DE10149658B4 - Apparatus and method for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
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Abstract
Vorrichtung zur katalytischen Brenngasaufbereitung eines wasserstoffreichen Reformergases für eine Brennstoffzelle, bestehend aus in Strömungsrichtung des Reformergases aufeinander folgend angeordneten Baustufen mit a) einer ersten Baustufe mit einem Niedertemperatur-Konverter (18), welche zur Durchführung einer Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion mit einem Katalysator beschichtet ist, und b) zumindest einer weiteren Baustufe mit mindestens einer kombinierten Gasreinigungsstufe (20), welche zur Durchführung der Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion und selektiven CO-Oxidation mit einem Katalysator beschichtet ist und eine steuerbare Luftzuführung (24) aufweist, wobei die Vorrichtung (10) bei einem Kaltstart mit konstanter Last anzufahren ist.Device for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell, consisting of successively arranged in the direction of flow of the reformer gas stages with a) a first stage with a low-temperature converter (18) which is coated to carry out a water gas shift reaction with a catalyst , and b) at least one further construction stage with at least one combined gas purification stage (20) which is coated with a catalyst for carrying out the water gas shift reaction and selective CO oxidation and has a controllable air supply (24), the apparatus (10 ) is to be approached during a cold start with a constant load.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur katalytischen Brenngasaufbereitung eines wasserstoffreichen Reformergases für eine Brennstoffzelle mit den in Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmalen sowie ein dazugehöriges Verfahren zur katalytischen Brenngasaufbereitung mit den in Anspruch 15 genannten Merkmalen.The invention relates to a device for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell with the features mentioned in claim 1 and an associated method for catalytic fuel gas treatment with the features mentioned in claim 15.
Brennstoffzellen sind elektrochemische Zellen, mit denen die chemische Energie eines geeigneten Brennstoffes mit Sauerstoff aus der Luft kontinuierlich in elektrische Energie gewandelt werden kann. Als Brennstoffe kommen hauptsächlich Wasserstoff, Methanol und Methan in Betracht. Gewöhnliche Kraftstoffe sind nicht direkt einsetzbar und müssen durch eine chemische Reformierungsreaktion in Wasserstoff umgewandelt werden. Letzterer Energieträger zeichnet sich jedoch durch seine gute Verfügbarkeit, geringeres Sicherheitsrisiko und geringen Logistikaufwand zur Bereitstellung des Treibstoffes aus.Fuel cells are electrochemical cells with which the chemical energy of a suitable fuel with oxygen from the air can be continuously converted into electrical energy. As fuels are mainly hydrogen, methanol and methane into consideration. Ordinary fuels are not directly usable and must be converted to hydrogen by a chemical reforming reaction. However, the latter energy source is characterized by its good availability, lower security risk and low logistics costs for providing the fuel.
Für den mobilen Einsatz von Brennstoffzellen eignen sich insbesondere so genannte Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzellen. Diese Zellen können typischerweise mit 80 bis 100°C betrieben werden – unter Umständen besteht auch die Möglichkeit, diese Zellen bei Raumtemperatur zu betreiben (zum Beispiel eine Proton Exchange Membrane Full Cell (PEM-FC)). Als Katalysatoren für den elektrochemischen Prozess eignen sich Edelmetalle. Aufgrund ihrer Affinität zu Kohlenmonoxid muss dieses weitestgehend aus dem bereitgestellten Brenngas entfernt werden. Die Toleranzgrenze für Kohlenmonoxid an den derzeit verwendeten Anodenkatalysatoren liegt bei einer Betriebstemperatur der Brennstoffzelle von 80 bis 100°C bei etwa 10 CO-Teilchen pro 1 Million Katalysatorteilchen. Bei Bereitstellung eines Brenngases durch Reformingprozesse ist daher eine Gasreinigung beispielsweise mit selektiver CO-Oxidation notwendig.In particular, so-called low-temperature fuel cells are suitable for the mobile use of fuel cells. These cells can typically be operated at 80 to 100 ° C - it may also be possible to operate these cells at room temperature (for example, a Proton Exchange Membrane Full Cell (PEM-FC)). Suitable catalysts for the electrochemical process are noble metals. Due to their affinity for carbon monoxide, this must be largely removed from the fuel gas provided. The tolerance limit for carbon monoxide on the currently used anode catalysts is at an operating temperature of the fuel cell of 80 to 100 ° C at about 10 CO particles per 1 million catalyst particles. When providing a fuel gas by reforming processes, therefore, a gas purification, for example, with selective CO oxidation is necessary.
Beim Benzin- oder Methanolreforming zur Brenngasaufbereitung erfolgt zunächst in einer ersten Stufe eine katalytische Reformierung mit Wasserdampf bei hohen Temperaturen. Das entstehende Wasserstoff-, Kohlendioxid- und Kohlenmonoxidgemisch wird in nachfolgenden katalytischen Stufen mit Wasser in Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid umgesetzt. Ein verbleibender Rest von Kohlenmonoxid muss beispielsweise durch selektive Oxidation in der Gasreinigungsstufe entfernt werden. Eine hinreichende Gasreinigung ist bislang nur durch in Reihe geschaltete Stufen für die Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion und selektive CO-Entfernung erreichbar. Dies führt zum Einen zu einem erheblichen Bauraumbedarf und hohem Eigengewicht der Anlage und zum Anderen sind der Edelmetallbedarf und damit die Materialkosten für die katalytischen Komponenten einer solchen Anlage hoch.When gasoline or methanol reforming for fuel gas treatment is carried out first in a first stage, a catalytic reforming with water vapor at high temperatures. The resulting hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide mixture is converted in subsequent catalytic stages with water in hydrogen and carbon dioxide. For example, residual carbon monoxide needs to be removed by selective oxidation in the gas purification stage. Sufficient gas purification has so far only been achieved by series-connected stages for the water gas shift reaction and selective CO removal. On the one hand, this leads to a considerable space requirement and a high dead weight of the system and, on the other hand, the precious metal requirement and thus the material costs for the catalytic components of such a system are high.
Ein Brennstoffzellensystem mit einer Brennstoffzelle, um einen wasserstoffreichen Strom mit Sauerstoff elektrochemisch zu reagieren und Elektrizität zu erzeugen, ist aus der Druckschrift
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, eine Vorrichtung zur katalytischen Brenngasaufbereitung zu schaffen, die mit geringerem Gewicht und Volumen und niedrigeren Kosten den Einsatz von Brennstoffzellen in mobilen Systemen verbessert. Weiterhin soll ein Verfahren geschaffen werden, mit dem der Betrieb einer solchen Vorrichtung unter Kaltstartbedingungen oder unter Volllast optimiert wird.Object of the present invention is therefore to provide a device for catalytic fuel gas treatment, which improves the use of fuel cells in mobile systems with lower weight and volume and lower cost. Furthermore, a method is to be created with which the operation of such a device is optimized under cold start conditions or under full load.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Vorrichtung zur katalytischen Brenngasaufbereitung mit den in dem Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmalen sowie das Verfahren mit den in dem Anspruch 15 genannten Merkmalen gelöst. Die Vorrichtung besteht aus in Strömungsrichtung des Reformergases aufeinander folgend angeordneten Baustufen mit
- a) einer ersten Baustufe mit einem Niedertemperatur-Konverter, welche zur Durchführung einer Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion mit einem Katalysator beschichtet ist, und
- b) zumindest einer weiteren Baustufe mit mindestens einer kombinierten Gasreinigungsstufe, welche zur Durchführung der Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion und selektiven CO-Oxidation mit einem Katalysator beschichtet ist und eine steuerbare Luftzuführung aufweist.
- a) a first construction stage with a low-temperature converter, which is coated to carry out a water gas shift reaction with a catalyst, and
- b) at least one further stage of construction with at least one combined gas purification stage, which is coated to carry out the water gas shift reaction and selective CO oxidation with a catalyst and having a controllable air supply.
Durch Verwendung geeigneter Edelmetallkatalysatoren, die sowohl die Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion als auch die selektive CO-Oxidation katalysieren, wird durch eine Zusammenfassung der möglichen Funktionalitäten der Katalysatoren in einer gemeinsamen kombinierten Gasreinigungsstufe eine Reduzierung von Bauraum, Gewicht und Katalysatormasse ermöglicht. Im Normalbetrieb der Brenngasaufbereitung kann durch die aufgezeigte Anordnung sowohl ein hinreichend hoher Wasserstoffgehalt erzielt werden als auch die CO-Konzentration ausreichend abgesenkt werden. Unter besonderen Betriebsbedingungen, wie beispielsweise einem Kaltstart oder Volllast, lässt sich durch gezielte Luftzuführung der erhöhte CO-Anteil im Brenngas selektiv aufoxidieren. Beim Kaltstart wird die Vorrichtung vorzugsweise mit konstanter Last angefahren, um eine optimale Verweilzeit des Reformergases am Katalysator zu gewährleisten. Falls erforderlich, wird Luft in die kombinierte Gasreinigungsstufe eingeblasen, um durch die freiwerdende Wärme der CO-Oxidation schneller die notwendige Betriebstemperatur zu erreichen.By using suitable noble metal catalysts, which catalyze both the water gas shift reaction and the selective CO oxidation, a reduction of space, weight and catalyst mass is made possible by a summary of the possible functionalities of the catalysts in a combined combined gas purification stage. In normal operation of the fuel gas treatment can be achieved by the arrangement shown both a sufficiently high hydrogen content and the CO concentration can be sufficiently lowered. Under special operating conditions, such as a cold start or full load, the increased CO content in the fuel gas can be selectively oxidized by targeted air supply. During a cold start, the device is preferably started with a constant load in order to ensure an optimum residence time of the reformer gas on the catalyst. If necessary, air is blown into the combined gas purification stage to more quickly reach the required operating temperature through the released CO oxidation heat.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung ist dem Niedertemperatur-Konverter ein Wärmeaustauscher vorgeschaltet, der das Reformergas auf die Betriebstemperatur des Niedertemperatur-Konverters abkühlt. Der Wärmeaustauscher ist nicht oder kann optional im Bereich der Reformer-Gasführung mit einer geringen Katalysatorbeladung beschichtet sein. In letzterem Fall wird die Möglichkeit geschaffen, bei gleichzeitiger Kühlung in geringerem Umfang eine Wasserstoffgenerierung über die (exotherme) Wassergas-Shift-Reaktion zu bewirken. Bevorzugt ist ferner, dass der Wärmetauscher und der Niedertemperatur-Konverter einen gemeinsamen Kühlkreislauf besitzen, wobei eine Förderrichtung des Kühlmediums im Wärmetauscher als auch im Niedertemperatur-Konverter, bevorzugt im Gegenstrom zur Führungsrichtung des Reformergases, verläuft.In an advantageous embodiment of the device, the low-temperature converter is preceded by a heat exchanger, which cools the reformer gas to the operating temperature of the low-temperature converter. The heat exchanger is not or may optionally be coated in the region of the reformer gas guide with a low catalyst loading. In the latter case, the possibility is created, while cooling to a lesser extent hydrogen generation via the (exothermic) water gas shift reaction to effect. It is further preferred that the heat exchanger and the low-temperature converter have a common cooling circuit, wherein a conveying direction of the cooling medium in the heat exchanger and in the low-temperature converter, preferably in countercurrent to the direction of the reformer gas, runs.
Eine weitere Einsparung von Gewicht und Bauraum wird vorzugsweise dadurch erzielt, dass der Wärmeaustauscher und der Niedertemperatur-Konverter zu einer baulichen Einheit zusammengefasst sind. Denkbar ist auch, den Niedertemperatur-Konverter und die mindestens eine kombinierte Gasreinigungsstufe zu koppeln. Vorzugsweise können alle drei Komponenten – also der Wärmeaustauscher, der Niedertemperatur-Reformer und die kombinierte Gasreinigungsstufe – zu einer kompakten und geringen Bauraum benötigenden, baulichen Einheit zusammengefasst werden.A further saving of weight and space is preferably achieved in that the heat exchanger and the low-temperature converter are combined to form a structural unit. It is also conceivable to couple the low-temperature converter and the at least one combined gas purification stage. Preferably, all three components - ie the heat exchanger, the low-temperature reformer and the combined gas purification stage - can be combined to form a compact and small space-requiring, structural unit.
Ferner ist bevorzugt, dass dem Wärmeaustauscher ein Konverter vorgeschaltet ist. Dieser kann entweder mit Hinsicht auf eine adiabatische Reaktionsführung oder eine isotherme Reaktionsführung ausgelegt sein. Im letzteren Fall sind Hochtemperatur-Konverter bevorzugt, deren Betriebstemperaturen im Bereich von 350 bis 500°C liegen.Furthermore, it is preferred that the heat exchanger is preceded by a converter. This can be designed either with regard to an adiabatic reaction or an isothermal reaction. In the latter case, high temperature converters are preferred whose operating temperatures are in the range of 350 to 500 ° C.
Eine weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass der kombinierten Gasreinigungsstufe eine zusätzliche, wahlweise ansteuerbare Gasreinigungsstufe zur selektiven CO-Oxidation nachgeordnet ist. Die Gasreinigungsstufe ist vorzugsweise zur isothermen Reaktionsführung ausgelegt und weist eine Kühlung auf, deren Kühlmedium im Gleichstrom zur Führungsrichtung des Reformergases gefördert wird. Diese zusätzliche Gasreinigungsstufe wird immer dann angesteuert, wenn das Reformergas trotz selektiver CO-Oxidation in den vorgeschalteten Baustufen noch einen zu hohen Kohlenmonoxid-Anteil aufweist.A further preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the combined gas purification stage is followed by an additional, optionally controllable gas purification stage for selective CO oxidation. The gas purification stage is preferably designed for isothermal reaction control and has a cooling, the cooling medium is conveyed in cocurrent to the direction of the reformer gas. This additional gas purification stage is always activated when the reformer gas still has too high a carbon monoxide content despite selective CO oxidation in the upstream stages of construction.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird die kombinierte Gasreinigungsstufe mit einer Katalysatormasse, die unterhalb der theoretisch für eine maximale katalytische Aktivität bei Volllast notwendigen Katalysatormasse liegt (Auslegungsgrenze), beschichtet. Bei Lastanforderungen, die oberhalb der Auslegungsgrenze liegen, wird darin zur Senkung des CO-Niveaus Luft über die Luftzufuhr der kombinierten Gasreinigungsstufe eingeblasen. Damit lässt sich die benötigte Edelmetallmasse für die Katalysatoren reduzieren.In a further advantageous embodiment, the combined gas purification stage is coated with a catalyst mass which is below the theoretical catalyst mass required for maximum catalytic activity at full load (design limit). For load requirements above the design limit, air is injected through the combined gas purge stage to lower the CO level. This can reduce the required precious metal mass for the catalysts.
Weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den übrigen, in den Unteransprüchen genannten Merkmalen.Further preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the remaining, mentioned in the dependent claims characteristics.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend in einem Ausführungsbeispiel anhand der zugehörigen Zeichnung, die in schematischer Weise eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zeigt, näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail in an embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows schematically a device according to the invention.
Die Figur zeigt schematisch eine Vorrichtung
Hierzu tritt das den Reformer verlassende Reformergas zunächst in einen Hochtemperatur-Konverter
Nach Durchlaufen des Hochtemperatur-Konverters
Der Niedertemperatur-Konverter
Das aufgereinigte Reformergas kann über geeignete Gaswege
Beim Kaltstart kann das System mit konstanter Last angefahren werden, wodurch eine CO-Feinreinigung bei optimaler Verweilzeit des Reformergases über dem selektiven CO-Oxidationskatalysator ermöglicht wird, Eine lastwechselbedingte, an CO-Oxidationskatalysatoren bekannte Rückshift-Problematik durch CO-Akkumulation kann damit umgangen werden. Zudem arbeiten der Hochtemperatur-Konverter
Die Baueinheit
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
- 1010
- Vorrichtung zur katalytischen BrenngasaufbereitungDevice for catalytic fuel gas treatment
- 1212
- Hochtemperatur-KonverterHigh-temperature converter
- 1414
- Baueinheitunit
- 1616
- Wärmeaustauscherheat exchangers
- 1818
- Niedertemperatur-KonverterLow Temperature Converter
- 2020
- kombinierte Gasreinigungsstufecombined gas purification stage
- 2222
- KühlkreislaufCooling circuit
- 2424
- Luftzuführungair supply
- 2626
- Gaswegegas paths
- 2828
- GasreinigungsstufeGas purification stage
- 3030
- KühlkreislaufCooling circuit
- 3232
- Luftzuführungair supply
Claims (21)
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DE10149658.3A DE10149658B4 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2001-10-09 | Apparatus and method for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell |
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DE10149658.3A DE10149658B4 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2001-10-09 | Apparatus and method for the catalytic fuel gas treatment of a hydrogen-rich reformer gas for a fuel cell |
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US5330727A (en) * | 1992-03-19 | 1994-07-19 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Apparatus for removing carbon monoxide from gaseous media |
US5360679A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1994-11-01 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Hydrocarbon fueled solid polymer fuel cell electric power generation system |
EP0650922A1 (en) * | 1993-10-14 | 1995-05-03 | Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the catalytic removal of CO from a H2 rich gas |
US5464606A (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-11-07 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Two-stage water gas shift conversion method |
DE19603222C1 (en) * | 1996-01-30 | 1997-08-28 | Daimler Benz Ag | Method and device for obtaining a hydrogen-rich, low-carbon monoxide gas |
WO1997044123A1 (en) * | 1996-05-17 | 1997-11-27 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Shift converter |
WO2000039875A1 (en) * | 1998-12-23 | 2000-07-06 | International Fuel Cells, Llc | A hydrocarbon fueled power plant employing a proton exchange membrane (pem) fuel cell |
DE10054139A1 (en) * | 1999-11-08 | 2001-05-17 | Gen Motors Corp | Fuel cell system has fuel cell to electrochemically react hydrogen-rich stream with oxygen and produce electricity |
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2001
- 2001-10-09 DE DE10149658.3A patent/DE10149658B4/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
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US5330727A (en) * | 1992-03-19 | 1994-07-19 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Apparatus for removing carbon monoxide from gaseous media |
US5360679A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1994-11-01 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Hydrocarbon fueled solid polymer fuel cell electric power generation system |
EP0650922A1 (en) * | 1993-10-14 | 1995-05-03 | Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the catalytic removal of CO from a H2 rich gas |
US5464606A (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-11-07 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Two-stage water gas shift conversion method |
DE19603222C1 (en) * | 1996-01-30 | 1997-08-28 | Daimler Benz Ag | Method and device for obtaining a hydrogen-rich, low-carbon monoxide gas |
WO1997044123A1 (en) * | 1996-05-17 | 1997-11-27 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Shift converter |
WO2000039875A1 (en) * | 1998-12-23 | 2000-07-06 | International Fuel Cells, Llc | A hydrocarbon fueled power plant employing a proton exchange membrane (pem) fuel cell |
DE10054139A1 (en) * | 1999-11-08 | 2001-05-17 | Gen Motors Corp | Fuel cell system has fuel cell to electrochemically react hydrogen-rich stream with oxygen and produce electricity |
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