focal region with overlapping focal lines (f1-fn). Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that a triangular prism ( 20 ) as a freeform prism ( 200 ) is formed, in which at least one side, but preferably all three sides one curved surfaces, wherein the surface of a prism side is defined by a polynomial of higher degree to produce a focus on a focal line (f1). Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the tube collector ( 1 ) a transparent housing ( 10 ), which is formed either by a single-shell or two-shell transparent cladding tube ( 102 ) or from a transparent hollow chamber shell ( 103 ) or a pneumatically supported transparent film ( 104 ) is formed, wherein a non-rotatable unit of the triangular prisms ( 20 ), the receiver element ( 3 ) and the housing ( 10 ) is alignable to the sun, or a non-rotatable unit of the triangular prisms ( 20 ) and the receiver element ( 3 ) within a rigid housing ( 10 ) is alignable to the sun. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that a multiplicity of individual triangular prisms ( 20 ) in the intermediate space of a clam-shell, transparent cladding tube ( 102 ) or that a plurality of triangular prisms ( 20 ) Component of an extruded prism hollow chamber profile ( 202 ). Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the receiver element ( 3 ) of the tube collector ( 1 ) of PV cells ( 30 ) is formed on its side facing away from the radiation with a heat exchanger ( 31 ), which in the case of air cooling from a carrier with cooling fins ( 310 ) and, in the case of fluid cooling, one of a heat transfer fluid ( 33 ) through the absorber tube ( 32 ) and in the case of PCM cooling from a PCM ( 312 ) filled containers ( 311 ) consists. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 6, characterized in that the PV cells ( 30 ) with each other by a power bus ( 303 ) and each individually, via anode and cathode, are connected to a DC-DC converter, so that the PV cells ( 30 ) individually, depending on the changing during the day irradiation conditions, are switchable. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that a collector column ( 11 ) is designed as a solar lamp and in sunlight in an azimuth bearing ( 10 ) with control unit and servomotor ( 118 ) at the base of the collector column ( 11 ) is alignable to the sun, while at night a variety of LED lights ( 116 ) parallel to the PV cells ( 30 ) are arranged, each with a divergent beam (Sd) on the triangular prisms ( 20 ) and allow ambient lighting, the current for the operation of the LED lights ( 116 ) in a battery in the base of the collector column ( 11 ) or via a mains connection of the solar lamp. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 4, characterized in that the housing ( 10 ) of a tube collector ( 1 ) at its base an air inlet opening ( 113 ) and at its tip an air outlet ( 114 ) to in the interior of the housing ( 10 ) the chimney effect for the operation of a turbine ( 115 ) to use. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that a tube collector ( 1 ) has at at least one end a perpendicular to the plane of symmetry ( O ) arranged end mirror ( 112 ), one of the triangular prisms ( 20 ) concentrated, convergent beam (Sk) on the PV cells ( 30 ) reflected. Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the tube collector ( 1 ) as a translucent sun protection element ( 12 ) and formed as part of a tube register ( 120 ) or a lamella register ( 121 ) or a roller blind ( 122 ) an external sunscreen for a building envelope construction ( 13 ) with double glazing ( 130 ). Tube collector ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the tube collector ( 1 ) may be circular or oval or lamellar or polygonal in cross-section.

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