CN1787795A - 用人造小关节表面置换自然小关节的假体和工具 - Google Patents

用人造小关节表面置换自然小关节的假体和工具 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1787795A
CN1787795A CNA2004800131341A CN200480013134A CN1787795A CN 1787795 A CN1787795 A CN 1787795A CN A2004800131341 A CNA2004800131341 A CN A2004800131341A CN 200480013134 A CN200480013134 A CN 200480013134A CN 1787795 A CN1787795 A CN 1787795A
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Prior art keywords
vertebra
prosthese
applicable
artificial
facet joint
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马克·赖利
汉森·尤安
戴维·斯廷森
劳伦斯·琼斯
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Archus Orthopedics Inc
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Archus Orthopedics Inc
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Publication of CN1787795A publication Critical patent/CN1787795A/zh
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    • A61F2310/0097Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of pharmaceutical products, e.g. antibiotics

Abstract

本发明提供了头部和尾部椎骨小关节假体及其使用方法。头部假体适用于和被配置成连接到椎骨的骨板部分而不妨碍接近头部椎骨的蒂状骨部分。

Description

用人造小关节表面置换自然小关节的假体和工具
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗各种脊柱病的假体,以及治疗脊柱病的方法。
背景技术
I.脊椎解剖学
如图1所示,人类的脊柱10包括一连串的三十三个层叠的椎骨12,这些椎骨分成五个区域。颈部区域包括7块椎骨12,称为C1-C7。胸部区域包括12块椎骨12,称为T1-T12。腰部区域包括5块椎骨12,称为L1-L5。骶区包括5块椎骨12,称为S1-S5。尾骨区包括4块椎骨12,称为Co1-Co4。
图2示出了正常人的一块腰椎12。虽然腰椎12根据位置会有稍许变化,但它们具有许多与大多数椎骨12相同的特征。每块椎骨12包括椎体14和如下的后部部分:
两块短骨,即蒂状骨16从椎体14的每一侧向后延伸,形成椎弓18。在每块蒂状骨16的后端,椎弓18张开成骨平板,称之为骨板20。骨板20彼此融合形成棘突22。棘突22起连接肌肉和韧带作用。蒂状骨16到骨板20的平滑过渡被一连串棘突的形成打断。
两块横突24从蒂状骨16和骨板20的接合处的每一边侧向伸出。横突24起将肌肉连接到椎骨12的杠杆作用。四块关节突,即两块上部关节突26和两块下部关节突28也从蒂状骨16和骨板20的接合处伸出。上部关节突26为尖的椭圆骨板,从蒂状骨16和骨板20的接合处的每一边向上伸出。下部关节突28为椭圆骨板,从上述接合处的每一边向下延伸。
上部和下部关节突26和28分别具有一个称之为骨面的自然骨结构。上部关节面30向上或向上部,而下部关节面31向下。如图3所述,当相邻的(即,头部的和尾部的)椎骨12连接时,由平滑关节软骨覆盖的骨面30和31互锁形成小关节,也称为关节突间关节。
小关节32由上半部分和下半部分组成。上半部分由关节32下面的脊椎杠杆形成,下半部分由关节32上面的脊椎杠杆形成。例如,在L4-L5小关节,关节的上部由L-5椎骨上的骨结构形成(例如,L-5椎骨上的上部关节表面和支撑骨),关节的下部由L-4椎骨上的骨结构形成(例如,L-4椎骨上的下部关节表面和支撑骨)。
同样如图3所示,每对椎骨12之间的椎间盘34使椎骨12之间可以相对运动。从而,椎骨12的结构和排列允许椎骨12相对彼此的一定范围的运动。
II.小平面关节功能障碍
背痛,特别是处于“后背腰部”或腰骶(L4-S1)区域的背痛是常见疾病。在许多情况中,疼痛严重限制了人的活动能力和生活质量。这种疼痛可以由各种脊柱病引起。
通过疾病或损伤,一个或多个脊椎的骨板、棘突、关节突或骨面可以被损坏,从而脊椎不再能彼此关节连接或适当对准。这能够导致不希望的解剖学结构、疼痛或不适,和丧失活动能力。
例如,脊椎小关节可以由外伤或各种疾病损伤。这些疾病包括骨关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和退行性脊椎滑脱。小关节的损伤通常导致神经压力,也称为神经“挟捏”,或神经压迫或碰撞。结果引起疼痛、解剖结构不对准和相应的丧失活动能力。神经压力也可以在没有小关节病的情况下发生,例如在椎间盘脱出的情况下发生。
传统的治疗小关节病的一种方法是脊柱稳定,也称为椎间固稳定。椎间固定阻止了脊椎之间的相对运动。通过阻止运动可以减少疼痛。也可以用各种方法实现这种稳定。
一种稳定方法是后脊柱融合。另一种稳定方法是前脊柱融合,固定任意数量的椎骨以稳定并防止椎骨的运动。
另一传统治疗方法是减压椎板切除术。这个过程包括切除骨板以减少神经压力。
这些传统治疗方法受制于各种限制和不稳定的成功率。此外,所述的治疗方法没有一种可以使脊柱正确对准或恢复到希望的解剖学结构。另外,通过使椎骨保持在固定位置的稳定技术永久限制了椎骨的相对运动,改变了脊柱的生物力学。
发明内容
需要一些假体、安装工具和方法来克服与当前各种脊柱病治疗策略和设计有关的问题和缺点。
本发明提供了被设计用于在实际上所有脊柱层,包括L1-L2,2-L3,3-L4,4-L5,5-S1,-11-T12和T12-L1置换自然小关节的假体、安装工具和方法。所述的假体、安装工具和方法可以为脊柱保留所需的解剖学结构,并恢复个人的所需范围的相对脊椎运动。所述的假体、安装工具和方法也能够通过减少神经压缩或碰撞源来减轻脊柱疼痛。
为了所述目的,实现本发明的特征的假体将被称为与它们置换的指定自然小关节的部分相关的“头部(cephalad)”或“尾部(caudal)”。如上所述,指定的自然小关节具有上半部分和下半部分。在解剖学术语中,关节的上半部分由关节下面的椎骨层形成(由于上半部分接近脚,从而可以被称为小关节的尾部部分)。关节的下半部分由关节上面的椎骨层形成(由于下半部分接近头,从而被称为小关节的头部部分)。从而在使用中置换小关节的尾部部分(即上半部分)的假体将被称为“尾部”假体。同样,在使用中置换小关节的头部部分(即下半部分)的假体将被称为“头部”假体。
本发明的一个方面提供了用于置换椎骨的后部元件中的自然小关节的头部部分(例如,椎骨的后部元件上的下部关节表面和其支撑骨结构)的头部小关节假体。根据本发明的这个方面,假体包括适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造小关节元件和从该人造小关节元件延伸的固定元件,该固定元件适用于和配置成插入穿过椎骨的骨板部分以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨,优选地为不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分。固定元件也可以通过例如穿过通过或临近棘突的椎骨的中线贯穿椎骨的第二骨板部分。在一个实施例中,在安装后,头部支撑元件设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和椎骨的一部分(例如骨板部分)之间。
本发明的这个方面还提供了在椎骨和/或椎骨的后部元件上植入人造头部小关节假体的方法。根据这个方法,将固定元件插入穿过椎骨的骨板部分,并将头部小关节支撑表面置于一个位置以形成小关节的头部部分。在插入固定元件之后或之前将人造小关节元件连接到固定元件的远端。固定元件优选地不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分。固定元件也可以通过例如穿过通过或临近棘突的椎骨的中线贯穿椎骨的第二骨板部分。在一个实施例中,放置步骤包括将人造小关节支撑表面设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分椎骨、例如骨板部分之间。该方法也包括使用导向器限定固定元件的插入路径和对应插入路径形成通过骨板的通道的步骤。
本发明的另一方面提供了用于置换椎骨上的自然小关节的头部部分的假体。在本发明的这个方面中,假体包括适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造小关节元件;和适用于和配置成将人造小关节元件连接到椎骨而不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分的固定元件。在一个实施例中,在安装后,头部支撑元件设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和椎骨的一部分(例如骨板部分)之间。
本发明的这个方面还提供了一种用于植入头部小关节假体以置换椎骨上的自然小关节的所去除的头部部分的方法。该方法包括将头部小关节假体对准尾部小关节支撑表面;以及将头部小关节假体连接到椎骨而不阻塞椎骨的蒂状骨部分的步骤。该方法的连接步骤也可以包括将头部小关节假体设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分椎骨之间。连接步骤也可以包括插入固定元件穿过一部分椎骨,例如骨板的步骤。在这种情况下,该方法可以包括在插入步骤前限定椎骨中的插入路径和对应插入路径在椎骨中形成通道的步骤。可以使用导向器指导插入路径的位置和方向。
本发明的另一方面提供了用于在椎骨上置换自然小关节的尾部部分(例如,椎骨上的上部关节表面和支撑骨结构)的小关节假体。该假体包括具有椎骨接触表面和尾部支撑表面的人造小关节元件,该尾部支撑表面适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分,并且当椎骨接触表面接触椎骨的接触部分时基本上完全处于该接触部分的后面。该假体还包括从人造小关节元件延伸的固定元件,该固定元件适用于和配置成插入椎骨以将假体固定到椎骨。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于置换脊柱运动部分的头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的尾部部分和头部部分的假体。该假体包括适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造头部小关节元件,该人造头部小关节元件具有头部支撑表面;头部固定元件,该头部固定元件适用于和配置成插入通过椎骨的骨板部分以将人造头部小关节元件固定到头部椎骨;及适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分的人造尾部小关节元件,该人造尾部小关节元件包括适用于和配置成配合头部支撑表面的尾部支撑表面。
本发明的又一方面提供了一种用于植入小关节假体以置换头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的所去除的头部和尾部部分的方法。该方法包括如下步骤:将人造尾部小关节元件固定到尾部椎骨;插入头部固定元件穿过头部椎骨的骨板部分;以及将人造头部小关节支撑表面放置在一个位置以形成小关节的头部部分。该方法也可以包括在插入步骤之前或之后将包括头部小关节支撑表面的人造头部小关节元件连接到固定元件的端部。在一个实施例中,固定元件不妨碍接近头部椎骨的蒂状骨部分。头部固定元件也可以通过例如穿过通过或临近棘突的头部椎骨的中线延伸穿过头部椎骨的第二骨板部分。放置步骤也可以包括将人造头部小关节支撑表面设置在人造尾部小关节元件和一部分头部椎骨之间的步骤。可以使用安装固定装置对准尾部和头部元件,尽管也可以不使用安装固定装置安装假体。该方法也包括使用导向器以限定头部固定元件的插入路径的步骤,尽管可以不使用导向器安装假体。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于置换头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的尾部部分和头部部分的假体。该假体可以包括适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造头部小关节元件,该人造头部小关节元件包括头部支撑表面;适用于和配置成将人造头部小关节元件连接到头部椎骨而不妨碍接近头部椎骨的蒂状骨部分的头部固定元件;和适用于和配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分的人造尾部小关节元件,该人造尾部小关节元件包括适用于和配置成配合头部支撑表面的尾部支撑表面。在一个实施例中,在安装后,头部小关节支撑表面设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分椎骨(例如骨板部分)之间。在一个实施例中,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面沿其各自的横向轴线分别具有一个宽度,并且头部支撑表面的宽度小于尾部支撑表面的宽度。人造尾部小关节元件也可以包括椎骨接触表面,并且整个尾部支撑表面适用于和配置成当椎骨接触表面接触尾部椎骨的接触部分时处于该接触部分后面。
本发明的这个方面还包括用于植入小关节假体以置换头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的所去除的头部和尾部部分的方法。该方法包括将人造尾部小关节元件固定到尾部椎骨;和将人造头部小关节元件固定到与人造尾部小关节元件对准的头部椎骨并且不会妨碍接近头部椎骨的蒂状骨部分的步骤。第二固定步骤也可以包括将人造头部小关节元件设置在人造尾部小关节元件和一部分头部椎骨之间的步骤。也可以使用安装固定装置将尾部和头部元件对准,尽管也可以不使用安装固定装置安装假体。该方法也包括使用导向器以限定头部固定元件的插入路径的步骤,尽管可以不使用导向器安装假体。
本发明的其他特征和优点在下面的说明书和附图,以及后附的权利要求书中描述。
附图说明
图1是正常人的脊柱的侧面正视图;
图2是正常人的腰椎的俯视图;
图3是椎骨腰部小关节的侧面正视图;
图4是根据本发明的一个实施例安装在病人体内的人造小关节假体的后视图;
图5是当安装在病人体内时图4的实施例的左侧视图;
图6是当安装在病人体内时图4的实施例的又一视图;
图7A是根据图4的实施例的头部支撑元件和固定元件的横截面图;
图7B是根据本发明的一个实施例的一对人造头部和尾部小关节假体的后视图;
图7C是图7A的实施例中的一对人造头部和尾部小关节假体的俯视图;
图7D是图7A的实施例中的一对人造头部和尾部小关节假体的左视图;
图7E是图7A的实施例中的一对人造头部和尾部小关节假体的仰视图;
图7F是图7A的实施例中的一对人造头部和尾部小关节假体的主视图;
图8A是根据本发明的一个实施例的安装固定装置的透视图;
图8B是图8A的安装固定装置的俯视图;
图8C是图8A的安装固定装置的侧视图;
图8D是图8A的安装固定装置的后视图;
图9是根据本发明的一个实施例连同一对尾部小关节支撑元件和一对头部小关节支撑元件的图8的安装固定装置的分解图;
图10A-D是根据本发明的一个实施例的导向工具的视图;
图11是图8和9的安装固定装置的后视图,其中一对尾部小关节支撑元件和一对头部支撑元件已经连接到该安装固定装置,并且尾部支撑元件连接到病人;
图12是其中将尾部支撑元件连接到病人的图11的安装固定装置和支撑元件的左视图;
图13是图11和12的安装固定装置和支撑元件的透视图,显示了根据本发明的一个实施例的导向工具;
图14是根据本发明的一个实施例的图11和12的安装固定装置和支撑元件的透视图,显示了使用具有导向工具的钻头。
可以在不脱离本发明精神或基本特征的条件下以各种方式实现本发明。本发明的范围在后附的权利要求书中限定,而不是在权利要求书之前的说明书中限定。因此意味着权利要求书包含了落入权利要求书的等效的意思和范围的所有实施例。
具体实施方式
虽然在此公开的内容是详细的和准确的,使本领域技术人员能够实现本发明,但是在此公开的物理实施例仅作为本发明的例子,本发明可以以其他具体结构实施。虽然已经描述了优选实施例,但可以在不脱离由权利要求限定的本发明的情况下改变细节。
图4-7示出了根据本发明的一个方面用于置换自然小关节的人造头部和尾部小关节假体36和50。头部假体36具有带支撑表面40的支撑元件38。在该实施例中,支撑表面40为凸形形状。支撑元件38可以由以下材料形成:生物相容性金属(例如钴铬钢、外科工具用钢、钛、钛合金、钽、钽合金、铝,等等),陶瓷,聚乙烯,生物相容性的聚合物和假体领域公知的其他材料,支撑表面40可以由以下材料形成:生物相容性的金属(例如钴铬钢、外科工具用钢、钛、钛合金、钽、钽合金、铝,等等),陶瓷,聚乙烯,生物相容性聚合物和假体领域公知的其他材料。
取决于病人的患病状况,病人的自然小关节的情况(包括小关节的强度、位置和方向)可能无法接受。因此,如图4-7所示,已经去除了自然的头部和尾部小关节表面,使得能够在不受自然小关节剩余部分限制的情况下安装假体小关节。
在本发明的一个实施例中,固定元件42将头部假体36以一定的方向和位置连接到椎骨60,使得将支撑表面40放置在与假体置换的自然小关节表面大致相同的位置。在不脱离本发明的情况下,通过例如沿不同角度定向固定元件、向头部或尾部运动关节或通过向中间或侧面运动关节也可以将假体放置在与自然小关节位置不同的位置上。
在图4-7所示的实施例中,固定元件42是螺钉。可以使用的其他固定元件包括无头螺钉、杆、螺丝锥、金属丝、U形钉、粘合剂、骨水泥和其他假体领域公知的材料。
在本发明的该实施例中,将头部小关节假体连接到椎骨的后部元件,例如骨板和/或棘突中的一个或一部分。例如,如图4-6所示,固定元件42可以在棘突64的底部延伸穿过椎骨60的骨板部分62,穿过由棘突64限定的椎骨中线并穿过另一骨板部分66。如本领域公知的,固定元件的这种定向与贯穿骨板小关节螺钉固定中使用的定向相似。当然,也可以根据具体椎骨解剖学结构的要求和医生的需要使用其他固定元件42的定向。例如,固定元件42可以仅贯穿一个骨板部分,仅穿过棘突,等等。
与其他连接到蒂状骨的小关节假体不同的是,这个实施例使用一个或多个椎骨的后部元件连接本发明的头部小关节假体不会妨碍接近蒂状骨区域,使该区域空出用于连接其他假体或装置。当然,在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的条件下,本发明的其他实施例可以阻塞蒂状骨区域。另外,由于骨板的固有强度,头部小关节假体可以不用骨水泥,尤其是当使用骨的向内生长表面或有小梁的金属时。
在图4-6所示的以及一些可置换实施例中的定向中,在插入后固定元件的近端43(优选地形成为配合合适的插入工具)和远端44位于骨板的相反侧上。将支撑元件38连接到将要设置在尾部小关节支撑表面(自然的或人造的,例如下述人造尾部小关节假体)和一部分椎骨,例如图4-6所示的骨板部分之间的固定元件42的远端44。为了在图4所示的实施例中将支撑元件38连接到固定元件42,支撑元件38的孔46具有配合固定元件42的远端44的莫尔斯锥度。当然可以使用其他手段将支撑元件38连接到固定元件42,例如其他莫尔斯或其他锥度连接、机械螺纹、NPT螺纹或其他公知的机械紧固方式。固定元件42可以涂敷抗菌的、抗血栓形成的、羟磷灰石或骨诱导性材料以促进骨骼向内生长和固定。在植入病人之前或之后,支撑元件38可以根据植入方式或位置的需要连接到固定元件42。
假体36可用于与自然尾部小关节部分或人造尾部小关节假体一起形成小关节的头部部分。
图4-7也示出了根据本发明的一个方面的用于置换自然小关节的上半部分的人造尾部关节假体50。在这个实施例中,支撑表面54为凹面。支撑元件52可以由以下材料形成:生物相容性金属(例如钴铬钢、外科工具用钢、钛、钛合金、钽、钽合金、铝,等等),陶瓷,聚乙烯,生物相容性聚合物和假体领域公知的其他材料,支撑表面54可以由以下材料形成:生物相容性金属(例如钴铬钢、外科工具用钢、钛、钛合金、钽、钽合金、铝,等等),陶瓷,聚乙烯,生物相容性聚合物和假体领域公知的其他材料。
在一个实施例中,自然尾部小关节表面已经被去除,固定元件56借助蒂状骨将假体50以一定的方向和位置连接到椎骨70,使得将支撑表面54放置在与假体置换的自然小关节表面大致相同的位置。在一个置换实施例中,也可以将支撑表面54放置在与自然小关节表面不同的位置,更靠近中间或更靠近侧面,或更靠近头部或更靠近尾部,和/或从自然解剖学方向旋转和定向。另外,在其他实施例中,除了蒂状骨之外,尾部部件可以被连接到椎体上或单独连接到椎体上。
如图4-7的实施例中所示,固定元件56是通过在支撑元件52中形成的孔58连接到支撑元件54的螺钉,并且被插入椎骨70的蒂状部分72。其他固定元件可以包括杆、螺丝锥、金属丝、U形钉、粘合剂、骨水泥和其他假体领域公知的材料。固定元件56也可以插入除蒂状骨之外的椎体中或代替蒂状骨。
在这个实施例中,支撑元件52具有适合于接触椎骨70的接触部分74的锯齿状固定表面57。这种可选择的固定表面57有助于防止支撑元件52的转动。另外,固定表面57可以涂敷骨骼向内生长材料,任何可选择的锯齿都可增加骨骼向内生长的表面区域。如图5所示,在这个实施例中,整个支撑表面54在表面57和接触部分74的后面。
假体50可用于与自然头部小关节部分或人造头部小关节假体一起形成尾部部分。
图7A-F示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的与椎骨分开的人造小关节假体。如图所示,头部支撑表面40和尾部支撑表面54配合以形成人造小关节。在图7B中可最清楚地看出,尾部支撑表面54沿其横向轴线的宽度大于头部支撑表面40沿其横向轴线的宽度。这个特征有助于在植入时对准头部和尾部关节。另外,这个特征使两支撑表面之间的接触点能够随病人脊柱的弯曲、伸长、左右转动和侧向弯曲而变化。
图4-7的假体可不用特殊工具植入。然而,本发明的一个实施例包括辅助植入过程的安装固定装置。图8-14示出了用于植入两个人造小关节、即两个头部小关节假体和两个对应的尾部小关节假体的安装工具。本发明还包括用于植入单个小关节假体、两个尾部小关节假体、两个头部小关节假体、一个尾部和头部关节假体或任何其他小关节假体的组合的安装工具。
如图8和9所示,安装固定装置80具有对准元件82以将头部支撑元件38和尾部支撑元件52对准。在这个实施例中,对准元件是用于每个支撑元件的两个销钉。对准元件82配合支撑元件中对应的对准元件,例如在头部支撑元件38和尾部支撑元件52中形成的孔84(例如在图7B中所示)。当然,也可以使用其他对准元件,例如销、沟槽、凹口等。诸如螺钉86的连接元件将支撑元件38和52通过在支撑元件和安装固定装置80中形成的螺纹孔88(例如在图7B中所示)连接到安装固定装置。
当连接到安装固定装置80时,如图8所示,头部和尾部支撑表面40和54彼此接触并正确对准。在一个实施例中,当连接到安装固定装置80时,对头部和尾部支撑表面40和54预加载而处于压缩状态。为了使成对的支撑表面相对于病人的椎骨正确对准,需要调节成对支撑表面之间的间距。在图8,9和11-14的实施例中,安装固定装置80具有两个以受控方式相对彼此运动的支撑支持部件90和92。特别是,在这个实施例中,螺纹杆94在支持部件90和92之间延伸。螺纹杆94接合在支持部件90和92中形成的孔;所述孔中的一个或两个攻有螺纹,从而螺纹杆94的旋转导致支持部件90和92朝向或远离彼此运动。螺纹杆94可以设有指轮96或其他便于使用的致动器。可以设有一个或多个导向杆98以保持支持部件90和92的对准。也可以使用其他使成对的头部/尾部支撑元件相对彼此运动的装置,例如在安装固定装置元件之间的导向或不导向滑动连接件。
在使用中,在通过分别去除所有或一部分现有的脊柱运动部分的头部和尾部椎骨60和70的自然头部和尾部小关节部分准备好植入位置后,如上所述将支撑元件38和52连接到安装固定装置80。然后用指轮96调节成对支撑元件之间的间距,以将尾部支撑元件52的固定孔58对准尾部椎骨的蒂状部分中的适当的固定螺钉插入位置(或其他合适的位置),从而将人造小关节置于对应自然小关节位置的位置中或置于任何其他医生希望的位置,包括不对应自然小关节位置的位置。使用钻、锥子、蒂状骨探头或其他外科领域公知的工具形成对准孔58的通道,并且该通道位于蒂状骨中(或位于靠近或相邻蒂状骨的尾部椎骨的另一部分中)。然后插入固定螺钉56,穿过孔58进入蒂状骨或尾部椎骨的其他部分,以将尾部支撑元件以及整个假体和安装固定装置连接到尾部椎骨70,如图11和12所示。可置换地,可以使用自攻丝螺钉或其他尾部固定元件,从而不需要预先形成通道。
随后,将头部支撑元件连接到头部椎骨60。在一个实施例中,首先为每个固定元件确定插入路径,然后沿着对应于头部支撑元件孔46的插入路径形成通道(例如,在棘突底部的骨板中并通过另一侧的骨板,仅通过一个骨板部分,通过棘突,等等)。然后可以将固定螺钉42通过孔46插入通道中。可置换地,可以使用自攻丝螺钉或其他尾部固定元件,从而不需要预先形成通道。
当已经固定全部四个支撑元件后,可以拆掉并去除安装固定装置80。当然,安装固定装置80也可用于植入少于四个支撑元件。
图10,13和14示出了一种工具,该工具可用于限定左边头部支撑元件的固定元件的插入路径(位置,方向等)。例如,该工具可用于导向左边支撑元件的头部支撑元件连接通道的形成。相应的镜像工具可用于右边头部支撑元件。在可置换实施例中,可以使用单个工具限定左边和右边头部支撑元件的插入路径。
如图所示,工具100具有手柄102和对准接合部分(例如工具100中的销钉104和固定设备80中的孔106)以将工具以适当的方向关于安装固定装置80和头部小关节支撑元件对准。在尾部和头部支撑元件仍然连接到安装固定装置80上并且优选地在尾部支撑元件已经连接到尾部椎骨70上的情况下,工具100通过如图13和14所示的对准接合部分接合安装固定装置。在这个位置,工具100可用于限定头部固定元件的插入路径。
在图10,13和14所示的实施例中,插入路径导向器是由臂110和112支撑的钻导向器108,并通过在安装固定装置80和导向工具100之间的对准接合部分与头部支撑元件38中的孔46对准。在这个实施例中,钻导向器108是一根管,但也可以使用其他导向元件,例如导向沟槽或表面。可以通过钻导向器108插入钻头114以形成插入通道,例如通过头部椎骨的骨板部分的通道。然后可以将固定螺钉穿过该通道插入头部椎骨中并进入头部支撑元件38的孔46的莫尔斯锥度连接(或如上所述的其他类型的连接)。如上所述,固定螺钉可以涂敷骨骼向内生长材料。可置换地,可以使用自攻丝螺钉,从而不需要预先形成通道。
然后可以使用镜像工具为右边头部支撑元件限定插入路径或形成一孔,然后将该右边头部支撑元件以相同方式连接到椎体。随后通过例如拧出螺钉86去除安装固定装置。
如上所述,在可置换实施例中,导向工具可用于为自攻丝螺钉或其他不需要使用钻的固定元件限定路径。在那些实施例中,元件108可用于为自攻丝螺钉或其他固定元件限定路径。固定元件路径可以是仅通过单个骨板部分,单独通过棘突,或任何其他合适的路径。
在一些实施例中,除支撑表面之外的整个假体可以涂敷骨骼向内生长材料。
本发明的上述实施例仅仅描述了其原理,并非限制性的。本发明的范围实际应当由下面的权利要求并包括权利要求的等效置换的范围确定。

Claims (44)

1.用于置换椎骨上的自然小关节的头部部分的假体,该假体包括:
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造小关节元件;以及
从该人造小关节元件延伸的固定元件,该固定元件适用于和被配置成插入穿过椎骨的骨板部分,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨。
2.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述固定元件还适用于和被配置成插入穿过椎骨的骨板部分,以将人造小关节元件连接到椎骨而不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分。
3.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述骨板部分是第一骨板部分,所述固定元件还适用于和被配置成插入穿过椎骨的第二骨板部分,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨。
4.根据权利要求3所述的假体,其特征在于,第一和第二骨板部分在椎骨中线的相反侧上,固定元件还适用于和被配置成经过中线,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨。
5.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括头部支撑表面,该头部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于解剖学结构的正确位置。
6.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括头部支撑表面,该头部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于除解剖学结构的正确位置之外的位置。
7.根据权利要求1所述的假体,还包括适用于和被配置成将人造小关节元件连接到固定元件的连接元件。
8.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,固定元件包括人造小关节元件连接端和插入工具接合端,人造小关节连接端适用于和被配置成位于骨板部分的一侧,而人造小关节连接端适用于和被配置成位于骨板部分的另一侧。
9.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件适用于和被配置成设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分椎骨之间。
10.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括具有基本上凸形形状的头部支撑表面。
11.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件还包括安装固定连接机构。
12.用于置换椎骨上的自然小关节的头部部分的假体,该假体包括:
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造小关节元件;以及
适用于和被配置成将人造小关节元件连接到椎骨而不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分的固定元件。
13.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括头部支撑表面,该头部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于解剖学结构的正确位置。
14.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括头部支撑表面,该头部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于除解剖学结构的正确位置之外的位置。
15.根据权利要求12所述的假体,还包括适用于和被配置成将人造小关节元件连接到固定元件的连接元件。
16.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,固定元件包括人造小关节元件连接端和插入工具接合端,人造小关节连接端适用于和被配置成位于椎骨的骨板部分的一侧,而人造小关节连接端适用于和被配置成位于骨板部分的另一侧。
17.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件适用于和被配置成设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分椎骨之间。
18.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件包括具有基本上为凸形形状的头部支撑表面。
19.根据权利要求12所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件还包括安装固定连接机构。
20.用于置换椎骨上的自然小关节的头部部分的假体,该假体包括:
包括椎骨接触表面和尾部支撑表面的人造小关节元件,该尾部支撑表面适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分,并且当椎骨接触表面接触椎骨的接触部分时基本上完全处于该接触部分的后面;以及
从人造小关节元件延伸的固定元件,该固定元件适用于和被配置成插入椎骨,以将假体固定到椎骨。
21.根据权利要求20所述的假体,其特征在于,该尾部支撑表面还适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于解剖学结构的正确位置。
22.根据权利要求20所述的假体,其特征在于,该尾部支撑表面还适用于和被配置成当将假体通过固定元件固定到椎骨上时相对椎骨处于除解剖学结构的正确位置之外的位置。
23.根据权利要求20所述的假体,还包括适用于和被配置成将人造小关节元件连接到固定元件的连接元件。
24.根据权利要求20所述的假体,其特征在于,尾部支撑表面为基本上凹形形状。
25.根据权利要求20所述的假体,其特征在于,人造小关节元件还包括安装固定连接机构。
26.用于置换头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的头部部分和尾部部分的假体,该假体包括:
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造头部小关节元件,该人造头部小关节元件包括头部支撑表面;
头部固定元件,该头部固定元件适用于和被配置成插入穿过头部椎骨的骨板部分,以将人造头部小关节元件固定到头部椎骨;
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分的人造尾部小关节元件,该人造尾部小关节元件包括适用于和被配置成配合头部支撑表面的尾部支撑表面。
27.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,头部固定元件还适用于和被配置成插入穿过椎骨的骨板部分,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨而不妨碍接近椎骨的蒂状骨部分。
28.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,所述骨板部分是第一骨板部分,头部固定元件还适用于和被配置成插入穿过椎骨的第二骨板部分,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨上。
29.根据权利要求28所述的假体,其特征在于,第一和第二骨板部分在椎骨中线的相反侧上,头部固定元件还适用于和被配置成经过中线,以将人造小关节元件固定到椎骨。
30.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,人造头部小关节元件适用于和被配置成设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分头部椎骨之间。
31.根据权利要求26所述的假体,还包括从人造尾部小关节元件延伸的尾部固定元件,该尾部固定元件适用于和被配置成插入尾部椎骨,以将人造尾部小关节元件固定到尾部椎骨。
32.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面分别适用于和被配置成当将假体固定到头部和尾部椎骨上时相对头部和尾部椎骨处于解剖学结构的正确位置。
33.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面分别适用于和被配置成当将假体固定到头部和尾部椎骨上时相对头部和尾部椎骨处于除解剖学结构的正确位置之外的位置。
34.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面沿其各自横向轴线分别具有一个宽度,头部支撑表面的宽度小于尾部支撑表面的宽度。
35.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面具有基本上凸形形状,且尾部支撑表面具有基本上凹形形状。
36.根据权利要求26所述的假体,其特征在于,人造尾部小关节元件还包括椎骨接触表面,整个尾部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当椎骨接触表面接触尾部椎骨的接触部分时处于该接触部分的后面。
37.用于置换头部和尾部椎骨的自然小关节的头部部分和尾部部分的假体,该假体包括:
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的头部部分的人造头部小关节元件,该人造头部小关节元件包括头部支撑表面;
适用于和被配置成将人造头部小关节元件连接到头部椎骨而不妨碍接近头部椎骨的蒂状骨部分的头部固定元件;以及
适用于和被配置成置换自然小关节的尾部部分的人造尾部小关节元件,该人造尾部小关节元件包括适用于和被配置成配合头部支撑表面的尾部支撑表面。
38.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,人造头部小关节表面适用于和被配置成设置在尾部小关节支撑表面和一部分头部椎骨之间。
39.根据权利要求37所述的假体,还包括从人造尾部小关节元件延伸的尾部固定元件,该尾部固定元件适用于和被配置成插入尾部椎骨,以将人造尾部小关节元件固定到尾部椎骨。
40.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面分别适用于和被配置成当将假体固定到头部和尾部椎骨上时相对头部和尾部椎骨处于解剖学结构的正确位置。
41.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面分别适用于和被配置成当将假体固定到头部和尾部椎骨上时相对头部和尾部椎骨处于除解剖学结构的正确位置之外的位置。
42.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面和尾部支撑表面沿其各自横向轴线分别具有一个宽度,头部支撑表面的宽度小于尾部支撑表面的宽度。
43.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,头部支撑表面具有基本上凸形形状,尾部支撑表面具有基本上凹形形状。
44.根据权利要求37所述的假体,其特征在于,人造尾部小关节元件还包括椎骨接触表面,整个尾部支撑表面适用于和被配置成当椎骨接触表面接触尾部椎骨的接触部分时处于该接触部分的后面。
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US20060149375A1 (en) 2006-07-06
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US20070168029A1 (en) 2007-07-19
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US20040230304A1 (en) 2004-11-18

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