CN1845709B - 用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的设备 - Google Patents

用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的设备 Download PDF

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CN1845709B
CN1845709B CN2004800252083A CN200480025208A CN1845709B CN 1845709 B CN1845709 B CN 1845709B CN 2004800252083 A CN2004800252083 A CN 2004800252083A CN 200480025208 A CN200480025208 A CN 200480025208A CN 1845709 B CN1845709 B CN 1845709B
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axle
cavity
cutting tool
intubate
instrument
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理查德·W·莱恩
布赖斯·安东·韦
德里克·S·罗思韦尔
阿尔贝托·R·坎图
阿夫拉姆·阿兰·艾迪丁
马克·A·赖利
阿里·斯霍尔滕
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Medtronic Spine LLC
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Abstract

提供了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具的切削刀具(20、120、220、300、620、720、820)的几个实施例。切削刀具提供了旋转和平移切削。用于展开切削刀具的致动器机构(22、150、180A)将轮的旋转运动转换为柱塞杆(156)的平移运动。当切削刀具从第一非展开位置变为第二展开位置以及从第二展开位置变为第一非展开位置时,致动器机构提供了有效的切削作用。在骨骼里形成空洞的方法提供了一种或多个机械切削工具,该机械切削工具可以与一个或多个可膨胀空洞形成结构组合使用以形成需要尺寸和结构的空洞。

Description

用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的设备
相关申请 
本申请要求拥有在2003年9月3日申请的、名称为“在身体内部区域里形成空洞的机械设备以及相关方法”(“Mechanical Device forCreating Voids in Interior Body Regions and Related Methods”)的临时美国申请60/499,934的权益。 
技术领域
本发明通常涉及用于在身体内部区域里形成空腔或空洞的工具。具体是,本发明涉及出于诊断或治疗目的而在骨骼上形成空洞。 
背景技术
因为放射性和其他类型的扫描技术提高了医生观察身体内部的能力,而不必切开一个切口,所以出于诊断和治疗目的而在一个身体固体器官内部形成腔室或空洞的最低程度侵害的方法变得越来越重要。 
当前采用最低程度侵害的技术以形成空洞的最常见的固体器官是骨骼。典型地,这是任何一种在身体里有病的骨骼,其具有骨折、骨质疏松症或肿瘤。最常见使用的骨骼空洞形成方法是可膨胀的骨骼夯具(tamp),如在美国专利4,969,888和5,108,404中所述。这种情况下的空洞形成通常随后会用填充物质例如骨骼粘固粉或骨骼替代物来进行填充。 
对于在固体器官内部形成空洞也可以使用机械方法。这些固体器官包括大脑、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏和骨骼。例如,在大脑里,使用最低程度侵害的机械空洞技术可以很容易得清除和冲洗脓肿。使用最低程度侵害的技术可以接近破裂的脾脏,以形成很小的空洞来填充明胶海 绵或一些其他凝血剂,以便止血。通过最低程度侵害的机械系统可以接近骨质疏松的断裂脊椎体或骨骼肿瘤,以便形成一个腔室或空洞,然后重新充满骨骼替代物。需要这样的系统和方法,其能够以安全有效的方式在骨骼和其他身体内部区域里形成空洞。 
发明内容
本发明提供用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的系统和方法。 
本发明的一个方面提供了一种用于切割或刮削骨骼的切削刀具(切削刀具)。在一个实施例中,在轴的端部处的刮匙类型的仪器可以机械的方式倾斜到不同的位置,以便将材料切碎,以形成空洞。在另一实施例中,在轴的端部处的机械设备类似T形结构,且允许平移和旋转切割,以形成空洞。在第三实施例中,切削刀具包括转弯(turned)且渐缩(tapered)的主干(trunk)。在第四实施例中,切削刀具包括锥形主干。在第五实施例中,锋利、坚固的金属弹簧设置在轴的端部上。在第六实施例中,轴的远端承载两个或更多的指状元件,以抓取组织以便抽出。在第七实施例中,铰接的空洞形成设备由轴承载,并允许用于形成空洞,所述空洞可以是矩形的或任何其他预先确定的形状。 
本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于展开切削刀具的致动器机构。在一个实施例中,指轮(thumbwheel)的旋转运动转换为柱塞杆的平移运动。在一个可选实施例中,通过一系列齿轮的相互作用,控制按钮的旋转运动转换为柱塞杆的平移运动。 
本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具。所述工具包括轴、用于接触骨骼的刀具和将刀具连接到轴的铰接元件。如果施加的力矩超过了最大铰接力矩,那么刀具就会变得分开。所述轴包括一邻近刀具的减弱区域,如果施加的力矩超过了最大轴力矩,所述轴将沿着减弱区域断裂。最大铰接力矩大于最大轴力矩。 
根据本发明的另一方面,用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具包括:包括内腔的轴组件;连接到轴的、用于接触骨骼的刀具;以及能在所述内腔里滑动的杆。所述杆被拴(tether)到刀具上。 
根据本发明的另一方面,用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具包括:包括内腔的轴;以及通过连接元件连接到轴的、用于接触骨骼的刀具。所述刀具另外拴到轴上,使得如果连接元件变得不能工作时,刀具仍拴在轴上。 
根据本发明的另一方面,用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具包括插管(cannula)和轴。所述轴具有手柄,且形成合适尺寸,并构造为穿过插管。突起从轴上径向伸出,以在插管内限制轴的向前运动。 
本发明的另一方面提供了在骨骼里形成空洞的方法。所述方法提供了一种或多种机械切削工具,该机械切削工具可以和一种或多种可膨胀空洞形成结构组合使用,以形成需要尺寸和结构的空洞。 
附图说明
图1是用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的机械工具的透视图,其以虚线的方式描绘了切削刀具的枢转运动。 
图2是一种骨骼治疗设备的透视图。 
图3是描绘图2的设备插入和使用在脊椎里的透视图。 
图4是切削刀具的可选择实施例的透视图,其以虚线的形式描绘了刀具的枢转运动。 
图5是图4中示出的刀具的正视图,其描绘了切削刀具的旋转运动。 
图6是描绘了在脊椎里的切削刀具的180°旋转运动,以便形成180°的空洞。 
图7描绘了相对于图6旋转了180°的轴,且切削刀具再次旋转180°,以便形成360°空洞。 
图8是图4中示出的刀具的侧视图,其描绘了处于锯切动作的切削刀具的平移运动。 
图9描绘了切削刀具的平移运动以及在脊椎内形成空洞。 
图10是描绘了使用标记带来识别切削刀具相对于插管的远端的位置的透视图。 
图11是描绘了使用止动块来限制轴在插管内的平移前进的透视图。 
图12A是位于切削工具的轴上的凹槽的放大视图。 
图12B是轴的一个可选实施例的透视图,在所述轴里,相对于轴的其他部分,轴的一部分由减小强度和/或刚度的材料形成。 
图13是止动块的一个可选实施例的透视图,所述止动块限制了轴沿着插管和在插管内的平移和旋转运动。 
图13A是限制了轴沿着插管和在插管内的平移和旋转运动的T形槽的一个可选实施例的透视图。 
图14是示意性视图,其表示了通过沿着凸轮表面完成一次凸轮随动件的完整扫动作所形成的空洞的预置大小和结构。 
图15是切削刀具的一个可选实施例的透视图,其以虚线的形式描绘了刀具的枢转运动。 
图16是图15中示出的刀具的前视平面图,其描绘了切削刀具的旋转运动。 
图17是切削刀具的一个可选实施例的透视图,其以虚线的形式描绘了刀具的枢转运动。 
图18是图17中示出的刀具的前视平面图,其描绘了切削刀具的旋转运动。 
图19是用于展开切削刀具的致动器机构的剖视图,其示出了将工具放在使用者的手里。 
图20是一个是图19的指轮、螺纹盖、法兰和止动块的近视局部剖视图。 
图21是切削刀具的束缚和铰接结构的剖开视图。 
图22是致动器机构的一个可选实施例的侧面剖视图,在该致动器 机构中,杠杆启动柱塞杆的运动。 
图23是结合了致动器机构的一个可选实施例的工具的透视图。 
图24是致动器机构的一个可选实施例的顶部剖视图。 
图25是致动器机构的一个可选实施例的侧面剖视图,其示出了将工具放在使用者手里。 
图26是一个侧面局部剖视图,其描绘了机械骨骼切削工具的一个可选实施例,并描绘了切削刀具处于在插管里伸直或可延展和收缩的状态。 
图27是类似于图26的视图,其描绘了切削刀具前进超出插管的远端刀具,且引入了流体以启动切削刀具。 
图28是类似于图27的视图,其描绘了启动切削刀具到一预先确定的配置。 
图29是切削刀具的一个可选实施例的侧视图,其描绘了处于伸直或可延展的状态的切削刀具。 
图30是类似于图29的视图,其描绘了处于启动状态的切削刀具。 
图31是切削刀具的一个可选实施例的侧视图,其描绘了处于伸直或可延展的状态的切削刀具。 
图32是类似于图31的视图,其描绘了处于启动状态的切削刀具。 
图33是由轴承载的切削刀具的一个可选实施例的侧视图,其描绘了一对内腔延伸穿过轴进入切削刀具中。 
图34是切削刀具的一个可选实施例的侧视图,其描绘了延伸穿过切削刀具的一个通孔。 
图35A是描绘了由插管限制的预先弯曲或形成的切削刀具。 
图35B是类似于图35A的侧视图,其描绘了通过将刀具伸出插管外来展开预先弯曲或形成的切削刀具。 
图36是机械空洞形成设备的一个可选实施例的侧视图。 
图37是机械空洞形成设备的一个可选实施例的侧视图。 
图38是机械空洞形成设备的一个可选实施例的侧视图。 
图39是图38中示出的设备的顶视图。 
图40是图38和39的设备的一个可选实施例的侧视图,其中弹簧刀 具从所述设备里伸出。 
图41A-D描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的方法,其中第一机械切削工具用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第二机械切削工具用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图42A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中第一机械切削工具用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第二机械切削工具和然后的可膨胀体用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图43A-D描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中第一可膨胀体用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第二可膨胀体用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图44A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中第一可膨胀体用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第二可膨胀体和随后的机械切削工具用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图45A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中第一可膨胀体用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而机械切削工具和随后的第二可膨胀体用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图46A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中可膨胀体用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第一机械切削工具和随后的第二机械切削工具用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图47A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中第一切削工具用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而可膨胀体和随后的第二机械切削工具用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
图48A-E描绘了一种形成和填充在骨骼里的空洞的可选方法,其中机械切削工具用于在骨骼里形成空洞,而第一可膨胀体和随后的第二可膨胀体用于膨胀和/或进一步限定空洞。 
具体实施方式
虽然此处的公开内容是详细且准确的,以便使得本领域的普通技术人员能够实施本发明,但是此处所公开的实际实施例仅仅是用来例证本发明的,本发明可以用其他具体结构进行实施。尽管已经描述了 优选实施例,但是在不背离本发明的情况下可以对具体细节进行改变,本发明由权利要求进行限定。 
实施本发明的系统和方法可以适用于几乎所有身体内部区域,在这些身体内部区域,出于治疗或诊断目的而要求在组织内形成腔室或空洞。优选实施例显示了与用于治疗骨骼的系统和方法相关的本发明。这是因为实施本发明的系统和方法能很好得适用于这个环境。应该注意的是,实施本发明的特征的系统和方法同样可以用于其他身体内部区域里。 
下面详细描述切削刀具的各种实施例。在每一种情况下,都可以形成它们的尺寸和形状以符合要形成的理想空洞,而不用管它是在胫骨里或是在脊椎体里。另外,这些机械工具可以由具有足够切变强度和抗拉强度以实现它们的空洞形成功能的任何具有生物相容性的金属(例如,但不限于,不锈钢、钛、钛合金、钽、铝、铝合金或其它金属)制成。具有合适的生物机械属性的塑料聚合物也可以用于这些工具。可选择的是,所述工具镀有或涂有生物相容的材料。 
I机械切削工具 
A.刮匙 
图1-3显示了能够在目标治疗区域里形成腔室或空洞的工具10。工具10包括具有近端和远端的轴12,近端和远端分别为14和16。轴12优选包括手柄18,以帮助抓住和操纵轴12通过一预先形成的进入路径进入骨骼。手柄18可以由任何合适的材料制成,例如任何刚性的聚合物或金属或者其组合,手柄18固定在轴12周围。手柄18形成需要的尺寸和结构,以便医生能牢固和舒适得握住。 
轴12在其远端16处承载有空洞形成结构20。在所绘出的实施例中,结构20采用了多面切削刀具20的形式。切削刀具20可以适用于各种身体区域里,例如用于在骨骼里形成空洞。切削刀具20也可以用 于从组织上去除硬的或软的肿瘤。如在这个说明书中所述的那样,切削刀具是这样一种表面,该表面适合于以机械的方式通过与骨骼相接触而在骨骼里形成空洞,通过例如切削、剪切、挖掘、剃刮、切(sciving)、剖开或刻痕骨骼。 
切削刀具20以铰接的方式连接到轴12的远端16上。切削刀具20根据需要适于从轴12径向伸出,和从预先形成的进入路径径向伸出到一定直径,该直径大于进入路径的直径。切削刀具20可以由任何合适的生物相容的材料制成,例如不锈钢、钴、铬、钛和它们的合金或混合物。可选择的是,轴12和切削刀具20可以由不同的材料(例如,具有不同强度的不锈钢合金:303不锈钢、304不锈钢、17-4不锈钢、17-7不锈钢)制成,并焊接在一起或以其他方式结合在一起。如下面将详细描述的那样,例如轮22(也参见例如图19和23)的致动器允许切削刀具20选择性地从第一关闭或非展开位置移到第二打开或展开位置。 
在关闭位置(图1中的实线所表示),切削刀具20沿着轴12的轴线S从轴12的远端16伸出。在这个位置,轴12可以很容易地穿过插管23或其他仪器。铰接机构允许刀具20枢转在轴12的轴线S的横向成角度A而到达打开位置(在图1中以虚线表示)。在一个优选实施例中,切削刀具20适于枢转,并可选择固定在相对于轴12的轴线S成0-90°的任何枢转位置里。 
希望的是,致动机构在所有启动程度中,提供沿着两个方向(即,从打开、展开位置到关闭、非展开位置,以及从关闭、非展开位置到打开、展开位置)的有效的、受控制的运动。即,不管轴12的旋转方向怎样,都保持固定的枢转位置和角度A。因为沿着任一方向启动刀具以提供双向切削,所以致动器机构提供了有效的切削作用。可以重复启动,以提供持续切削。可以改变启动的速度,以改变切削的速度。切削刀具20也允许在刀具处于展开位置时,沿着轴12的轴线S以推 拉方式或锯切动作方式进行平移(即纵向)运动。医生通过重复启动、平移运动,或通过执行一系列组合的启动和平移运动,形成了需要的空洞。 
在使用中,切削刀具20置于关闭位置,从轴12的远端16伸出,即其相对于轴线S成0°角度。工具10通过打开程序可以被引入到目标治疗位置。希望的是,以封闭和最低程度侵害的程序引入工具10,在该程序中,经皮插管被送进到需要治疗的区域,例如脊椎体37。然后,轴12穿过插管23,切削刀具20延伸到插管23的远端之外。可选择的是,在引入工具10之后,可以去除插管23。可以采用透视法或其他显象技术,以帮助引入插管23和工具进入目标治疗面积。然后,将切削刀具12枢转到需要的位置,即,优选的是在0-150°之间的任一位置,最优选的是大约90°。同样,可以想象到,刀具20可以在没有在非展开的情况下停止地在任一方向上展开。可以重复启动,通过推拉以锯切动作形式沿着前后方向推进轴12,从而形成空洞。 
如果需要旋转切割,需要转动轴12以重新定位刀具20,以继续切削。在这种情况下,切削刀具20返回到关闭位置,轴12转动或旋转到一个新位置。切削刀具20再次枢转到需要的角度A(打开位置),使用推拉动作沿着前后方向再次送进轴12。显而易见的是,轴12可以重新定位任意次,以产生需要结构的空洞。 
现在参考图2和图3,插管23根据需要结合了具有缩小轮廓的远端部分。插管23包括大直径部分25、小直径远端部分27以及过渡部分29。插管23可以在大直径部分25和小直径部分27之间设置为锥形(未示出)。工具10的轴12根据需要设置尺寸以安装在延伸通过插管23的内腔31内,轴12的尺寸可以是恒定的或者是变化的。 
希望的是,插管23的缩小的远端刀具直径将允许工具10的刀具可以插入到目标骨骼里,在骨骼里形成的进入路径的尺寸也对应地减 小。插管23的较小直径部分27将穿过皮层壁进入骨骼,而较大直径部分25可以抵靠在骨骼的外面(如果需要的话,可以密封开口),并将展开较软组织,但并不撕开所述较软组织。 
在一个优选实施例中,较小直径部分27根据需要设置尺寸,使得当较大直径部分25抵靠在肉茎的外皮骨骼33上时,较小直径部分27的远端延伸穿过肉茎35,并进入脊椎体37内,且进入松质骨39里。在这个实施例里,工具10可以如此设定尺寸,使得当工具10完全插入到插管23中时,将防止远端切削刀具20接触和/或刺破脊椎体37或目标骨骼的前面皮层壁41。 
2001年9月11日提出的、申请号为09/952,014、名称为“Systemsand Methods for Accessing and Treating Diseased or Fractrured BoneEmploying a Guide Wire”的美国专利申请描述了其他的小轮廓骨骼进入工具,该篇文献作为参考在此结合。 
B.T形刀具实施例 
在许多情况下,希望的是,沿着旋转和平移两个方向都进行切削。在这样的情况下,优选的是,对医生而言,旋转切削动作反映了符合人机工程学和自然的动作。图4-9描绘了具有切削刀具120的切削工具100的一个实施例,该切削工具允许利用符合人机工程学和自然的动作让切削刀具进行平移、旋转或者同时平移和旋转的运动。切削刀具由任何合适的生物相容的材料制成,例如不锈钢。 
如图4所描绘,切削刀具120提供了枢转区域124,该枢转区域124以铰接的形式连接到轴112上,例如枢转销126穿过在枢转区域124里的孔128并进入轴112里。这种配置允许大范围的枢转动作,从而允许切削刀具以几乎任何需要的角度枢转。在一个优选实施例中,切削刀具120适于相对于轴112的轴线S从0-90°枢转。类似于图1的实施例,致动机构在两个方向上都是有效的。 
凸缘130分开了枢转区域124和主干区域132,并对切削刀具120提供了额外的强度和支撑。当刀具120在90°处展开时(如图4中虚线所示),主干132的最大宽度(W)平行于轴112的轴线S。 
主干132承载有切削盘134,该切削盘134提供了在主干132的任一侧面上伸出的一对圆形切削表面,从而提供了360°的切削表面。在一个优选实施例中,盘134的直径大致与轴112的直径相同,从而使得在切削期间刀具120上的应力最小,并使其容易通过插管。 
刀具包括沿着盘134的刀具的平或直的切削表面136,该切削表面136为在切削骨骼中的拉回动作提供了更大的方便。当推进时,轴112提供了切削所需的强度和力。 
盘134和主干132一起提供一大的表面接触面积,该大的表面接触面积能够使得刀具120十分地嵌入骨骼里,并以大块的形式凿出骨骼材料。 
盘结构允许沿着顺时针和逆时针两个方向进行旋转切削。参考图5,刀具120延伸到沿着轴线T的需要的角度A,例如90°。然后,轴112相对于轴线T沿着第一方向(由箭头138表示)旋转0-90°。轴112可以沿着相对于轴线T的相反方向(由箭头140表示)旋转0-90°,以便通过医生手腕的简单转动来形成延伸180°的空洞。 
图6描绘了切削刀具120在例如脊椎142的骨骼里的旋转,从而形成180°的空洞。在许多情况下,希望的是,形成延伸360°的空洞。如图7所示,在形成了180°的空洞之后,可以使轴112旋转180°,并再次沿着轴线T大致对齐。然后,轴112相对于轴线T沿着第一方向(由箭头144表示)旋转0-90°。轴112可以相对于轴线T沿着相反方向(由箭头146表示)旋转0-90°,以形成延伸360°的空洞。医生可以 使用透视法来监控刀具120的位置。 
盘结构也允许如图8和9中的箭头所表示的推拉或锯切动作的平移切削。在使用中,医生可以在同时旋转手柄或交替进行旋转和平移动作的同时,通过推进和拉出而同时传递平移和旋转力。以这种方式,医生控制着切削刀具120的旋转和平移运动,以形成需要大小和形状的空洞,所述形状例如圆柱形。 
希望的是,如图10所示,在插管104内轴112承载有设计用来将轴112的向前动作,例如平移动作,限制的凸台或止动块102。止动块102的直径接近插管104的直径,使得止动块102抵靠在插管104的表面或顶部106上,以便将轴112的向前运动限制在插管104内。 
止动块102定位在轴112上,使得具有足够的空间来容纳绕在手柄18的周围和下面的医生的手指。因此,止动块102提供了在医生的手指和经皮进入插管104之间的间隙,防止夹住或卡住医生的手指。止动块102限制轴112的插入,以便当旋转轴112(即,扫掠切削动作)时或当使用推拉切削动作或使用上述两种切削动作的组合时,为医生的手留下舒服的工作距离。在一个有代表性的实施例中,止动块102定位在距离手柄18的基部大约是1.75英寸(大约4.5cm)处。通过限制或防止轴112进一步前进,止动块112防止了轴112(和空洞形成结构20)在脊椎体内部的前进运动。这防止出现刺穿或破坏脊椎142的前面皮层壁(也见图9)的情况。 
希望的是,标记带101定位在止动块102的远端侧。如图10所示,当轴112充分插入到进入插管104时,在切削刀具120从插管104出来进入例如脊椎142的骨骼里,标记带101与插管104的表面106对齐。如图11所示,当轴112充分插入插管104时,刀具120延伸到插管103的远端103的外面。 
在一个有代表性的实施例中,标记带101位于止动块102的远端侧的大约3cm处。在这个实施例中,当轴112充分插入到插管104(即,抵靠在止动块102上)时,在切削刀具120处于非展开位置时(即,与轴112的轴线S对齐)刀具120从插管104的远端103大致伸出3.5cm,当刀具120处于展开位置时(例如,在90°)刀具120从插管104的远端103大致伸出3cm。 
在一个优选实施例中,凹槽105定位在接近止动块102的地方。如在图12中最佳示出,凹槽105是在轴112上具有角度G并有半径R的弯曲角状切口,以便限定出在轴112上的减弱线。在一个有代表性的实施例中,凹槽105是半径R大致是0.006英寸的60°的角状切口(即,G=大约60°)。在凹槽105处的轴112的断裂所需的平均力矩(最大轴力矩)小于在销126处的轴112的断裂所需的力矩(最大铰接力矩)(也见图4),或者更常见得,小于切削组件本身断裂所需的力矩。例如,已经发现,刮削正常骨骼所需的平均力矩是大约2.0英寸·磅(in.-lb)。在一个有代表性的实施例中,在凹槽105处轴105断裂所需的平均力矩是大约7.3英寸·磅(in.-lb),在销128处失效所需的平均力矩是9.3英寸·磅(in.-lb)。在过多的力矩通过轴112传递时,凹槽105导致在刀具120在枢转区域124处断裂之前,轴112在凹槽112处断裂或分离。这提供了另一安全的技术特征,该技术特征使得轴112和未变形的枢转区域124能并不复杂地从插管104安全移除。避免枢转区域124的断裂或变形。 
应该认识到,也可以通过任一各种其他合适手段来形成减弱区域,在刀具120变得从轴112分开之前,所述合适手段使得轴112分开或断裂(即,提供的最大铰接力矩大于最大轴力矩)。例如,如图12B所示,轴112的一部分111可以由一种这样的材料制成,该材料相对于轴112的剩余部分113A和113B具有减小的强度和/或刚度,以限定出减弱区域。在一个有代表性的实施例中,轴部分113A和113B由生物相容的金属制成,轴部分111由生物相容的塑料制成。 
参考图13,轴112也可以承载具有齿或凸耳108的凸台或止动块102,该齿或凸耳108有选择性地与插管104或其他进入设备里的互补狭缝或凹槽110相配合,从而将旋转运动限制在一预定的角度。在这种配置中,狭缝或凹槽110限定了凸轮表面。齿或凸耳108作为凸轮随动件。凸轮表面和凸轮随动件的配置可以改变,但是优选的是限定出这样一种系统,在该系统中,凸轮随动件在凸轮表面的完全范围上的动作的扫掠一致地形成了预先确定的大小和形状的空洞。 
图13显示了一个实施例,在该实施例中凸轮表面采用的形式是在插管104的圆周边缘上的细长槽110。伸出的深度由槽的深度限定。即,槽的深度LS限定了止动块102(和由此的轴112)在插管104内的向前运动。槽的宽度WS大于凸耳或齿102的宽度WC一个预定量。通过槽110的范围来控制旋转角度,所述槽110的范围即在槽110和齿或凸耳108的宽度之间的差异(即,在WS和WC之间的差异)。因为伸出的深度和旋转的角度是预先确定的且是恒定的,所以凸轮表面和凸轮随动件的完全范围的扫掠动作一致地形成出了预定大小和形状的空洞。例如,图14描绘了具有角度A1的预先确定的饼形空洞的形成。预先确定的饼形空洞的长度对应于如图13中所示的槽110的长度LS。例如通过沿着槽110的长度改变槽110的宽度,可以改变槽110,从而形成需要的预先确定的形状和大小的空洞。例如,图13A描绘了槽110A的一个可选实施例,在该槽110A中,槽110A基本是T形的,并适于形成预先确定的偏斜空洞,使得最前面部分具有最大体积,其中每个体积也都是楔形的。 
在使用中,工具100被引入到目标治疗地点。希望的是,以封闭地且最小程度侵害的程序引入工具100,在上述程序中,经皮插管104向前进入需要治疗的区域,例如脊椎体。通过如前面所述的传统的显像技术,可以帮助引入所述工具。然后,轴112穿过插管104,切削刀具120延伸到插管104的远端之外。然后,切削刀具112枢转到需要 的位置,即在0-90°之间的任意位置。 
医生通过沿着凸轮表面和凸轮随动件的完全范围扫掠轴112来操纵切削刀具120。止动块102用于限制轴112沿着插管104的平移运动,凸耳或齿108将轴112的旋转运动限制在插管104内,以形成预定大小和形状的空洞。因为所形成的空洞是一致的和具有预定大小和形状的,所以在切削和形成空洞过程中不需要进行显像。对透视法或其他显像技术的需要由此减少了,从而限制了病人暴露在辐射或染料下。在完成上述程序时,切削刀具112返回到非展开位置,且插管104和工具100撤回。 
C.转弯和渐缩主干实施例 
图15和16描绘了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具200的一个可选实施例。在这个实施例中,主干232是渐缩的,并相对于图4-9中示出的实施例旋转90°,使得当刀具220展开在从轴212的轴线S起的90°角度时,主干的最大宽度W垂直于轴212的轴线S。 
这种配置使得在刮削和切削期间盘234和主干232与骨骼接触的组合表面积最小,因此使得传递给铰接机构的相当大的作用力和应力最少化。 
盘234具有设置为圆顶形的凸起的前表面248。优选的是,盘234的直径大致与轴212的直径相同,从而使得在切削期间在刀具220上的应力最小,并使得刀具220能很容易通过插管。圆顶结构有利于通过在骨骼上产生杠杆作用来切削和刮削骨骼,所述杠杆作用允许刀具220很容易从骨骼滚动出来。圆顶结构允许刀具很容易从骨骼脱开,并很容易撤回地从骨骼分离。 
盘234提供了360°切削表面,并允许当如前所述展开在需要的角度A时,切削盘234进行平移和旋转运动。 
D.圆锥形主干结构 
图17和18描绘了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具300的另一可选实施例。在这个实施例中,主干332是类似于图15和16中的实施例的倾斜形状,但它是圆锥形的。 
主干332也承载允许类似于图15和16的实施例的平移和旋转切削的圆顶形状盘334。 
使得盘334和主干332的组合切削表面最小,并将它设计为通过使得在所有方向上骨骼里的接触面积最小来减小在铰接机构上的作用力和应力。相同的轮廓(锥形主干332的对称横截面)提供给了骨骼,而不管施加的是否是推或拉(平移)力、转动(旋转)力或以上两种力的组合。 
II致动器机构 
A.指轮实施例 
图19-22描绘了用于和空洞形成工具一起使用的致动器机构的一个实施例。致动器机构将旋转动作转换为平移运动,以控制切削刀具的展开。只是描绘而不是意图限制,致动器机构描绘为具有图4-9实施例的切削刀具120。 
致动器机构提供了指轮150、插入件或盖152、法兰154、柱塞杆156以及旋转止动块158。指轮150、盖152、法兰154、柱塞杆156和止动块158可以由任何合适的金属制成。指轮以自由浮动的方式坐在手柄18的槽160内。在一个优选实施例中,手柄18由高强度且耐用的聚合物塑料制成。 
指轮150至少部分地从手柄18伸出,以便由使用者的拇指或食指操作,如图19所示。希望的是,指轮150包括容易握住和操作目的的 凹槽或压花。虽然指轮150可以构造为用于手动操作,但是应该认识到,致动器也可以电力驱动。盖152坐在指轮150内,并希望的是有螺纹的或其他的适合于接合轮150,以便与轮150一起移动。盖152例如通过焊接连接到柱塞杆156上。传动比以及由此传递的力矩量可以通过改变盖152的螺纹的螺距来进行控制。 
柱塞杆156如此设置大小并构造为坐在轴112内,并延伸通过在盖152和指轮150中的内孔而到轴112和指轮150之外。在所绘出的实施例中,指轮150和轴112在手柄18上偏移地定位,以将轴112置于食指和中指之间,如图19所示。如图21所示,柱塞杆156的远端连接到系绳166上。系绳160环绕穿过切削刀具120上在销126下面的孔168,并被压紧在或焊接到柱塞杆156上。柱塞杆156的运动调节在系绳160上的压力,以便在展开和非展开位置之间启动刀具120。在销126断裂或失效的情况下,系绳160将会使得刀具120保持连接到轴112上,从而允许很容易取出。这防止了零件在拆卸中被遗留下来,从而提供了另一安全技术特征。 
虽然所描绘的实施例显示了刀具120连接到轴112上且另外地通过杆156系到轴112上,但是应该理解,刀具120可以另外地通过各种方法中的任一方法系到轴112上,以便如果连接元件(例如销126)变得不能正常工作时,刀具120保持系接到轴112上。例如,在一个可选实施例中,刀具120另外地通过线缆或滑轮(未示出)系接到轴112上。 
法兰154坐在手柄18内的凹槽170里,并例如通过焊接或通过过盈配合或压力配合连接到轴112上。希望的是,法兰154包括偏置的孔,使得仅仅存在一种方式使得它可以坐在凹槽170里。法兰154在手柄18内接合轴112,并设置尺寸和构造为基本防止轴112的旋转运动。 
在所绘出的实施例中,杆156具有矩形端部172,并构造为穿过在止动块158里的互补矩形开口174。止动块158接合杆156,以防止在启动期间杆156的旋转。止动块156安装到柱塞杆156上并坐在凹槽160外面并靠在凹槽160上。金属止动块158靠在塑料凹槽160上的配置形成了额外的摩擦力,以提供了额外的强度和加强作用,并用于限制传递到柱塞杆156的力矩量。 
指轮150沿着第一方向的旋转使得柱塞杆156在第一方向上沿着轴112前进,以便减小在绳166上的张力并启动切削刀具120的展开。指轮150沿着相反方向的旋转使得柱塞杆在相反方向上在轴112内前进,并增加了在绳166上的张力以便使得切削刀具120从展开位置启动到非展开位置。这种配置将指轮150的旋转运动转换为柱塞杆156的平移运动。 
在一个可选实施例中,如图22所示,杠杆176以铰接的方式连接到柱塞杆156上。杠杆176沿着第一方向的运动使得柱塞沿着第一方向前进,以展开切削刀具120,杠杆176沿着相反方向的运动使得柱塞156沿着第二方向前进,以将切削刀具120从展开位置移动到非展开位置。以这种方式,杠杆176允许医生连续地且方便地移动刀具120本身,而不用移动轴112,从而形成往复切削动作。 
B.齿轮实施例 
图23-25描绘了类似于图19-21的实施例的致动器的实施例。所述致动器提供了一系列齿轮,该系列齿轮相互作用从而将旋转动作转换为平移动作。 
中心齿轮178在结构和功能上都类似于如图19-21所示的指轮150。中心齿轮178和轴112沿着手柄18的底部居中对齐以便将轴112置于中指和无名指之间。 
控制按钮180A和180B设置在手柄18的每个端部处,以通过使用者的拇指来启动。可选择的是,控制按钮180A和180B可以通过马达来驱动。每个控制按钮180A和180B都限定一个齿轮,该齿轮启动定位在控制按钮180A和180B之间的对应的中间齿轮182A或182B以及中心齿轮178。控制按钮180A或180B的旋转启动了对应的中间齿轮182A或182B和中心齿轮178。从而,控制按钮180的旋转运动被转换为柱塞杆156的平移运动,这类似于前面的实施例。 
对称的设计是为了容易地由右手或左手来使用。此外,对称设计允许很容易地旋转手柄18。 
在使用中,将轴112送进穿过插管104。切削刀具120延伸到插管104的远端之外。旋转控制按钮180A或180B,以将切削刀具130展开到需要的角度。然后医生通过执行一系列的轴112的平移和旋转运动来形成了需要的空洞。然后,医生将切削刀具120返回到非展开位置。 
如果需要的话,手柄18然后可以旋转180°。然后,操纵相对的控制按钮180A或180B,以再次将切削刀具120展开到一个需要的角度,并可以执行另一系列的平移和旋转运动。 
一旦形成了需要的空洞,医生将刀具120返回到非展开位置。工具100从病人收撤回来。然后,医生通过用骨骼粘固粉或骨骼替代物填充空洞、取下插管104以及闭合切口而完成了程序。 
可以通过改变传动比来控制切削的速度和/或力。通过改变螺钉螺纹螺距或齿轮传动比来改变力。可以通过手动或机械地改变启动的速度来改变动作的速度(即,启动速度)。 
III.机械空洞生成器的可选实施例 
A.形状记忆合金(shape memory alloys) 
图26-28描绘了采用由形状记忆合金制成的切削刀具720的工具700的一个实施例。使用形状记忆合金允许仪器更小,这是因为不再需要铰接机构来启动刀具。较小的仪器会更加安全,并可以进入位于在脊柱里的更高位置的更小脊椎体里。较小的仪器也具有较小侵害性,对病人会造成较少的创伤,使得恢复时间更快。 
提供了由例如镍钛诺的形状记忆合金制成的可延展的杆701。应该理解的是,杆701可以具有各种不同直径、刀具结构和启动角度。杆701具有可延展或伸直状态(图26和27)和启动或铰接预定的希望状态(图28)。杆701如此设置尺寸并构造为处于伸直或可延展状态穿过插管104进入脊椎或任意骨骼表面。一旦插入到骨骼里,由于病人体温或者通过电脉冲(例如冷却、加热、电压等),杆701就返回到它的预定的、希望的记忆形状。例如,杆701的远端被启动到一定角度,例如90°,以便形成形成切削刀具的弯头,如图28所示。在一个有代表性的实施例中,从杆的远端到弯曲的长度是大约0.5cm。通过前面所述的旋转动作或推拉动作或者上述两种动作的组合完成骨骼的切削。希望的是,杆701包括内腔703,该内腔703允许引入冷却或加热介质(S)例如盐水,以将杆701返回到伸直状态,以允许很容易的撤回。 
在另一实施例中,杆701由具有激活温度的形状记忆合金制成,该激活温度等于室温,即,杆701在室温下是处于充分奥氏体状态。因此,杆701被完全地铰接到它的室温下的预定形状。杆701在插入到骨骼之前被冷却到马氏体状态(可延展状态),以允许很容易地插入。当杆701返回到室温时,它被铰接(articulate)到预定的希望的位置。这就确保切削刀具720的近端获得了完全的激活,而不必依赖于来自杆701的远端(其与病人接触)或者任何外面的装置(例如,热、电压等)的热传递。内腔703设置在杆701里,以便有利于将冷却介质例如冷却盐水引入以去激活材料,允许很容易的撤回。在另一可选 实施例中,所述合金是具有超级弹性的,插管104限制了预先弯曲活成形的切削刀具720,直到启动机构展开了切削刀具720,以便延伸出插管104之外(见图35A活35B)。 
在另一可选实施例中,杆701可以用于伸直插管104,该插管104由形状记忆合金制成。在这个实施例中,切削刀具设置在形状记忆插管104上(未示出)。使得插管104具有弯曲的刀具,杆701以可移动的方式设置在插管104内,以通过在插管104内充分接合杆701(即,通过推杆701)来伸直插管104,并通过在杆701上拉回允许插管104和切削刀具720弯曲或铰接。希望的是,杆701由刚性金属制成,例如不锈钢。 
在另一实施例中,合金的激活温度设定在高于体温的一定温度。在这个实施例中,杆701是可延展的,以便于插入和撤回。杆701仅仅通过施加热或电压才能被充分激活到预定形状。这允许使用电位器或其他合适设备来控制杆701的状态从可延展形状改变为预定形状,或者在其间的任意百分比处的形状。 
通过在近端(未示出)上的标准方形驱动器(square drive)或Hudson类型整形外科装配件,杆701可以连接到手柄上。力矩调节手柄可以配合到杆701上,以便允许限制力矩旋转刮削。 
在一个实施例中,杆701以固定的方式连接到或以其他方式连接到具有致动器机构的手柄18上。例如,在所绘出的实施例中,杆701连接到指旋螺杆152上,并由类似于图19和20所描绘的机构的致动器机构来驱动。通过致动器机构在插管104内部启动杆701(沿着前后方向运动)。这允许切削刀具720处于可延展状态下在插管104内部撤回(图26),以便容易插入和撤回,然后,切削刀具720在骨骼里延伸到插管104的远端之外,并被启动以进行使用(图28)。 
在一个优选实施例中,手柄18包括吕埃尔(luer)装配件705。所述装配件705设置尺寸和结构为与在例如注射器709的流体引入设备上的互补流体装配件707相配合,以在内腔703和流体引入设备709之间建立流体连通。例如冷却或加热盐水的流体可以从注射器709通过杆内腔703而引入,以控制杆701在可延展(去激活)和激活状态之间的运动。 
在一个可选实施例中,如图29-30所示,希望的结构的切削刀具720A形成在可延展杆701的远端。刀具720A可以是焊接到杆701上的一个分离件,或者刀具720A可以刻在或以其他方式形成在杆701上,例如通过传统加工技术形成。在所绘出的实施例中,切削刀具720A是圆锥形主干和圆顶盘的结构,其类似于图17和18所描绘的实施例。然而,显而易见的是,切削刀具720A的结构可以根据执行的程序和/或适应各解剖结构而改变。在一个实施例中,包括切削刀具720A的整个杆701由形状记忆合金制成。杆701由可延展状态(图29)屈服转变(yield)为激活状态(图30),如前所述。希望的是,杆701包括内腔703,以允许引入流体介质,以控制在去激活和激活状态之间的移动,同样如前所述。 
在一个可选实施例中,如图31和32所描绘,杆701的刀具720A和远端部分711由形状记忆合金制成。杆体713由任意合适的生物相容的、外科手术等级材料制成。承载着切削刀具720A的远端部分711焊接到或以其他方式固定到杆体713上。杆701的远端部分711从可延展状态(图31)屈服转变为激活状态(图32)。希望的是,杆701包括内腔703,以允许引入流体介质,以控制在去激活和激活状态之间的运动。在一个可选实施例中,杆701可以包括一对内腔714,使得流体介质可以通过轴112循环,并希望的是通过切削刀具720(见图33)。在另一可选实施例中,杆701可以包括通孔703A,以容纳更多的热流(见图34)。 
B.可选择的机械空洞生成器 
图36显示了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的机械工具400的一个可选实施例。轴412在轴412的端部承载有锋利、坚固的金属弹簧420。轴412可以相对弹簧420的方向旋转,导致弹簧420以扩展的方式切削骨骼(或其他组织)。工具400如此设置尺寸和结构以便通过插管(未示出),其中弹簧420延伸到插管之外,轴412一次中旋转进入组织一短的距离。然后,可以撤回轴412,以去除任何捕捉的组织。如果没有捕捉到组织,工具400重新更进一步引入到组织中,并再次尝试去除组织。工具400也可以用于松开组织,以允许通过其他机械工具更好地切削和/或去除。 
图37显示了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的机械工具500的另一实施例。两个或更多指状元件520承载在轴512的远端上。优选的是,轴512承载有四个指状元件520,两个指状元件520彼此面对。指状元件520通过插管(未示出)引入到组织中,然后以机械方式用滑轮类型系统或其他类似系统闭合,以抓取组织以抽出。希望的是,指状元件520适于当空洞的尺寸增大时也进一步扩展。显而易见的是,可以选择指状元件520的长度,以使其适合要使用的用途和具体的各个解剖结构。 
图38和39显示了用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的机械工具600的另一实施例。所述工具包括承载在轴612的远端上的铰接空洞形成设备620。空洞形成设备620可以用于形成空洞或疏松组织以允许通过其他机械工具更好地切削和去除。 
空洞形成设备620提供了可以调节设备620的高度。定位杆621连接到设备620上,用于扩展和收缩设备620。可以通过拉回杆621以增加高度H,通过推出杆以降低设备620的高度,从而来调节高度。校准标记(未示出)可以设置在杆手柄上,以当杆621拉回或前进时指示设备620的尺寸。也可以选择高度H,以适合于要使用的用途和 具体的各个解剖结构。 
图40显示了类似于图35和36的实施例,但是另外提供了一个弹簧刀具或一系列弹簧刀具623,以便于更有效(aggressive)地切削。弹簧刀具623连接到在插管外的最后刀具上,并且希望的是预先弯曲以平行于端板切削。 
IV.在骨骼里形成空洞 
可以组合使用所描绘类型的两个或多个不同的机械切削工具,以在目标骨骼里形成需要尺寸和结构的腔室或空洞。另外,一个或多个机械切削工具可以和一个或多个可膨胀空洞形成工具组合使用,以形成需要的空洞。用于在骨骼里形成内的可膨胀机构在如下文献中进行了描述,即美国专利4,969,888、5,827,289、5,972,015、6,235,043、6,248,110和6,607,544,所有这些文献都作为参考结合。 
骨折的复位和缺陷的纠正受到各种因素影响,其包括但不限于,骨折的剧烈程度、骨骼质量(例如骨质疏松症、骨癌、类固醇引发的骨质疏松症)以及愈合。在一些骨折中,通过一个区域或多个区域的硬骨骼可以使得可膨胀结构的膨胀变形。这会在可膨胀结构内产生高压,并使得在可膨胀结构内的膨胀介质的体积很小。使用机械切削工具以有选择的破断开硬骨骼区域将允许可膨胀结构取得更一致和可靠的骨折复位。机械切削或刮削工具将断开骨骼,但是需要可膨胀结构以整体地终板复位(en-masse endplate)和正畸。 
在使用中,通过本领域里公知的技术、使用传统进入插管开出骨骼的进入路径。第一空洞生成器可以是机械切削工具或可膨胀结构,第一空洞生成器然后被引入到骨骼里以形成空洞。然后,移去第一空洞生成器。第二空洞生成器可以和第一空洞生成器相同或者不同,第二空洞生成器然后插入到骨骼里以加大或进一步形成空洞以形成需要 尺寸和结构的空洞。如果需要的话,第三空洞生成器可以是与第一和/或第二空洞生成器相同或不同,第三空洞生成器然后可以引入以进一步加大和形成空洞,然后去除第三空洞生成器。希望的是,例如骨骼粘固粉或骨骼替代物的填充材料然后注射或以其他方式引入到空洞中以填充空洞。 
在一个实施例中,如图41A-41D所示,第一机械切削工具800A和第二机械切削工具800B在尺寸和/或结构上可以和第一切削工具800A不同,第一机械切削工具800A和第二机械切削工具800B用于形成具有需要尺寸和结构的空洞802。进入插管802经皮引入以z在骨骼,例如脊椎142中提供进入路径(图41A)。第一机械切削工具800A被通过插管104引入到脊椎142的松质骨骼39里。以一系列纵向和/或旋转的运动来操作切削刀具820A,以在松质骨骼39里形成空洞802(图41B)。然后,移去第一切削工具800A。然后,引入第二机械切削工具800B,并以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动进行操纵(图41C)。希望的是,第二切削工具800B具有不同尺寸和/或结构的切削刀具820B,以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由第一工具800A形成的空洞802。例如,在所绘出的实施例中,第二切削工具800B具有高度大于第一切削刀具820A的切削刀具820B,以加大空洞802,但是其结构却类似。然后,移去第二切削工具800B。然后,例如骨骼粘固粉或骨骼替代物的填充材料804可以引入到空洞802中,以填充空洞802里(图41D)。 
可选择的是,如图42A-42E所示,在去除第二切削工具800B之后,可膨胀结构900可以通过插管104引入并膨胀,以加大和/或进一步形成由第一和第二机械切削工具802A和802B所形成的空洞802。虽然在所描绘的实施例中可膨胀结构900采用适于通过压缩松质骨骼而扩展或形成空洞的气球的形式,但是可膨胀结构900可以是任何合适的设备,该设备能扩展以加大和/或进一步形成空洞。例如,可膨胀结构900也可以是机械千斤顶、收缩器或弹簧。希望的是,可膨胀结构900具有允许可膨胀结构900通过插管104插入的折叠状态和膨胀 状态,在膨胀状态中在松质骨骼39内的膨胀时,可膨胀结构900使得松质骨骼39变致密。然后,移去可膨胀结构900。然后,可以填充空洞802,如前所述。 
在另一实施例中,如图43A-43D所示,第一可膨胀结构900A和第二可膨胀结构900B在尺寸和/或结构上可以和第一可膨胀结构900A不同,第一可膨胀结构900A和第二可膨胀结构900B用于形成具有需要尺寸和结构的空洞802。进入插管802经皮引入以在脊椎142中提供进入路径(图43A)。第一可膨胀结构900A通过插管104在处于折叠状态下被引入到脊椎142的松质骨骼39里。然后,可膨胀结构900A膨胀以在松质骨骼39里形成空洞802(图43B)。然后,移去第一可膨胀结构900A。然后,引入第二可膨胀结构900B,并使其膨胀(图43C)。希望的是,第二可膨胀结构900B具有不同尺寸和/或结构,使得第二可膨胀结构900B的膨胀加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成了由第一可膨胀结构900A形成的空洞802。例如,在所绘出的实施例中,第二可膨胀结构900B具有较大的体积,但是其结构却类似。然而,应该理解,第二可膨胀结构900B可以是与第一可膨胀结构900A相比不同的结构。然后,移去第二可膨胀结构900B。然后,例如骨骼粘固粉或骨骼替代物的填充材料804可以引入到空洞802中,以填充空洞802里(图43D)。 
可选择的是,如图44A-44E所示,在移去第二可膨胀结构900B之后,如果需要的话,可以通过插管104引入机械切削工具800,以加大和/或进一步形成由第一和第二可膨胀结构900A和900B形成的空洞802。然后,移去切削工具800。然后,可以如前所述填充空洞802。 
图45A-45E描绘了另一种在骨骼内形成具有需要的尺寸和结构的空洞802的方法。进入插管104经皮引入以提供进入脊椎142的进入路径(图45A)。第一可膨胀结构900A通过插管104在折叠状态下引入到脊椎142的松质骨骼39里。然后,可膨胀结构900A膨胀以在 松质骨骼39里形成空洞802(图45B)。因为松质骨骼39的网状结构可以有些致密,所以可膨胀结构900A充分致密松质骨骼39以允许可膨胀体900A的充分膨胀是困难的。这可能会出现在年老的骨折或在已经受到外伤损害的正常骨骼上,它不必一定是骨质疏松的。在这种情况下,可膨胀结构900A优选地以根据网状结构的密度沿着给定的方向膨胀,但是不能够膨胀到它的充分完成的形状,如图45B所示。然后,移去第一可膨胀结构900A。 
然后,引入机械切削工具800(图45C)。以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动操纵切削刀具820,以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由可膨胀结构900A形成的空洞802。然后,移去切削工具800。 
如果需要的话,第二可膨胀结构900B可以是具有和第一可膨胀结构900A不同的尺寸和/或结构,然后在填充空洞802之前引入第二可膨胀结构900B(图45D)。使用切削工具800以断开或切削网状结构并膨胀空洞802,这允许第二可膨胀结构900A充分膨胀。然后,第二可膨胀结构900A膨胀以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成以前形成的空洞802。然后,移去第二可膨胀结构900B。可选择的是,不用第二可膨胀结构900B,而可以重新引入、重新膨胀并然后去除第一可膨胀结构900A。然后,可以引入填充材料804到空洞802中以填充空洞(图45E)。 
在图46A-46E所示出的一个可选实施例中,进入插管104经皮引入以提供进入到脊椎104的进入路径(图46A)。可膨胀结构900被引入和膨胀,以在松质骨骼39里形成空洞802(图46B)。然后,去除第一可膨胀结构900A。 
然后,引入第一机械切削工具800A(图46C)。以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动操纵切削刀具820A,以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由可膨胀结构900形成的空洞802。然后,移去切削工具800。 
如果需要的话,第二机械切削工具800B可以是具有与第一机械切削工具800A相比不同尺寸和/或结构,然后在填充空洞802之前引入第二机械切削工具800B(图46D)。以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动操纵切削刀具820B,以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由可膨胀结构900和第一切削工具800A形成的空洞802。然后,移去第二切削工具800B。然后可以将填充材料804引入到空洞802中,以填充空洞802(图46E)。 
在图47A-47E所示的一种可选方法中,引入第一机械切削工具800A并以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动操纵第一机械切削工具800A以形成空洞802。然后,移去第一切削工具800A。然后,可膨胀结构900被引入和膨胀以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由第一切削工具800A形成的空洞802。然后,移去可膨胀结构900。 
如果需要的话,第二机械切削工具800B可以具有和第一机械切削工具800A相比不同的尺寸和/或结构,然后在填充空洞802之前引入第二机械切削工具800B。以一系列纵向和/或旋转运动来操纵切削刀具820B,以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由可膨胀结构900A和第一切削工具802A形成的空洞802。然后,移去第二切削工具802B。然后可以将填充材料804引入到空洞802中以填充空洞802。 
可选择的是,如图48A-48E所示,没有用第二机械切削刀具,而将第二可膨胀结构900B插入并膨胀以加大和/或以其他方式进一步形成由第一可膨胀结构900A和第一切削工具800A形成的空洞。 

Claims (9)

1.一种用于在身体内部区域里形成空洞的工具,包括:
插管;
轴,所述轴包括近端和远端,手柄位于所述近端上,刀具用于在所述远端上接触骨骼,从而操纵所述手柄给所述刀具施加作用力,所述近端包括减弱区域,如果施加的力矩超过了最大轴力矩,所述轴的近端将沿着所述减弱区域和所述轴的远端分开;以及
突起,所述突起位于所述减弱区域远端的轴的近端上,并且所述突起的尺寸和结构适于限制所述减弱区域在所述插管内的推进,从而在所述轴的远端和所述近端分开时,所述远端能够从所述插管抽出。
2.如权利要求1所述的工具,
还包括防止所述刀具和所述轴的远端区域分开的绳索。
3.如权利要求1所述的工具,
还包括将所述刀具连接到所述轴的远端区域的铰接元件。
4.如权利要求3所述的工具,
其中如果施加的力矩超过了最大铰接力矩,所述刀具将变为分开。
5.如权利要求4所述的工具,
其中所述最大铰接力矩大于用于将所述轴的近端和所述轴的远端分开的最大轴力矩。
6.如权利要求1所述的工具,
其中所述减弱区域是角状凹槽。
7.如权利要求6所述的工具,
其中所述角状凹槽是大约60°的弯曲角状切口。
8.如权利要求1所述的工具,
其中所述轴包括第一材料和不同于所述第一材料的第二材料,并且
所述第二材料形成所述减弱区域。
9.如权利要求8所述的工具,
其中所述第二材料包括塑料材料。
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CA2537048C (en) 2010-01-12
AU2004270128B2 (en) 2010-12-23
US20050240193A1 (en) 2005-10-27
US20050113838A1 (en) 2005-05-26
MXPA06002541A (es) 2006-06-20
EP1663029A4 (en) 2010-06-09
CN1845709A (zh) 2006-10-11
CA2537048A1 (en) 2005-03-17
WO2005023085A3 (en) 2005-05-12
KR101132644B1 (ko) 2012-04-02
WO2005023085A2 (en) 2005-03-17
AU2004270128A1 (en) 2005-03-17
US6923813B2 (en) 2005-08-02
IL173842A0 (en) 2006-07-05
JP4555293B2 (ja) 2010-09-29
KR20060133952A (ko) 2006-12-27
JP2007503911A (ja) 2007-03-01
EP1663029A2 (en) 2006-06-07

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