DE102005032764A1 - Collector for energy from all sources on a regenerative basis uses photovoltaic recombination heat and solar excess heat with heat pump and thermo-electric conversion - Google Patents

Abstract

A collector for energy from all sources on a regenerative basis comprises an autonomous thermal capacity system with latent heat and cold stores for photovoltaic recombination heat, thermal solar excess heat, etc., with a heat pump, multiple cycling and conversion into thermo-electricity.

Description

Innovative step

The resulting invention height is considered to be the sum of the claiming, device-related, inventive steps which are necessary and presupposing for the construction of the energy production plant described in detail below, whose mode of action and converter components are generally conceptual as:
Thermoelectric "indirectly effectgraderhöhehe" conversion of photovoltaic recombination, thermosolar excess heat or other, with a same thermal trapping, heat pump and latentwärmespeichergestützt, considerable ambient heat additionally einkehrenden Mehrfachrecykling, especially the resulting successive thermoelectric heat loss, for the purpose of continuously renewed thermoelectric conversion are referred to.

Target Aligned Applications of the innovative solution

It is primarily intended to improve photovoltaic systems in their electricity supply by enabling them to convert their heat losses into transfer-ready current with sandwich-replaceable thermoelectric converters, with the resultant thermoelectric losses not being lost, but always together again with the primary, back-side Waste heat of the solar cell modules ( 2 ) optimally return to thermoelectric conversion.

In order to achieve this extensively extended use of solar space supply, this requires the inventive "indirect increase in efficiency" of electricity-generating thermoelectric, which in a device-based composite system of latent heat and cold accumulators, heat pumps ( 7 ) and thermal absorbers, wherein the composite system thermal transport via latentthermopfade ( 65 ) and environmental thermopathy ( 19 ) accumulates and stores latent heat stacks and ambient heat stacks at appropriate temperature levels, degrades as needed, and converts to power.

The Applicability of the "indirect Increasing the efficiency "by means of the following described composite system extends to thermosol adsorber and all other heat sources, which were previously not or inefficient usable.

photovoltaic Plants give the largest part the adsorbed solar radiation by convection or infrared again. There is still no efficient, post-converter unit, which the infrared heat loss intercepts and converts it into electricity to a high percentage.

Certain The "moveable" converters in the form of flat plate starter motors provide the prerequisites for this by Prof. Ivo Kolin and the resulting improvements Dipl. Ing. Mr. Eckhart Weber from Munich, who at 16 degrees temperature difference (Collector temperature to ambient temperature) start cranking torque output to provide.

Of the Full load operation of the flat plate starter motor in the newest version provides with one square meter of sunlit collector surface without upstream photovoltaic 16 liters of water per minute at one meter Head.

at assumed 800 watts of supply are the converted 3 watts of torque output, which one could offer a power generator (bicycle dynamo). The are 3.75% efficiency, delivered by a "moving" technique, which is thermally docked the solar technology can continue. The wind and weather exposed functional elements of the crank mechanism also require a considerable Care and maintenance effort.

better Yields are already reached by subsequent "immovable" thermoelectric converters can resume. These convert about 4 to 7 percent of the photovoltaic Rekombinationswärme in direct current.

Efficiency limits pure photovoltaic solar systems, state of the art

A photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) can have different light-converting layers that convert specific wavelength ranges of sunlight into electricity. The solar cells of the module are constructive and also most favorable in terms of production costs, if only one particular semiconductor material is used in one layer. So far, silicon has been able to compete in solar cell production with a maximum of 16% efficiency in monocrystalline solar cells, which means 160 watts for a square meter with a maximum supply of 1004 watts. The Central European average power (total weather power) is 600 W × 0.16 = 96 watts average power of one square meter of the best solar cell material.

at polycrystalline cells yield 600 × 0.13 = 78 watts.

converted on daily benefits under consideration The various angles of incidence are the "tapped" solar power in winter about 0.16 × 1 KWh / sqm = 0.16 KWh or 0.13 KWh and in the summer 0.16 × 2.5 KWh / qm 0.4 KWh / qm resp. 0.325 KWh / sqm, whereby the first value on monocrystalline, the second refers to polycrystalline solar cells.

These safe practical results are still available for other solar cell semiconductor materials not before. Regarding the measure compatible Radiation density of the hardest Radiation sets Indiumphosphid the record and is therefore space suitable, Tolerates gallium arsenide much higher Temperatures and current densities that allow normal 20% efficiency and focusing power outputs up to 2000 watts per square meter enable. However, this high power density is less than 20% efficiency achievable and not yet known as a workable continuous service. Such focused solar power ends for the most part in "escaping" recombination heat. moreover the recoverable gallium and indium world reserves are irrelevant to broad-based Mass applications. Improving efficiency yields of unfocused solar offers allows itself by the bringing together of different Layers of p / n junctions of different Semiconductors with different band gaps. This is expensive and expensive. The thus-obtained efficiency improvement is a relatively small because the tandem levels hinder each other.

Of the reflected in the system previous layer structure and recombined namely besides that for the Follow-up space charge zones remaining, provided, longer-wave Light and thus reduces the desired exploitation of additional Wavelength subintervals from the solar spectrum.

The based on tandem principle, already marketable, with beautiful wine red inherent color provided Trippelzellen have so although a better bad weather performance as pure silicon cells, but not enough to the full sunshine performance the latter for the aforementioned reasons approach.

light focusing resolutions for enormous photoresistant layers of indium phosphide, similar to powerful derivatives and those of gallium arsenide are additionally more expensive in these in itself very expensive compound semiconductors, so that finally can be judged that pure Photovoltaic power generation in the most expensive case for special applications barely over 35% pay-off, marketable mass does not exceed 17% out comes.

The present device successfully solves the technical step, the remaining high recombination - and thermal radiation component to a high percentage by means of latent heat-supported, post-added thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) to convert into electrical work as well. It also aims to work in the same way behind the on itself for efficiency high heating surfaces of solar thermal collectors (up to 90% efficiency) whose registered thermal excess shares accumulated or always part preprogrammed partially thermoelectric.

in this connection are with high pressure water, better when using Heizbadflüssigkeiten Temperatures of over 200 degrees Celsius usable (stagnation temperatures are even higher), what the construction and intermediate storage of thermal stacks in latent storage media with simultaneous or subsequent splitting in Sorbtionswärmepumpenantrieb and makes thermoelectric processing possible. This is important to know that Heizbadflüssigkeiten mainly salt hydrate or represent pure salt melts, with some already pronounced latent heat storage potential (e.g., alkali nitrates).

As well allows the conversion of the last infrared residual radiation under medium degrees of cloudiness, at which the photovoltaic fails.

One by latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) supported, thermoelectric conversion uses in addition to the currently applicable, thermal excess share of solar primary irradiated surfaces and the thermal-energy overhangs, which are continuously aufaddierbar by weather-related temperature fluctuations. In this case, it is important to supply thermal currents to the various latent storage media by means of targeted setting of points via thermal bridges of a flexible nature. The latter are according to the device as a flexible Thermo path ( 5 ) designated. Their mode of action in the area of a photovoltaic module ( 2 ) thermally contacting, post-heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) is shown in FIG. Furthermore, the flexible thermo path ( 5 ) with the in accumulating heat and cooling circuits ( 71 ) 72 ), consuming heating and cooling circuits ( 73 ) 74 ) by circulating drives ( 57 ) moving thermal transport media ( 61 ) and through graded thermal circuits ( 70 ), heat pumps ( 7 ) realized.

The advantageous exploitable diversity of latent storage media is natural and for the invention is a first, presupposing, important instrument for this, that different positive and negative thermal stacks can be formed that unlimited in time and, in a large number of cases, in principle without insulation are storable until spontaneous retrieval.

The Dissimilarity of latent heat storage media is therefore shown below by examples realistically, To the expert the structure and the combinations cheaper to facilitate thermal stacking levels.

The difference relates to material composition, the temperature levels at which certain amounts of thermal stacking occur without the temperature changing, the temperature intervals at which primarily uninsulated, long term thermal storage is possible, and the temperature levels at which intense release of the latent heat stacks in shorter or longer time is possible. The uptake and release of the thermal stacks are bound to temperature gradients, which are determined by the size of the thermally imparting surfaces and the length of the latent thermo pathade (hereinafter referred to as 65 ) to and within thermal accumulators. The thermal uptake and release within the range with salts, paraffins or other suitable latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) or latent cold storage ( 23 ) filled, thermal Akkummulatoren must over short distances (= inner path length of the Latentthermopfades ( 65 )) and sufficiently measured exchange surfaces of subsequently designated latent storage collectors ( 20 ), to this sub-conceptual air capillaries, ( 56 ) Condenser capillaries ( 16 ) and evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) within the thermal accumulators in order to minimize the inherently efficiency-reducing temperature gradients for thermal flux into and out of the latent storage means and the time required for this. The solar temperature gradients that are offered must be reserved for the greatest part possible thermoelectric conversion.

From this the design details of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ). These are anticorrosive, thin metal tubes with a diameter of only a few millimeters or similar plastic designs.

various Allow salts concentrated, thermal stacks at very different temperature levels. This results in a total of possibilities climatic adaptation.

One second for The invention important tool are suitable heat pumps WP (7) for single and multiple lifting of thermal stacks on suitable high temperature levels. Thus, the objective of the invention - the creation a basis for indirect, efficient efficiency increase thermoelectric conversion via several cycles tangible.

The Processing of thermal content follows a graded sequence of sensitive and latent heat.

Thus, the release of thermal stacks (built in latent heat storage means ( 4 ) with high crystallization temperatures) are more advantageously achieved at high temperature levels for a thermoelectric processing against ambient temperatures at medium levels, in which an "enveloping" thermally receptive latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) on the thermoelectric module ( 1 ) heats up "passing sensible heat" before passing over the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) escapes. However, the technical realization of the heat transfer into the "enveloping" latent heat storage medium encounters the too low heat dissipation ability of the same. The subsequent area cross-section necessary for sufficiently rapid heat introduction-above all in the initially solid salt crystal block-must be considerably larger than the cold contact area which has to provide it with loss heat (FIG. 18 ) of the thermoelectric module ( 1 ) offers. The problem is now solved with the thermally receiving, hereinafter referred to, internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) of latent storage collectors ( 20 ), whose thin tubes have a large exchange surface, that is to say a large cross-section of the latent heat path ( 65 ) realize. This type of thermal trapping is part of the overall mechanism of action of the so-called accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ). These allow the thermal transfer in directly coordinated, but also externally outsourced, hereinafter referred to, mean thermal Akkummulatorten ( 8th ). Accordingly, they also accumulate temporary high temperature offers - no matter where from - in upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ).

In principle, in all cases by thermally decreasing latent heat storage ( 4 ) to thermally decreasing latent cold storage agents ( 23 ) achieved a determination of the temperature gradient and thus a system-friendly equalization of the current output.

Weathering temperature flanks above the crystallization point (range) of the mean latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) can also thermally via the ambient thermal ( 19 ) when the same is transmitted via the flexible thermo-pad ( 5 ) of an accumulating heat circle ( 71 ) to the mean latent heat storage agent ( 10 ) is bridged. Since plenty of time and occasional wind are available, the temperature-dependent controlled "warm ventilation" with the accumulating heat circuit ( 71 ) mediated mechanical wind force component without a watt of power reference from the potential rails of the hybrid system. This get so-called wind hamster ( 77 ) (please refer 2 B . 2c . 2e ).

Thermal offers with temperature flanks up to the high crystallization range of the higher graded, upper latent heat storage medium ( 11 ) arrive cumulatively in its heat stack stock, mainly in intense solar irradiation of the photovoltaic solar modules ( 2 ) via the thermal backplane contact (thermal docking) of upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) is constructed. Clouding layers pass infrared, which causes the panels to heat up, which then, via back-wall contact, heats the thermal stacks in medium-sized thermal accumulators ( 8th ) build up. The back wall contact consists of a thermally collecting / conveying heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) (see protection claim 1 and 3).

On the lowest, thermal scale ladder ranked in protective claims 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12 with respect to functional features and tasks, iso lated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and in plant-based, capacitive expansion provided cold accumulators ( 22 ), in which sucked by night frosts cold-laden air or thermal transport media ( 61 ) or by a coolant transport in evaporator lines of heat pumps ( 7 introduced negative, thermal offers and of latent cold storage ( 23 ) are stacked (see 2a . 2 B . 3b ).

It is meaningful and presupposing, atmospheric cooling offers within the meaning of the invention store to high persistent high temperature gradients for the thermoelectric To ensure conversion (see protection claim 5).

Insulating storage from "hot" thermal stacks in snow and ice

Absolutely pure water has z. B: the amazing ability as a liquid a cool down to -70 degrees To endure Celsius. The introduction of a tiny speck of dust or a slight shock cause a sudden "warming up about zero degrees and continuous ice formation. The reason for this is the surplus amount at freezing heat across from the sensible thermal discharge during the cooling process.

There are now primarily salt-type latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) with a lower holding range for high crystallization temperature, which can not be so easily "shaken" and therefore have the best suitability for insulation-free heat storage in the pure state.

you special characteristic is it, often in its own water of crystallization to melt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate at 58 degrees and potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate at 92.5 degrees Celsius.

Their heat retention capacity has a "thermal diode characteristic", which means that heat can be entered as quickly or slowly as desired, but without attacking a special triggering effect of the heat stacks. For example, pure sodium acetate trihydrate can be stored as a supercooled molten salt in smooth, thermally well-heat-conductive containers for months at minus 10 degrees Celsius without loss of internal heat.

One immediate, comprehensive release of heat happens, for example by a special, deforming thermal click (one by piezoelectric Dünnschichtaterial generated high-voltage spark within the supercooled melt). With it opened for future, photovoltaic / thermoelectric large hybrid systems a "non-occupying" multiplying Energy reserve behind, over or below the surface areas the solar panels, which even with this addition no square meter of additional building land need. The total latent heat pile can be dosed or avalanche-converted into electricity.

Before the "Thermoklick", the supercooled melt can be stored without restriction and without insulation (see protection claim 7). For example, 10.62 liters of sodium acetate trihydrate store one kilowatt hour of heat energy, which is available at any time at the temperature level of 58 degrees Celsius. After thermo-cleavage, a "through-heating recrystallization" is underway, the thermal offer of which 17 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) either via firm, thermal docking to a much larger "thermal collecting" thermal docking area ( 21 ) or a consuming heat circle ( 73 ). This extremely important "side effect" of the deep holding area is observable with sufficient salts and according to the invention of eminent importance, because thus an uninsulated "heat or heat retention" behind the free-standing, wind-exposed solar cells is possible - even in snow and ice. But it is then worthwhile to initiate the thermoelectric processing, which can be initiated via a triggering impulse, by using high temperature gradients.

Operational radio control can be used in demanding converter concepts with "divertable" flexible thermo paths ( 5 ) a thermoelectric processing against the lowest available temperature level are made - especially in situations no longer available thermal stack volume or highest electrical power consumption.

Isolated, precious coldstacks

It is clear that, for efficient thermoelectric conversion, cold servovals are significant and even presupposing, with crystallizing contents at a suitable cold level (see Table I for cold mixes). The material which crystallizes in the cold, the crystallized material - hereinafter as isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and the possible external refrigerating capacity, as cold accumulators ( 22 ), for the supply of cold contact surfaces ( 18 necessary cold servicare - are hereinafter referred to as Latentkältespeichermittel ( 23 ) designated.

When freezing, they experience partial volume increases (water, some salt hydrates). The cold accumulators ( 22 ) of such a device according to the device converter must therefore have an isolated, primarily extensible wall - better, however, a "soft" compressibility to the inside. These ensure contracting, skimmed gas bubbles, so-called compensation bubbles ( 34 ) (see claims 7, 8 and 9 and 1b . 1c 1d ).

Stretchable to the inside, because incongruent volume fluctuations within so-called, free total latent volume ( 42 ) are expected, the outwardly from mainly firmly joined, so-called peripheral insulation materials ( 43 ) are enclosed (see protection claims 5 ff.). This also applies equally to the total free volumes ( 42 ) heat-stacking latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) directly behind the module surfaces or thermally capacitively expanding, middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ). Insulation is essential for cold storage because there is no internal cooling in higher temperature ranges.

As let yourself spontaneously sudden Create cold and how does she relax pile?

It behave Just as with building positive latent heat stacks, only the latent storage level is on (enormous) deep. Pure salts have a correspondingly low melting point level - such Take lithium chlorate trihydrate at just 8 degrees Celsius. the must have solid salt so 253 kilojoules of thermal energy are supplied per 1000 grams, before the temperature break point of 8 degrees Celsius can be exceeded. The Cold leaves intensify considerably, with the eutectic refrigeration components Salt-water.

So ammonium nitrate already has a negative heat of dissolution with water high specific amount.

The Dissolve of 6 parts of salt in 10 parts of water brings an instantaneous Temperature reduction of 27.2 degrees Celsius. Starting from zero Celsius is cooled down to the cryohydratic point of -16.7 degrees Celsius. The cryohydratic Mixtures in the form of ice and salt are particularly suitable and provide a spontaneous cooling up to her (up to -55 Degrees Celsius) at low temperature cryohydrated latent levels. The is called, one -55.1 Degrees Celsius cold mixture of 1430 grams of calcium chloride hexahydrate and 1000 grams of ice needed equivalents heat (to which the proportionate freezing heat of the water is added), at a temperature of -55 Degrees Celsius (see Table I - Cold Mixtures).

The melting of the cryohydratic mixtures therefore opens up a realizable, intensive, long-lasting cold reference base, which also maintains its temperature until the last remnant of this type of eutectic latent cold storage agent ( 23 is melted. The operator of such cold accumulators ( 22 ) has only sufficient homogeneity in the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) (see protection claim 7) and sufficient thermal insulation of the cold accumulator ( 22 ) to care.

For thermoelectric conversion, it should definitely be noted that with a linearly increasing temperature gradient between the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric module ( 1 ) the developing thermo-electromotive force drives in proportion to a square increasing Thermostrom It. In conventional, thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), however, increase without hindrance to the thermoelectrics specifically corresponding loss heat fluxes, which in thermoelectric conversion against the free ambient thermal path ( 19 ) represents a real loss of non-recoverable heat (up to 95%).

Deferred temporary storage from heat loss

This can be prevented according to the invention. Therefore, it is another claiming feature of the device according to the invention, the transfer of low or medium thermal stacks of latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) in the "high-temperature" thermal stacks, more suitable, so to speak, at the upper end of the thermal scale ladder standing latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) by means of heat pumps ( 7 ). These have been increasingly used in a broad range for a long time for the transport of thermal currents from low to high temperature levels. This will be discussed in detail later (see claims 1, 4, 12).

outlook for heat pump systems

Heat pumps ( 7 ) are ideally complementary (preparatory) for the Aufgabebgebiet the thermoelectric conversion, since with them an expansion of the temperature gradients is possible (in the simplest case, the thermoelectric cold and Heißseitungskontaktierung the evaporator and condenser surfaces), and because at their thermal lifting work at the same time further ambient energy into the thermal stacks of the latent heat storage medium ( 4 ). That gives them energy performance numbers above one.

The performance figures (power output / drive energy) of the heat pumps ( 7 ) according to the state of the art in perfected systems approach factor 4.

The heat pump usable for the device according to the invention ( 7 ) may be compression-absorption or adsorption types. A suitable concept would be primarily a mixed concept of compression ambient air heat pump with additionally integrated latent storage collectors ( 20 ) (please refer 2a . 2c . 2d ).

For photovoltaic and / or thermosolar-thermoelectric means and refrigerants down to 100 watt modules, could be advantageous to stand the technology already developed sorbtionswärmepumpen types in constructive adapted use flat construction. The DAWP heat pumps come advantageously in special design completely without moving parts. However, their performance is lower, about 1.5 to 2, and they require a primary, thermal Drive energy with a high level. The system lithium bromide-water needed e.g. above 100 Grd. Austreibertemperatur and shovels with a part drive Energy from the thermal environment level 0 to 10 degrees Celsius other part to the level above 50 Centigrade. (Coefficient of performance = 2). The most demanding "heating system" LiBr / methanol has somewhat improved values at below 100 degrees Celsius expelling temperature - the cheap System ammonia water has a coefficient of performance 1.5 at 150 degrees expeller temperature.

energy Denser Sorbtionssysteme with increased Performance figures are expected.

The Promising miniaturization of the compression heat pump type appears Japanese with k1 one high performance engines as well of Swiss origin (RMB, sales Interelectric AG / Sachseln) possible, because their high-speed drive power small-volume, "Teflon" rotary vane compressor with high pressures and transport services for Refrigerant gases such as propane (R 290), propylene R (1270), propane / butane mixtures and allow zeotropic mixtures.

The technical know-how of small compression household refrigerators is likely the best starting point for a compression type that is already from mild temperatures Temperature gradients of 50 ... 60 degrees Celsius for thermoelectric Processing creates.

The environmentally neutral, anhydrous ammonia can in turn be compressed so high that scooped in normal operation 80 degrees Celsius from normal temperature ranges and in upper latent heat storage means ( 11 ) can be stacked. The outdoor operation allows a safe use of ammonia and explosive refrigerant gases. A noise pollution by the driving, high-speed engine midget (low hum) is not expected. Their reliability has been sufficiently proven, as eg small engines of the Swiss company RBM under space conditions long-term requirements in the US Mars missions I and II completed so far best.

Thus, the smallest, the module technology backed, attached high-tech heat pumps in all climates conceivable, for example, in the lowest possible power range together with 100 watts of photovoltaic solar modules ( 2 ) are completed with upper and middle latent heat storage set to an efficient converter unit.

Hinzurechenbar are for this hybrid technology also photovoltaic liquid solar modules.

In the case of a plane execution of the ammonia evaporator surfaces of a conventional compression heat pump directly a thermoelectric module ( 1 ) efficiently to the ambient thermal path ( 19 ) are coupled in between (see figure).

Temperature values and thermal discharge at photovoltaic solar module back walls ( 25 ) - practical experiments, conclusions, prospects

In our latitudes are 80 to 100 degrees Celsius backside temperature of photovoltaic solar modules ( 2 ), if a light, controllable (eg pneumatic or bimetal-controlled) heat trap device ( 24 ) (please refer 1 , Protection claim 10) is realized.

According to the inventor's own experiments, extensive experiments have been carried out to obtain mainly the highest, stabilizable temperature levels at solar module back walls ( 25 ) in relation to the prevailing outside temperatures. On the other hand, photovoltaic power losses were found in poly- and monocrystalline 50-watt modules.

As a result, it is revealing that at minus 7 degrees Celsius with a heat trap device ( 24 ) in the form of a Plexiglas housing at least a module temperature of 95 degrees Celsius without thermal effluent in thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) could be stabilized. The equilibrium thermal outflow into the environment - composed of the infrared radiation component as well as considerable reflections - was not measured separately. This can be calculated under improved experimental conditions as a percentage size according to previous versions and as "escaping" therefore not available share for subsequent thermoelectric processing apply. The Plexiglassorte was not optimal for internal greenhouse effect. However, their approximately vertical reflection light surface generated despite noticeable minus 7 degrees Celsius outside temperature on full-black paper on the back foamed polystyrene a noticeable warming of the same. Antireflection coatings on solar receiving surfaces of thermal trap devices ( 24 ) virtually eliminate internal temperature-lowering, ergo power-reducing reflection losses.

In the thermoelectric use is the thermal docking to the solar module backplane ( 25 ) a lower tempered, thermal inflow and outflow ratio, which in the context of expert action on selectable sizes of thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ) can be optimally adjusted:
Thus, the temperature target range for melting and crystallizing the upper latent heat storage salt ( 11 ) and the latter are selected. For heat trap characteristics optimized transparent materials are abundant on the market, as well as completed, mature systems with carbon dioxide or krypton filling with which about 270 degrees Celsius heat trap temperature can be maintained at thermal outflow (fair exhibits).

This means that for solar module rear walls ( 25 ) sufficient - upwardly unlimited temperature levels and thermally-introducing temperature gradient for the inventive thermoelectric, heat loss recykelnde conversion available. The limiting factor is photovoltaics itself - with regard to heat distortion and power stability.

Meanwhile, a barely recognizable current drop of the photovoltaic solar cell module was measured ( 2 ), when it reached 95 degrees Celsius of self-temperature - and that in the approximate short-circuit range.

The wine-red, novel triplet solar cells tolerate much higher temperatures before performance losses take place and are therefore particularly contrary to the task of the invention. This for the following reasons: High primary temperature offers at the solar module rear walls ( 25 ) allow accordingly high temperature thermal flows. A partial, smaller amount of the same is now used for the expeller of absorption heat pumps. This type of heat pumps ( 7 ) has particular advantages in terms of the realized waste heat cycle with additional absorption of ambient energy. For example, absorption types with a lithium bromide-methanol substance system have a sufficient coefficient of performance. They entitle to a further advantageous embodiment according to the invention:
By means of intermittently possible, aufratender replenishment and skimming a capacitively smaller, separate, suitably high Absorberantrieb-Latentspeicherniveaus a deeper, capacitively far larger sized, average latent level is mainly filled with photovoltaic and primary thermoelectric heat losses and thermal energy environment and the same then thermoelectric against need stockpiled, sufficient low-temperature cold stack of the isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) or cold accumulators ( 22 ) processed (see protection claim 12). The storage volume for the thermal expelling energy, for example, with calcium chloride monohydrate at 176 degrees Celsius with just 10 liters some KWh for a DAWP heat pump ready. Similarly, sufficient thermal levels of this large, medium latent step in an upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ) are heat pumped (see protection claims 1, 4 and 12) and at the same time free again average stacking capacity.

Advantageous can be used here, therefore, working without moving parts DAHP types. The required thermal energy for the expeller is measured At present, according to the state of the art, from half to two thirds of output-side total energy supply of the DAWP heat pumps.

It is supplied with a temperature between 100 and 150 degrees Celsius of a erfin derisch device according to, separately designed for this purpose, only thermally absorbing surface portion of the primarily photovoltaic absorbing total area (see 3 ).

Stepped thermocircuits ( 70 ) of the heat pumps ( 7 ) for the realization of the loss and ambient heat recycling as well as expanded temperature gradients between latent heat and cold stacks

In the graphic representation of 2a . 2c and 2d forms the entirety of the left-side evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) in the graphic heat pump rate ( 14 ) of the respective illustrated, so-called stepped thermocircle ( 70 ) the functional, thermally absorbing component of the heat pump ( 7 ). It is provided with an internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) and functional, therefore constructive and unterbegrifllich the latency storage collectors ( 20 ) are the same. In partially volumetric size of these evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) in total free total volume ( 42 ) of the middle thermal accumulators ( 8th ) the internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) claimed. This now dissipates the middle latent heat stack and causes the heat-pumping, thermal supply for the heat pump via the internally occurring refrigerant transport (eg propene, ammonia) ( 7 ).

Their second, thermally dissipating circuit is the condenser line, the condenser capillaries ( 16 ), which has an internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) in total free total volume ( 42 ) of the upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ) and realize there on the taking place, thermal transport of the refrigerant, the reconstruction of the higher latent storage level wandering, amount increased thermal stack, if the continuous heat pumping ambient heat absorbing surfaces of latent storage collectors outside the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) are included (see protection claim 1 and 12).

Certain types of heat pumps have liquid, thermally-loadable media in their stages Thermocircles ( 70 ), which are the usable thermal transport media ( 61 ) of wasting and accumulating heat and cold circuits ( 73 ) 74 ) 71 ) 72 ) are comparable.

An extraordinarily high-graded variant with a high coefficient of performance between 4 and 5 can be used with a compression-free, graded thermocircuit that can be safely installed outdoors ( 70 ) are considered with the cheap, gaseous at normal pressure, in case of leakage to water and nitrogen degrading refrigerant ammonia (see protection claim 20). Such a staggered thermal cycle complementary to waste heat and ambient heat recycle 70 ) brings from normal ambient temperatures (ground, air at 10 to 15 degrees Celsius) above 80 degrees Celsius and "rough-ripening" degrees of cold.

The Creation of such extraordinary expanded temperature gradient with about one fifth drive energy across from of the extractable heat energy amount might of the highest Be interested.

Such energy-dense graded thermal circuits ( 70 ) are also ideally suited for simultaneously expanding the weather-related temperature gradients when sucking in ambient heat which is to be pumped up for subsequent thermoelectric conversions (enormous, continuous, stackable cooling supply on the surfaces of the evaporator lines, in particular in the case of ammonia and propene). It is also possible to offer variable heat decoupling at two different temperature levels, for example adsorption heat pumps (Institute of Solid State Physics and Technical Physics of the Technical University of Munich, Sept. 1995) - an important basis for stabilizing the temperature thresholds of medium and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ).

The research wise yet developable, stepped thermal circuits are currently not in sight and after becoming known to the skilled person for their applicability for the total regenerative, Thermoelectrically nachwandelnden hybrid systems to test.

Principle of the sequence of the thermal discharge cascade and reciprocal staggered heat cycle ( 70 ) for the stabilization of medium latent heat stacks (protection claim 12), fractions of the internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) at the total free volume ( 42 )

To perform the function of thermal loading of the heat pump refrigerant, such as ammonia, form according to claiming characteristics in the protection claim 5 and 6, in the total free total volume ( 42 ) of the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) introduced evaporator capillaries VDK ( 14 ) here also surface-defined, especially intensive, the thermal stack-degrading, internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) one. The heat stack undergoes the process of boosting. The mean latent heat storage medium ( 10 ).

This process is profitable in the case of highly congruent behavior, with stable, deep holding areas, medium latent heat storage means ( 10 ), which can fully stack their latent storage level already at early spring temperatures. The deep holding area prevents emigration of the heat once absorbed. When the thermal stack intermittently passes over the surface-activated ambient thermal bath ( 19 ), the heat pumping takes place in the upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ). In this case, a thermal discharge from liquefied latent cold storage agents ( 23 ) and then the thermal removal of the average latent heat stack (see claim feature: principle of the thermal discharge cascade protection claim 12). Since, according to protection claim 12, the most comprehensive, weather-related, thermal environmental offers in the mean latent heat storage means ( 8th ), this broad energetic basis of reference must be stabilized for further recycle steps or partial thermoelectric conversion. The stable level can be attacked by many prolonged periods of abnormal weather conditions. Here, the reciprocal, graded thermocircles ( 70 ) Remedy. Compared to normal graded thermal circuits ( 70 ) these have a thermal "reverse" to offer.

The evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) become reciprocal to liquefier capillaries ( 16 ) and vice versa. This is technically quite easy to implement. It is the internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) in upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) and to include a "consuming" air- or ground-contacting, capillary system of latent storage collectors as a thermal supplier.

Latent storage collectors ( 20 ) represent in principle an internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ). For the thermal forward and reverse gear are therefore at least three internal, thermal exchange volume ( 13 ), of which two are each used for heat pumping, see protection claim 12). The capillary system in the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) is quietly "converted" to heat-emitting condenser capillaries ( 16 ). That is, where normally liquid ammonia was vaporized through the capillary system for medium heat load loading, the gaseous, highly compressed, ambient heat laden ammonia now enters the thermal transfer internal volume (FIG. 13 ) of the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ). Thus, even in the case of outside frosts, the average thermal stacks that have fallen below the emergency pile height from the cycle can quickly be brought back to normal capacity.

The internal, thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) of all thermal circles is always involved in the entry and / or discharge of the thermal stacks and must therefore be so large in volume and presenting surface that it meets the required thermal conversion - on the other hand, it may be of total free total volume ( 42 ) do not stress too much so as not to reduce the thermal stacking capacity too much. In this respect, the task of expert optimization arises, in which first the respectively released kilowatt hour amount per 10 liters of crystallizing salt (latent heat storage medium ( 4 )).

Proposals for medium and high latent heat storage agents ( 10 ) 11 )

The Ingredients of Free or Converted Total Volume ( 42 ) 67 ) of the middle thermal accumulators ( 8th ) are melting / crystallizing salts in moderate temperature ranges, such as sodium acetate trihydrate with (226 kJ / kg crystallization energy at 58 degrees Celsius, or sodium bromide dihydrate with 239 kJ / kg crystallization energy at 50.7 degrees Celsius or disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate or other suitable, some hereinafter If, as described above, a sufficiently low thermal holding range is a specific feature of the latent heat storage salts or mixtures (eutectics) used, costly, thermal insulation may be dispensed with besides further to be found, possibly already technically otherwise already large-scale used salts suitable.

The for sodium metaborate required access connection is the borax. It crystallizes masses on shores of salt lakes as "Tinkal" out and comes in large quantities in Tibet, California, Nevada and the mud volcanoes at Azov Sea in front. Manganese chloride is synthetically simply from abundant occurring Mananerz compounds accessible and calcium nitrate, also known as efflorescent masonry peter, an earlier one on saltpetre plantations from organic waste and lime accessible, naturally self-forming - today most important, synthetic chemical product of the fertilizer industry.

Congruent and non-congruent Behavior - deep Holding areas as criteria for Costs and isolation costs

Most latent heat storage salts ( 4 ) are similarly cheap in synthesis and presentation, but of high capacitive, energetic utility value.

Latent heat storage salts ( 4 ) with low-temperature holding areas and the highest possible melting points / ranges should be chosen as a priority to the free, convective, thermal entry from the environment - without isolation against thermal discharge into the environment - in upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) or at least in medium thermal accumulators ( 8th ) with appropriate temperature offer to allow. Important here is the constructive incorporation of crystallization barriers.

With the unique ability to keep the accumulated heat stack at zero temperatures for several cycles (eg, 24 hours at -15 degrees Celsius) below zero for unlimited cycles, a larger total free volume of volume ( 42 ), which in turn is 100% compatible with the congruent latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) can be loaded.

This should be kept free of dust and crystal germs.

In addition to a larger number of properly congruent behaving latent heat storage ( 4 ) (especially salts), there are still a lot of "sufficiently" congruent behaving, or those whose recrystallization on much lower Auslösereize (sound, mechanical vibrations near the lowest holding temperature of the supercooled melt) is initiated. The thermal flow direction, in which the latent heat stack "consuming" degrades again on demand, should from a certain tendency to incongruent behavior during the storage period for safety's sake as locked, flexible Ther mopfad ( 5 ) be formed, which is bridged only when successful retrieval (see protection claim 5, alternating heat, protection claim 17, connection of the consuming heat circles ( 73 )).

At the in 1 The basic variant shown are the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) therefore of a layer of peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) covered.

If the technical impurity or the thermodynamic phase transitions of the salt do not allow this (pronounced incongruent behavior), then the middle and upper accumulators ( 8th ) and ( 9 ) and have a split, flexible thermo-path ( 5 ) to have.

That is - the same must be temperature controllable, thermally bridging and separating, designed in all thermally related and supplying directions (thermal circuit requirement, features in claim 17). In particular, creeping, thermal compensating processes via metal tubes of the thermal circuits, which lead to the internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ), by at least squeezable or otherwise suitably flexibly interruptible plastic tube or hose intervals - with respect to material heat transfer and thermal gravity transport into the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ).

Direct permanent and flexible docking to thermal storage depending on of congruent / incongruent behavior, requirement of thermal Transport to and from external thermal storage

Without builds the physical condition of the deep holding area at the temperature level of the melting / recrystallization of the latent heat stacks continuously sensitive by drain Heat off.

With regard to the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) would thus be "untimely" loss-making, infrared radiation references of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) and "declining" heat fluxes towards the ambient thermal path ( 19 ) via heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) and solar module backplane ( 25 ) into the ambient air. This would generally be a flexible thermal docking of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) to the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ), which is a structurally sensitive but solvable project, but does not guarantee a complete interruption of the heat flow since, after lifting off the large, thermally contacting surfaces from each other, convection and infrared radiation still allow a residual loss rate over the separating air layer.

The foreign body-sensitive bridging / separation is therefore better due to a more efficient and easier to install, accumulating heat circuit 71 ) with mobile thermal transport medium ( 61 ) to replace. However, this is analogously already done the next step to external Akkummulierung and storage in thermal accumulators (see claims 1 and 12, ff).

The simplicity of thermal direct docking of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) in the 1a thus logically implies the use of latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) with a deep holding area, if an indefinite storage is planned - without insulation of the latent heat stack. In the case of planned use of congruent, so-crystallizing and melting salts, the ability to form deep retention areas is usually not at all present or is eliminated by the retention of crystalline residual germs. It may still help to reduce the volume to be melted / crystallized out (claims 5, 6, 9, 13, and 14) in order to exclude crystalline residues and undercoats in order to obtain the deep holding area. If the incongruence becomes dominant for certain salts, thermal barriers are indispensable for the storage of latent heat stacks.

The particularly advantageous for high latent heat storage levels, partly pronounced incongruent latent heat storage ( 4 ) are in large quantities and within thick insulated, external upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) vorratbar, wherein these are buried under the total regenerative hybrid systems, for example. Also an opposite thermal output via metal, (outside) isolated hot lines ( 69 ) or other thermal loss lines must be safely excluded constructively in order to reasonably long holding times of the latent heat stack within incongruent latent heat storage ( 4 ) get. (see claim feature: protection against creeping or spontaneous thermal loss;

Flexible thermo path ( 5 ) ( 3 , Protection claim 12)

The "conforming" thermal contacting (or disconnecting) of thermoelectric modules achievable via powerful self-bending ( 1 ) or flexible thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ) optionally takes over as a bimetallic interval ( 15 ) trained interval. It is generally for thermal bridging and separation of a flexible thermo-path ( 5 ) and, for example, made of the thermally highly conductive components aluminum and copper, if it is primarily a cross-sectional part of the outgoing latent thermo path ( 65 ).

This contact corrosive combination can be bypassed if lower thermal intrinsic conduction is sufficient or closing and separating thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ) ( 3a ) realize the entire flexible thermal path.

The bending and stretching bimetallic interval ( 15 ) is in any case against corrosion suitably shrink plastic coated or vortex sintered with elastic plastic coatings. So, or otherwise, it turns out that it survives hundreds of thousands of bending cycles and their expiration 3a is apparent.

The thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ) are equipped with grout-pressing, nickel-plated copper wool felt ( 26 ), which guarantees a perfect thermal contact. Flexible thermo path ( 5 ) are then required if sensitive heat is to be withheld or consuming cold and heat cycles ( 74 ) 73 ) in thermal contact with the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) must be brought. In addition to the above-mentioned, flexible (special case, alternating) docking, this can also be achieved by activated and stopped movement of thermal transport media ( 61 ) and air.

Environmental entry, implementation and use of constantly replenishing thermal stacks from the field of solar installations - in medium and high-capacity thermal accumulators ( 6 ) and ( 9 ) ( 2 ff., protection claim 12

considered one the daily irradiated, total solar kilowatt-hour amounts on one 1000 square meters Property a "space-exploiting" installed photovoltaic Plant, then is the produced photovoltaic, daily power output / 1000 sqm an amount that rarely exceeds 5%.

It It depends now, with the property once acquired the greatest energetic benefit knock out. But that only succeeds if you have the total impact as far as possible taps. With the total regenerative, thermoelectrically nachwandelnden Hybrid systems are given a lot of possibilities, which also in the most inconspicuous Way can be realized and not affect the picture of the landscape.

Special geothermal probes or trench collectors for heat pumps ( 7 ) penetrate into the heated soil and from there heat pump larger and, above all, more uniform thermal stacks to the latent accumulators on the solar module rear walls ", that is to transport via the refrigerant circuit and raise to medium or upper latent storage level (see 2d ).

With a special rainwater retention in shallow buried, tubular cisterns, the day's heat can be kept a lot better over the night hours, as in dry soil. Either the middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) are hidden in the ground or there are smaller types in the vicinity of the solar module rear walls ( 25 ) fitted constructively. The registering ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) is, where possible, inconspicuously surface-activated by laying on the support structures of the photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) and other surface-activatable outer parts, by providing hollow structural profiles with heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ) and in from air or liquid thermal transport media ( 61 ) are flowed through. Thus, an inconspicuous laying efficiently allows the thermal potential of complementary accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ), as well as accumulating refrigerant circuits ( 72 ).

The medium and upper latent heat storage mediums (here in the back wall area of the solar-absorbing module surface technology or in the ground) ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) in their chamber volume, medium and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and ( 9 ) are most important prerequisite for efficient thermoelectric conversion (see 2 , Protection claim (12). The heat loss (with Ambient heat) finally land in the highest latent storage levels, are stored there and finally processed thermoelectrically. High performance numbers of the heat pump technology, the application of the principle of the thermal discharge cascade for maximum cooling and far into the solar property dissipated latency collectors ( 20 ) can "unobtrusively" triple the power of a pure photovoltaic system.

The latent storage cascade of the middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ), their types of thermal docking and cutting as well as the thermal loading

Thermal accumulators are each provided with a latent-level-appropriate latent heat storage medium ( 4 ), wherein they have differentiated from each other two or more suitably remote temperature levels.

The latent storage media are medium and high latent heat storage media ( 10 ) 11 ) and, of course, for sufficiently different temperature levels, as in the required amounts, according to the desired wattage or kilowatt-hour numbers in the thermal storage batteries ( 8th ) and ( 9 ). These are optionally via flexible thermo path ( 5 ) thermally primarily to the thermally supplying solar module rear walls SMRW ( 25 ), similar to the principle of their mode of operation same latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) are (see protection claim 1 and 1a . 2a . 2 B . 2d , and 3a ).

The design detail not shown in the drawing detail so far immediate thermal docking of the middle and upper thermal Ackummulatoren ( 8th ) 9 ) to the solar module rear walls ( 25 ) depends to a large extent on congruent / incongruent behavior, in particular on the equally physically conditioned presence of a deep holding area and on space conditions.

Thermal docking and separation are especially important for filling higher latent storage levels. Only after a few seconds of warm-up time, the solar module rear walls a few degrees above the melting point level of the latent heat storage medium LWSM ( 4 ) is docked. Immediately you can now use the flexible Thermo Pad FTP ( 5 ) the thermal flow into the latent heat storage stacks of the thermal accumulators MTA ( 8th ) or OTA ( 9 ) occur.

An elegant solution is the alternating docking:
In 3a are three partial, internal thermal exchange volumes ( 13 ) of the associated, allversorgenden, consuming heat circle ( 73 ) with the surrounding thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ), on the one hand the hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) of the three thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), on the other hand is allowed by splitting the thus realized, flexible thermo path ( 5 ) a thermal Andockung - or thermal supply in - or thermal removal from weather situation adapted in active phase, upper or lower thermal accumulators. 2e shows an indirectly thermally docked in this way, upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ).

The heat trap device ( 24 ) (Claim in protection claim 10, 1 ) in front of the module reliably prevents infrared radiation and thermal dissipation into the (partly wind-intensive) ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) the air. That of the solar module rear walls ( 25 ) switchable, fluctuating, thermal offer can effectively in a congruent behaved, equipped with deep holding latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) can be initiated and "cold" in the deep holding area until on hold (see protection claim 12).

• 1. größeren erdverlegten thermischen Akkummulatoren vermittels zehrender Wärmekreise (73), die vorher mittels akkummulierender Wärmekreise (71) ihre Latentwärmestapel aufbauten,
• 2. wärmegepumpter, primärer Umgebungswärme aus Boden, Luft, gegebenenfalls Grundwasser des Solargrundstücks,
• 3. wärmegepumpten Latentwärmestapeln, die sich über diskontinuierlich anstehende Temperaturgefälle der Luft oder vergleichmäßigte von Boden und Grundwasser in Latentwärmespeichermittel (4) mit sicherem, tiefen Haltebereich "austragssicher" eintragen,

An effective Aufaddierung and stabilization is now offered by peripheral thermal indentation:

• 1. larger underground thermal accumulators by means of consuming heat circuits ( 73 ), which were previously determined by means of accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ) built up their latent heat stacks,
• 2. heat-pumped, primary ambient heat from soil, air, possibly groundwater of the solar property,
• 3. heat-pumped latent heat stacks, which are spread over discontinuous temperature gradients in the air or equalized in soil and groundwater in latent heat storage materials ( 4 ) with safe, deep holding area "discharge safe",

The heat pump with suitable types of heat pump is according to claims 12 and 20, the staggered under temperature level change transport performance, in some cases even reciprocal, stepped thermal circuits ( 70 ) for thermal stacks. It can illustratively even a temperature level, which is demonstrably created in two thermal containers 1 and 2 by pouring equal tempered, slightly alcoholic water, so to speak to be separated into two, far apart in temperature. After a certain time of the heat pumping, a subset of water ices continuously in the container 1 with the evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) and from the amount of water in the container two distilled alcohol over.

This Laboratory experiment shows the possibility the prospective expansion of already existing temperature gradients for below quadratically growing in the electrical power extraction thermoelectric transformations. Of these considerations, designers should and operator of the future total regenerative, loss and environmental warming hybrid plants, when they realize efficient and energy-dense concepts remember. The energetic densities become tangible and for high receptacle readiness, continuous donations real, if the entire solar caused, about the Day temperature-spreading, thermal potential of this land area threatening Radiation and erosion is snatched by wind by putting it zunächstin banned the thermal accumulators.

The thermal input lowers the outer, radiation-causing temperature gradient, but increases the subsequent, solar-thermal reception power. This thermal entry is particularly intense in the condenser capillaries ( 16 ) of the stepped thermal circuits ( 70 ) from the ambient thermal bath, analogous to that known from the refrigerator, in the middle or upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and ( 9 ).

"Heat pumped" "cool up warm "thermal Offers of the transitional seasons convert into permanently available, high-temperature, thermal offers, which the operator can turn into electrical power at any time.

Which natural Thermal rerservoires are usable?

Above all warmed-up soil horizons, but also more solid roof concrete shells roof substructures or other, heat-capacitive facade parts next to, above and below solar systems should naturally offer higher thermal supplementary capacities. They permit higher, more constant, thermal withdrawals than the wind-ventilated, outer, thermally-bearing surfaces behind the solar module rear walls alone ( 25 ) in sunshine and / or warm weather.

Application-related - economical - constructive selection criteria for latent heat storage agents ( 4 )

For given, economic and constructive reasons are for the present device according to the invention as a thermally stacking high latent heat storage medium ( 9 ) predominantly ammonium aluminum sulphate hexahydrate with (high) 269 kJ / kg thermal latent storage capacity at 95 degrees Celsius = 13.85 kg salt per KWh and lithium nitrate trihydrate as intermediate stacking latent heat storage medium ( 10 ) with an increased 296 kJ / kg at 30 degrees Celsius = 12.16 kg salt per KWh or other salt or material combinations selected. For example alum (F = 92.5).

The Ammonium salt-lithium nitrate pairing ensures 27 kJ / kg specific Latent heat over the middle Levels. Thus, complete filling of the upper, that is a complete melting allowed of the salt.

The volumes of the middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) can be chosen approximately the same. Chermigite deposits are the source of the ammonium aluminum sulfate hexahydrate salt by driving off half of the crystal water from the chermigite (dodecahydrate).

The balanced, specific thermal capacities of both salts allow the construction of equal chambers of thermal accumulators ( 8th ).

Examples and peculiarities of the latent heat storage salts ( 4 )

disodium with 12 molecules Water of crystallization stacks 280 kJ / kg, at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. The thermal accumulation is at this temperature Easy, as well as the concentrated skimming and lifting to about 80 to 90 degrees Celsius by means of heat pump, yes, if necessary, at the same time instantaneous ambient energy sucked in with.

It is available in large quantities and cheap-as well as soda in the form of sodium carbonate decahydrate with 247 kJ / kg thermal stacking capacity at temperature level 33 Centigrade. In our temperate latitudes are over it thermal docking to Siemens solar modules (amorphous, polycrystalline, monocrystalline) cheap, mass and without photovoltaic power losses efficient, additional Thermostrom bids can be generated. With the high temperature compatible Tripple cells even better. Especially at night in cold dew or Hoarfrost.

The different capacities of latent heat must be taken into account by different, total free volumes ( 42 ) in the construction of the upper and lower thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and ( 9 ).

For the purpose of adaptation to local climatic averages, mixtures of latent heat storage salts ( 4 ) varying the temperature level with improved physical properties.

The meets z. B. to the market mature, binary eutectic Mixture of lithium magnesium nitrate, which defines directly thermally stacked at 72 degrees Celsius.

A Special form is the usable as a heat transferable ethylene-glycol-water mixture, that for Floor heating heat pump systems good service. It is freezing depending on the concentration and scoops Heat off the trench collectors laid in the ground.

The latent storage collectors ( 20 ) of medium-sized thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and at the same time those of cold accumulators ( 22 ) are equally fillable with ethylene-glycol-water mixture as thermal transport medium ( 61 ), wherein the same, accumulating or depleting refrigerant circuit ( 72 ) 74 ) a slightly further diluted mixture as a crystallizable / meltable latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) can be loaded with cold or consumed by it with ability to highest refrigeration concentration per unit volume.

The Graduation of the "freezing" latent cold levels ranges in the mixing ratio 1: 1 up to -40 degrees Celsius, which exceeds the sensible heat levels 100 degrees Celsius, but the specific heat value but also a concentration represents. Replacement is possible with glycerin.

Lower lying thermal Pile with salts - negative heats of solution

According to the invention is still an extension provided to the climatic zones with climatic or Daytime cooling phases with a minimum of 1 or 2 or a few degrees Celsius above zero, and such in which the maximum temperatures a few degrees above Zero. Even then you can considerable latent heat stacks harvested and stored and efficiently against large cold z. B. around the -50 Celsius degrees are processed thermoelectrically. Subpolar zones are for this particularly suitable.

As latent cold storage agent ( 11 ) at the zero-degree boundary, lithium bromide trihydrate is primarily proposed, which has a latent storage level of 4 degrees Celsius. At 8 degrees Celsius, the cheaper lithium perchlorate trihydrate stacks 253 kJ / kg "night cool" or the warmth of mild sunshine on the edge of glaciers and firn fields. Potassium fluoride tetradydrate can already be added to the so-called medium latent heat storage agents ( 10 ), since it stores 231 kJ / kg at 18 degrees Celsius. In the higher central mountainous regions of central Europe, 27 degrees Celsius is considered as high summer heat, at which the calcium chloride hexahydrate melts only after absorption of 192 kJ / kg.

Lithium nitrate trihydrate needed for melting at 30 degrees Celsius 296 kJ / kg and the cheap disodium hydrogen phosphate at 35 degrees Celsius melting temperature 280 kJ / kg. This series has still intermediate latent storage levels and some other salts are mentioned below.

A still to be considered variant are sometimes significant negative Solution heating of salts.

So Ammonium nitrate shows a negative heat of solution with high specific Amount. The dissolution of 6 parts of salt in 10 parts of water brings a momentary decrease in temperature of 27.2 degrees Celsius with it.

outgoing from the temperature zero degrees Celsius, only a cool down takes place to the cryohydratic point of the solution at -16.7 Centigrade.

These elegant variant of a concentrated refrigeration with normal temperature However, starting materials come up against it on the problem of regenerating to the initial solid salt. use can find only those salts that incidentally in a locally occurring regeneration process with environmental heat can be brought to crystallize again. Here are experiences recoverable, as they were made with sea-dewatering plants or in the Salzaufvoraufbereitung in graduation works.

ammonium nitrate is in the open air in sunshine with no apparent loss of substance recrystallizable, and this has been successfully accomplished by the inventor at several Fair-weather days tested.

So found a regeneration of the "cold - used" 6:10 ammonium nitrate solution Evaporation in evaporation pockets on the back walls of silicon solar modules without upstream heat trap and alignment mechanics to the position of the sun. It resulted in midsummer weather over a soft roof at 8 hours of sunshine (morning 4 h - afternoon 4 h) a recovery of 2 kg of solid salt per square meter. How many kJ negative heat of solution with 3 liters of water are produced or watt-hours of thermal power from it are recoverable, can be calculate or experimentally determine by determining the amount of electricity which consumes an immersion heater to the initial temperature of the components within the solution restore. A cycle-bound use of the negative solution heat of salts is currently not in due to the lengthy evaporation process View.

A analogous application parallel with, however, positive solution heat but in absorption heat pump systems with a liquid Component z. As lithium bromide / methanol.

The Restoration of the normal temperature level of the fresh ammonium nitrate refrigerant solution within an evacuated and mirrored thermo container by means of "Immersion method" shows after all, the immense Watt hours effort, part of which is thermoelectric utility work could be.

The strong positive heat of solution of Calcium chloride is due to hydradation. A cyclic regeneration would be present only possible with uncontrollable effort and is therefore for the time being uninteresting.

high-Tempered Latent heat levels

However, dehydrated calcium chloride monohydrate would come with 176 degrees Celsius crystallization level within hermetically sealed upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) for the highest latent levels achievable with solar power.

One Maximum does that equally recyclable, chemically resistant Magnesium perchlorate, with which thermal stacks at 185 degrees Celsius are buildable and degradable. There are still many different salts, dehydrate and rehydrate at various temperatures and store significant amounts of hydration energy or release.

The are highly effective temperature ranges, the highest thermoelectric processing allow. For the Temperature ranges around 200 degrees Celsius are already marketable, solar Heat trap techniques in question and thermoelectrics of the "Low Temperature Materials "class. These are primarily bismuth tellurides, lead tellurides and zinc antimonides with corresponding p and n dopings.

The highest efficiencies with these materials of proven, practice-proven thermoelektischer modules ( 1 ) of older generation are 6% (see 1a and 3a ), of newer types with improved thermoelectrics averaging 10% and maximum 15%. The achievable efficiencies increase with the hot-side temperatures up to 160 degrees Celsius initially strong, later degressive, the benefits go through initially a progression and then increase linearly.

The achievable wattages per unit area are still a multiple of the upstream photovoltaic area performance, if appropriate temperature gradients are offered. The differences of the above hundred percent of the uncertainty are the serious losses of heat that had to be written in the wind so far. According to the invention, these are now converted into an "enveloping" average latent heat storage medium ( 8th ) channeled and stacked. The in accordance with the invention, various, graded thermal circuits ( 70 ) integrated heat pump technology is now able to transport these stored heat loss rates together with ambient energy in other "enveloping" primarily higher tempered intermediate storage where they are thermoelectrically processed if necessary.

Cryohydric mixtures for accumulating and depleting heating and cooling circuits ( 71 ) 72 ) 73 ) 74 )

she are mostly salt-icing, for example, with own temperature Zero degrees Celsius can be mixed and mixed instant cooling off to -55 Celsius degrees. At this low temperature point, the cryohydric mixture can the enormous amounts at freezing heat record, which it must return vice versa, to precipitate Ice and salt to arrive. Below is a selection, with the middle or polar cold abruptly generated, collected or compressed.

1000 g of crushed ice are mixed with
an appropriate amount of salt SALT TEMPERATURE centigrade 90 g sodium acetate -15 55.2 g of sodium nitrate -18 30 g of ammonium chloride -18 250 g of calcium chloride hexahydrate -23 100 g of ammonium nitrate -25 60 g of sodium nitrite -27 31 g ammonium chloride plus 31 g of sodium nitrate -22 38 g sodium sulfate decadate plus 23.5 g of sodium nitrate plus 23.5 g of ammonium chloride -25 125 g of calcium chloride hexahydrate -40.3 143 g of calcium chloride hexahydrate -55

According to the invention claiming Merkamal (see protection claim 5) that in cold regions, these cryohydrated mixtures in addition to other fillings for cold accumulators KA ( 22 ), which provide a long-term cold reference base for thermoelectric modules.

Thus, at 10, 15 or 20 degrees Celsius in the polar summer respectable amounts of electricity can be generated when the cold accumulators ( 22 ) are stationed in the permafrost easily in any size. In the polar winter, with cold brine (calcium chloride solution of specific concentration) or a liquid gas, the total of the cold accumulators ( 22 ) be regenerated again.

Especially could be efficient the enormous, closely spaced sources of cold and heat Glaciers and Geysers Islands are used. But also tundra and Arctic regions such as Yakutsia or the freezing of waters in this regard options for building huge cold stacks to.

For Central European winters This method can be modified with the know-how of the automotive industry for radiator technology.

Freeze-graded water-glycerol blends represent a concurrently behaving latent-storage agent, with incidentally highest possible specific fluid warming. You can virtually build on the capillary surface system of an example, automotive liquid cooler by means of cold air exchange cold stack up in the cryohydratic point near in and communicate with beige arranged or lowered cold tanks of suitable size. The automatic switch-on consists of bimetal combination as air sensor ( 27 ) and the automatic switch-off as bimetallic-controlled liquid sensor ( 28 ). It feels just before the exit inside the cold accumulator ( 22 ) the already lowered temperature of the refrigeration cycle means off. Its freezing point, however, must be a few degrees lower than the freezing range of the cryohydrated mixture. An injection contacting relay ( 37 ) assigns the priority of the signals (see claims 5 and 18).

After complete freezing of the latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) in the cold accumulator ( 22 ) is an analog controlled shutdown by the liquid sensor ( 28 ).

In thermoelectric processing, the cold brine takes over the thermal (negative transport to thermoelectric module ( 1 ) (depleting cooling circuit ( 74 ) in protection claim 17).

A similar filling of the refrigerantservoire can also increase the internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) supplement or take over the evaporator line of a compression heat pump (see protection claims 12 and 20).

The functional elements and their acting system network shows 2a ,

Prospects for integration the converter components and design of the possible overall concept of hybrid system

The selectable drive energy of the still to be miniaturized heat pumps ( 7 ) with moving parts (in particular compression types) ( 7 ) will primarily be an electrical, the photovoltaic-thermoelectric transducer unit is indeed taken primarily, but thanks to the amount of 1 superior, Carnot performance figure at the end with outstanding surplus proportions always fed again.

It is clear that the channeling of the waste heat flows of thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) in latent heat stacks by means of "enveloping" latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) is a technically elegant solution for the problem of thermoelectric heat losses, which has not been dissipated so far (85% for the latest types of thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), which are suitable for solar applications).

Firstly, the convenient choice of suitable temperature levels of the crystallizing / melting latent storage media, which are associated with the long-term temperature tolerances of the thermoelectric modules (FIG. 1 ) can be easily adjusted without any effort.

The limitation of the temperature gradients that can be expanded in fact is due to segregation and recrystallization processes in the chemically-physically sensitive thermoelectrics, their even more sensitive semiconducting transitions (space charge zones) and, finally, due to incipient erosions within the current paths of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) limited.

Furthermore, as the size of the modules, most of which are made in thick-film ceramics, increases, their dreaded, destructive thermal breakdown of the hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) against the cold contact surfaces ( 18 ). Here, however, with the increased discovery of new thermoelectrics and contact materials fundamental structural improvements are emerging.

Apart from that, a comprehensive limitation of the working temperature gradients mainly results from the increase in the thermal legs ( 29 ) "wandering through" heat loss. The thermoelectrica of some thermoelectric converters for low temperature regions reduce their thermal conductivity at lower temperature levels to an extent that there is an increase in efficiency (increase in the coefficient of performance) with small temperature gradients in these mild temperature ranges, especially when the resistivity in the thermo legs and their designed p / n and n / p transitions decreases equally.

Of the Proportion of thermal stack volume converted to electrical work increases accordingly with the reduction of the temperature gradient.

However, the power density decreases quadratically. Expectant users of energetically highly condensed converter concepts thus lose all economic interest in such extensive thermoelectric conversion systems, which impose on the investor an unreasonably prolonged return of capital. This contradiction annulled the inventive system solution of latentwärmespeicher- and heat pump-assisted thermoelectric conversion. In present and especially in the future in large numbers (eg of "SOLAN") partly in Germany and EU countries, but above all in countries without own energy network planned large solar plants of the future stands "back" and "lower" space for photovoltaic loss heat conversion means thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) Unlimited available to realize inventive, highly effective converter concepts. In large-scale plants, it is possible to exploit the autonomous locational advantages, for example, for "stationary wind hamsters" with up to seven-fold evolutive suppression of normal wind evolutions, efficiently accumulating and consuming (nourishing) heat and cold cycles ( 71 ) 72 ) 73 ) 74 ), energetically operated (see protection claims 5 and 17 and 2 B . 2c and 2e ).

highly effective in the sense that on the one hand with more available standing time and area directly improved efficiency, thermoelectrically be nachgewandelt can, because with conventional thermoelectric modules in the low load range higher Performance figures are achievable (trivial principle: electricity moves faster as heat).

On the other hand, the recycling of heat loss behind the photovoltaic and behind the cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) enables the total regenerative hybrid systems to achieve far better efficiencies at high power density. At high output thermoelectric power wander any, primary heat loss at a later time yes again through the thermoelectric modules.

Concept of extensive, direct efficiency improved thermoelectric conversion with low temperature gradient with efficiency increase in the range between 4% to 10% - analog perspectives

It is the comparison between precipitous, thundering torrent and equilibrated tidal water that suggests that the useless swirling work of the fast water causes a high, irresolvable loss against the smooth, balanced transport performance of a slow-flowing river in a turbine trough, without appreciable water masses Gradient loss leads over long distances to the vertical sloping turbine shaft. With less depth of fall hundreds of cubic meters of falling water per second in the wide shaft on the large blade surfaces of a low speed Kaplan turbine are necessary to provide the same drive power of torque and speed of a generator as the high-power outlet jet of a 500 m water column makes possible on a high-speed small Pelton turbine , Analogous relationships apply to the loss-minimized (phonon and charge carrier current in low or "stressful" interaction with heat-oscillating molecular structures of the crystal lattice of the thermo-thighs ( 29 ), loss heat minimized - or - intensified, thermoelectric processing of small or large temperature gradients. It also results in the principle of the same output power on larger work surfaces with lower (thermal) gradients, but with efficiency-enhanced process. Efficient eating heat losses can therefore be minimized with lower temperature gradients, as well as smaller cross sections of the thermo path. That is, for smaller hot contact and cold contact surfaces ( 17 ) 18 ), the same thermoelectric performance can be produced in only a longer time, but with better efficiency.

The thermoelectric 200 KW - power blocks in the range from oil rigs use different temperature differences between petroleum and cold Seawater out. The temperature gradients are in the 100 degree range, but sometimes only in 10 to 20 degrees difference range. With these low Temperature contrasts deliver the blocks already some KW power.

Concept of intensive, indirect efficiency-enhanced thermoelectric

Conversion with heat pump supported recycling the thermoelectric heat loss with latent heat storage

This indirect thermoelectric efficiency increase according to the invention makes use of an accumulating secondary conversion first photovoltaic (also thermosolar) unrecognized thermal offers and Rekombinationswärmen that pass through the thermoelectric conversion unit in succession, but according to the prior art only partially (4% -10%) converted to thermo-current can be. The main part is bypassed, unconverted heat loss of the post-installed thermoelectric modules ( 1 ).

In older types This can be primary non-convertible fraction 94% to 97% of the thermal offer be.

By using a few degrees Celsius thermal gradient, these thermal loss components behind the cold contact surface ( 18 ) into the thermally permanent melting point level of a (conditionally to be regarded) latent cold storage agent ( 23 ), which also includes a mean latent heat storage agent ( 10 ) can enter (see above), the heat loss can be thermally stacked. From here, they are preferably heat-pumped to an optimally high latent level at a given time, with the possible addition of sustained ambient heat, with the evaporator surface of the heat pump ( 7 ) absorbs at most ambient energy and in terms of amount in the upper latent heat storage medium ( 11 ) stacks. In this respect, it is possible that at this point of the stepped thermocircle ( 70 ), more than 100% of the primary thermal supply is ready for consumption. The low range of the upper latent heat storage medium ( 11 ) insulates this oversupply until it is called up for re-thermoelectric processing.

A heat pump system for a Two-family house in Duisburg with the refrigerant Propen (R 1270) and Groundwater collector provides trouble-free For years with a power consumption of 2.6 KW a heating power from 13.0 KW. That's a power of 5!

The flow temperature under screed is 45 degrees Celsius. In miniaturized form results in a slightly reduced coefficient of performance due to the relatively higher surface area. Nevertheless, the concentrated thermal waste heat stack can be repeatedly pumped up and the hot contact side ( 17 ) of the thermoelectric module ( 1 ) Tobe offered. Cumulatively stacking thermal offers that are transmitted via the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) due to weather conditions, with different intensities in time, can be processed periodically or as required with the highest energy flux density per unit area against the lowest possible temperature level.

indirect thermoelectric increase in efficiency results accordingly the multiplication of the thermoelectric efficiency with the the loss-warming scythe Heat pump technology with the option of a concentrated thermo-current delivery at the time lowest Ambient temperature levels and / or derived, accumulated Cold stack. Thus, the recoverable kilowatt-hour harvest multiplies the primary offered photovoltaic or other heat loss.

Recycling by sensor-supported multi-stage energy broom

However, the weather-related offers of unpredictable fluctuations in the temperature levels also make highly efficient converter concepts with several latent stages and different capacities of the thermal accumulators possible if this is immediately reacted to. The result is a higher energy flux density in the overall Carnot system with a more even and higher current output. This should cope with this year's microelectronics sensor technology. The very advantageous transfer of the waste heat amounts from the radiation-sensitive "sensitive phase" into the "latent stacking phase" of medium latent heat storage media ( 10 ), their return in situ adapted, suitably higher "latent stacks" of selectable upper latent heat storage means ( 11 ) under constant accumulation of normal ambient energy, are thus the practicable energy sweeper for the convergence of the ever occurring energetic, thermoelectric converter losses. This energy broom concentrically returns from various thermal environment levels of the site into suitably staggered thermal latent reservoirs. These store about one kilowatt hour of thermal energy within the ten-liter volume range.

It remains expert Let act, with economically affordable constructive elements that "energy-consuming Circuit "in one space-consuming, energy-dense version as a hybrid of the upstream primary, photovoltaic or other type of converter unit dock.

The Use of the previously described possibilities of widening the Temperature gradients between coolness and cold represent another profitable energy land that the previous conventional systems corresponding to the state of the art can not use.

For this At the lowest level of latent storage media such are available available their recrystallization only in surprisingly negative temperature ranges with high specific discharge heat takes place. Very well from "so-called low-energy temperature levels" (post-winter early spring temperatures) As described, significant thermal currents in this deep stacking Forward latent memory - as a result high thermal currents win, which let heating coils glow.

It is a matter of consistent, climate-friendly energy management, and an innovative, self-confessed approach to changes in the strategy of relieving energy production, as soon as possible behind the already behind thousands of installed photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) to shut down ruling "residual heat" as well as nocturnal freezing coldness, to store it latently, in the energetic process against migration to the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) and only as a highly refined electrical energy - adding to the photovoltaic primary power - to discharge back into the socket leading to the socket current of users of electrical energy.

The Miniaturization of heat pump technology will be able to count on a number of economic partners, which Already eagerly waiting in the starting blocks for their small engine and small compression technology offer.

The Exploring the possibilities a future one COP increase the DAWP heat pump technology, which manages without moving parts, is a central research topic at many universities and institutes. Therefore, the question becomes future usable, well adaptable heat pump systems high coefficient of performance in the total regenerative, thermoelectric nachwandelnden hybrid systems do not remain unanswered. Finally fulfilled with the energy-supplying integration of these plants efficiently too high proportion of the government-supported plan one of negative Aftermath freed permanently safe energy production. The Option of a principle maintenance-free system is for operators sexy-as the targeted controllability from a distance via mobile radio.

Socially seen realized with the weighty incorporation of these future Investments too high proportion of the government-supported plan one of negative After effects freed, permanently safe energy production.

Alternating, flexible docking of thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) ( 3a ), Protection claim 1)

3a shows the device according to the invention thermally via a heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) to the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) dockable or separable thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) in working position.

The flexible docking is also on direct or durchhrirende heat circles ( 73 ) led out, outer hot contact surfaces ( 68 ) upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) structurally einrichtbar (claim characteristics for total alternating thermal docking - see protection claim 1).

The bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) correspond to a spring-magnet mechanism ( 80 ), which features a plus minus lock and a sensitive middle skip point. The skip point is achieved by coping with an increasing when leaving the grid position counterforce, which immediately after reaching the skip point to the same amount of tensile force turns over and hereby causes the counter-locking. The characteristic of the jump-over point is to be overcome with magnetic adhesion and opposing best feasible and guarantees a thermally well-conductive compact adhesion with minimal separation and docking paths. The requirement of Korrossionsfreiheit and non-fatigue of the wind and weather exposed spring-magnet mechanism is best met with today's hard ceramic magnetic materials and glossy smooth, corrosion-free, soft magnetic anchor plates from sheet metal blanks.

The overcoming forces deliver the in 3a shown bimetallic intervals ( 15 ), which are equal in system to the functional bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) for the heat trap device ( 24 ) are. The overcoming is temperature controlled and adjusted for optimal, interval heat flow into the hot contact surfaces (FIG. 17 ) discontinuously to the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) docking thermoelectric modules ( 1 ). For mechanical protection of the mostly ceramic-reinforced thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) It is braked by its docking forces with a docking action by a (not marked) delay device over the Andockwegstrecke.

The heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) is primarily chambered or to a relatively flat latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) to latently interpose thermal peak offers (especially in hot ambient temperatures and bright sunshine). These are then supplied later in the decay of thermal overcurrents of the thermoelectric conversion.

In this case, the infrared radiation of the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) to the conveniently black matted bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) the temperature control. This direct temperature control triggering bimetallic forces can be parallelized or replaced by electronic amplifiers in the context of expert handling with special temperature sensors (lead selenide elements).

Nevertheless, in order to realize perfect thermal contact in the case of possible thermally induced surface bumps, copper wool felt ( 26 ) the hot contact and cold contact surfaces ( 16 ) 17 ) piled up.

The entire flexible docking device with bimetallic intervals ( 15 ), thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) and the directly supplying-contacting part of the refrigeration oil line ( 50 ) with its outer cold contact surface ( 51 ) are provided with thermally shielding, peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) protected.

In its porous-homogeneous structured volume only the surface clearances of the flexible docking are left out. In the graphic representation of 3a is a latent heat storage chamber thermally storing in the deep holding area ( 30 ) intended; Therefore, their general backside surface without insulation layer of peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) out.

Alternating bilateral thermal docking with thermal wedges ( 81 ) 4b , Protection claim 1

There is also a variant of thermal docking, which ensures a smooth, thermal docking, with good, above all always readjustable contact pressures. In an advantageous embodiment according to the invention, permanently fixed, initially thermally exposed, areal thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) optionally with their hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) or and cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) are thermally docked. This is done by pushing in acute-angled, so-called, thermal wedges ( 81 ) in the columns to be filled by them, which are formed by the (above-mentioned) at the same acute angle spaced thermal contact surfaces ( 21 ).

Accordingly causes pulling out a thermal cutting.

The movements can also mechanically directly from "executive", constructively adapted bimetallic intervals ( 15 ), or from sensor controlled, electronic post amplifiers with mechanical servos as the end member.

In an additionally advantageous extension of this, the thermal docking of several thermal wedges TM ( 81 ) on a hot contact surface ( 17 ) or a cold contact surface ( 18 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ).

Thus, in permutation optionally the outer cold contact surfaces ( 51 ) and the outer hot contact surfaces ( 68 ) of various consuming refrigerant circuits ( 74 ) and consuming heat circles ( 73 ) are brought to negative or positive thermal release. Layering of Hard Elastic Copper Wool Felt ( 26 ) are necessary to intercept a thermally induced, destructive "repressing".

The heat trap device ( 24 ) ( 1 )

1a shows a side sectional view according to an embodiment of the invention. As can be seen, the example of a photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) whose backwash is to be used. Its first surface is transparent light-receiving and serves the photovoltaic power generation. According to the invention, it is preceded by a transparent, short-waved, permeable, but infrared-retaining, gradually closeable, up to completely hermetisable surface of a heat trap device ( 24 ), which is suitable overall for the photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) (see protection claim 10).

Your possible, gradual, heat-dissipating air gap opening via internal temperature-controlled bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) allows compliance with a photovoltaic upper thermal compatibility limit.

In the periphery of the heat trap device ( 24 ) allows the not shown drawing mass photovoltaic crystals on barium titanate or Bleilanthatzirkonattitanat basis, which can be generated by sunlight high voltage of several KV. This can be stored in capacitors and used for the construction of static electric fields that are positioned correctly, an increase in the efficiency of the space charge zones (better charge carrier separation) of the individual solar cells, thus allowing their efficiency increase.

Above all, however, can fiction invention and device according to claim 17 this daytime directly generated high voltage to keep away impurities within the capillaries of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ) can be used by, according to the Cotrell-Möller method possible, previous electro-filtration of the subsequent capillary passing air restricting, thermally insulating dust deposition prevented.

The latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) with heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) in separate individual versions or jointly integrated designs ( 1a ), Protection claim 12

As a solar module backplane ( 25 ) designated rear side of the first surface is thermally well contacting, firmly with a surface congruent Wärmetau shear plate ( 3 ) connected. The same is in adaptable Thickness with the thermal docking surface ( 65 ), a voluminous, mainly the so-called Latentgesamtvolumen ( 42 ) containing surface congruent latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ), which are connected to inner heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ) is trained. The latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) of a different thickness layer of peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) surround. This layer thickness is determined by the type of latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) certainly.

From the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) is discussed for reasons of constructive details to be discussed later extended variants with split latent heat storage in upper and / or middle thermal accumulators ( 9 ) and ( 8th ) according to the invention as a flexible thermal bath ( 5 ) described split path for heat supply of different temperature levels necessary. This is also in the basic version of the 1a designated as such. The fluctuating thermal offers of the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) immediately over the heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ) into the latent heat storage agent ( 4 ).

In thermal fluxes of varying intensity and their distribution on the surface stiffen the thermal transition favoring heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ) as well as the "jointless" planar bond to the separate heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) or their constructive integration into the thermal docking surface ( 21 ) of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) the immediate to the Slarmodul back wall ( 25 ) safe against warping and splitting (see claims 1 and 12). Furthermore, if a thermally induced, expanding and bulging force component were to be communicated to the solar module, it would be easy for the glass body to burst. As a thermally conductive, grouting balance material is optionally dense, elastic copper wool felt ( 26 ) stored (see protection claim 15). It should be galvanically nickel plated and the heat exchanger plate surfaces anodized to be corrosion resistant to preclude the formation of thermally inhibiting contact corrosion layers.

Important is the thermal contacting of the aluminum frame of the photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) in order to co-process its thermal reception. This requires a peripheral cutout of the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ), if these in functional extension into the thermal docking area ( 65 ) is integrated. Provided with a copper wool felt overlay, the same sinkingly fits congruent thermally receiving, optionally via an interposing, circumferential, calibrated intermediate pass frame ( 39 ) (Claim feature in protection claim 1) or directly the solar module back wall ( 25 ) and is connected to the aluminum frame of the solar cell module ( 2 ) screwed.

The other possibility is the surface and thickness calibration of the heat exchanger plate (in the form of aluminum, less often in other material), a separate, chamberless heat exchanger plate ( 3 ). In the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) are suitable latent heat storage agents ( 4 ), which create thermal stacks at temperatures above their melting point.

In present 1a and 3a is used by latent heat storage ( 4 ) with deep holding area (claim feature in protection claim 7), but also assumed by those whose melting temperature, that is, the latent heat stack must be maintained by sufficient isolation (claim feature in protection claim 13).

This opens up promising a versatile and above all higher temperature graduation of the latent storage levels. Nevertheless, salts and other suitable substances should first be searched for, which in principle permit insulation-free heat stacking and can be used alone or in a mixture as a thermally calibrated eutectic of latent heat storage agents (US Pat. 4 ) use.

Thermal mechanism of action of the deep holding area equipped latent heat storage chamber ( 30 )

Here are in the supercooled melt of the finished heat-stacked latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) Thermal release ( 31 ), which spontaneously induce heat-releasing recrystallization, for example, of sodium acetate trihydrate (see protection claims 14 and 16).

The time interval of the immediately subsequent, thermoelectric processing should correspond to the selected thermal insulation. The strength of the peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) must also reliably prevent incidental thermal discharge during the thermal entry. Is it latent heat storage ( 4 ), which have no temperature-controlled holding area, a much stronger insulation must be selected, which fully corresponds to the thermal insulation criteria, for example of hot water or steam boilers.

When using incongruent recrystallizing latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) These are according to the invention in a hollow body granules ( 40 ) (see claims 5, 7, 9, 13 and 14 and 1b ) includes. Thus, the disturbance of the course of the latent storage cycles is excluded by the formation of density differences and irreservibel becoming solid-liquid layers in a large chamber volume. Above all, higher latent storage levels above 100 degrees Celsius can be achieved with incongruent latent heat storage facilities ( 4 ) are used with the actual open border. Incongruent behavior during the storage cycles is caused by more or less physically occurring side effects, which are circumvented according to the invention or are no longer relevant, except for the fundamental fact of the existing, non-disruptive or even impossible, deep holding area. If the incongruent behavior includes density differences with seperation tendency (resulting, thermally poorly conducting, inactive salt-crust formations), then very soon after a few smooth memory cycles, the first, anywhere remaining crystal nucleus remains, despite its minuteness, the total free total latent volume ( 42 ) takes the ability to form a supercooled melt.

Accordingly, the intensity of incongruent behavior must first be examined in detail and, above all, examined as of which size of the total free total volume ( 42 ) the training and time, temperature-dependent existence of deep holding area is questioned. The test results thus determine the extent and size of a recommended chambering in order to retain the absolute advantage of the deep holding areas for insulation-free, indefinite heat retention.

In the total free total volume ( 42 ) or free latent individual volume ( 64 ), the extent to which a homogeneous melting of the 4 ) is possible.

The Latentthermopfad ( 65 ) must lead in all corners and angles, so that there are no crystal areas remain. Otherwise, from there inevitably reoccurring, permeating crystallization would make the formation of a deep holding area impossible (for example, with sodium acetate). According to claim 17, it is expertly advisable depending on volume design and latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) Provide a minimal shock heating in the area to be slowly melting or persistently remaining crystal residual areas, the last Kri stallreste melted safely, the short energy cost later thermoelectric part is recovered.

The intentional initiation of the recrystallization of the into the migrated latent individual volume ( 41 ) included supercooled melts of latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) can be achieved with a metered pressure or ultrasound pulse, which is also true for hollow granules ( 40 ) applies. An extension of the initiation of the recrystallization of supercooled melts, which are available in large total volumes ( 41 ) exhibit astable behavior, opens up by its cycle-stabilizing placement in an internally perfectly smooth, freed from any foreign body particles long volume of a hose, which is inserted as Latentschlauchwickel ( 66 ) (see protection claim 13, 1d ) with the mechanisms of action of the protection claim (13) said thermal release ( 31 ) can be successfully applied for triggering the recrystallization.

Equipment of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) without deep holding area of the registered thermal stack ( 1a and 3a , Protection claim 13)

Temperature resistant, chemically resistant Teflon claddings, at least those of its derivatives, allow the 200 degree range to be exploited. They envelop latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) which can not be stored as a supercooled melt and which tend to have more or less tending, so-called incongruent latent heat storage agents (US Pat. 4 ).

With a hollow body granulate applicable according to the invention ( 40 ) is now an indirect, congruent behavior with the least capacity losses compared to the pure storage means achieved.

In order to further minimize the losses of this method, the invention further proposes, if appropriate, the total free total volume ( 42 ) of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) from a population of - suitably sized, thus standardized, cubic, in each case different, individual geometrical volumes (for sufficiently fast thermal input and discharge) ( 41 ) (see protection claim (9, 13) 1c apparent method of the invention thus shows the possibility of how a pronounced, incongruent behavior, which would put the entire memory cycle expiration crashing after a short time, annulled and by congruent behavior of a pourable einbringbaren Hohöl granules body ( 40 ) or total applicable total volume ( 42 ) of latent single volume ( 41 ) about unlimited food A thermally bridging hot-cold bath fluid flows around the hollow body granules HKG ((). 40 ) or the converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ).

Thermodynamic phase transitions of the cold reference base in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and its control ( 1 ), Claims 5 and 11)

However, this method allows for incongruent cold stacking - particularly the initial, cycle stable application of high performance cryohydrated mixtures in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), which guarantees a selectable low temperature level with high specific input value at lowest cost. The example of the cryohydrated mixture of ice with calcium chloride hexahydrate (see table chill mixtures) allows for the unlimited reserve of a cold reference base of minus 55 degrees Celsius. In pronounced polar regions (eg, Yakutsia), cryohydratic mixtures with acetone, ether, methanol, and carbonic acid snow or other snow-snowy agents can be used, with which a reservable cold level down to minus 92 degrees Celsius can be achieved. The required self-cooling of the "components to be applied" are between -50 and -60 degrees Celsius. The temperature gradients which can be obtained within these temperature ranges permit a metered transverse flow through the thermo legs (FIG. 29 ) a far more efficient thermoelectric conversion, because it is an optimization of the charge carrier movements in the same achievable. For certain amounts of magnetic field strength, the differential thermo-power of the thermo-thighs ( 29 ) used thermoelectrics.

It remains for expert calculation and design reserved, in the inner, intended for thermal exchange mosaic structure of the total free volume of total ( 42 ), similar to the dimensions of spaced capillaries in water coolers of the automotive industry, since the introduction of a thermally input or output capillary system of latent storage collectors ( 20 ) in the total free volume ( 42 ) necessary is.

The small spacing of the capillaries and their comparatively lower Diam the low thermal conductivity the molten salt bill.

The appropriate spacing of the cavities, as well as their necessary internal diameter, is determined by the premise of thermally staggering free latent individual volumes ( 64 ) or converted latent single volume ( 41 ) and one of the se volumes each enclosing thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) made of cold flexible silicone plastic or Teflon (see also protection claims 7, 12, 1a . 2 B and 3a ). In the 1a and 3a For reasons of clarity, the description has been made of the representation of thermally staggering, free or converted latent individual volumes ( 64 ) 41 ) waived.

In the adapted capillary system for heat removal - for the purpose of building up the cold stack - cold outside air moves; that for the concentrated removal of the cold to the cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) responsible, is of a thermally loadable liquid, a so-called according to the invention thermal transport medium ( 61 ) flows through. Thus, in 1a and 3a necessarily two types of thermally exchanging so-called latent-storage collectors ( 20 ), of which the former air leading air capillaries ( 56 ) has (see protection claim 5). For the insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) the air passage realizes the accumulating refrigerant circuit ( 72 ), the flow movement of the thermal transport medium ( 61 ) the consuming refrigerant circuit ( 74 ) (see protection claim 17).

An intensively loadable transport medium ( 61 ) must be equipped with high thermal conductivity and specific heat, and the sucked air must flow in an adapted amount and speed. It does not matter if a thermal transport medium ( 61 ) Cold or heat moves on or to a thermo-bath.

For the mechanical transport performance of the thermal transport medium ( 61 ), gravity can be measured in small plants, as of a certain size of the total free volume ( 42 ) only one active, interval operated Umwälzantrieb ( 57 ) (see protection claim 17) according to the device - as from 1 can be provided.

For the sake of clarity, the graphic depiction of a system of additional accumulating, external refrigerating circuits that is equally possible in large systems for refrigeration transport ( 72 ) with flowing thermal transport media ( 61 ) for the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) omitted (see protection claim 5).

Accumulating, external heating circuits, using air or thermal transport media ( 61 ) collect additional, high-temperature ambient heat externally and into the latent heat storage chamber LWSK ( 30 ) introduce, for example, in desert regions are conceivable (see protection claim 12).

In the 1a shown constructive arrangements correspond to those with respect to the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) manage with simple heat conduction; the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) already requires an actively thermally discharging system.

Between the grains of the hollow body granulate ( 40 ) or the converted latent individual volume ( 41 ) and the capillary systems air-sucking or thermal transport media ( 61 ) leading latent storage collectors ( 20 ) is one, the thermal transport media ( 61 ) mainly similar, liquid hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ) thermally bridging to the total latent total volume ( 42 ) introduced localized components.

Thermal release ( 31 ) for the spontaneous initiation of recrystallization ( 1 ), Protection claim 14

With the thermo release ( 31 ) is a separate pressure bubble ( 33 ) made of inert, elastic material, which is hydraulically or pneumatically via a pressure capillary ( 79 ) directly with an external pressure transducer ( 32 ) is connected (see protection claim 14 and 1a . 3a ).

The latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) also contains one or more, in bubble cages ( 59 ) (see protection claim 8) localized, small compensation bubbles ( 52 ) (see protection claim 7) to a deformation (expansion) of druckansteuerbaren pressure bubble ( 33 ) and the applied thermal release ( 31 ). A short-term, (currently reversible again) spherical change of the pressure bubble ( 33 ) shares the "belted" form-reversible thermo release (fig. 31 ), the curvature of which initiates the immediate propagation of the heat-developing recrystallization. The design and number of compensation bubbles ( 52 ), as well as their distribution in the total free volume ( 42 ) fulfill a second important function:
One (several) suitably located equalization bubble ( 52 ) takes volume changes due to its own volume contraction and expansion in the total volume of free volume ( 42 ) during the storage cycles and thus relieves the walls of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ).

But are now incongruent Latentwärmespeichermittel ( 4 ) in converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ), the first is the need to accommodate a tiny, straightened compensating bladder ( 52 ) in each individual migrated latent individual volume ( 41 ), for its internal inherent elasticity and secondly, the outer redeployment of the same with an always liquid, thermally sufficiently conductive hot-Kaltbadflüssigkeit ( 62 ) (see protection claim 13). Their selection is to be made among the various ones used for a long time in chemical laboratory practice. Thus, a secure, cross-sectional, continuous heat transfer to the population of garment latent individual volumes ( 41 ) and conversely the heat removal required for thermoelectric conversion is achieved.

It is within the scope of expert Acting safely To find the stimulus threshold of this recrystallization drive system, constructively and thermally or otherwise caused, to exclude spontaneous pressure fluctuations with unwanted recrystallization.

A second in 1a and 3a indicated control is an electrical, thin lead wires ( 35 ). These lead inside to a miniaturized Peltier element ( 36 ), which generates during short-term current application cooling degrees, which fall below the lower temperature limit of the low holding range. The wire material has a surface insulation that is chemically and physically indifferent to the latent heat storage agent ( 4 ) is - at any, in the thermodynamic phase change candidate temperature.

The incorporation of supercooled melts of latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) ( 4 ) included the population of converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ) sets free passing recrystallization limits. In order nevertheless to trigger them, a sounding suitable with regard to frequency, intensity and possibly pulse sequence is to be carried out.

Special considerations

As already mentioned, for the overall arrangement of more efficient, thermoelectric conversion of photovoltaic waste heat, there is still a high-density cold transport according to the invention from which also 1a and 3a with all its functional components shown insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), to the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) docked thermoelectric modules ( 1 ).

He makes expediently outer threaded lead wires ( 58 ) for a service-friendly, therefore externally installed circulating drive ( 57 ) for the thermal transport medium ( 61 ) (Cold brine Cacl2), which is required when the circulation drive ( 57 ) gets moving within the transport line.

It is used as refrigeration line ( 50 ) (see protection claim 6).

In order that the copper current path which leads in each case into heat or cold stack does not become the loss-making, thermally dissipating thermal path into the environment, an injection contacting relay is in each case connected to the outer and the inner wires ( 37 ), which is at the same time signal-coordinating and converting for functional outer and inner elements / sensors (see protection claim 18). These are from the hot melt sensor ( 63 ) of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) coming execution reports on sufficiently constructed heat stack, from the liquid sensor ( 28 ) of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) coming signals, as well as from outside to inside further sufficient supply signals, eg about possible heat or cold entry. Whether the latter is granted or not, the just named, in 1a and 3a designated internal sensors.

The signal current pulses received, mainly in the peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) submerged injection contact relays ( 37 ) is inventively, functionally outwardly and inwardly provided electrically and thermally bridging and separating. It is for short current pulses, or current flow times of functional elements inside the sensitive total free volume ( 42 ) of latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) and isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) of the Nachwandlungseinrichtungen in 1a and 3a and for the system of waste heat cycle, shown in further figures, where there are a number of additional signaling and receiving functional elements via the switching function of the injection contacting relay ( 37 ) to be served. This also includes the radio signal path for the operator, by means of a graphically indicated antenna ( 46 ), which allows arbitrary interventions and changes in temperature triggering levels and controlled systems. In claim 19 there is the claim of bidirectional data flow with an interval energy transfer component, which are taken over by an "inner" mini-solar cell. So you can send cold light through the salt dome, which hits the mini solar cell. It generates, activates, triggers or queries current impulses for internal thermo releases ( 31 ) (to be triggered recrystallization), hot melt sensor ( 63 ) or liquid sensor ( 28 ), which enable the operator to query its thermal stacking heights. Longer, more intense light is sufficient for charging voltage formation for a likewise "internal" battery for the energy of the control or interrogation signals.

The implementation of the requirement of complex functionality as well as the heat-insulating construction and system-networking integration of the injection contacting relay ( 37 ) are left to professional action with the aid of the prior art see protection claim 5).

The insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and their correspondence to the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) ( 1a . 3a )

The second important main component of the thermoelectric conversion of photovoltaic waste heat is the in 1a and 3a shown, required for widening and maintaining the temperature gradient, as far as possible to install in the shadow area of the photovoltaic surfaces, insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ).

For them, sufficient thermal insulation is an unconditional, not to be omitted criterion - in contrast to possible designs of less thermally insulated latent heat storage chambers LWSK ( 30 ) and the middle and upper thermal accumulators shown in further figures ( 8th ) ( 9 ), which require adapted, only partially or extensively low thermal insulation when used with latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) are included with deep holding areas.

Another key criterion for efficient cold storage is the liquid sensor ( 28 di rectly, as well as via the air sensor ( 27 ) indirectly to bridging and separating, flexible thermo-pad ( 5 ) as a connection to the ambient ambient thermal path ( 19 ). Both temperature sensors activate / deactivate the flexible thermo-pad ( 5 ) by switching on and off operations of the conveyors of the accumulating refrigerant circuits ( 72 ).

About the outside temperature adapted bridged above mentioned Thermo path here cause air-sucked latent storage collectors ( 20 ) Cold entry up to a given final capacity. The thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) passing air capillaries ( 56 ) accomplish here the structure of the cold stacks for example on cold nights. The built up cold stack now stores until demanded. This effect now the hot-melt sensor ( 63 ) of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) with incorporated incongruent latent heat storage agent ( 4 ) as well as the liquid sensor ( 28 ) of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) (Sensors see protection claim 19).

Both temperature sensors check the heat or cold stack heights before release for processing. The testing phase is a passive - because as if out 1a and 3a can be seen, the signaling is carried out only by leg connection and contacting the bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) in 1 building-like hot melt sensor ( 63 ) and liquid sensors ( 28 ). Likewise, a thermoelectric temperature measurement is possible.

An immediate, thermoelectric conversion requires the last recorded, temperature-controlled, volatile, sensible heat, if in only slightly isolated latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) with a deep holding area there is a risk of escape of this sensitive part and where, as is known, the barely isolated stacking phase is insensitive to migration into the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) is (see protection claim 7). There are no reasons to dispense with their not inconsiderable current conversion amount.

Corresponding here immediately and dominantly the air sensor LF ( 27 ), for example, when, despite the glaring sunshine on frosty days, sudden cold winds over the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) serious heat emission from the sensitive heat stack of the thermally docked latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) can be expected.

Regularly the hot melt sensor ( 63 ) by exceeding the Latentspeichertemperaturniveaus from a fixed temperature point, the completion of the final stacking and thus simultaneously gives the dominant start command for the thermoelectric processing of a (part of) the escapable sensitive heat stack.

The most extensive laying of the fixed temperature point upwards by the way allowed more amounts sensible heat or electricity yield and follows climatic conditions.

By means of the refrigeration oil line ( 50 ) executable Wärmeaustrag from the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) leads to the crystallization of the internal latent cold storage agent ( 23 ), which may also constitute a cryohydrated mixture (see protection claim 5). The same can provide the highest specific cold content at its cryohydratic temperature point. In the simplest case, the cycle ice / water takes place, which can be adjusted in gradations below zero degrees Celsius with glycerol or ethylene glycol to -40 degrees Celsius.

For permanently hot regions, there is a special form of insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), which generates evaporation cooling via ventilation. A suitably constructive design allows, for example, with such a congruent Latentkältespeichermittel ( 23 ), as it is lithium perchlorate trihydrate. Its specific freezing heat content of 253 kJ / kg is released below 8 degrees Celsius - a temperature level, which is easily reached by rapidly evaporating water even in desert-like degrees of heat (see protection claim 5).

The required amounts of water are relatively small, because in the refrigeration is about ten times as high evaporation heat of 2470 kJ per liter of water, yes the cold regenerating lithium perchlorate at 8 degrees Celsius within the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) is withdrawn. Due to the high amounts of evaporative cooling, thermoelectric conversion and cold stacking are possible even in one go.

As from the drawing hatch representation of 1a and 3a can be seen, the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) at edges and corners of the total internal volume ( 42 ) with inner insulation material ( 48 Reinforced, since there the ambient heat, the inner cold stack from the outside fastest attacks.

This is in a conical inner joint of the peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) anchored inner insulation material ( 48 ) as inner edge corners and inner wall reinforcing layer material form variable substitutable - depending on the required degree of isolation (see protection claim 7 and 1a and 3a ).

With the cheap marketable, lightweight, strong, mechanically strong resilient insulation materials from the insulation pallet, the Isolierkältespeicherkammer ( 12 ) are built without special metal cladding (eg from Styrodor with Keflar hull).

The only external metal-bearing component is a framed fitting insert of the so-called front shingle insulation ( 44 ), a second is the one for the rear shingle insulation ( 54 ) (see protection claim 5, 1a and 3a ).

The shingle isolations act as a population flap valves and can be used when connecting Windhemstern ( 77 ) be modified adaptable at the discretion of the expert.

Thermal and phase change-inconsistent latent cold accumulating agents ( 23 ) conditional pressure fluctuations in the total free total volume ( 42 ) is also like in the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) housing one or more symmetrically distributed equalizing air bubbles ( 34 ) intended. In order to locate them, they are in bladder cages ( 59 ) housed. The same represent an outer, openwork, net-like latticed, vornehmlichem ellipsoid surface, with an underlying gas-tight, flexible, membranous, inner surface, which is closed for the purpose of permanent gas inclusion in itself to form a bladder (see protection claim 8).

The primary replenished, thermal docking and storage zone in the form of equipped with functional elements latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) is the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) surface konkrruent in a small or no distance behind (see protection claim 5).

In order to record a sufficient cold stack, eg during the night, it must be deep enough. Nevertheless, there is no real additional space requirement for the next, behind, photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) requires a much higher distance to remain shadow-free.

The cold entry causes cold air to be sucked through - starting from the outside, vertically through the plane of a professionally designed, under negative pressure sufficiently air-permeable, otherwise highly heat-blocking, front, area-covering shingle insulation ( 44 ) - through the capillary, thermal exchange system (not shown here) latent storage collectors ( 20 ), right up to the air gap ( 49 ). From there, the thermally exchanged air via the rear suction plate ( 47 ) through the fan shaft opening ( 53 ) blown into the open (see protection claim 5).

The options natural Induction by wind draft and density differences of the air should not except be left out.

By the front shingle insulation ( 44 ) is structurally converted to a bimetal-controlled Jalusie sets at low temperatures, the entry of the inner cold stack Zeichnerische details are not made separately. In the meantime, after the long-existing "ventilating" Savonius rotors, there is now the already mentioned, efficient, wind power-boosting tornado tower developed by the University of Imenau, hereinafter referred to as wind hamster ( 77 ) (see 2 B . 2c . 2e ), in which are sucked in by laterally penetrating, external wind strongly sucking mini-tornadoes, whose rotating air columns axially moving forward while maintaining rotation and are in turn led away from the wind terminal.

In the axis of rotation creates a multiplying negative pressure, the lüftereretzendem air sucking with much higher, free services for accumulating large positive and negative thermal stack in appropriately sized, middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ) is exploitable (see claim 5 and 2 B . 2c . 2e ).

From which plant size the static Wind hamsters are used, subject to professional discretion. In principle there is no lower or upper limit with regard to Dimensions.

The electrically low, the potential rails of the hybrid system removable fan power (1-2 watts) for small basic variants (100 Watt range after 1a ), however, ultimately brings with the increase of the temperature gradient in thermoelectric conversion quadratic increase in energy harvest in the form of socket-ready, electrical power output.

When connecting the fan mounted in the fan shaft ( 45 ) causes the induced draft in the networked shingled structures of the front shingle insulation ( 44 ) Pressure drop, which is accompanied by further cooling of the penetrating, cold-stacking air volumes. An ambient temperature sensitive, by-pass installed air sensor ( 27 ) turns off the fan ( 45 ) to and from. In this case, it is up to expert action to provide stepped intensities or time intervals for air flow rates (see claims 5 and 19).

In an advantageous, according to the device further embodiment of the invention can be for the operator of the solar thermal hybrid systems with the antenna ( 46 ) at least the temperature trigger level of the air sensor ( 27 ), in addition to the mechanical bias and pressure point position of the bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) via radio. By design, only one receiving amplifier ( 78 ), on further drawing details of the subsequent, regulating actuator was waived. Here is selectable prior art.

The sucking fan ( 45 ) is downstream and spaced from the rear suction plate ( 47 ) - through the depth of the air collecting space ( 49 ) - in the fan shaft opening ( 53 ), the outer shell of the rear wall of the insulated cold storage chamber made of mechanically stressable solid foam (eg Styrodur) ( 12 ) housed.

Their solid foam layer consists only of stable, peripheral insulation material ( 43 ). In addition to the inside, it can still be loaded with a layer of internal insulation material ( 48 ). Optionally, one increases the entire isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) surrounding, outer hailstones of Keflar here additionally the stability of the structure of the fan attachment.

See the 1a and 3a and claim features of the protection claim 5. The circular fan shaft opening ( 53 ) is equipped with an overlapping rear shingle insulation ( 54 ) provided (see protection claim 5).

The total free total volume ( 42 ) is in a stable thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) (see protection claim 7, detail see 2 B ). It contains hermetically the Latentkältespeichermittel ( 23 ) and the system of latent storage collectors ( 20 ), once in the form of passing air capillaries ( 56 ) and on the other hand in the form of Kältesoleleitung 50 ). Geometric position, length and proportion of capillary components of the system of latent accumulator collectors ( 20 ) on the volume of the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) are left to the discretion of the user.

An air collecting space ( 49 ) allows the union of the moving, capillary air threads after leaving the rear container wall of the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ). Thus, it has a somewhat suitably smaller depth of space to provide sufficient air collection space (FIG. 49 ) to realize.

To primarily complete construction of the cold stack (completed crystallization), this can be called up as a cold reference for thermoelectric conversion serve. An exception to this is the direct thermoelectric Conversion of "temperature-persistent" sensible heat after Protection claim 7, wherein the cold stack even before reaching its final capacity is taken cold.

For the purpose of any cold withdrawal from the stack, a cold discharge from the solidified latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) with the help of the refrigeration line ( 50 ) required.

In the external environment thermally minimally interchangeable, "quiescent" Käl tesoleleitung ( 50 ) performs after connection a peripheral, corrosion-resistant circulation drive ( 57 ) the flow movement of the thermal transport medium ( 61 ) (Brine) and thus a compressed cold transport to the outer cold contact surfaces ( 51 ), where the cold over the thermally firmly docked cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) offers for electrical energy production (see protection claim 5 and 6).

Loaded with thermoelectric heat loss, the brine returns to the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and starts there the crystal mass of the free total latent volume ( 42 ) of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) melt down.

The claims claimed in claims 1 and following, however, provide a recovery of the heat loss in "enveloping" average latent storage means, a heat pump to high temperature level and then reintegration into the thermoelectric conversion process (see 2 B and 3b ).

In 2 B an arrangement is shown, which in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) registered, thermoelectric heat loss either by the Lüftertransportleistung, better by the Windhamsters ( 77 ) in the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) transferred. As a result, the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) cooled intensively. At the right time, switch to free blowing to allow crystallization of the latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) and so as not to endanger the thermoelectric loss heat stack. Is the latent cold stack in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) finished, another, larger by conversion of the accumulating refrigerant circuit ( 72 ) to a cold accumulator ( 22 ) built up. During the day, the cold storage of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), then via Umpolung of the fan ( 45 ) a post-supplementary, depleting cooling circuit ( 74 ) from the cold accumulator ( 22 ) will be realized.

2 B leaves the constructive arrangement for a refrigerating accumulator (also in "sucking" arrangement) 22 ) detect.

3b is a perfection of the given possibilities in 2a , In the 2a by compression heat pumps ( 7 ) generated cold enters the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ). 3b extended to full recycle by dissipating the thermoelectric heat losses across the staggered 70 ) of the heat pumps ( 7 ) into the middle accumulator ( 8th ) reach. If the outside temperature is higher during the day, then the outside air can be sucked in by changing the rotary valves (A, B, C, D) and at the same time the cold storage in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and further mean latent heat inventory in the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ). An extremely important, advantageous portion graduation latent heat is possible by the proposed in protection claim 16 chambering of the middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) into free latent individual volumes ( 64 ).

The total surface of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) is suitably reflective, gloss-aluminated (ion-implanted hostaflon and other plastics) and prismatic or otherwise structured. Thus, a certain quantum of stray light is sometimes always mediated under different solar irradiation angles of the environment - which is the photovoltaic power generation of surrounding, photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) benefits.

The arrangement directly under the structured gloss layer lying, highly insulating, the structures coining air honeycomb layers helps with hardly unavoidable, partial solar radiation infrared radiation entry into the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) Keep away (see protection claim 5).

Prirorities of the control signals of the temperature sensors in 1 and 2

In total free total volume ( 42 ) is a liquid sensor ( 28 ), which is caused by at least two temperature limits, the fan ( 45 ) on and off. With stored latent single volume ( 41 ) or hollow granules ( 40 ) mediates the surrounding hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ) the temperature values (see 1a , b, c, d, 3a ).

The liquid sensor (28) gives last-decisive instructions for activating and deactivating the circulating drive ( 57 ) and the airflow causing fan ( 45 ), that is, it updates or blocks the primary possible, but subordinate switching commands of the air sensor ( 27 ). Only in this way is it possible to achieve optimal latent-storage-based, ambient-temperature and solar-waste-heat-oriented thermoelectric conversion.

In detail this looks like this:
The fan deactivation is carried out with the highest priority by liquid sensor ( 28 ), when the final capacity of the cold stacking is reached, or there is no connection of the fan ( 45 ), as long as the final cooling capacity has not yet been attacked - outside temperature-controlled connection commands from the air sensor ( 27 ) come. On the other hand, the shading of Umwälzantriebes ( 57 ), when the thermoelectric power potential due to falling below a significant for thermoelectric conversion Minimum amount becomes too inefficient.

Structures of underground cold accumulators ( 22 ) of temperate climates and those in permafrost ( 2 ff.), (claims 5, 6 and 12)

From cold, additional thermal energy can be gained. This is one of the technically so-called cryoelectrical technology, attributable variant to which the in 2 B and 2e shown cold accumulators ( 22 ) represent a erfindungs-device according to, presupposing variant. Drawings with medium and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) are justified as it applies equally to insulation and the placement of a thermally exchanging system of latent heat storage collectors ( 20 ) arrives.

Continue to allow this one cryohydratic-thermoelectric power generation between different cold levels in polar regions, frost and dew periods - their task related to this invention exists in the intensification possibility thermoelectric conversion with the beginning of the warmer and temperate latitudes over the hot season.

The external, mainly inconspicuous in the soil localized, cold storage according to the invention ( 22 ) in 2 B and 2e are intended for the storage of large cold stacks, which by entry through the natural ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) and by the activity of heat pumps ( 7 ) are effectively supplemented. The evaporator capillaries, which may be covered with hoarfrost during the production of ambient heat ( 14 ) are for this purpose the cold-introducing latent storage collectors ( 20 ) of the cold accumulators ( 22 ) parallelized.

However, the main part of the cooling is due to the accumulating refrigerant circuit ( 72 ) of the environment when associated air sensors ( 27 ) corresponding degrees of cold or ground temperature sensor ( 60 ) signal ingress of frost.

Firstly, ice cisterns of up to 600 cubic meters, dug out of northern slopes and equipped with wooden planks and a drain, were already in use 150 years ago. With the inexpensive polyurethane or foam polystyrene insulation, the insulating construction of the cold accumulators ( 22 ) easily.

A currently taking place substitution of Gebaüdedämmstoffen which in fire no develop styrene or blue-acid fumes, leaves the prices conventional insulation materials for hybrid systems at remote solar locations continue to decline.

One isolated ice cube of 10 meters edge length represents a free stately energy equivalent of 92340 kilowatt hours Freeze heat, the invention via thermoelectric Verlustwärmerecykling to a high percentage, e.g. transformed into real electric heating power can be.

This recycling enables the professional installation of the additionally from the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) and the "enveloping" the latent heat storage means stacking the heat losses ( 10 ) adding, graded thermocircuits, accumulating heat and cooling circuits ( 71 ) and ( 72 ), the energy-boosting function of the consuming heat and cooling circuits ( 73 ) and ( 74 ).

The flowing thermal gradation of cold accumulators is possible with "glycol ice" down to minus 40 degrees Celsius - the exchanging media in the latency storage collectors ( 20 ) can be used for the accumulating entry air or thermal transport media ( 61 ), for the discharge, due to the thermal intensity, only thermal transport media ( 61 ) be.

In the case of water / glycerol glycol or salt brines, latent cold storage ( 23 ) and thermal transport medium ( 61 ) be chemically identical.

Due to a higher degree of concentration the discharged or entering thermal transport medium ( 61 ) the flowability at the crystallization refrigeration temperature of the same chemical latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) (see protection claim 5). A careful choice between refrigeration capacities and thermal staggering downwards is indispensable for demanding, adaptive systems, for example because of a single, free or walled total volume ( 42 ) 67 ) with a latent storage level of minus 9 degrees Celsius at, for example, minus 8.9 degrees Celsius can accumulate only minimal amounts of sensitive cold - in relation to the high, deductible amount of latent freezing heat when the leg of a Latentkältespeichermit tels ( 23 ), which has a latent storage level of minus 10 degrees Celsius. The staggering of Latentkälteniveaus holds the possibility of concentrated cold stacking in a so-called latent cascade - even with rapidly successive dew and frost periods (see protection claim 5).

Indispensable is the strong isolation of the cold accumulators ( 22 ).

Inconspicuous integration of natural, thermal storage in large, recycling, total regeneration, thermoelectrically converting hybrid plants (Claim 20)

How out 2a to 2e and 3b can be seen, despite the complementary, externally distributed middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ) the same basic structure as in the simplest, not recykelnden basic variant with accumulating latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) and isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ).

Indeed holds the larger design volume a number of autonomous exploitation opportunities of the site. Like for comparison floating factories on big Ships serve even their best quality drinking water from seawater produce by-products or oil rigs, the thousands of kilowatt hours from the temperature gradient between extracted oil and seawater generate thermoelectric. For example, e.g. a covert installation considerable, extensive Sizes possible.

Floating accumulating cooling circuits (flexible, floating) can be placed in the freezing surfaces of ponds and lakes. 72 ), attached to invisible buoyancy buoys, be fixed a few inches below the water surface or in terrain-related "rauhreifenden" cold sinks a problem-serpentine meandering superimposition of the earth's surface with an alternating cold and heat accumulating thermocircuit be selected because at night cold accumulation, whereas daytime the heating of the sink takes place.

With an adapted, static wind turbine (wind hamster ( 77 )) can in particular at night, without energy from the potential rails, the movement of air or thermal transport media ( 61 ) can be realized in the accumulating refrigerant circuits.

Likewise, large accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ) in well holes, seeping groundwater horizons, paving areas, roof substructures and so on are used unobtrusively for recykling. In this way, climatic compensation effects for building shells of buildings on the side make it possible.

Process of loading the total volume of free 42 )

Before completing the total free total volumes ( 42 ) makes use of the charge of converted latent individual volume ( 41 ) and in particular when using hollow body granules ( 40 ) a change in position of the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) from the vertical to a slightly inclined, therefore deviating horizontal required. Required, the principle above free top surface of the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) to the side insertion opening for the components. This includes all internal sensors and their incoming supply lines, such as liquid sensors ( 28 ), Hot melt sensor ( 63 ), Equalizing bubbles ( 52 ), facing Ausgkeichsluftblasen ( 34 ) in bubble cages ( 59 ), Pressure bubbles ( 33 ) with pressure capillary ( 79 ) and thermal release ( 31 ) or functionally identical Peltier elements ( 36 ) with lead wires ( 35 ). The part of the sensory components must therefore be defined in the total free volume ( 42 ) and around it the grains of the hollow body granulate ( 40 ) or the migrated latent individual volumes (( 41 ).

Thus, alternately, a layer of converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ) or distributed hollow granules ( 40 ) a layer of internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) in the form of latent-storage collectors ( 20 ) until the total free total volume ( 42 ) is filled out. With the growing, partial volume layers a subsequently removable security wall is continuously "hoisting" and "leaning backwards" against the falling out of the components for each layer to be newly placed temporarily arrested for the operation. After the end of loading the thermo exchange canister ( 55 ) tilted back into the vertical position of use. This is followed by the filling of the thermally bridging hot-Kaltbadflüssigkeit ( 62 ) to the edge and closing the top surface. This can be done by type of sealing-sealing commercial container and plastic barrels with chemicals content (ring bayonet lock). Thereafter, the ready-loaded thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) into the thick-walled, enveloping box of cold accumulator mulators ( 22 ) of inner and outer insulation material ( 48 ) 43 ) and then through the insulating layers, the connection of the inner thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) - in the form of the partial, inner part of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ) - as part of the accumulating and consuming refrigerant circuits ( 72 ) 74 ) performed.

Finally, the thick-walled, insulating top surface of the cold accumulator ( 22 ) thermally sealing applied. The thermal circles with thermal transport media ( 61 ) must - similar to brake fluid circuits - but not be vented with care.

drawing presentations in the figures

1a shows a with heat trap device ( 24 ) basic variant of the constructive composite and the interaction of a heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) to the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) thermally directly docked latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) with an insulated cold storage chamber ( 12 ). The waste heat of the photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) builds latent heat stack in the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ), which have thermoelectric modules permanently attached to them ( 1 ) against cold from the collected and stocking isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) is processed. The switchable, consuming refrigeration circuit ( 74 ) of the refrigeration line ( 50 ) the cold leads via flowing thermal transport medium ( 61 ) the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) too.

1b shows incongruent latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) or latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) containing hollow body granules ( 40 ) in the total free volume ( 42 ) of a thermal exchange canister ( 55 ), which can be filled in a pourable manner and, with possible changes of place, occupies most of the same and is surrounded by hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ). The total free total volume ( 42 ) is further crossed by latent storage collectors ( 20 ), which in their internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) Air or thernotransport media ( 61 ) to lead. In the here spherical hollow granules ( 40 ) are facing compensating bubbles ( 34 to see).

1c shows the same arrangement with an inflatable population of suitable, walled, single latent volumes ( 41 ), which in turn store latent storage media and straightened balance air bubbles ( 34 ) contain. Mobility within the total free volume ( 42 ) of the thermal exchange canister ( 55 ) is not given.

1d shows a similar arrangement, in which a latent tube winding ( 66 ) in total free total volume ( 42 ) is housed. Here are within one or more fixed bubble cages ( 59 ) facing compensating bubbles ( 34 ) housed.

1e shows the basic structure of a suitable for use, shown in the figures thermoelectric module ( 1 ).

2a shows the basic variant of 1a in combination with a medium thermal accumulator ( 8th ). The thermal content of the ambient air passes through the stepped thermal circuit ( 70 ) of the two, optionally switchable heat pumps ( 7 ) in the same. Its constructed, medium latent heat stack is replaced by a further stepped thermal circuit ( 70 ) in the latent heat stack of an upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ). Furthermore, it is clear from the illustration that at high temperature gradients between day and night (eg, about 80 degrees Celsius in areas of Tibet) a consuming heat cycle ( 73 ) can be realized for the thermoelectric modules.

2 B shows the variant of alternating, thermal docking of the 3a , which by reversing the fan alternately thermal discharge and thus recykelndes conversion and storage of the thermoelectric loss heats for incipient thermal stacking in the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ). Supplementary or generally substituting acts the stronger Wind hamster ( 77 ).

Drawing also shows the same entry and storage of cold in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and a cold accumulator ( 22 ). According to the device, supplementing the refrigeration requirement with thermoelectric conversion takes place from the cold accumulator ( 22 ).

2c shows in the suitable solar-thermally susceptible surrounding area of photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) with the basic variant 3a by means of wind hamster ( 77 ) free, air-sucked latent storage collector ( 20 ), whose sucked, heated air streams are subsequently in a mittle thermal thermal battery emulator. An internal thermal exchange volume also incorporated therein ( 13 ) of a stepped thermocircle ( 70 ), the mean heat which is now transferred is recovered into an upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ). From there, it is possible to reach over consuming heat ( 73 ) to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) Electricity generation in the basic design variant 3a with alternating flexible docking.

2d shows the basic variant 3a over a roof skin whose partly intensive heat supply by means of stepped thermocircle ( 70 ) to a thermoelectrically rich high latent storage level of an upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ) is deposited. The flowing thermal transport medium ( 61 ) of the isolated hot line ( 69 ) realizes the consuming heat circuit to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) of a constructive variant according to 3a.

2e shows through wind hamster air-sucked, free latent storage collectors ( 20 ), the ambient heat or cold in the day-night sequence in middle and / or upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ), whereby the position of the four rotary valves ( 83 ).

A wind-up / roll-up film roll ( 82 ) allows roughening night cold access to the surface of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ). The mounting of the film roll ( 82 ) allows during the day intensive greenhouse effect under the covering, transparent film and thus intensive, high-temperature graduated thermal entry in the latent heat stack to be built (see claim 10, 2e )

3a 1 shows the constructive combination of basic variant 1a and an additional possibility of introducing the heat required for thermoelectric conversion from upper, less frequently mean thermal accumulator batteries via an insulated hot line (FIG. 69 ). It can be alternately thermally docked, that means flexibly docked - once to the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) and the thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ), the consuming, internal thermal exchange volume of the consuming heat cycle ( 73 ) lock in. The situationally required thermal docking ensures the temperature-controlled interaction of bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) and a spring-magnet mechanism ( 82 ).

3b shows an extension of the possibilities of the basic variant 2a for total recycling of the in the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) registered, thermoelectric heat loss, entry of ambient heat and effective completion of the new cold stack to be built by the conversion of the graphically indicated rotary valve. It can be partly due to the transport performance of the fan ( 45 ), if the heat pumps ( 7 ) Thermally dissipate air laden with thermoelectric heat loss. The normal activity of the predominantly night cold air-sucking fan ( 45 ) is by opening the rotary valve ( 83 ) C and D given in the closed position of the other. The variation of the positions of the rotary valves ( 83 ) leaves negative / positive thermal output and entry for the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) and or the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) too.

4a shows thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), which use the sometimes enormous temperature gradient between the evaporator surfaces and thermally dispensing medium for power generation. For this purpose enters the system of the evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) For example, the ambient heat of slowly passing water over rib profiles of heat sinks ( 84 ) and thermal docking areas ( 21 ) with intermediate layers of copper wool felt ( 26 ). Thus realized over the heatsink ( 84 ) a consuming heat cycle ( 73 ).

4b shows the possibilities of multiple thermal docking of thermal circuits of all kinds to others and in the drawing detail the simultaneous docking of consuming heat and cooling circuits ( 73 ) 74 ) to thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) by means of thermal wedges ( 81 ).

1

thermoelectric module

2

photovoltaic solar cell module

3

heat exchanger plate

4

Latent heat storage materials

5

flexible thermal path

6

insulation space

7

heat pump

8th

middle thermal accumulator

9

upper thermal accumulator

10

average Latent heat storage materials

11

upper Latent heat storage materials

12

isolated Cold storage chamber

13

inner thermal exchange volume

14

Verdampferkapillaren

15

Bimetallintervall

16

Verflüssigerkapillaren

17

Hot contact surface

18

Cold contact surface

19

Ambient thermal path

20

Latent storage collectors

21

thermal docking surface

22

Kälteakkummulator

23

Latent cold storage means

24

Heat trapping device

25

Solar module rear wall

26

Kupferwollfilz

27

air probe

28

liquid sensor

29

Thermo leg

30

Latent heat storage chamber

31

thermal Cut

32

external pressure transmitter

33

pressure bladder

34

robed Balance bubble

35

Supply wires for Peltier element

36

Peltier element

37

Injektionskontaktierungsrelais

38

heat-conducting

39

Zwischenpaßrahmen

40

Hollow granules

41

gewandetes Latent single volume

42

free latent total

43

peripheral insulation material

44

front shingle insulation

45

Fan

46

antenna

47

rear suction plate

48

inner insulation material

49

Air collection space

50

Cold brine line

51

outer cold contact surface

52

Balance bubble

53

Fan shaft opening

54

rear shingle insulation

55

Thermal exchange canister

56

air capillaries

57

Umwälzantrieb

58

Supply wires for circulating drive

59

Blasenhüllkäfige

60

Bodentemperaturmeßfühler

61

Thermal transport medium

62

Hot-Kaltbadflüssigkeit

63

Hot-melt sensor

64

free Latent single volume

65

Latent thermal path

66

Latent hose reel

67

gewandetes latent total

68

outer hot contact surface

69

isolated hot line

70

graded thermal circuit

71

akkummulierender heat circuit

72

akkummulierender cooling circuit

73

sapping heat circuit

74

sapping cooling circuit

75

Air filter attachment

76

liquid separator

77

Windhamster

78

receiver amplifier

79

Druckkapillare

80

spring mechanism

81

thermal wedges

82

film roll

83

rotary vane A, B, C, D, E

84

heatsink

85

Absaugdichtklappen

86

Hail protection layer

Total Regenerative, Thermoelectrically nachwandelnde hybrid systems for an indirectly effectgraderhöhe, thermoelectric Modification of photovoltaic recombination heat, thermosolar excess heat or other warming

Claims (20)

Protection claim, characterized in that: - Thermoelectrically "indirectly increased effect" Nachwandlung photovoltaic recombination heat, thermosolar excess heat or ande rer, with a multiple recycling of thermoelectric heat loss resulting in succession, for the purpose of continuously renewed thermoelectric conversion, by means of adding, ambient energy einkehrenden heat pumping latent storage system, - with the thermodynamically efficient additional component of the additional ambient energy with einkehrenden, heat pump supported latent storage system thermoelectric conversion of photovoltaic systems not covered, solar energy amounts of thermosolar not detected or claimed and other waste heat or heat sources for the first time takes place with much higher than otherwise achievable efficiencies, with the help Such a conversion capable, this constructively suitable executed so-called total regenerative, thermoelectrically converting hybrid systems (0) in simple or stepped, functionally extended forms, - common feature of all forms, one to the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) or other heat-donating surface thermally docked heat exchanger plate ( 3 ), which in turn is a thermal connection to a structural integration in a heat-absorbing, heat-storing and for the purpose of thermoelectric conversion heat dissipating latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ), which, from the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) thermally receiving, into the interior of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) überleitende wall primarily of aluminum and with inwardly projecting heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ), - latent heat storage agent ( 4 ) assume the function of heat absorption, storage and release of organic and inorganic origin, - thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) to one or more thermally releasing, mainly back surface segments of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) primarily fixed, conditionally - detachable at intervals, then for the purpose of alternating heat extraction from an external, upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ) - are thermally docked, - in the case of this alternating reference from an external, upper thermal accumulator ( 9 ) a consuming heat cycle ( 73 ) with thermally absorbing latent storage collectors ( 20 ) and to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) permanently thermally docked, outer hot contact surfaces ( 68 ) and that the alternating, thermal docking to the heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) via internal, the docking movement actively executing bimetallic intervals ( 60 ) happens, - the constructively adapted bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) force-acting with a spring mechanism ( 80 ), the skip point being achieved by coping with a counter force growing on leaving the respective raster position, which immediately after reaching the skip point is equal to the magnitude The same traction is reversed and the alternating latching is decisively brought about, thermal wedges (FIG. 81 ) with a suitable, acute-angled profile, individual to permutatively distributable, thermal docking between a variety of related and supplying thermal docking surfaces ( 21 by allowing their penetration into the suitably spaced, equally acute-angled thermal docking surfaces (FIG. 21 ) and this force-acting enforcement rests constructively designed for this purpose Bimetallintervallen and or sensorangesteuerte, equally mechanically executive servos, with the possibility of retreating thermal cutting, - with thermal wedges ( 81 ) an optimal thermal crosslinking of the existing accumulating and consuming heat cycles ( 71 ) 73 ), the accumulating and consuming refrigerant circuits ( 72 ) 74 ) with each other, with middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ), Latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ), isolated cold storage chambers and hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) and cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), - to a geometrically divided, relating / supplying thermal docking surface ( 21 ) one to several, this division correspondingly reduced area supplied / related thermal docking area ( 21 ) with thermal wedges ( 81 ) can be docked, - the thermoelectric modules a hot contact surface ( 17 ) and cold contact surface ( 18 ), which correspond to the respective, above-standard thermal docking surface ( 21 ) abut thermally bridging, in order to receive the heat and cold flow required for thermoelectric conversion, - a Zwischenpaßrahmen mainly made of aluminum ( 39 ), the thermal potential of the solar cell module frame, which light receiving side can be frosted black, on the thermally docked heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) transfers the resulting thermoelectric heat losses to the regenerative system by means of the heat pump-assisted multiple recycling, but by amount of the primary, thermoelectric conversion at its hot-temperature level by means of heat-pumping stepped thermocircles ( 70 ) are always added back and that in this recycling process by the heat pumps ( 7 ), outside of the solar receiving surfaces occurring, miteingekehrbare ambient heat additionally and in principle get free of charge to thermoelectric conversion, - the for the inventive concept of heat pump supported multiple recycling prerequisite, thermally absorbing and donating latent storage collectors ( 20 ) of prerequisite, heat pump-free, accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ) and accumulating refrigerant circuits ( 72 ) as well as the consumptive heating circuits required for prompt thermoelectric conversion ( 73 ) and consuming refrigerant circuits ( 74 ) with intensive latent accumulator collectors ( 20 ) or thermal docking surfaces ( 21 ) and hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) and cold contact surfaces are installed and activated as required for preparatory, thermal exchanges and thermoelectric conversions to take place, - the heat pumping within such designated, graded thermal circuits ( 70 ) of heat pumps ( 7 ), in the mainly medium-sized thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) into which the so-called Latentthermopfad ( 65 ) and leads out. Device according to protection claim 1, characterized in that: - the thermoelectric heat losses and the ambient thermal path ( 19 ) ambient heat latent in suitable latent heat storage media ( 4 ) and that the latent heat storage in latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ), medium thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ), - the accumulation and storage of latent heat stacks of different temperature levels in middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) are referred to as split latent heat storage / storage on split latent storage levels. Device according to protection claim 2, characterized in that: split entry and storage of latent heat storage devices to be stacked first in the latent heat storage means ( 4 ), whose latent storage level optimally corresponds to the currently prevailing, weather-dependent temperature offer and consequently branches off the course of the thermal stacking in average latent heat storage means ( 10 ) and upper latent heat storage means ( 11 ) is required. Device according to protection claim 3, characterized in that: - for optimal, over the Latentthermopfad ( 65 ) Einkehrung the components of thermoelectric heat losses and different formative proportions of ambient heat or additional other, a renewed thermoelectric conversion of the accumulated amounts, this eingetra in a heat stack components after this heat stack completes the leveling process of heat pumping with heat pumps ( 7 ) to a sufficiently high latent storage level with respect to a correspondingly deep - located in a cold stack, - the temperature gradient predetermined in this way, to be provided from at least these two latent storage levels, in the course of the cycles characterized by thermal stacking and thermoelectric processing among all occurring, weathering and otherwise influencing conditions allows efficient thermoelectric conversion. Apparatus according to the preceding claims for protection, characterized in that: - according to the prevailing, weather-related temperature offer, as a consequence ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) - latent thermal bath ( 65 ) - cold stack in isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ) by means of latency storage means ( 23 ) can be applied to achieve a more efficient and concentrated thermoelectric conversion, - Latentkältespeicherrnittel ( 23 ) may be crystallizing salts, cryohydratic mixtures, water-glycerol / ethylene-glycol mixtures and also special organic gels and compounds, which act as a cooling source insofar and as long as the recorded equivalent of freezing heat is reached and regenerate by thermal Discharge of this equivalent, - in addition to other suitable salts, the following salts to cryohydratic mixtures with the following mixing ratio as cold-stacking latent cold storage ( 23 ) are used for the following latent cold storage levels: 1000 grams of ice are mixed with an appropriate amount of salt Grams of salt compound Latent cold storage level degrees Celsius 900 sodium acetate -15 552 sodium nitrate -18 300 ammonium chloride -18 2500 calcium chloride hexahydrate -23 1000 ammonium nitrate -25 600 sodium nitrite -27 310 ammonium chloride with 310 sodium nitrate -22 380 sodium sulfate decahydrate with 235 sodium nitrate with 235 ammonium chloride -25 1250 calcium chloride hexahydrate -40.3 1430 calcium chloride hexahydrate -55 - depending on the applicability, the same chemical compound mixed with different proportions of water, as latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) and or thermal transport medium ( 61 ) Is used, wherein the fluidity of the thermal transport medium to occurring crystallization in the latent cold is ensured by higher concentration, - evaporating water is a non-recoverable, therefore always to be replaced, thermally intensively discharging latent cold storage medium ( 23 ) for constructional special forms of insulated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) in whose free or converted total volume ( 42 ) 67 ), latent cold storage media crystallizing a few degrees above zero degrees Celsius ( 23 ) are brought to the delivery of their specific freezing heat and thus can be made by evaporation cold splitting into immediate thermoelectric conversion, taking place next cold stacking, - in one embodiment of structural, in principle surface congruent rear paneling of photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) or a thermosolar module, latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) and isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), Air causes the cold entry into the latter, by means of sucking fan ( 45 ) via a front shingle insulation ( 44 ), the total free total volume ( 42 ) by means of ambient hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ) thermally contacting capillary system of latent storage collectors ( 20 ), a rear suction plate ( 47 ) and via an air collecting space ( 49 ) the fan shaft opening ( 53 ) via a rear shingle insulation ( 54 ) leaves, in one embodiment, the aeration by means of low-savonius rotors or, in particular, multiply negative-pressure producing wind hamsters ( 77 ) and their attachment in the space above the ground a partial, to complete air suction for the purpose of cold stacking for isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ), but also such entry and latent stacking up ambient heat into middle and / or upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) can take place equally, - an external, accumulating refrigerant circuit with air-flow and / or liquid thermal transport media ( 61 ) flowed through latent storage collectors ( 20 ) additionally negative, thermal flows into the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ), - cold stacking by means of signaling air sensor ( 27 ) and ground temperature sensor ( 60 ), - one with the Injektionskontaktierungsrelais ( 37 ) corresponding, coded signals decrypting receive amplifiers ( 78 ) with antenna ( 46 ) allows the arbitrarily controlling influence of the operator of the total regenerative, thermoelectrically nachwandelnden hybrid system, - the area trained, through the fan shaft ( 53 ) openwork, back-side part of the insulation space ( 6 ) isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) is formed by a mechanically stabilized shell structure, in a series of inner insulation material ( 48 ) and one the fan ( 45 ) carrying, stable layer of peripheral insulation material ( 43 ), with an inner insulating material ( 48 ) and outer insulation material ( 43 ) recessed, anchored rear suction plate ( 47 ) and an extremely realized by Resolharzimpprägnation or other treatment or planking of the peripheral insulating material ( 43 ), hail protection layer ( 86 ), - as air capillaries ( 56 ) which determines the total free volume ( 42 ) passing, air-carrying part of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ), - for cold-capacitive expanding, or substituting constructive embodiments of multiple cold stores the primary outer, sufficiently surface-active dimensioned, cold-carrying part of an accumulating refrigerant circuit ( 72 ), all-serving, connected part to a common, multi-component system, hereinafter referred to, internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) for each differentiated with cold to be supplied Kälteakkummulatoren, wherein a selectable separation / compound of the cold-carrying, flowing thermal transport media ( 61 ) or cold air flows to the individual internal thermal exchange volume via eg directional valves is structurally ensured, - latent storage collectors ( 20 ) accumulating refrigerant circuits ( 72 ) with flowing, to the environment exchanging thermal transport medium ( 61 ) or cold-laden air negative thermal stacks larger scale, seasonally favored and or discontinuously enter year round and mulatoren in predominantly under the photovoltaic, thermosolar or other waste heat-generating systems, buried, large Kälteakkum ( 22 ), which are sufficiently insulated for long periods of refrigerated storage, - cold accumulators ( 22 ) are installed in a series of staggered latent cold levels in order to nevertheless build up concentrated cold stacks within a so-called latent cold cascade in the case of rapid successions of dew and frost periods of different degrees of coldness. 40 ) in the cold accumulators ( 22 ) with stirrers together with the surrounding hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ) for the purpose of thermal homogenization, if necessary, for the purpose of temporally or specifically differently necessitating, thermoelectric transformations, the resulting, differentiated, donating cold docking of such a split, erosive - sufficiently dimensioned - refrigerant circuit ( 74 ) and a large, internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) in total free total volume ( 42 ) of a capacitively sufficient cold accumulator ( 22 ) loads with cold, - split components of the discharging refrigeration line ( 50 ) of the consuming refrigeration circuit ( 74 ) differentiated from the stored, large cold stack draw by temperature-controlled or arbitrary change in the flow direction of the system common thermal transport medium ( 61 ) differentiate a cold flow to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) docked, outer cold contact surfaces ( 51 ), a luster aluminizing and prismatic or other suitable surface structuring of the isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) Prevents infrared radiation into these and at the same time a, the photovoltaic power output-enhancing, intensive scattered light output for surrounding photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) causes. Device according to the preceding claims for protection, characterized in that: - for the thermal entry, exchange and discharge of heat and cold, the designated latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ), middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ), isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ) suitably with a thermally exchanging, capillary system of latent storage collectors ( 20 ) and are connected to the outside with those which the material media and surfaces of the environment, and finally with suitably formed, outer hot contact surfaces ( 68 ) and outer cold contact surfaces ( 51 ) the hot contact surfaces ( 17 ) and cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) contact thermally, - in this way realized, accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ), consuming heat circles ( 73 ), accumulating refrigerant circuits ( 72 ) and consuming refrigerant circuits ( 74 ) the total necessary thermal exchange and transport to and from latent heat stacks and latent cold stacks as well as to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ), that of the capillary system of the latent storage collectors ( 20 ) enclosed, thermal transport media ( 61 ) or air-carrying internal volumes as subsequently designated internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) and refers only to the truly thermally exchanging, in the so-called free total latent volume ( 42 ), - the outer, thermally related surfaces docked, thermally exchanging part as outer cold contact surface ( 51 ) or outer hot contact surface ( 68 ) and primarily serve to maintain the temperature gradients in the, the same consuming, thermoelectric power generation, - of isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ), to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) cold-supplying part of the system of latent storage collectors ( 20 ) as Kältesoleleitung ( 50 ), which consists primarily of upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ), to the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) docked, heat-supplying part as outer hot contact surface ( 68 ) and part of the always insulated hot line ( 69 ), the overall system heat-pumping over the storage cycles, the primary waste heat-receiving, waste heat and ambient heat is a capillary, thermal composite system of two or more interlocking systems of latent heat storage collectors ( 20 ), to which a common internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) is common, as primary, photovoltaic, thermosolar heat losses the unconverted solar radiation components - as primary thermoelectric heat losses, which on their way through the lengths of the thermo leg ( 29 ) flowing non-thermo-chromium portions of the hot contact surface (s) ( 17 ) incoming total heat flow, Device according to protection claim 5, characterized in that: - latent heat storage means (5) which are sufficiently congruent during the storage cycles ( 4 ) and latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) in the free volume of thermal exchange canisters ( 55 ), and this free volume available for latent storage is designed as a total free total volume ( 42 ), in which these congruent latent heat storage agents ( 4 ), - the constructive total volume of latent storage for heat and cold a predominantly cup-like, the thermal exchange canisters ( 55 ) surrounding isolation space ( 6 ), which in its strength corresponds to the required thermal insulation for short-term occurring sensible heat in a Akkummulationsphase with subsequent long-term storage in low-temperature holding areas - or a permanent storage always sensitive heat radiating latent heat stack, - after reaching the stacking capacity is still in the total free Latentvolumenvolume ( 42 ) entering, "temperature overflowing", sensitive heat especially when using deep holding areas and consequently little isolated latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) is supplied to an immediate thermoelectric conversion, - the predominantly cup-shaped insulation space ( 6 ) according to certain basic equipment with peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) and variable selectable by the operator according to climatic and the latent storage stages adapted insulation classes with internal insulation material ( 48 ), - accordingly a fixed predetermined chambering for various latent heat storage media ( 4 ) or latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) in common but thermally staggered latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) or isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) the purpose of containing (thermally assigned) free latent individual volumes ( 64 ), - the total volume of free 42 ) or free latent single volume ( 64 ) can be receiving for pourable hollow body granules ( 40 ) and / or popu lable populations of suitably sized, converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ), which are used for thermal bridging to each other and to the latent storage collectors ( 20 ) of a hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ), that a safety elasticity of the total free volume of the total volume ( 42 ) by suitably distributed equalizing air bubbles ( 52 ) is guaranteed. Device according to protection claim 7, characterized in that: with sufficiently congruent behaving latent heat storage means ( 4 ) and latent cold storage ( 23 ) suitable in free total latent volume ( 42 ) or larger chambers of free latent individual volumes ( 64 ) localized bubble cages ( 59 ) the equalizing air bubbles ( 52 ). Device according to protection claim 7, characterized in that: - latent heat storage means behaving distinctly congruently in the thermodynamic phase sequences ( 4 ) and latent cold storage ( 23 ) a population of hollow granules ( 40 ) or inflatable, enveloped latent individual volumes ( 41 ) and that this population is expressed as a total migrated total volume ( 67 ) - that in this case the requirement of a total elasticity according to claim 7 is met, by each volume-like individual component of the total walled volume ( 67 ) in addition to the latent storage medium, a suitable volumetric proportion, walled compensating air bubble ( 34 ), the contraction / expansion of which manifests itself via the elastic, enveloping wall. Device according to protection claim 1, characterized in that: - in the thermoelectric conversion of the waste heat of photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) the same for the purpose of thermal entry a transparent, area-congruent, short-wave permeable, the below her infrared-retaining, gradually closable, to fully hermetizable surface of a heat trap device ( 24 ), which is suitable overall for the photovoltaic solar cell module ( 2 ) additionally heat up, - a possible, gradually heat dissipating air gap opening on the function of the heat trap device ( 24 ), internally temperature-controlled bimetallic intervals ( 15 ) guarantees compliance with an upper thermal compatibility limit for the photovoltaic, - a roll-off and roll-up transparent heat trap foil of a film roll ( 82 ) over an open area system of latent storage collectors ( 23 ) initiates an intensively occurring, greenhouse-like infrared heating effect in the case of solar offerings and, if low night temperatures are taken away, unhindered access to the system of latent heat storage collectors ( 23 ) and, as a result, an accumulating heat cycle ( 71 ) and at night an accumulating refrigerant circuit can be realized. Device according to protection claim 4 and above, characterized in that: - in a basic version without heat pumps ( 7 ) for photovoltaic-thermoelectrically converting hybrid systems a longer available temperature gradient for more efficient, thermoelectric conversion of the photovoltaic waste heat is provided, as is possible in the prior art by selbstregelnd in an isolated cold storage chamber ( 12 ) Cold accumulator accumulated until a final capacity, then stored at suitable, low latent storage levels and finally made available for the purpose of thermoelectric processing as a massive cold equivalent and that in an analogous manner in a latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) weather-related accumulation of air and recombination heat whose latent storage at a suitable isolated high temperature level or insulation free in a supercooled melt done to subsequently allow concentrated equivalent charges of the stored photovoltaic and ambient waste heat. Device according to claims 2, 3 and above, characterized in that: - the thermal offers of the photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) via their solar module rear walls ( 25 ) in a heat exchanger plate ( 3 ) and from there via a percentage-adjustable, flexible thermo-pad (if required) ( 5 ) in depending on the structural design existing, with internal heat-conducting ribs ( 38 ), suitable latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ), medium thermal accumulators ( 8th ) and or upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) for the purpose of building up latent heat stacks within their total free or walled volume ( 42 ) 67 ), - the total volume of total latent 42 ) a latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) primarily or in functional extension by tightly structured chambering into free latent individual volumes ( 64 ), possibly several latent heat storage agents ( 4 ) - sufficiently congruent behavior of the same, including the ability to form supercooled melts, and thus the isolation of one or more differentiated at low temperature level (s) in isolation, - selection of one or more latent storage levels (Melting / solidification), which (s) sufficient temperature gradient for the entry of the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) mediated "tempered" thermal offers, - external, air and / or thermal transport media ( 61 ) leading, accumulating heat circuits ( 71 ) Collect ambient heat and as positive, thermal flows into the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ), - that the total free total volume ( 42 ) medium thermal accumulators ( 8th ) medium latent heat storage agents ( 10 ) with the same ability to form supercooled melts, in which the climatic conditions, sufficient thermal offers, so-called medium temperature levels are registered and stacked and the whole after a long storage time intact in the isolation insensitive durable, supercooled melt sensitized by thermo-click and on a upper latent storage level of upper latent heat storage media ( 11 ), upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) are heat-pumped, in which enter additionally or by intervening control unsplit such thermal offers on normal temperature gradient, which have a temperature exceeding the upper Latentpeicherniveau temperature, - for the highest thermoelectric power outputs, gaining time margin and renewed capacity for continuous thermal stacking - the discontinuous accumulated, stored the highest latent storage levels positive thermal stack in the upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) and latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) as well as the most negative thermal stacks of cold accumulators ( 22 ) and isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) are processed against each other, - a highest possible percentage of the cold contact surfaces ( 18 ) of the thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) in a "enveloping" mean latent heat storage medium ( 10 ), whose latent heat level represents the lowest possible temperature level for the subsequent subsequent heat pump, - the refrigerant suitable energy intensive, staggered thermal circuits ( 70 ) in the heat pumping the thermal loading principle of the thermal discharge cascade in the correct order latent cold storage agent ( 23 ), average latent heat storage agent ( 10 ) when in each case via the free ambient thermal path ( 19 ) has automatically entered a sufficient ambient heat stack, wherein the discontinuously expanding and complementary, thermal stack remains in the protection of deep holding areas latent to retrieval thermal release - at risk of cycle stability of the direct thermal - solar and ambient heat input and the subsequent state of the latent heat storage by longer term Weather anomalies or, if applicable, several reciprocal staggered thermocircles ( 70 ) heat-pumping from the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) a supplementary, stabilizing filling of the latent heat stacks in the middle thermal accumulators ( 8th ) for the period in which the too low temperature level of the ambient heat of this filling over normally accumulating heat circuit circles ( 71 ) and that with these reciprocal, graded thermocircles ( 70 ) from the previously stabilized, medium-sized thermal accumulators ( 8th ) whose thermal stacks in need to be stabilized, upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) heat-pumped, - stepped thermal circuits ( 70 ) at least three internal thermal exchange volumes ( 13 ) necessary in the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) as well as in middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) perform the thermal exchange, - the economically favorable criterion of lower holding ranges for longer storage of thermal stacks even with upper latent heat storage agents ( 11 ) in the upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) - to use and apply for low, medium and higher latent storage levels the following congruent salts and paraffins: lithium perchlorate trihydrate with 253 kJ at 8 degrees Celsius potassium fluoride tetrahydrate with 231 kJ at 18 degrees Celsius calcium chloride hexahydrate at 192 kJ at 27 Degree Celsius Lithium nitrate trihydrate with 296 kJ at 30 degrees Celsius Manganese chloride dihydrate Storage of different manganese chloride tetrahydrate Melting and dehydration manganese chloride hexahydrate energies at about 40 to 50 degrees Kalziuzmnitritmonohydrat with 122 kJ at 40 degrees Celsius Magnesiumchloronitrat hexahydrate with 132 kJ at 58 degrees Celsius Natriumazetattrihydrat with 226 kJ at 58 degrees Celsius slack wax about 124 kJ at 35/40 G.Celsius soft paraffin with 127 kJ at 43 degrees Celsius hard paraffin with 266 kJ at 64 degrees Celsius macroparaffin about 300 kJ at 90/95 G.Celsius lithium-magnesium nitrate hexahydrate with 180 kJ at 72 degrees Celsius, - as incongruent behaving latent heat storage medium with various medium to high latent storage sodium carbonate decahydrate with 247 kJ at 33 degrees Celsius disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate at 280 kJ at 35 degrees Celsius sodium sulfate decahydrate at 265 kJ at 32.4 degrees Celsius sodium disulfite penta-hydrate at 187 kJ at 48 degrees Celsius tetrasodium metaphosphate decahydrate with 184 kJ at 70 degrees Celsius barium hydroxo octahydrate with 280 kJ at 78 degrees Celsius, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium aluminum sulfate hexahydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, magnesium perchlorate and calcium chloride monohydrate as congruent top latent heat storage agents ( 11 ) to build up thermal stacks at high latent storage levels of 89, 95, 117, 132, 185 and 176 degrees Celsius in top thermal accumulators ( 9 ) and for the highest latent storage levels, the following defined, anhydrous eutectic mixtures: 54.2% potassium nitrate, 18.2% sodium nitrate and 27.3% lithium nitrate with latent storage level 150 degrees Celsius - sensitively superliftable to volatility of 400 degrees Celsius , 53% potassium nitrate, 7% sodium nitrate and 40% lithium nitrate with a latent storage level of 150 degrees Celsius - sensitive overcoat to volatiles up to 450 degrees Celsius, 50% potassium nitrate and 50% sodium nitrate with latent storage level 220 degrees Celsius - sensitive overcoat to volatiles up to 680 degrees Celsius , 100% copper (I) chloride with latent storage level 432 degrees Celsius indefinitely overly sensitive to volatiles up to 1490 degrees Celsius, 100% copper (II) chloride with latent storage level 498 degrees Celsius indefinitely overly sensitive to volatiles up to 1490 degrees Celsius. Selectable eutectic mixtures of magnesium, lithium, potassium and sodium fluoride as top latent heat storage agents ( 11 ) are used for thermoelectric working temperature ranges of solar focusing maximum temperature storage technology, - magnesium hydride as the upper latent heat storage agent ( 11 ) comparable, thermochemical latent heat storage agent ( 4 ) for solar focusing high temperature storage technology in upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) is used up to temperatures of 450 degrees Celsius, which correspond to the specific storage conditions of magnesium hydride. Apparatus according to the preceding claims 6, 8 and 11, characterized in that: for an achievable utilization of highest latent storage levels and their sufficient staggering for demanding thermoelectric, in particular ambient energy einkehrende conversion concepts, the range of incongruent latent heat storage ( 4 ) Is used - by placing them in pourable hollow granules ( 40 ), with which a so-called total wallet volume ( 67 ) into the total free volume ( 42 ) by dividing the within the total free total volume ( 42 ) possible, converted total volumetric 67 ) into a plurality of migrated latent individual volumes ( 41 ) whose population is in turn suitable for the total 67 ) by inserting into the total free volume ( 42 ) insertable, walled total volume ( 67 ) by the respective adaptable deformation of an insertable latent tube winding LSW ( 66 ) by homogenizing the thermal stack by thermal bridging hot-cold bath liquid ( 62 ), which in total free total volume ( 42 ) or thermally staggered free latent single volume ( 64 ) Hollow body granules ( 40 ), converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ) or latent tubing ( 66 ), by optionally further homogenizing by slow, mechanical circulation of said latent-storage components in intermediate and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) Latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) as well as in cold accumulators ( 22 ) and larger, isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) takes place. Apparatus according to the preceding claim 11 and preceding claim, characterized in that: - for the initiation of the heat-releasing recrystallization of supercooled melts of latent heat storage means ( 4 ) with so-called deep holding area thermal release ( 31 ) inside the latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ), middle and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) whose triggering mechanism corresponds in each case to differentiated controllabilities, - by means of receiving one of an external pressure transducer ( 32 ) triggered, hydraulic or baro metric momentum on an expanding / contracting pressure bubble ( 33 ) a brief, then re-dissolving warping of the thus activated thermal release ( 31 ) - the hydraulic or barometric pulse within the volume of a pressure capillary ( 79 ), - the continuous front of a suitably sized in terms of frequency and intensity pressure sound wave especially for recrystallization in hollow body granules ( 40 ), converted latent individual volumes ( 41 ) and latent tube winding ( 66 ) is triggered, - as a thermal release ( 31 ) within congruent latent heat storage media ( 4 ) one or more short-term current-applied, miniaturized Peltier elements ( 36 ) by lowering the temperature in the local area below the possible lower temperature limit of the deep holding area, whereby the lead wires carrying the Peltier current pulse ( 35 ) in each case by the total free total volume ( 42 ) to the Peltier element (s) located therein ( 36 ) to lead. Device according to the preceding claims for protection, characterized in that: - copper wool fiz (as thermally intensively imparting, gap-filling, elastic medium) 26 ) Is used, which is galvanically, chemically or otherwise metallized or treated against contact and other Korrossion, wherein optionally between the Kupferwollfilzfasern still suspended copper of the same resistance is introduced, - instead of copper anodized aluminum same distribution and shape is used. Device according to the preceding claims for protection, characterized in that: - heat pumps ( 7 ) with sufficient coefficient of performance from the previously in medium latent heat storage ( 10 ), the thermoelectric loss heat stacks above it, the middle thermal accumulators ( 8th ) passing through, thermally intensive exhausting system of evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) dissipate the heat losses and into upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ) heat pumps by passing them therethrough thermally delivering system of condenser capillaries ( 16 ) again to thermal stacks at high latent storage level, - which, in this way with heat pumps ( 7 ) realized, stepped thermal circuits ( 70 ) take over the additional widening of the thermoelectric conversion decisive temperature gradient as a second task, - the amounts of heat-pumped, thermoelectric loss heat flows preferably in upper latent heat storage means ( 11 ) with a deep holding area, with a possible low thermal insulation of the upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ), - the amounts of the heat-pumped, thermoelectric loss heat flows, if necessary in upper latent heat storage means ( 11 ) without deep holding area with sufficient thermal insulation of the upper thermal accumulators ( 9 ), - at the same time a structurally outboard part of the evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) according to weather conditions discontinuous ambient heat over the ambient thermal bath ( 19 ) in the middle thermal accumulator ( 8th ) enters, - the thermally additional ambient heat einkehrende part in a structurally suitable manner next to, behind, or under the total regenerative, thermoelectrically nachwandelnden hybrid plant air and / or buried underground, - solar panel rear walls ( 25 ) thermally firmly docked latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) may optionally be designed constructively for the thermoelectric waste heat cycle by: - thermally staggered free latent individual volumes ( 64 ) with only such latent heat storage agents ( 4 ), which guarantee a deep holding area, since otherwise sensitive heat is transferred via the permanent thermo-path to the solar module rear wall ( 25 ) convected from there into the environment, - Thermoauslöser ( 31 ) sensitize the thermal stacks and a suitable for small systems, for the corresponding graded thermal circuit ( 70 ) controllable, miniaturized heat pump ( 7 ) which initially fills up the highest and lastly the highest latent storage level, - a backside-side, isolated, area-passing thermo-path from the free latent individual volume ( 64 ) of the latent heat storage chamber ( 30 ) leads to the highest latent storage level - to a direct areal, thermal docking to the thermoelectric module, - a portioning of latent heat, in particular in the total amount of all low-latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) is achieved by suitable dividing chambering into free latent individual volumes ( 64 ) of a longitudinally / / and layer-like, inner latent thermo-path ( 65 ) of medium and upper thermal accumulators, in that the chamber walls are barriers to possible, penetrating crystallization fronts. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized in that: - air filter attachments ( 75 ) and liquid separator ( 76 ) suitable manner the entry of iced water and dust in air-bearing, capillary latent storage collectors ( 20 ) prevent, - light-energy converting, applied in the periphery of the photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) mass photovoltaic crystals, such as barium titanate, lead anthracene zirconate titanate or other suitable ones, which directly generate high voltage between 40 kV to 60 kV, with the optionally effective electro-filtration of the air flows for internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ) to Cotrell-Möller, - the thermal transport of liquid thermal transport media ( 61 ) in latent storage collectors ( 20 ) an on demand switchable circulation drive ( 57 ) which, for maintenance reasons, is externally laid or accessible under a removable surface segment of the peripheral insulation material ( 43 ) and that via Umwälzantriebzuleitungsdrähte ( 58 ) receives electrical drive energy, - primarily the consuming heating and cooling circuits installed for thermoelectric conversions ( 73 ) 74 ) with circulation drive ( 57 ) and conditionally the accumulating cold and heat circuits ( 71 ) 72 ), in which a gravity circulation of their liquid thermal transport media ( 61 ) provides no or insufficient thermal exchange performance or where enormously humid or dust-laden air due to risk of internal icing or the same narrowing, thermally insulating dust deposits in the latent storage collectors ( 20 ) can not be used, - accumulating heat and cooling circuits ( 71 ) 72 ) are realized by suitably interconnected, with a common internal thermal exchange volume ( 13 ), hollow construction profiles of the supporting or other suitable structures for photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) and thermoelectric Nachwandlereinrichtungen outwards with suitably shaped heat conduction ribs ( 38 ) and from the inside with air or liquid thermal transport media ( 61 ), - all superpublic, accumulatory ( 71 ) 72 ), 73 ) 74 ) and stepped thermal circuits ( 70 ) depending on the type of congruent or incongruent latent heat storage agent used ( 4 ) and all types of latent cold storage ( 23 ) are protected against creeping and / or spontaneous thermal loss caused by external influences, by compressible plastic intervals of the insulated hot lines ( 69 ) and refrigeration pipes ( 50 ) and / or other suitable flexible thermal barriers thermal gravity transport and material heat transfer into the outgoing ambient thermal bath (FIG. 19 ), - in the total free volume ( 42 ) or free latent individual volume ( 64 ), where appropriate, at the discretion of the person responsible for the Latentthermopfad ( 65 ), a time-minimized interval heating source is housed in the unfavorably positioned volume areas, which melts stubborn residual crystal areas in order to make the transition into stabilizable, deep holding areas of congruent latent heat storage means (US Pat. 4 ). Apparatus according to the preceding claims, characterized in that: the cyclic repetitive thermodynamic overall processes required for efficient, thermoelectric conversion of waste heat, recycled heat loss and ambient heat are controlled by signaling temperature sensors which, in accordance with the device and with mutually co-ordinated priorities, communicate via the central switchboard; possible loss of cardiac pathway interrupting - injection contacting relay ( 37 ) provide an optimal relationship between weathering and all electrically-triggered thermal stacking and thermoelectric conversion functional processes. Devices according to the preceding claims, characterized in that: - a hot-melt sensor ( 63 ) indicates the final capacity of the thermal stacks by determining, at a significant, low temperature supernatant above the respective melting temperature level of the latent heat storage medium ( 4 ) becomes signal-triggering, - a liquid sensor ( 28 ) the final capacity of negative thermal stacks in cold accumulators ( 22 ) at a significant, low temperature substandard below the crystallization level of the latent cold storage agent ( 23 ) becomes signal-triggering, - one or more suitable at the periphery of the photovoltaic solar cell modules ( 2 ) and in the external environment distributed air sensors ( 27 ) Signal triggering are for heat or cold entry after exceeding or falling below set outside temperature thresholds, - the exhaustion of latent and sensible heat or latent and sensitive cold alike by hot melt sensor ( 63 ) and liquid sensors ( 28 ), - significant temperature measuring points of suitably internally distributed air sensors ( 27 ), Liquid sensors ( 28 ) and hot melt sensors ( 63 ) the thermal stack heights in lower and upper thermal accumulators ( 8th ) 9 ) and optionally in the thermally differentiated free latent individual volume ( 64 ) such structurally modified into the waste heat cycle involving latent heat storage chambers ( 30 ) the installed heat pumps ( 7 ) Command for heat pumping or to set it, - take place by means of a bidirectional data transfer with a different time attachable energy transfer for inner functional sensors via non-heat dissipative, suitable Lichtleitstrecken wireless, optoelectronic signal decoupling and interval energy supply of implanted in the middle of the latent storage media sensor systems, the internal signal reception and be able to receive energy by means of internal mini-solar cell module. Device according to the preceding claims for protection, characterized in that: - with sufficient, stable temperature gradients between thermally sufficient capacitive, ambient heat supplying media, such as moist, leachate or groundwater leading soil under the solar systems and - the heat pump intensely heat-consuming system of the evaporator capillaries ( 14 ) of the heat pumps ( 7 ) - suitably installed in the thermal exchange zone thermoelectric modules ( 1 ) in thermal bond with heat sinks ( 84 ) use the strong thermal gradient of the occurring here, intensive thermal fluxes for prompt power generation, - mainly a refrigerant ammonia compressing and relaxing, stepped thermocircle ( 70 ) on the basis of real expected energy benefits and achievable temperature levels above 80 degrees Celsius, the comprehensive recykelnde Einkehrung and uplifting of photovoltaic, thermoelectric heat loss and of air and geothermal heat of the solar site in high latent storage levels makes and at the same time the formation of cold stack, according to the principle of thermal Discharge cascade, in isolated cold storage chambers ( 12 ) and cold accumulators ( 22 ), - integrating the particular solar site advantage of a warming or freezing body of water into the ambient heat cycle by alternately realizing positive or negative thermal flux from the water by means of latent heat storage collector systems suspended from buoys ( 20 ) are suspended on the water surface and / or in respectively suitable water depth.