CN1890989B - 液晶显示器的动态伽马 - Google Patents

液晶显示器的动态伽马 Download PDF

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CN1890989B
CN1890989B CN2004800368662A CN200480036866A CN1890989B CN 1890989 B CN1890989 B CN 1890989B CN 2004800368662 A CN2004800368662 A CN 2004800368662A CN 200480036866 A CN200480036866 A CN 200480036866A CN 1890989 B CN1890989 B CN 1890989B
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潘昊
冯晓帆
S·J·达利
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N17/00—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details
    • H04N17/02—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details for colour television signals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/1306—Details
    • G02F1/1309—Repairing; Testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
    • G09G2320/0271—Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping
    • G09G2320/0276—Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping for the purpose of adaptation to the characteristics of a display device, i.e. gamma correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/06—Adjustment of display parameters
    • G09G2320/0693—Calibration of display systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
    • G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers

Abstract

一种表征液晶显示器响应的测量系统。

Description

液晶显示器的动态伽马
本申请要求提交于2003年12月18日题目为LCD Temporal ResponseMeasurement，Characterization & Improvement的60/531441号美国临时申请以及提交于2004年8月20日的题目为A NEW METRIC FOR LCD TEMPORALRESPONSE：DYNAMIC GAMMA的60/603457号美国临时申请的权益。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于表征液晶显示器的响应的测量技术。
背景技术
由于相比许多其它显示技术，液晶显示器在尺寸、重量、式样、功耗和/或调制变换功能方面的优势，基于液晶的显示器更普遍地用于显示视频，例如电视广播。与传统的阴极射线管和等离子体显示器相比，液晶显示器具有与移动图像的运动模糊相关的明显缺点。液晶面板中的运动模糊的一个主要原因是相比典型视频的帧速率而言面板具有相对较慢的暂态响应。已作出大量努力以加速液晶面板的暂态响应，并且其中一种技术被称为过驱动技术。可以用响应时间来测量液晶面板的响应。
响应时间一般被定义为初始亮度和目标亮度之间差的90％的到达时间。液晶显示器响应时间的概念演化为对通-断黑-白液晶面板的特性的描述。为了对具有灰度性能的液晶显示面板进行描述，采样和覆盖驱动值范围的一组响应时间(一般为9×9)被测量并一般由三维柱形图表示。已注意到响应时间的定义将较大误差容限赋予在初始亮度和目标亮度之间具有较大差的过渡。例如，当实际亮度达到229.5时，测量0-255的响应时间，而当实际亮度达到249.5时，测量200-255的响应时间。尽管从表面上看，两次过渡共享相同的目标亮度，实际却以不同的终止亮度值(分别249.5和229.5)对实际响应时间进行测量。
移动图片响应时间(MPRT)的度量已由工业工作组开发出。MPRT是基于测量显示装置屏幕上的摄像机捕获的运动尖锐边缘的模糊宽度。摄像机用平滑追踪和合成效果模拟人类视觉系统(HVS)。因此，MRPT不仅可用于描述LC面板，也可用来与PDP和CRT进行比较。然而，MPRT并不是定量地描述液晶面板的暂态响应的所期望的度量。最重要地，MPRT将液晶面板的两个模糊因子混合在一起；保持型(hold-type)显示和缓慢的暂态响应。另外，获得MPRT测量是复杂的。为有效地获得MPRT测量，系统需要模仿人类视觉系统中的两种效果，即平滑追踪与合成。合成仅需正确地设置摄像机的曝光时间，而平滑追踪要求摄像机追踪尖锐边缘的运动。由于平滑追踪的实现难度，业内开发出四种不同的方法。其中两种方法使摄像机镜头物理地追踪移动物体(例如普通追踪)。由于摄像机追踪可能代价很高，另外两种较简单的方法从静态摄像机镜头加上追踪和合成效果的数学模型计算得到结果。
附图说明
图1示出液晶显示器的传统响应时间。
图2A和图2B示出动态伽马曲线的二维曲线。
图3示出从相同亮度开始并具有不同驱动值的两条过渡曲线。
图4A和图4B示出过驱动后的动态伽马曲线。
图5示出动态伽马测量的输入驱动序列。
图6示出二阶动态伽马测量的输入驱动序列。
图7A和图7B示出基于模型的和惯用的过驱动技术。
图8A和图8B示出动态伽马曲线。
具体实施方式
发明人认识到，使用传统响应时间数据作为液晶显示器工作特性的唯一定量描述并不是有效的，尤其是在比较两种类似的液晶显示面板时，其中当使用略为不同的工艺制造液晶显示器时，其中一个面板的一些响应特性会与另一面板的响应特性不匹配。
相比传统响应时间和MPRT而言，一种用于识别的、本文中称之为“动态伽马”的新度量更适用于描述液晶面板的暂态响应。动态伽马和它的二维图形表示具有与过驱动设计和评估有关的特性。动态伽马显露出过驱动的根本局限性并提供了对特定液晶面板的过驱动技术的有效性进行定量的直接技术。动态伽马还直接产生两种液晶面板之间的定量比较。另外，动态伽马的测量相对简单，尤其与MPRT相比。
动态伽马度量包括显示器的伽马特性。显示器的伽马描述了输入数字计数(如果8比特，则为0-255)和显示器的输出亮度之间的非线性关系。例如，阴极射线管的非线性关系是指数约为2.2的幂函数。液晶面板的固有静态伽马是S形的，并且伽马校正电路经常用来使液晶面板具有与阴极射线管相同的伽马。关于伽马，对于特定映射来说不一定是必须的，而是仅表示从线性空间到非线性空间的映射。
CRT从一个亮度级到另一亮度级具有相对快的过渡。相反，LCD具有渐变性并且从一个亮度级到另一亮度级缓慢地过渡。在过渡期内，输入数字计数和LCD输出亮度之间的非线性关系倾向于改变。
为了更准确地表征液晶面板在过渡时间内动态的输入-输出关系，出现了一种本文中称之为“动态伽马”的表征。动态伽马值是过渡开始后在暂态时间点上的亮度。过渡后的时间点可以是预设的期间，它关联于所选择的过渡或者关联于视频序列帧的表示。较为有利地，固定时间点被选择为过渡开始后的一帧时间。更具体地，动态伽马值被定义为施加一个新驱动值后一帧时间处的实际显示亮度值。
为了减少不同液晶面板之间的差异造成的影响，可用液晶面板的伽马对所测得的液晶面板的显示亮度进行归一化。更具体地，通过逆伽马曲线将所测得的显示亮度映射回数字-计数域(如果液晶面板为8比特，则为0-255)。
如图1所示，传统过渡时间描述了在过渡时间下，液晶面板的动态输入-输出关系。换句话说，响应时间测量一个像素从起始值过渡以达到由起始亮度和目标亮度预设的值所需的过渡时间。相反，动态伽马测量了一帧从起始亮度过渡以到达目标亮度的后的实际亮度。概括地说，传统过渡时间测量了达到固定亮度的时间，而后者则测量了达到固定时间的亮度。还能使用其它暂态时间周期，例如整数个的帧时间、或通常在达到最终亮度值前被归一化的任何适当的时间，尽管这不一定是必需的。
动态伽马较为有利地具有两个输入值：起始亮度和目标亮度。动态伽马还对两输入值的范围(例如9×9)进行离散采样以覆盖一组可能的过渡，例如所有过渡或大部分过渡。
和一般由三维柱形图表示的响应时间不同，动态伽马较为有利地被图示为一组二维曲线，如图2A和图2B所示。这些曲线被称为动态伽马曲线。每条曲线表征具有相同起始亮度值的显示亮度和驱动值之间的关系，不同的曲线表征不同的起始值。为方便起见，可用动态曲线的起始值来索引动态曲线。例如，曲线0表示从亮度值0开始的曲线。
更具体地，图2(a)和图2(b)示出从使用不同技术制造的两种液晶面板(LCD A和LCD B)测量得到的动态伽马曲线的两条二维曲线。图解地示出9×9个测得的数据，图2(a)和图2(b)示出动态伽马的四种性质：
(1)图2A和图2B示出每条曲线单调递增的图，具有较高起始亮度的曲线在具有较低起始亮度的曲线上方。该图反映出液晶面板的一下事实：(i)一个过渡的亮度始终高于从相同亮度开始但具有较低驱动值的另一过渡的亮度；(ii)一个过渡的亮度高于具有相同驱动值并从相同起始亮度开始的另一过渡的亮度，如图3所示。
(2)图2A和图2B中的曲线总地来说是分散的，分散是由液晶面板的缓慢响应造成的，并且曲线覆盖的面积反映液晶面板的暂态响应的缓慢程度。液晶面板响应越快，分散的面积就越小。具有瞬时响应的理想液晶面板具有收敛为一条曲线的多条动态伽马曲线。由于输入-输出动态伽马关系被归一化为数字-计数相对数字-计数域，因此所收敛的曲线是具有相同输入和输出的线性直线。
(3)可从图2A和图2B中的九条动态伽马曲线直接获得9×9过驱动查找表。给定当前目标值和前一帧的值，系统可确定与前一帧的值对应的曲线。然后系统确定该曲线的上使目标值和驱动值为过驱动值的驱动值。例如，具有图2A所示的动态伽马曲线的LCD A，如果希望在当前帧为50并且在前一帧为0，则首先找到曲线0；然后找到曲线上的120作为使输出为50的过驱动值。
(4)图2A和图2B表示对于任何起始亮度而言，存在一帧后始终无法达到的某一亮度。例如，可从图2看出如果起始亮度为白(255)，LCD A和B均无法在一帧周期内达到黑(0)；如果起始亮度为黑(0)，两个面板均无法在一帧周期内达到白(255)。所测得的动态伽马值定量地描述了液晶面板的动态特性。与较好暂态响应对应较小值的过渡时间不同，动态伽马的特征在于较接近目标值的值对应于较好的响应。在二维曲线中，较好的暂态响应具有更具收敛性的动态曲线。
液晶面板的暂态响应的上述定量表征要求大量的动态伽马值。然而，可大幅度减少用来实现该目的的值的数量。具体地说，就是用一组动态伽马曲线所分散的面积大小来定量地描述液晶面板的动态特性。尽管有这么多曲线，但面积大小实际仅由两条动态伽马曲线确定：顶端曲线(如果为8比特，则起始亮度255)以及底端曲线(起始亮度0)。根据前述的第一性质，其余的曲线落在这两条曲线之间。因此，对于测得的9×9个动态伽马值而言，只有分别和从0和255开始过渡的两组相对应的2×9个值。例如，图2(b)中LCD B的面积远大于图2(a)的LCD A的面积，这表示LCD B的暂态响应慢很多。
此外，从这么多动态曲线导出的一个数被用来表征LC面板的暂态响应。具体地说，该数被定义为：
dg = 1 2 J Σ i = 0 J - 1 Σ j = 0 J - 1 ( lum ij - LUM j ) 2
其中I为起始亮度数量，J为目标亮度数量，lumij为具有第i个起始亮度和第j个目标亮度的动态伽马值，而LUMj为第j个目标亮度值。上述等式计算了动态伽马值与目标值的偏差。数dg表示动态曲线分散的面积。理想地，如果面板具有瞬时的暂态响应，则dg应为0。dg越小。面板响应越快。
特定液晶面板的动态伽马曲线被用来评估过驱动的质量。更重要地，它们显露出应用于面板的过驱动的性能和限制。过驱动应用一个基于前一帧和当前帧的驱动值以加速过渡。如前所述，理想的快速响应面板具有收敛为一条直线的一组动态伽马曲线。因此，良好的过驱动面板应向一条直线收敛。
然而，过驱动永远不是完美的。图4A和图4B示出应用过驱动技术的两个LC面板(LCD A-B)的测得的动态伽马。图4A和图4B中的动态伽马曲线几乎收敛成一条线，除两端以外。两端处的两个三角形“死区”不是因为“低劣”的过驱动，而使因为过驱动技术的根本局限。
过驱动技术的不完善性是因为：对任何起始亮度而言，由于输入驱动值必需在0-255的范围内，因此无法在一帧后达到某一亮度。因此，过驱动无法百分之一百地解决液晶面板的缓慢响应问题。
过驱动不完善性的定量表述可由动态伽马提供。从图4A和图4B可观察到，两个临界点确定死区的大小。较低的临界点表征从255到0的过渡，而较高临界点则表征从0到255的过渡。概括地说，在所有曲线中，两条特定动态伽马曲线(0和255)是最重要的。两条曲线覆盖的面积反映了液晶面板的暂态响应。每条曲线具有决定过驱动性能的临界点。
由于LCD B的通-断特性比LCD A的差很多，即使是过驱动，LCD B仍然无法赶上LCD A。在图4(a)和图4(b)中，LCD B的过驱动死区比LCD A的大很多。事实上，LCD B无法在一帧周期内达到大多数值的期望级别。这样的液晶面板相比LCD A而言，不是基于视频应用的理想选择。
动态伽马的测量系统包括图5所示驱动输入。在帧0前，驱动值zn-1被施加若干周期以使像素进入均衡状态。然后在帧0中，施加一个覆盖驱动范围(对8比特液晶面板而言0-255)的不同的驱动值zn，并且在帧0结束时测量相应亮度。
二阶动态伽马值被定义为在施加两个连续的新驱动值后两帧时间的实际显示亮度值。图6示出二阶动态伽马测量的驱动序列。测量在帧1结束时进行，并且帧1的驱动值与帧0的驱动值不同。
二阶动态伽马可以被绘制与一阶动态伽马相同的二维曲线。二阶动态伽马可评估过驱动算法的质量。图7A和图7B示出用两种过驱动技术的液晶面板的二阶动态伽马，即图7A基于模型的过驱动和图7B基于惯例的过驱动。一阶动态伽马表示出两种过驱动技术之间的显著的差别，然而图7A和图7B中的第二过驱动伽马曲线表示基于模型的过驱动技术相比基于非模型的惯用过驱动技术而言导致中音区域中较少的扩散。
该度量考虑人类视觉系统特性。一种方法是将动态伽马绘制为输入(期望亮度)和输出(结果亮度)轴的亮度函数，如图8A所示。然而，由于L*(approx.cube-root)靠近视频代码值的伽马校正空间，该效果相对小。尽管它的作用是加深了音级的暗色端处的偏差。
然而，由于人们能方便地使系统运行在不同的帧速率下(例如30hz、60hz和120hz)，这不意味着动态伽马对视觉系统是稳健的。在这种情况下，相同动态伽马问题的可见度会在很宽的范围内变动。如果图8B所示的偏离事实上可见，系统就可将视觉容限投影到动态伽马曲线图中(即使仅表征为代码值)以给出指引。
图4所示的图解尤其适用于表征显示器或提供不同显示器之间的有意义的区别。可以任何适当的方式给出图解，例如在显示器、电子文档或打印文档上。另外，当与卡对应的实际显示一起被设置在购买者可见的卡(例如纸卡或塑料卡)的某个位置上时，图解能提供有意义的比较。这样，商店货架上若干不同的显示与相应卡一起为购买者提供作出告知决定的能力。
在某些情况下，希望使显示和像素处于稳定的工作状态下。然后在预设时间周期内(例如一帧时间)驱动像素至中间亮度级。由系统测量中间亮度级。然后在预设时间周期内(例如一帧时间)驱动像素至另一亮度级。另一亮度级通过系统测量得到。在某些情况下，系统包括过驱动电路，可以在显示器内也可在测量系统外部。可根据需要选择测量点的数量。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于确定液晶显示器的响应特性的方法：
(a)确立所述显示器的初始亮度值；
(b)驱动所述显示器至目标亮度值；
(c)在预定时间间隔之后，测量所述显示器的实际亮度值；
(d)针对多个目标亮度值重复步骤(b)和(c)；
(e)针对多个初始亮度值重复步骤(a)到(d)；以及
(f)基于所述测得的实际亮度值来表征所述液晶显示器的响应时间特性。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预定时间间隔是基于整数个帧时间周期的。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预定时间间隔是一个帧时间周期。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，使用9个所述初始亮度值和9个所述目标亮度值。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述响应时间特性的所述表征是由多条绘制关于驱动亮度的测得亮度的曲线来图形化表示的，其中每条曲线对应一初始亮度值。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述响应时间特性的所述表征是由所述多条曲线的最外层曲线之间的面积来表达的。
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US7164284B2 (en) 2007-01-16
KR20070029128A (ko) 2007-03-13
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WO2005067453A3 (en) 2005-12-29
WO2005067453A2 (en) 2005-07-28
JP4757201B2 (ja) 2011-08-24
KR100875326B1 (ko) 2008-12-22
CN1890989A (zh) 2007-01-03
US20050134302A1 (en) 2005-06-23

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