CN1528095A - 多次探测心跳信号以减少误差概率 - Google Patents

多次探测心跳信号以减少误差概率 Download PDF

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CN1528095A
CN1528095A CNA028140516A CN02814051A CN1528095A CN 1528095 A CN1528095 A CN 1528095A CN A028140516 A CNA028140516 A CN A028140516A CN 02814051 A CN02814051 A CN 02814051A CN 1528095 A CN1528095 A CN 1528095A
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Сղķ˹��A.�����޿���
小詹姆斯·A.·普罗克特
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Abstract

一个改善信号探测性能(图2A)的通信系统(100)，通过在给定时间帧中建立一个请求的至少两个正标识，使所述信号具有请求标识以改变通信状态。在一个特定应用中，基站(25)用一个相当高的探测概率和一个相当低的误探测概率确定一个改变通信状态的请求。系统(100)具有减少的错误通信状态，如错误的传输信道分配(55)。

Description

多次探测心跳信号以减少误差概率
发明背景
无线电话与个人计算机的使用日益增多，导致对先进通信服务的需求不断增加。而过去这种服务曾经被看作是只为专门的应用领域提供的。在20世纪80年代，无线话音通信通过蜂窝电话网络得到普及。由于人们预计用户费用会很高昂，所以从一开始就认为，这种服务专以商务人员为对象。在远程分布式计算机网络的访问方面也同样如此。就在前不久，还只有商务人员和大的机构才用得起所需要的计算机和有线访问设备。
随着人们用得起的新技术得到普及，一般人不再满足于用有线方式访问因特网和专用内联网等网络，也希望用无线方式进行访问。无线技术对于那些不想受电话线约束的便携式计算机、膝上型计算机、手持式数字助理等设备的使用者特别有用。
使用现有的无线基础结构，目前还没有一个普遍可行、令人满意的办法，做到对因特网、专用内联网和其它网络的低成本、高速度的访问。这很可能是一些令人遗憾的情况造成的。首先，在商务环境中通过有线网络提供高速数据服务的典型方式不能很容易地与大多数家庭或办公室可用的话音级服务相适应。例如，这种标准的高速数据服务不一定能通过标准蜂窝无线电话手机来有效地传输信息，因为无线网络最初是设计用来只传输话音的，尽管某些系统，如CDMA系统，确实可以采用某些具有非对称性质的工作方式来进行数据传输。例如，通信工业协会(TIA)为IS-95系统规定的正向传输信道数传速率为：速率组1，可从1.2k比特/秒至9.6k比特/秒进行增量调节；速率组2，可从1.8k比特/秒至14.4k比特/秒进行增量调节。然而，反向链路传输信道的数传速率则固定在4.8k比特/秒。
因此，在最好的情况下，现有无线系统一般只提供一条无线电信道，在正向链路方向上的最大数传速率可以达到每秒14.4k比特/秒。如此低速的信道无法直接用来按照目前普遍使用的28.8k甚至56.6k比特/秒廉价有线调制解调器的速率来传输信息，更不要说按照诸如综合服务数字网(ISDN)设备所能达到的128k比特/秒这样更高的速率了。上述这些数传速率很快就要成为浏览网页等活动所能接受的最低速率。
尽管在蜂窝式系统刚刚开发的时候，有线网络已经为人所知了，但是，人们在大多数情况下并没有采取措施，以便使这种无线系统通过蜂窝式网络结构提供更高速的ISDN或ADSL级数据服务。
在大多数无线系统中，潜在的用户要比无线电频道资源多得多。所以需要某种以需求为基础的多路访问系统。
无论多路访问是由通过对一组射频载波信号进行模拟调制的传统频分多路访问(FDMA)技术提供的，还是通过利用时分多路访问以共享一个载波信号的频率的方式实现的，或者是通过码分多址访问方式实现的，无线电频谱都具有要被共享的特点。这与支持数据传输的传统环境有很大的不同。在该环境下有线介质价格相对低廉，而且一般不准备共享。
在无线系统的设计中要加以考虑的其它因素是数据本身的特性。例如，应考虑到对网页的访问一般是面向突发性的，需要在反向和正向方向上进行非对称速率的数据传输。通常的做法是，由一个远程客户端计算机用户首先为浏览器程序规定一个网页的地址。然后浏览器程序通过网络将该地址，长度一般为100字节或更短，发送给一部服务器计算机。然后该服务器计算机用所请求的网页内容给以回答。其内容可以是从10k字节到数兆字节的文本、图像、音频或视频数据。此后，用户可能会用几秒钟甚至几分钟的时间来阅读网页内容，然后再下载另一个网页。
在办公室环境下，大多数雇员使用计算机工作的习惯，一般是先查看几个网页，然后在一个较长的时间段里做一些其它事情，如存取本地储存的数据，甚至完全停止使用计算机。因此，即便是这些用户整天一直都连接在因特网或专用内联网上，高速数据链的实际使用一般是很不连贯的。
如果支持因特网联结的无线数据传输服务与无线话音通信共存，则优化无线CDMA通信系统内可利用资源的使用就变得越来越重要。频率的再利用和动态传输信道分配涉及到增强高性能无线CDMA通信系统效能的某些方面，但是，现在仍然需要更为有效地利用现有资源。
发明内容
一种更有效的利用可用资源的方法是保证以一种免错的方式分配资源。例如，在没有做出通信信道请求时，基站不应向现场单元分配通信信道。类似地，在做出请求时，基站应该向现场单元分配通信信道。当用户使用现场单元向远程网络节点发送通信数据时，由该现场单元做出这种请求。
在一种应用中，通过一个信道在一个时隙中传送标记表明由相应的现场单元做出的请求被激活。就是说，在一个所分配的时隙中传送标记表明该现场单元正在请求将反向链路通信信道分配给用户以将一个数据有效负荷从现场单元传送到基站。这假定现场单元当前正处于待机模式。另一种情况是，现场单元通过成对反向链路信道中的第二信道传送标记，以表明该现场单元未请求被置于活动模式。例如，现场单元不希望在反向链路信道上传送数据，而是请求保持不工作但与基站同步，以便随时迅速重新转入工作状态。
在任何两种情形之下，对于改变通信状态的请求，本发明改进了探测该请求的具有一个标记或指示的信号的性能，例如，通过对指示进行测定来确定已经做出了改变通信状态的请求。在一个特定的实施例中，该测定包括在一个给定的时间间隔请求的至少两个正标识。通过利用非请求状态(即稳定状态或“控制保持”状态)与请求状态(即“请求改变”通信状态)的功率电平的差值，系统可以进一步改变性能。结果可以包括减少错误通信状态的数量，比如错误地指派或分配通信信道。
在一个特定应用中，用户单元提供了一条心跳信道和一条带请求的心跳信道，前者使用CDMA系统中的第一代码，后者使用到基站的反向链路中的第二个代码。使用本发明的原理的基站以相当高的探测概率和相当低的误监测概率确定改变通信状态的请求，用户单元提供具有重复，并且可选的具有不同功率级的信号。
本发明所教导的内容支持1xEV-DV系统和I-CDMA，但通常足以支持那些使用有线和无线通信系统中使用的各种其它通信协议的系统。码分多址访问系统(CDMA)，如IS-2000，和正交频分多路复用(OFDM)系统，如IEEE 802.11a无线局域网，都可以使用本发明的实施例。
附图简要说明
上述内容以及本发明的其它目标、特点和优点将通过以下结合附图对优选实施例所进行的更为具体的描述而变得更为清晰。在不同附图中的同一部件用相同的幅图标记指示。由于更为注重对本发明原理的说明，所以附图不一定符合比例。
图1是一幅通信系统示意图，本发明实施例将在该系统中展开；
图2A是一幅示意图，介绍在图1的通信系统中基站所使用的子系统，该子系统用于确定一个反向链路信号中是否含改变通信状态的请求的指示；
图2B是一幅流程图，表示由图2A的子系统中的状态机所执行的过程；
图3A是一幅1xEV-DV信号的信号图，图中第一标记表示“控制保持”，第二标记表示“请求开始工作”；
图3B是一幅代码信道的码分多址访问(CDMA)集的信号图，在一个分配的时隙内有一个标记，表示一个现场单元正在请求改变通信状态；
图3C是一个带有指示的反向链路信号的另一个实施例的信号图；
图4是一幅信噪比与探测概率对比曲线图，可用于确定图3A-3C中信号内指示的能级。
具体实施方式
下面是对本发明优选实施例的说明。
漏探测或误探测心跳信号(HB)与带请求开始工作的心跳信号(HB/RQST)会付出很大的代价。如果误探测了HB，则根据所接接收的不正确的码相位，会生成在基站和字段终端之间使用的功率控制命令和时间控制命令。因此，功率控制就是不正确的，而且不是基于从终端实际接收的功率。对于请求消息，则在不需要资源时向用户分配资源，从而导致浪费的容量。
按常规的做法，如果非常低的误探测概率很重要的话，便要求在基地收发站(BTS)设置非常高的Eb/No(即每位能量与噪声密度)阈值。作为另一种情况，如果探测速度不是那么重要的话，则对于HB信号，多次连续探测可以是有用的。这样可以使误探测概率大大降低。
例如，如果P(fd)＝0.01并且如果指定在确定“有效探测”之前在一行内进行三次探测，则总体P(fd)＝0.01^3或0.000001。对于探测而言，这样做的代价是很小的，因为开始的概率是非常高的。例如，如果单个的监测概率是0.9，需要三次探测将监测概率降低到0.9^3或0.72只是很小的降低。这种技术方法在雷达系统中是很常见的，但在用于探测HB和HB/RQST信号的本申请中，以及其他通信系统和应用中尚未使用过。应该把HB和HB/RQST信号理解成可以应用本发明教导的内容的实例，而不应当成从任何角度对本发明的限制。
要探测和计数的信号(i)例如，可以是连续的，无论在时间上，还是按TDMA系统中用户分配的时隙，或者(ii)可以在信号之间有间隔，但在给定的时间间隔中具有给定数量的脉冲、位或其他指示。对于一个CDMA反向链路，可以把要求多个连续监测或非连续监测用作系统级探测。此外，系统还可以设置一个不同的功率控制目标与探测目标，这意味着对于较低的传输功率，将积分时间增加以提高监测能量。对于使用时隙的系统，系统可以包括监视给定用户的连续或非连续时隙的智能。此外，系统还可以处理选通和非选通信号。
心跳信号的干扰程度来源于一个典型的雷达监测问题。为此，对于CDMA技术中的专用控制信道(DCCH)和时隙控制保持模式(DCHM)，基于被“探测”而不是被解调的心跳脉冲，而使各种优点得以实现。
图1是一个作为范例的通信系统100示意图。该系统与上述系统一样，使用了本发明的一个实施例。如图所示，带天线塔23的基地收发站25与42a、42b、42c各个现场单元(组合成为现场单元42)保持无线通信链接。这些无线链接是在基站25和现场单元42之间的正向链路70和反向链路65上分配资源的基础上建立起来的。每条链路65或70一般分别由数条逻辑反向链路信道55和数条逻辑正向链路60信道组成。
如图所示，通信系统100支持接口50和网络20之间的无线通信。网络20一般是公共交换电话网(PSTN)或计算机网络，如因特网、互联网或内联网。在优选情况下，接口50与一个数字处理装置，例如一个便携式计算机12，有时也称作访问单元连接，以便提供对网络20的无线访问。因此，便携式计算机12可以在有线和无线数据链路相结合的通信基础上访问网络20。
在一个优选实施例中，正向链路60和反向链路55在通信系统100中被定义为码分多址访问(CDMA)信道。即每条CDMA信道被优先定义为通过用增信伪随机噪声(PN)代码序列在该信道上进行编码和数据传输。然后，PN编码数据被调制到一个无线电频率载波上。这就使接收机只要知道分配给特定信道的特定的增信PN代码，就可以将一条CDMA信道与另一条信道区分开来。根据一个实施例，优选情况下，每条信道可以占用符合IS-95 CDMA标准或1xEV-DV标准的1.25兆赫的波段，并能以38.4k比特/秒的速度进行传输。
一条正向链路70至少包括4条逻辑正向链路信道60。如图所示，它包括领示信道60PL、链路质量管理(LQM)信道60L、分页信道60PG和多路传输信道60T。
一条反向链路65至少包括5条逻辑信道55。如图所示，它包括心跳待机信道55HS、心跳请求工作信道55HRA、访问信道55A和多路传输信道55T。一般说来，除每条反向传输链路信道60T可以支持从2.4至最大160k比特/秒的各种数传速率外，反向链路信道55与正向链路信道60相同。
在基站25和现场单元42a之间传输的数据包括编码数据信息，例如网页数据。基于在反向链路65或正向链路70内多路传输信道的分配，在基站25和现场单元42a之间的特定链路可以达到较高的数传速率。然而，由于多个现场单元42争夺带宽分配，一个现场单元42a必须等待，直至有空闲资源可以分配给传输信道以发送数据有效载荷。
在论述用于区分心跳信号和带请求的心跳信号的典型探测器系统(图2)之前，先参照图3A-3C对典型信号作一简要介绍。
在图3A中，一个可由现场单元发送的1xEV-DV信号160有3种不同的状态：“控制保持”状态165、“请求开始工作”状态170和数据传输状态175。在“控制保持”状态165，信号160不含“请求开始工作”的指示。换句话说，信号160保持“闲置”或“控制保持”状态，这表示现场单元42a没有请求传输信道。“请求开始工作”状态170表明现场单元正在请求通过反向链路的数据传输信道向BTS 25发送数据。在数据传输状态175，通信数据由现场单元发送给BTS。在通信数据通过反向链路进行了传输后，先发送“数据传输完成”状态(图中未标出)，然后信号160恢复到“控制保持”状态。
虽然信号160作为单个信号标出，但应将其理解为多个信号，可有选择地用正交或非正交代码将其编码进入互斥的信道。例如，“控制保持”状态165可以通过一条不同于“请求开始工作”状态170的通道进行传输。同样，在数据传输状态175传输的通信数据亦可在一条独立于其它两个状态165、170的信道上传输。多信道实例将参照图3B和3C来讨论。
图3B是一个作为范例的因特网码分多址访问(I-CDMA)信号图。该图将时隙分配给用户1、2、3……N，并在信号出现时间段i177a、i+1 177b等中重复时隙的分配。信道由心跳信道55H、请求信道55R以及传输信道55T组成。这三条信道中的每条信道都有一个相关联的代码C1、C2、C3、C4……CN，使信号能通过互斥的编码信道传输。发送和接收系统都以典型的CDMA方式，利用代码分别区分信道内的信息，从而对信道内的信息进行处理。
如图所示，在心跳信道55H中存在信号180表明，用户1、2、4、5、6……n正在请求保持闲置状态。而用户3则以第一时间段177a中请求信道55R内的一个信号185a、第二时间段177b中请求信道55R内的一个信号185b以及可能的其他时间段为基础，正在请求通过一条反向链路传输数据。在第三时间段177c中，BTS 25基于两个连续的指示185a和185b探测到传输数据的请求。在接收到确认之后，用户3开始在使用代码C5的一条相关的传输信道中发送通信数据190。在另一个实施例中，BTS可以在确定做出了请求并对该请求进行了确认之前，要求3个连续的指示185a到185c。
图3C是图3A中1xEV-DV信号的更详细的信号图，用于指示从现场单元42a向基站做出的“请求开始工作”。在本实施例中，1xEV-DV信号由多个处于不同逻辑信道上的信号组成，即：心跳信道55H和请求信道55R。心跳信道55H不断地从现场单元42a向基站25提供定时和其它信息(例如功率级、同步等)。现场单元42a利用请求信道55R向基站25做出请求(例如数位“1”)，以请求在反向链路65上的一条信道上传送数据。
用箭头表示的采样时间195a、195b……195f(组合为195)指示BTS25进行请求信号55R时隙采样的时间或间隔，并且可选地，心跳信道55H确定对传输信道的请求是否正在进行中。应该指出，采样可以在整个时隙或时隙的子集中进行。而且，在这个特定实施例中心跳信道55H和请求信道55R使用互斥的代码，因此，采样是在互斥的代码信道55H和55R上、在所有时隙或时隙的子集中进行。在一个特定的实施例中，基站25在分配用于请求指示的时隙内，例如在195b、195d和195f采样时间的时隙内，对互斥的代码信道55H、55R进行采样。在这些时隙中，心跳信道55H“不工作”，而请求信道55R则“处于工作状态”。
如上所述，在“处于工作状态”的请求时隙内的信号可以是调制信息，也可只是没有“数位”的编码的领示信号。这样，探测就仅仅以心跳信号和带请求的心跳信号在一个特定的时间间隔或多个时间间隔内，相应时隙中相应的能级为基础。
在一个特定实施例中，“控制保持”状态165指示信号具有第一能级，而“请求开始工作”状态170则具有第二能级。基站25除了重复用于指示请求开始工作的脉冲之外，还可以利用功率能级中的区别。例如，在这个具体实施例中，区分这两种状态只要测量信号(s)，并且做到(i)将能级与至少一个阈值作比较，或者(ii)可选地，在互斥的代码信道中，在心跳信号处于逻辑零的时隙内，确定有一个请求存在。指示信号的不同能级由信号的占空系数、频率、功率和信号传输结构等提供。
为了了解信号的能级是如何用来改善系统性能的，我们可以参阅图4，该图是一幅曲线图，说明根据以下参数或因素来选择信号传输要求：(i)探测概率P(d)(x-轴)，(ii)以分贝表示的信噪比(y-轴)，(iii)误测概率P(fd)(图中的曲线)。该图表明了为计算一个非脉动信号，线性整流探测器输入终端所需要的信噪比，作为单个脉冲探测概率的函数，误测概率P(fd)则作为一个参数。应指出，可以选用不同的参数或因素来建立或确定指示信号的传输功率级。
在圈定点200，信噪比为3dB，P(d)＝20％，P(fd)＝1％。为了在误测概率不变的情况下提高探测概率，只要将圈定点200沿着同一条误测概率曲线向上滑动，这意味着信噪比的提高被用来改善系统的性能，因而也加大了请求信号很快被探测到的可能性。
在提供一个典型范例并对作为范例的通信系统100(图1)所用的典型心跳待机55HS和心跳请求工作55HRA的能级进行讨论之前，现在先对该系统可能使用的一个处理器和探测系统进行简要的讨论。
图2A是一幅请求探测处理器110的示意图，该处理器用于确定现场单元42a是否请求向BTS 25发送数据。接收机Rx 35接收信号55，这些信号包括维护信道55M、传输信道55T、访问信道55A、心跳待机信道55HS以及心跳请求工作信道55HRA。对信号55进行处理，使心跳信道处理器112接收心跳待机信道55HS，而请求信道处理器114则接收心跳请求工作信道55HRA。
心跳信道处理器112和请求信道处理器114含有相同的处理单元，所以在这个特定实施例中，仅对心跳信道处理器112作一简要说明。
心跳信道处理器112接收心跳待机信道55HS。相关器115使用一个解扩器120进行心跳待机信道55HS的解扩。积分器125用于以相干方式组合心跳信号。通过信号的相干组合，I、Q及其相位的积分导致信号相位的移动和信号功率的输出。
在相关器115之后，整流器130(即信号平方的绝对值)对信号功率进行调整，然后由第二个积分器135进行积分，以计算被接收心跳信号的能量。第二个积分器135提供信号的非相干组合，并在很短的时间间隔内完成计算。如果终端移动速度太快，非相干积分只提供幅度，从而引起180度相位点的重迭，这会导致在没有非相干组合的情况下确定信号能量的模糊性。
心跳信道处理器112输出的是一个心跳能级，而请求信道处理器114输出的是一个请求能级。在本实施例中，每个能级都反馈到假设探测器140，由该探测器确定心跳信号、请求信号是否处在被基站25接收的反向链路信道55内，或者两者均不在其内。
假设探测器140的输出被提供给状态机。该状态机用于确定现场单元是否根据给定的标准做出“请求开始工作”，在一个特定的实施例中，该标准是对假设探测器的测量结果。举例来说，测量结果包括对连续请求信号的数量进行计数，测量心跳待机信道信号与心跳请求开始工作信道信号的比值，对于给定时间范围内的心跳请求开始工作信号进行计数等等。而且，假设探测器140和指示信息中能级的差改进了系统性能，虽然这不是本发明所需要的。换句话说，可以直接由状态机145处理心跳待机信道55HS和心跳请求开始工作信道55HRA，以确定现场单元42a是否正在请求开始工作。在对状态机145的一个实施例进行说明之后将进行更为详细的说明。
在一个特定的实施例中，状态机145输出一个布尔真或假信号。在图2B中说明了一个由状态机执行的过程的示例。
图2B举例说明了一个状态机145的流程图。当探测处理器110“引导”时，该示例状态机145在步骤205开始。在步骤210，状态机145启动用于确定是否发生了探测的计数器。在步骤215，状态机145接收假设探测器140的输出。在引导之后，状态机145一旦接收到来自假设探测器140的任何输出，便可以在步骤215开始，用作一个“中断服务例程”。如下文所述，在确定了探测或非探测时，计数器被清零(即设置为零)，以便无需重新引导探测处理器110而重置测量过程。
在步骤215中接收了来自假设探测器140的输出后，状态机145确定假设探测器145的输出是否是一个请求(即“请求开始工作”)。如果是，则状态机在步骤240中继续，探测计数器在该步骤中增加。在步骤245，将探测器计数器与一个阈值进行比较。如果探测器计数器超过该阈值，则在步骤250，状态机145报告探测到从现场单元42a做出了“请求开始工作”请求。如果探测计数器没有超过该阈值，则状态机145返回到步骤215，并等待接收来自假设探测器140的另一个输出。
接着参照图2B，如果在步骤220，确定来自假设探测器140的输出不是一个“请求”，则该状态机145继续到步骤225。在步骤225，状态机145增加非探测计数器。在步骤230，确定非探测计数器是否超过一个阈值。如果是，则状态机145继续到步骤235，在该步骤状态机145报告未探测到现场单元42a做出的“请求开始工作”。如果未探测到计数器没有超过阈值，则状态机145继续到步骤215。
在步骤235和250之后，状态机145在步骤255清除计数器，允许状态机145探测由现场单元42a做出的将来的“请求开始工作”。在步骤260，状态机145结束。
状态机145使用探测计数器来根据一个给定的标准确定探测计数器110已经接收到多少“请求开始工作”的指示。该标准可以是任何形式，包括给定的连续探测次数，给定时间段内的给定探测次数，或探测与未探测到的比例。作为备选，可以使用基于测量的非计数以确定是否正在做出开始工作的请求，比如测量请求信号的相位。
应该理解，状态机145可以使用利用计数器或其他标准的备选实施例。例如，状态机145可以使用其他处理流程，非计数器变量或其他确定探测的标准或非标准技术。而且，除了从假设探测器140接收输出外，到状态机145的输入可以是来自心跳信道处理器112或请求信道处理器114的原始数据。而且，在另外的实施例中，状态机145可以和假设探测器140组合在一起包括在其中。
再看图2A，除了使用状态机145确保以很高的概率探测现场单元42a是否做出“请求开始工作”外，还使用了假设探测器140。
为确定出现了哪个或哪些信号，假设探测器140含有逻辑功能。例如，在本特定实施例中，假设探测器140将第一能级阈值与第一能级(即心跳能级)相比较，并将第二能级阈值与第二能级(即请求能级)相比较。
心跳能级和请求能级与之相比较的能级阈值分别是9dB和11dB。能级阈值可以动态性地选择、预先确定，也可以别的方式应用，例如，以一个传输的功率级为基础，该功率级可由现场单元通过心跳信道55H向基站报告。在进行能级计算和比较时，第一和第二能级可能根据信号55所用的信号传输通道内时隙被占用的情况而定，为此，能级阈值可以一个预计的或规定的数字“1”的比特数为基础，该比特数用于表示“请求开始工作”或表示请求保持空闲状态。在与本申请同时递交的发明人为Proctor，J，发明名称为“Transmittal of Heartbeat Signal at a Lower Than HeartbeatRequest(比心跳请求少地传输心跳信号)”的相关的美国申请中，讨论了能级阈值的使用，其中公开的内容在本文中引用以做参考。
如上所述，由状态机145测量假设探测器140的输出以确定是否改变通信系统的状态，该状态是现场单元42a和基站25之间的反向链路通信信道的状态。例如，如果假设探测器140确定现场单元42a正在做出“请求开始工作”(即在反向链路上发送数据传输)，则状态机145向BTS 25中的处理器(未示出)输出一个信号，该BTS25负责为便携计算机12提供一个通信信道55T。在一个特定实施例中，如果连续确定连续请求信号的数量为2个或多个，则BTS 25分配通信信道55T。可选择的标准上文已经进行了讨论。
正如参照图3C所作的阐述，心跳信道处理器112、请求信道处理器114和假设探测器140的配置和设计方式可以使时隙的监控和占用被用来表示改变通信状态的请求。在一个实施例中，如图3B和3C所示，探测包括对互斥的代码信道占用情况的监控。
一个反馈回路(未标出)被用于导致心跳信道处理器112和请求信道处理器114具有“自适应”能力。例如，积分器125、135的积分时间可以根据心跳信道55H所接收到的能级进行调整，而且被假设探测器140用来与心跳和请求能级做比较的能级阈值也可被反馈回路调整。其他的反馈可以导致(i)探测所需要的连续脉冲的数量增加或减少，或(ii)传送的请求信号的数量增加或减少。这种反馈回路可以使用一条指令或信息，在BTS和现场单元之间传输信息，这些信息包括关于由现场单元42a发送的心跳和带请求的心跳信号的脉冲重复或功率级。
如上所述，第一通信状态可能是待机通信状态，第二通信状态可能是有效载荷通信状态。在其它系统甚至是同样的系统中，通信状态还可以指其它通信状态，例如，请求改变基站、功率控制信号传输状态等。此处所描述的在信号传输中使用不同能级的方法适用于有线、无线或光学通信系统。在任何一种情况下，通信状态都可以在话音或数据通信系统中使用。
又如上面参照图4所作的阐述，第二能级可以一个目标探测概率、误测概率或两种概率的结合为基础。换句话说，现场单元可用特定的功率级，或在特定的时间段内发送特定数量的脉冲的方式来发送请求信号，以达到相应的信噪比来保证一个特定的目标探测概率、误测率，或者两者，正如前面参照图4所作的阐述。
可以使用一种分析方法来设定传输功率或传输的指示信号数量，或者在通信系统中使用上文讨论过的反馈机制来导致现场设备改变其行为，从而使接收到的指示信号能级达到一个预先确定的信噪比，因此可以提供所需要的探测概率和误测率参数。
模拟
现进行一次关于反向链接的模拟，其中假定该反向链接具有如图3A-3C中所示的各种示例类型，或其它类型的通信链路信号传输的功率控制和心跳信道。
首先，为此模拟建立两种假设。第一，功率控制在所探测的路径或在单个路径的组合上使用。即使没有获得正探测，也执行功率控制。第二，设置探测概率以便以足够高的探测率实现探测，从而确保在正确的信号上执行功率控制。明确一点，需要进行探测以跟踪接收的信号。
表1所示为对于以60英里/小时的速度驶离基站的车辆，一个单个路径信道所需要的探测率。由于运动，该表需要每有一个切片的变换便至少进行一次探测。
1个切片的变换距离    814    英尺
手机速度             60     英里/小时
手机速度             88     英尺/秒
切片变换速率         9.2    切片/秒
心跳速率             50     心跳/秒
心跳/Td              462
                    表1
在表1中，时间段Td被定义为这样一个时间段，在该时间段上必须对单个心跳脉冲进行探测以确保由于车辆的运动，随着信号到达时间的变换跟踪该信号。表1表示必须以非常高的概率接收每462个脉冲中的一个，否则就有失去对信号的跟踪的危险。
基于这种计算，根据探测/误探测概率表(如图4)设置探测阈值。虽然表1是为加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)定义的，预计这些探测概率在相对短的时间上不会受到大的影响。这是由于从心跳脉冲到心跳脉冲的衰减的统计无关性。
虽然单个的脉冲概率的探测之间区别很大，但从总体的结果来看，这种区别在探测等待时间上的系数不会超过大约50％。具体而言，AWGN中请求消息的平均探测延迟时间与30公里/小时大约15毫秒相比，是11毫秒。再重复一遍，产生这种结果的原因在于需要的是一个探测过程而不是一个难度高的解调过程。
基于这种分析，选择了20％的探测概率和1％的误探测概率。这要求平均Eb/No为3分贝。在图4中对此进行了说明和讨论。
表2所示为在上述规定的时间Td所计算的探测概率和误探测概率。
目标E/Io(总能量/干扰密度)        3dB
探测概率                         0.2
误探测概率                       0.01
对于3个连续心跳的探测概率        8.00E-03
Td中的试验次数           462
Td中的无探测概率         2.44E-02
3个连续误探测概率        1.00E-06
需要的无误探测试验       462
对于Td的误探测概率       4.62E-04
                      表2
为了减少误探测概率，需要3次连续的探测以验证一个单个的探测。由于在这种情况下误探测概率是通过乘法得到的，单个误探测概率变为三次方。
下面的表3计算了得到表2的统计结果所需要的平均Ec/Io(每个切片的能量/干扰密度，这是在整个切片上积分的信噪比)。
目标E/Io         3            分贝
处理增益         256
突发Ec/Io        -21.08       分贝
平均Ec/Io        -40.9        分贝
                       表3
因为心跳信道具有时分多路复用(TDM)结构，由心跳用户增加而导致的对所有其他用户的干扰如下：
有效平均Ec/Io(所有HB用户)＝10*log10(N)-40.9，其中N是用户数量。
因此，对于一个给定基站的96个用户，平均的总干扰将等于突发Ec/Io，也就是-21.08。
虽然本发明利用与优选实施例有关的参考资料进行了特别的展示和描述，但是，本领域的技术人员都明白，在不偏离所附权利要求书中所包括的发明范围的前提下，可能会在形式上和细节上作各种修改。

Claims (61)

1.在一个无线通信系统中，一种用于确定改变通信状态的请求的方法，该方法包括：
接收至少一个信号，该信号具有第一通信状态的第一指示和请求改变到一个第二通信状态的第二指示；
对所述指示的至少一个进行计数；根据测量结果，确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，确定步骤包括将所接收的第二指示的数量与至少等于2的一个阈值作比较。
3.根据权利要求2的方法，其特征在于，计数所探测的指示为不连续的所探测指示重置。
4.根据权利要求2的方法还包括，如果在给定时间间隔内没有达到至少两个第二指示的所述阈值，则计数被探测到指示重置。
5.根据权利要求1的方法还包括，对所述第一和第二指示监视至少第一和第二时隙。
6.根据权利要求5的方法，其特征在于，探测过程包括对于探测指示应用独立的阈值。
7.根据权利要求5的方法，其特征在于，，时隙互斥。
8.根据权利要求7的方法，其特征在于，改变通信状态的请求是由探测到超过给定阈值的第一和第二指示重复出现导致的，不改变通信状态的请求是由探测到比高于给定阈值的第一和第二指示都少的重复出现导致的。
9.根据权利要求1的方法，进一步包括，响应已经做出请求的确定结果，使当前的通信状态改变。
10.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，第一指示具有第一能级，第二指示具有第二能级，并且还包括根据可选择的标准基于所述能级探测指示。
11.根据权利要求10的方法，其特征在于，探测包括将第一能级与一个第一能级阈值进行比较，以及将第二能级与第二能级阈值进行比较。
12.根据权利要求11的方法，其特征在于，探测包括积分接收到所述至少一个信号的信号信道中的时隙，所述第一和第二能级与时隙的占用率无关。
13.根据权利要求11的方法，其特征在于，标准至少包括下列内容之一：第一能级超过一个第一能级阈值，第二能级超过一个第二能级阈值，第二指示占用时隙，第一和第二指示占用互斥代码信道中的时隙，以及第一和第二指示占用互斥时隙。
14.根据权利要求13的方法，其特征在于，对指示计数包括只对根据可选择的标准基于所述能级探测到的指示进行计数。
15.根据权利要求14的方法，还包括基于探测的目标概率调整信号的第二能级。
16.根据权利要求14的方法，还包括基于误探测的目标概率调整信号的第二能级。
17.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，第一通信状态是待机状态，而第二通信状态是有效负荷状态。
18.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，通信状态是数据通信状态。
19.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，通信系统是码分多址访问(CDMA)或正交频分多路复用(OFDM)无线通信系统。
20.在一个通信系统中，用于确定改变通信状态的请求的设备，该设备包括：
一个接收器，用来接收至少一个信号，该信号具有(i)一个第一通信状态的第一指示，以及(ii)一个请求改变到第二通信状态的请求的第二指示；
一个与所述接收器连接的计数器，用于对至少一个第一或第二指示进行计数；以及
一个与测量单元连接的逻辑单元，用于确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求。
21.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，所述逻辑单元将所接收的第二指示的数量与至少等于2的一个阈值进行比较。
22.根据权利要求21的设备，其特征在于，计数器对于非连续探测的指示进行重置。
23.根据权利要求21的设备，其特征在于，如果在给定的时间段内所探测的指示没有达到等于2的阈值，则计数器重置。
24.根据权利要求20的设备，还包括至少一个监视器，用于监视所述第一和第二指示的至少第一和第二时隙。
25.根据权利要求24的设备，其特征在于，测量单元为探测时隙应用独立的阈值。
26.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，时隙是互斥的。
27.根据权利要求26的设备，其特征在于，逻辑单元响应在互斥时隙中超过相应阈值的重复率的确定结果，改变通信状态，以及逻辑单元不响应较少的互斥时隙中超过相应阈值的重复率的确定结果，导致改变通信状态的请求。
28.根据权利要求20的设备，还包括一个与逻辑单元连接的状态控制单元，用于响应已经做出了请求的确定结果，导致通信状态改变。
29.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，第一指示具有第一能级，第二指示具有第二能级，并且计数器对根据可选择的标准基于能级的指示进行计数。
30.根据权利要求29的设备，其特征在于，测量单元包括一个比较器，用于将第一能级与第一能级阈值进行比较，将第二能级将第二能级阈值进行比较。
31.根据权利要求29的设备，其特征在于，测量单元包括积分其中接收了至少一个信号的信号信道中的时隙，所述第一能级和第二能级与时隙的占用率无关。
32.根据权利要求29的设备，其特征在于，标准至少包括下列内容之一：第一能级超过一个第一能级阈值，第二能级超过一个第二能级阈值，第二指示占用时隙，第一和第二指示占用互斥代码信道中的时隙，以及第一和第二指示占用互斥时隙。
33.根据权利要求29的设备，其特征在于，计数器只对根据可选择的标准基于所述能级探测到的指示进行计数。
34.根据权利要求33的设备，还包括基于探测的目标概率调整信号的第二能级。
35.根据权利要求33的设备，还包括基于误探测的目标概率调整信号的第二能级。
36.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，第一通信状态是待机状态，而第二通信状态是有效负荷状态。
37.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，通信状态是数据通信状态。
38.根据权利要求20的设备，其特征在于，通信系统是码分多址访问(CDMA)或正交频分多路复用(OFDM)无线通信系统。
39.在一个无线通信系统中，用于确定改变通信状态的请求的设备，该设备包括：
用来接收至少一个信号的装置，该信号具有(i)一个第一通信状态的第一指示，以及(ii)一个请求改变到第二通信状态的请求的第二指示；
用于对所探测到的指示进行计数的装置；以及
用于确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求的装置。
40.在一个通信系统中，用于做出改变通信状态的请求的方法，该方法包括：
选择要在信号中传输的指示，所述指示与数据通信状态相关，并可以由一个接收系统计数，以确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求；以及
将包括至少一个指示的信号传输到接收系统。
41.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，这些指示被连续地传输，以期待由接收系统作为连续的指示进行计数。
42.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，在给定时间间隔内，在信号中至少包括两个所探测到的指示。
43.根据权利要求40的方法，选择指示是根据与指示相关的能级完成的。
44.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，传输信号包括多路复用信号传输信道中时隙中的指示。
45.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，传输信号包括以下列方式中的至少一种将指示应用于信号：在互斥代码信道中；在互斥时隙中，在空白时隙中，用相应的能级，用给定的重复率，或作为一个非编码载波信号。
46.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，通信状态包括待机状态和有效负荷状态。
47.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，通信状态是数据通信状态。
48.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，相应的能级基于探测的目标概率。
49.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，相应的能级基于误探测的目标概率。
50.根据权利要求40的方法，其特征在于，通信系统是码分多址访问(CDMA)或正交频分多路复用(OFDM)无线通信系统。
51.在一个通信系统中，用于做出改变通信状态的请求的设备，该设备包括：
一个选择器，用于选择要在信号中传输的指示，所述指示与通信状态相关，并可以由一个接收系统计数，以确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求；以及
一个与选择器连接的发送器，用于将包括至少一个指示的信号传输到接收系统。
52.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，选择器以这样一种方式选择指示，这些指示被连续地传输，以期待由接收系统作为连续的指示进行计数。
53.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，在给定时间间隔内，选择器至少选择两个包括在信号中的指示。
54.根据权利要求51的设备，还包括一个与选择器和传输器连接的多路复用器，用于应用信号传输信道中时隙中的指示。
55.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，选择器和传输器以下列方式中的至少一种应用指示：在互斥代码信道中，在互斥时间信道中，在空白时隙中，用相应的能级，用给定的重复率，或作为一个非编码载波信号。
56.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，通信状态包括待机状态和有效负荷状态。
57.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，通信状态是数据通信状态。
58.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，选择器基于探测的目标概率将指示应用于信号。
59.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，选择器基于误探测的目标概率将指示应用于信号。
60.根据权利要求51的设备，其特征在于，通信系统是码分多址访问(CDMA)或正交频分多路复用(OFDM)无线通信系统。
61.在一个无线通信系统中，用于做出改变通信状态的请求的设备，该设备包括：
用于选择要在信号中传输的指示的装置，所述指示与通信状态相关，并可以由一个接收系统计数，以确定是否做出了改变通信状态的请求；以及
传输装置，用于将包括至少一个指示的信号传输到接收系统。
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