CN1433521A - Triple layer anti reflective coating for touch screen - Google Patents

Triple layer anti reflective coating for touch screen Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1433521A
CN1433521A CN00818739A CN00818739A CN1433521A CN 1433521 A CN1433521 A CN 1433521A CN 00818739 A CN00818739 A CN 00818739A CN 00818739 A CN00818739 A CN 00818739A CN 1433521 A CN1433521 A CN 1433521A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
layer
touch
screen
ground floor
reflection coating
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Granted
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CN00818739A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1196993C (en
Inventor
B·E·奥夫德海德
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Publication of CN1196993C publication Critical patent/CN1196993C/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
    • G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
    • G02B1/113—Anti-reflection coatings using inorganic layer materials only
    • G02B1/115—Multilayers
    • G02B1/116—Multilayers including electrically conducting layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/13338—Input devices, e.g. touch panels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/045—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means using resistive elements, e.g. a single continuous surface or two parallel surfaces put in contact
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
    • B32B2457/20—Displays, e.g. liquid crystal displays, plasma displays
    • B32B2457/208—Touch screens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
    • G06F2203/04103—Manufacturing, i.e. details related to manufacturing processes specially suited for touch sensitive devices

Abstract

A touch screen includes a triple layer anti-reflective coating (ARC). The touch screen can be an analog or a matrix resistive touch screen. The anti-reflective coating includes two high index layers and a low index layer. The exposed high index layer is conductive. The anti-reflective coating can be provided on one or both of a flex layer and a stable layer.

Description

The triple layer anti reflective coating that is used for touch-screen
Invention field
The present invention relates to touch sensor or touch-screen.The present invention relates more specifically to be used for the anti-reflection coating of touch sensor or touch-screen.
Background of invention
Usually, touch sensor such as electric capacity or electric resistance touch screen or touch-screen are used for before the display of computer drives that can modified-image or are used for can providing before the constant display of still image.Touch sensor or touch-screen provide an interface, and people can (by it) provide order to computing machine or other control device like this.Touch-screen can be used for computing machine, control panel, controller, pocket manager (organizer) (Palm Pilot ROrganizer), amusement hall game machine (arcade games), or other needs the electronic installation of human interaction.Usually, touch-screen be placed on (front) on the display and comprise at least one be used for sensing touch by existence and the conducting stratum of position.
As a kind of example of type of touch screens, conventional electric resistance touch screen has comprised two layers, often they is called soft (flex) layer and fixing (stable) layer.Soft formation and fixed bed all have transparent conducting coating on the apparent surface.By clearance or other non-conductive medium soft formation and fixed bed are separated.
When the outer front surface of touch-screen is depressed, the coating of two electrically conducting transparents forms and electrically contacts.More particularly, because the distortion of soft formation, contact with conductive coating on the fixed bed at the conductive coating on the soft formation.Fixed bed is typically non deformable.Common electric resistance touch screen comprises dot matrix (matrix) touch-screen and simulation (analog) touch-screen.
The dot matrix touch-screen has usually on a surface (soft formation) upward to be gone up to be listed as the transparent conducting coating of (perpendicular to row) formation pattern with row formation image with apparent surface's (fixed bed).When apply strength and form above-mentioned when electrically contacting, the just closed switch that separates.The row or column that separating switch is corresponding specific.Can use a computer or other circuit is provided to the electric signal of row or column and determines the lateral attitude and the lengthwise position (X, Y coordinate) of corresponding closed separating switch.
In the artifical resistance touch-screen, on soft formation and fixed bed, use the electrically conducting transparent surface.Conductive coating has uniform surface resistivity.The surface conductivity that is used for the artifical resistance touch-screen 100 and 1000Ohms/square between, more be preferably 200 to 400Ohms/square resistivity.
End at a transparent conductive (resistance) layer applies voltage by busbar (bus bar), and with the other end ground connection of one deck, by screen formation linear voltage gradient.Construct this bus, make on a screen, to form the vertical voltage gradient and the horizontal voltage gradient of formation on another screen.When the power of finger or stylus and so on was applied on the soft formation, soft formation and fixed bed electrically contacted and Closing Switch.Along with the closure of switch, the voltage that the gradient of using the layer that floats to receive another layer on the contact point produces.The effect of each layer has been put upside down then, and in another layer measuring voltage.The artifical resistance touch-screen is connected on computing machine or the circuit, the back both to voltage decoding and it convert to meet touch by the position.Use two voltage readings to divide and be used in vertical and level (X, the Y coordinate) voltage location that opsition dependent is touched in the location.Thereby these those signals of some digitizing of electrographic recording and it is write down fast enough.
Usually need make the light transmission rate of touch-screen in whole visible spectrum, reach maximum.If, will bring adverse influence for the light transmission touch-screen when light is absorbed during by touch-screen or reflects.Any interfacial reflection light quantity at two kinds of materials depends on refractive index and the thickness of two kinds of materials in the every side of interphase.Volume reflection is proportional to refractive index (refringence is big more, and the light of reflection is many more).The light that is reflected does not pass through touch-screen.
Usually, the conductive coating refractive index of contact touch-screen soft formation and fixed bed typically is 1.8 to 2.2.The air refraction relevant with the conductive coating clearance is 1.0.
The interfacial largest refractive index difference in conductive coating and clearance is a refringence maximum in the whole touch screen structure.Therefore, conductive coating and clearance have caused maximum light volume reflection.Like this, need to reduce conductive coating and the interfacial volume reflection in clearance.
Anti-reflection coating uses usually alternately has the low and high refractive index or the transparent material layer of high and low refractive index on substrate.The refractive index of the feasible layer of selective refraction rate and thickness cause having destruction between the light that is reflected back by first and second layers interference.If it is maximum that the design optical thickness is interfered catoptrical destruction, just can make reflected light total amount minimum.
Traditional touch-screen system uses double-deck anti-reflection coating to reduce in the interfacial reflection of conductive coating and clearance.Double-deck anti-reflection coating is used for soft formation basic unit.Double-deck anti-reflection coating is included in silicon dioxide layer in the basic unit and the conductive coating on silicon dioxide layer.Conductive coating on the silicon dioxide layer is used for above-mentioned touching by sensing.
Like this, need make light transmission amount maximum by touch-screen.The bigger touch-screen of transit dose than the touch-screen that uses double-deck anti-reflection coating further need be provided.
Abstract of invention
A specific embodiment that relates to the anti-reflection coating that is used for touch-screen.This touch-screen comprises transparent material.This touch-screen allows to watch by transparent material.Transparent material has the outside of close touch-screen outside and the inboard of close touch-screen inside.Anti-reflection coating comprises ground floor, the second layer and the 3rd layer.Ground floor is arranged in the inboard of contiguous transparent material.Ground floor has high refractive index.The second layer has low refractive index, arranges near ground floor.Arrange near the second layer and nearer from the second layer for the 3rd layer than ground floor.The 3rd layer can conduct electricity and be used on the sensing touch-screen touch by.Anti-reflection coating has reduced the reflection of internal interface.
Another embodiment relates to the touch screen layer that comprises mylar.This touch-screen allows to watch by laminated polyester film.Mylar have away from touch by the outside and near touch by the inboard.Touch-screen also comprises the anti-reflection coating that is used to increase by the transmission of mylar.Anti-reflection coating comprises the ground floor of adjacent medial side, arranges near the second layer of ground floor and arranges near the 3rd layer of the second layer.The 3rd layer nearer from the second layer than ground floor.The 3rd layer conducts electricity.
Another specific embodiment of the present invention relates to the method for making touch-screen.Touch-screen comprises transparent material.Touch-screen provides the visual indicia by transparent material.Transparent material has the outside of close touch-screen outside and the inboard of close touch-screen inside.This method comprises the ground floor that contiguous transparent material inside is provided, and the second layer of the contiguous second layer is provided, and the 3rd layer of the contiguous second layer is provided.Ground floor has high refractive index, and the second layer has low refractive index.The 3rd layer nearer from the second layer than ground floor.The 3rd layer is conduction and contiguous clearance.The first, the second and the 3rd layer of reflection that has reduced at the inner air interface.
Summary of drawings
Below will be together with example embodiment being described with reference to the drawings, the element that wherein same numeral is same.
Fig. 1 is a touch-screen equidimension exploded view;
Fig. 2 is the front elevation of touch-screen as shown in Figure 1;
Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of touch-screen as shown in Figure 1, shows two triple layer anti reflective coatings;
Fig. 4 is the cross-sectional view of a more detailed triple layer anti reflective coating as shown in Figure 2.
The detailed description of preferred embodiment
With reference to figure 1 and Fig. 2, touch-screen 10 is presented as a kind of Dynaclear TM4 line artifical resistance touch panels.In addition, touch-screen 10 can be chosen as the dot matrix touch-screen, or the touch sensing device of other type.Touch-screen 10 comprises soft formation 20, space-stop rack 30 and fixed bed 40.
Soft formation 20 is preferably the relative substrate (Fig. 1) of being isolated by clearance 32 with fixed bed 40.Gap 32 allows contact between the conductive layer on the surface 21 and 41 but surface 21 and 41 is isolated mutually. Layer 20 and 40 advantageously comprises the triple layer anti reflective coating (seeing Fig. 3 and 4) on inner surface 21 and 41 respectively separately.Layer 20 comprises outer surface 22, and layer 40 comprises outer surface 42.Layer 20 comprises one group of busbar 24, and layer 40 comprises one group of busbar 44.
Screen 10 sensings touch on 22 on the surface by have (existence) and a position.Outer surface 22 ratios inner surperficial 21 are from touching by nearer.At interval 30 be insulation and clearance 32 between layer 20 and the layer 40 is provided.Layer 20 is crossed clearance 32 contact layers 40 once being out of shape.When layer 20 contact layer 40, just can sensing from finger or nib touch by.Usually when conductive surface 21 contacts conductive surfaces 41 with regard to sensing this touch by.
Bus 24 and 44 can typically have the big 1000 times silver-colored printing ink (ink) of the conductivity of specific surface 21 and 41.Usually surface 21 and 41 comprises that resistivity is the tin indium oxide (ITO) of 100-1000Ohms/square.It is 200-400Ohms/square that surface 21 and 41 preferably is taken as resistivity.This film is usually by the splash deposition techniques.
Typical layer 20 and 40 is the translucent thin substrates such as glass or polyester.Here translucent being meant of the term of Shi Yonging allows at least some or all light to pass through.Trnaslucent materials comprises all materials transparent and/or non-opacity.Layer 20 and 40 is suitable to be made to the thick mylar of .007 inch (PET) by .005.Triple layer anti reflective coating in the layer 20 and 40 comprises (ITO) film on surface 21 and 41 respectively.
Provide image by touch-screen 10.Such image source has cathode-ray tube (CRT) (CRTs), LCD (LCDs), plasma scope, EL display, book, picture, or out of Memory source.Touch-screen 10 can comprise the insert that visual indicia (indicia) is provided or comprise the screen that variable visual indicia can be provided.Like this, can see image by layer 20 and 40 together with screen 10.
With reference to figure 3, screen 10 comprises and surface 21 or layer 20 relevant triple layer anti reflective coating 52 and the triple layer anti reflective coatings 54 of being correlated with surface 41 or layer 40.Another kind of mode is that 10 of screens have triple layer anti reflective coating on layer 20 or layer 40 one. Layer 20 and 40 is compounds of hyaline layer, can propagate by its light.For example, can provide light by layer 20 and 40 from visual indicia (indicia) 47.
Layer 20 comprises hard conating 56, substrate 60 and coating 52.Layer 40 similar substrate 70 and the coating 54 of comprising. Substrate 60 and 70 is such as glass, the transparent material of plastics or PET.
Layer 56 is associated with the surface 22 of layer 20.Layer 56 preferably is taken as the acrylates of ultraviolet light polymerization, and it provides 0.0001 to 0.0015 inch thick hard conating.Layer 56 can have coarse surface to reduce surface 22 reflective glare and to reduce fingerprint visibility on the surface 22.Can be by produce the rough surface of layer 56 such as the such packing material of quartz particles.
Surface 21 does not usually comprise such as the such hard conating of layer 56.The surface 21 can comprise textured coating, such as the acrylic acid of having filled glass or plastic sphere or other transparent polyester coating to prevent at final Newton ring in touch screen structure.
Layer 20 is based upon on pet layer or the substrate 60.Anti-reflection coating 52 comprises layer 62, layer 64 and layer 66.Layer 62 is applied directly on the substrate 60 or on the Newton ring that applies on the layer 60.Layer 62 can be the high refractive index transparent material of preparation on surface 21, such as, indium tin oxide target (ITO), antimony tin, tin oxide or yttria.Layer 62 can be conductive layer or non-conductive layer.
Layer 64 is silicon dioxide layers.Layer 66 is ITO layers, and when sensing is touched on time, it is as the layer that electrically contacts between layer 20 and the layer 40 is provided.
Similar anti-reflection coating 52, anti-reflection coating 54 are arranged on pet layer or the substrate 70.Anti-reflection coating 54 is by layer 62, and layer 64 and layer 66 are formed.The layer 62,64 and 66 of coating 54 is similar to the layer 62,64 and 66 of coating 52.
Referring to Fig. 4, Fig. 4 has described anti-reflection coating 52.But, the description to anti-reflection coating 52 can be used for anti-reflection coating 54.Though provided specific material and thickness, the details of description is an example.Can be arranged into layer 62,64 and 66 on the substrate 60 by splash or hydatogenesis technology.
Layer 62 preferably has the film or the coating of high index of refraction between 1.8 and 2.9.Layer 62 can be indium tin oxide target (ITO).Layer 62 can be used the made of other high index of refraction instead, and these materials include but are not limited to tin oxide, zirconia, yttria, titanium dioxide and niobium oxide.According to the material type of using, the thickness range of layer 62 is 10-100nm.
Layer 64 low-refraction that is preferably between 1.4 and 1.6, and be insulating material.Layer 64 preferably thickness is 15 to the silicon dioxide of 60nm.The replacement thickness range of layer 64 is 10 to 100nm.
Layer 66 is preferably the film or the coating of conductive material.Layer 66 can be ITO, and other conductive material also can use.Layer 66 can be similar to layer 62.Layer 66 high index of refraction that preferably has between 1.8 to 2.2.The layer 66 can be taken as 20 to 30nm thick.The 10-100nm of the thickness that layer 66 is replaced.
In preferred embodiment, layer 66 is that 25nm is thick, and layer 64 is that 45nm is thick, and layer 62 is that 70nm is thick.In another embodiment, layer 66 is that 30nm is thick, and layer 64 is that 39nm is thick, and layer 62 is that 78nm is thick.Layer 62,64 and 66 replacement thickness range separately is 10 to 100nm.In addition, though increase the cost that additional layer can increase coating 52, anti-reflection coating 52 can comprise the layer more than three layers.
Conventional touch-screen 10 does not comprise coating 62 and 64, generally reflects about 8% light to air interface from each ITO.Reflex to 4% to 6% though conventional reflectance coating can reduce this, anti-reflection coating 62 and 64 can further reduce this and reflex to 1.5% to 2.5%.This is that the huge enhancement of the anti-reflection coating of routine relatively also is the progress that does not have the touch-screen of anti-reflection coating relatively.
Though be appreciated that to have provided preferred embodiment of the present invention the just explanation for example of its purpose.Accurate details, geometry, size, material and condition that equipment of the present invention and method are not limited to describe.When not deviating from spirit of the present invention, can carry out different changes to detail, spirit wherein of the present invention is limited by following claim.

Claims (20)

1. anti-reflection coating that is used for touch-screen, this touch-screen comprises transparent material, and wherein touch-screen provides the visual indicia by transparent material, and transparent material has the outside of close touch-screen outside and the inboard of close touch-screen inside, it is characterized in that this anti-reflection coating comprises:
The disposed inboard ground floor of contiguous transparent material, ground floor has high refractive index;
The second layer of adjacent first layer, the second layer have low refractive index; And
The 3rd layer of the contiguous second layer, the 3rd layer has high refractive index, wherein the 3rd layer nearer than ground floor from the second layer, wherein the 3rd layer be the conduction and be used on the sensing touch-screen touch by, anti-reflection coating has reduced the reflection on the inner air interface of touch-screen thus.
2. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, wherein the refractive index of ground floor is 1.7-2.9, and the refractive index of the second layer is 1.4-1.6.
3. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, wherein the 3rd layer refractive index is 1.8-2.2.
4. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that wherein ground floor is a conductive layer.
5. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that wherein the second layer is a silicon dioxide, and the 3rd layer is indium tin oxide target.
6. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, ground floor wherein, and the second layer, the 3rd layer thickness is between 10 and 100 nanometers.
7. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that wherein ground floor is added on the second layer, and the second layer is added on the 3rd layer.
8. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, wherein the thickness of the second layer is between 15 to 60 nanometers.
9. anti-reflection coating as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, wherein the reflection at the inner air interface of touch-screen is by ground floor, the second layer, and the 3rd layer is reduced to less than about 2.5 percentage points from about 8 percentage points.
10. a touch-screen is characterized in that, comprising:
Mylar, wherein touch-screen provides visual indicia by mylar, described mylar have near and away from touch by the outside; And
Be used to improve the anti-reflection coating of mylar transmitance, described anti-reflection coating comprises the ground floor of adjacent medial side deposition, the second layer of adjacent first layer and the contiguous second layer the 3rd layer, wherein the 3rd layer nearer than ground floor apart from the second layer, and the 3rd layer conduct electricity.
11. touch-screen as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, wherein the refractive index of ground floor is 1.7-2.9, and the refractive index of the second layer is 1.4-1.6.
12. touch-screen as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, wherein the 3rd layer be used for sensing touch by.
13. touch-screen as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that, wherein ground floor is a conductive layer.
14. touch-screen as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, wherein the second layer is a silicon dioxide, and the 3rd layer is indium tin oxide target.
15. touch-screen as claimed in claim 14 is characterized in that, ground floor wherein, and the thickness of the second layer and the 3rd layer is between 10 and 100 nanometers.
16. a method of making touch-screen, touch-screen comprises transparent material, and wherein touch-screen provides visual indicia by transparent material, and described transparent material has the outside of close touch-screen outside and the inboard of close touch-screen inside, it is characterized in that this method comprises:
Provide the ground floor of contiguous transparent material inboard, and ground floor there is high refractive index;
Provide the second layer of adjacent first layer, and the second layer there is low refractive index; And
The 3rd layer of the contiguous second layer is provided, and the 3rd layer has high refractive index, wherein the 3rd layer nearer than ground floor apart from the second layer, the 3rd layer can conduct electricity and contiguous clearance, so anti-reflection coating has reduced the reflection at the inner air interface of touch-screen.
17. method as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that, wherein ground floor is applied to the transparent material of polyester layer.
18. method as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that wherein the second layer is applied to ground floor.
19. method as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that, wherein the 3rd layer is applied to the second layer.
20. method as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that, wherein the 3rd layer is indium tin oxide target.
CNB008187398A 2000-02-02 2000-12-22 Triple layer anti reflective coating for touch screen Expired - Fee Related CN1196993C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US49663400A 2000-02-02 2000-02-02
US09/496,634 2000-02-02

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CN1433521A true CN1433521A (en) 2003-07-30
CN1196993C CN1196993C (en) 2005-04-13

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EP (1) EP1256022A2 (en)
JP (1) JP2003521772A (en)
KR (1) KR20020079824A (en)
CN (1) CN1196993C (en)
AU (1) AU2001227363A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2001057579A2 (en)

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CN105425479A (en) * 2008-06-18 2016-03-23 3M创新有限公司 Conducting film or electrode
CN102034565A (en) * 2009-10-06 2011-04-27 日油株式会社 Transparent conductive film
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CN103069505A (en) * 2010-09-17 2013-04-24 乐金华奥斯有限公司 Transparent conductive film with superior visibility and method for producing same
CN103226410A (en) * 2013-04-09 2013-07-31 华为技术有限公司 Mobile terminal, touch screen glass and method for producing touch screen glass
WO2015000381A1 (en) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-08 华为终端有限公司 Display device, touch screen, and manufacturing method therefor
CN104281303A (en) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-14 华为终端有限公司 Display device, touch screen and manufacturing method of touch screen
CN104281303B (en) * 2013-07-05 2019-07-23 华为终端有限公司 A kind of display device, touch screen and its manufacturing method
CN108292182A (en) * 2016-07-22 2018-07-17 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 Anti-reflecting layer touches substrate, touch panel and portable electronic device
CN108292182B (en) * 2016-07-22 2021-05-18 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 Anti-reflection layer, touch substrate, touch panel, and portable electronic device

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EP1256022A2 (en) 2002-11-13
WO2001057579A2 (en) 2001-08-09
WO2001057579A3 (en) 2002-02-21
JP2003521772A (en) 2003-07-15
KR20020079824A (en) 2002-10-19
CN1196993C (en) 2005-04-13
AU2001227363A1 (en) 2001-08-14

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