CN1312933A - 射频识别系统的应用 - Google Patents

射频识别系统的应用 Download PDF

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CN1312933A
CN1312933A CN99809609A CN99809609A CN1312933A CN 1312933 A CN1312933 A CN 1312933A CN 99809609 A CN99809609 A CN 99809609A CN 99809609 A CN99809609 A CN 99809609A CN 1312933 A CN1312933 A CN 1312933A
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article
rfid
information
relevant
steps
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CN1158636C (zh
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S·R·加伯
B·A·冈萨雷斯
M·B·格鲁恩斯
R·H·杰克逊
G·L·卡雷尔
J·M·克鲁泽
R·W·林达尔
J·E·纳什
C·彼得罗夫斯基
J·D·约科维奇
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • H01Q9/285—Planar dipole

Abstract

本发明涉及RFID装置(包括手持式RFID装置)以及这些装置的应用。可结合与一RFID标签和一(任选的)磁性安全元件相关的物品来使用这些装置和应用。可特别参考诸如书本、期刊和磁性和光学媒体等图书馆资料来描述这些装置和应用。

Description

射频识别系统的应用
参考引用
本申请要求1998年8月14日以相同名称提交的序号为09/134,686的美国申请以及1999年6月25日以相同名称提交的序号为09/344,758的美国申请的优先权，这两个申请已转让给本发明的受让人，在这里引用这两个申请的内容作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及射频识别(RFID)系统的应用，尤其是这种系统在图书馆中的应用。
背景技术
电子物品监视(“EAS”)系统检测是否存在位于一物品上或其中或由有关的人携带的电子器件，这些系统经常用于零售或图书馆环境，以防止偷窃或其它未经许可移去物品。这些器件公知为标签或标志器(marker)，过去，它们仅包含有关一物品是否存在的信息。可通过间歇或连续地以电子方式询问标签来获得该信息。几年来，已根据如何实施此询问发展了至少四种不同类型的EAS系统：磁性、磁力学、射频(RF)和微波。在这四种类型中，磁性系统在大多数应用中提供了最高的安全级。可容易地把磁性标签隐藏在一物体上或其中，它们难于检测(因为它们不太容易受到屏蔽、弯曲和加压的影响)，且易于停用和重新启用，从而提供了高的安全度及与加标签物品的状态有关的一些信息。
EAS系统的许多用户想要知道的不仅仅是加标签的物体是否存在。例如，他们还想知道存在哪一个加标签的物体。一般，通过光学条形码把有关物体性质(诸如生产日期、存货状态和物主)的详细信息传送给自动处理和控制系统。虽然光学条形码系统便宜且有效，但它们有一些局限性。条形码必须是看得见的，这限制了可放置条形码的位置，且条形码容易因偶然或故意而变得模糊。可读出条形码的检测器的范围也比较小。而且还必须使条形码适当定位来进行检测。此外，由于条形码通常被曝光检测，所以条形码容易被破坏，从而可导致检测失败。最后，必须每次处理多个物品中的一个。条形码系统的这些约束使得它们在某些应用(诸如给图书馆媒体作标记)中是不想要的或无效的。
近来，已开发了解决光学条形码的局限性的电子识别(也叫做射频识别或RFID)技术。RFID系统已成功地提供了物体识别和跟踪，但它们在提供物体安全性方面是不足的，因为在大多数RFID系统的操作频率范围(～1MHz和以上)内标签是容易产生失败的。产生射频标签的安全性不足的原因在于，它们可通过例如用手或铝箔覆盖标签或甚至把标签置于书本中而被屏蔽。虽然射频标签的范围较佳且较难阻挡，但甚至是电池供电的射频标签也可被阻挡。因而，以RFID标签作标签的物体可能因疏忽或故意而漏检。这大大减小其作为安全装置的有效性。RFID标志器也叫做“智能卡”。在商业应用中接触和非接触式的智能卡都已出现。智能卡倾向于有关特定的人而不是作过标签的物体。涉及智能卡(或携带该卡的人)的安全性和跟踪的问题类似于以上对RFID标志器所讨论的。
有关RFID标志器的安全性问题类似于基于射频和微波的EAS标签这一领域中的技术人员所熟知的问题。在补救基于射频和微波的EAS标签的缺陷的尝试中已进行了大量努力。然而，这些标签的性能基本上都未提高到成为安全标签。名为“具有停用线圈的双频EAS标签”的5,517,195号美国专利(Narlow等人)描述了一种双频微波EAS标签，该标签包括具有一二极管的天线电路和停用电路。停用电路通过在天线电路的二极管中感应出电压而对一低能量交变磁场作响应，从而停用二极管和天线，继而停用标签。虽然在某些应用中是有用的，但Narlow等人所揭示的基于电容器的标签可能随时间而发生漏电，这可能引起标签的无意启用。
4,745,401号美国专利(Montean等人)中所揭示的这种类型的射频EAS标签包括磁性元件。磁性元件在被辅助装置适当地磁化时改变了标签的调谐，继而阻挡了标签的射频响应。虽然这些标签有某些用途，但它们仍旧解决不了增强安全性和识别的问题。
许多公司已开发了射频识别技术，包括Motorola/Indala(见5,378,880和5,565,846号美国专利)、Texas Instruments(见5,347,280和5,541,604号美国专利)、Mikron/Philips Semiconductors、Single Chip Systems(见4,442,507；4,796,074；5,095,362；5,296,722和5,407,851号美国专利)、CSIR(见0 494 114A2；0 585 132 A1；0 598 624 A1和0 615 285 A2号欧洲专利)、IBM(见5,528,222；5,550,547；5,521,601和5,682,143号美国专利)以及SensormaticElectronics(见5,626,341号美国专利)。这些标签都尝试提供远程识别而不需要电池。它们操作的频率范围从125KHz到2.45GHz。频率较低的标签(～125KHz)适度地抵抗屏蔽，但由于带宽的约束，所以它们只有有限的射频功能。尤其是，基于这些标志器的系统一般只能在每次只有单个标签处于询问区时才能可靠地操作。它们也相对笨重且制造起来较昂贵。在较高的频率下(通常为13.56MHz、915MHz和2.45GHz)，可得以增加的带宽允许开发能在较短的时间周期内可靠地处理处于询问区内的多个标签的系统。这是许多产品应用非常想要的。此外，某些标签设计保持了制造起来相对便宜的承诺，因此更吸引顾客。然而，这些频率较高的系统都不同程度地受到以上所讨论的屏蔽的影响。因而，它们不能提供在诸如图书馆等某些应用中所需的高的安全级。
从以上讨论中很清楚的是，RFID标签在识别作上标签的物品的身份(identity)是很重要的各种环境中有许多应用。例如，1999年2月4日公开并已转让给Checkpoint Systems,Inc.的W0 99/05660号PCT公开中描述了一种使用带RFID标签的物品的存货系统。这里所述的较佳实施例打算在图书馆资料中使用RFID标签，这样可通过询问RFID标签确定资料的身份来自动地借出(check out)资料。然而，许多重要或想要的图书馆或其它存货功能有所保留，在‘660公开中未描述或提及。
发明内容
本发明涉及RFID装置(包括手持式RFID装置)以及这些装置的应用。可结合与RFID标签有关的物品以及任选的磁性安全元件来使用这些装置和应用。特别参照诸如书本、期刊及磁性和光学媒体等图书馆资料来描述这些器件和应用。还可预想本发明的其它应用。
附图概述
参考附图更详细地描述本发明，图中相同的标号代表相同的结构，其中
图1A和1B是射频识别标签的示意图；
图2是射频识别标签第二实施例的示意图；
图3是组合标签的示意俯视图；
图4是与RFID标签交互的RFID询问系统的方框图；
图5、6、7和8是依据本发明的组合标签的视图；以及
图9、10、11、12、13和14是本发明的各实施例的视图。
本发明的较佳实施方式
这里所述的本发明的实施例利用RFID标签，且最好利用组合RFID/磁性安全标签。在1998年6月8日提交的名为“安全性增强的识别标签”的序号为09/093,120的美国申请中揭示了这种类型的标签，该申请已转让给本发明的受让人，在本发明要求优先权的美国申请中已通过参考引入了该申请。在以下的第Ⅰ节中对结合本发明的实施例而使用的磁性、RFID和组合标签进行了详细的描述，在以下的第Ⅱ节中详细地描述了本发明的实施例。
Ⅰ．本发明的实施例所使用的标签和元件
可把在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述的本发明实施例所使用的标签可在单个装置中结合物体识别和有效的安全性。它们最好包括响应于一磁性询问信号的元件以及响应于一射频询问信号的元件。在一个实施例中，磁性响应元件还提供用于射频响应元件的天线。在本发明的上下文中，术语“响应”指该元件在遭受适当询问场时提供可理解的信息。以下首先描述各元件，接着描述组合标签。将变得明显起来的是，在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述的本发明的实施例可仅包括RFID元件或包括RFID元件与磁性安全元件的组合。
A．磁性响应元件
磁性响应元件最好由矫顽磁力低而磁导率高的铁磁材料制成，诸如明尼苏达州St.Paul市的Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company以牌号为“TATTLE-TAPETM”的商标磁条(brand strip)所销售的磁条中所使用的材料。在几个转让给3M的专利中描述了这些磁条或标志器组件，这些专利包括5,331,313(Koning)和3,747,086(Peterson)号美国专利，这里通过参考引入其内容。示例的矫顽磁力低而磁导率高的铁磁材料包括坡莫合金(镍/铁合金)以及诸如纽约州Morristown市的AlliedSignal Company以牌号为Metglas 2705M和Metglas2714A销售的那些材料等高性能无定形金属。
依据磁性响应元件所联系的物品的性质，该元件可以是单态也可以是双态。例如，不能把图书馆中的某些参考书从图书馆中移走，因而单态(不可停用)标志器总是指示这样的书本是否在询问区通过。诸如普通的图书馆资料或商品等其它物品可能需要双态标志器组件，从而在物品已作适当处理时，可适当地停用标志器以防止询问源的检测。一般通过在矫顽磁力低的磁性材料附近增加部分矫顽磁力较高的磁性材料来提供双态功能，这如下所述以及如以上通过参考引入的Peterson的专利中所述。
某些磁性响应元件能在通过低频交变磁场(例如，50Hz到100KHz)时快速地切换磁性取向，并能产生可被检测器的接收线圈所检测的预定特性的响应。由矫顽磁力高的元件或“保持器(keeper)元件”的磁化状态来控制标志器组件的切换功能。当这些保持器元件被磁化时，标志器在询问区的交变磁场内以磁性方式的来回切换的能力被改变，通常标志器不能被检测。当保持器元件被去磁时，标志器可再次执行切换功能，使得询问源能检测到标志器的存在。可以本领域内所公知的各种方式来提供保持器元件。
标志器组件还可包括位于其一侧或两侧上的粘合剂，以把标志器粘到书本或其它物品上。可用一可除去的衬垫覆盖粘合剂层，以防止在把标志器加到想要的表面前标志器被粘到其它不想要的表面上。在3,790,945(Fearon)、5,083,112(Piotrowski)和5,331,313(Koning)号美国专利中描述了标志器组件的这些和其它特征，所有这些专利都在以上通过参考而引入。
由于难于屏蔽这种低频磁性元件的检测，所以在安全性很重要时，可把它们有效地用于各种物品。此外，与利用其它EAS技术的标志器相比，可更方便、彻底和重复地停用和重新启用这些元件，所以它们更适应于非常想要该特性的某些应用(诸如图书馆)中。
B．射频响应元件
RFID标签可以是有源的也可以是无源的。有源的标签在标签构成中结合了诸如电池等附加的能量源。此能量源允许有源RFID标签即使在询问射频场很弱的启用中也可产生和发送强的响应信号，继而可在较大的范围内检测有源RFID标签。然而，相对短的电池寿命限制了标签的使用寿命。此外，电池增加了标签的尺寸和成本。无源标签从询问射频场得到给标签供电所需的能量，并用该能量调制天线对询问场所呈现的阻抗，从而调制反射回读取器天线的信号，这样来发送响应代码。因而，其范围被限制得更多。由于无源标签对许多应用是最佳的，所以其余讨论将限于这类标签。然而，本领域内的技术人员将认识到，这两种类型的标签共享许多特征，且都可由本发明使用。
如图1所示，无源射频响应元件10通常包括两个部件：集成电路12和天线14。集成电路提供主要的识别功能。它包括永久地存储标签标识和其它想要的信息、响应于询问器对信息的请求解释和处理从询问硬件接收到的命令以及帮助该硬件解决由同时响应于询问的多个标签所产生的冲突的软件和电路。任选地，可用集成电路来更新存储在其存储器内的信息(读/写)，而不仅仅是读出信息(只读)。适用于RFID标志器的集成电路包括尤其是Texas Instruments(其TIRIS或Tag-it系列产品)、Philips(其I-Code、Mifare及Hitag系列产品)、Motorola/Indala和Single Chip Systems等销售的集成电路。
天线的几何形状和特性与标签的RFID部分想要的操作频率有关。例如，2.45GHz(或类似的)的RFID标签通常包括诸如图1A所示的线性偶极天线4a等偶极天线或所示附于图1B中的射频响应元件10的折叠偶极天线14a。13.56MHz(或类似的)的RFID标签使用所示附于图2中的射频响应元件10b的螺旋或线圈天线14b。在任一种情况下，天线14截取询问源所辐射的射频能量。此信号能量携带了给标签的功率和命令。此天线使RF响应元件吸收足以对IC芯片供电的能量继而提供待检测的响应。因而，必须使天线的特性与装有该天线的系统匹配。在标签操作于高的兆赫到千兆赫范围内的情况下，最重要的特性是天线长度。通常，如此选择偶极天线的有效长度，从而它接近于询问信号的一个半波长或多个半波长。在标签操作于低到中等的兆赫区域(例如，13.56MHz)中的情况下(在此情况下，半波长天线因尺寸的限制而不实用)，重要的特性是天线感抗以及天线线圈上的匝数。对于这两种天线类型，都需要好的电导率。通常，将使用诸如铜或铝等金属，但其它导体(比诸如坡莫合金等磁性金属)也是可接受的，且实际上，它们更适用于本发明的目的。另一个重要之处还在于，为了最大能量传输，选中IC芯片的输入阻抗与天线的阻抗匹配。例如，从诸如J.D.Kraus的“天线”(2d ed.1988,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,New York)等参考文献中，本领域内的技术人员可知道其它有关天线的信息。
如图2所示，通常包括一电容器16，以增加标志器的性能。当存在电容器16时，该电容器16把标签的操作频率调谐到特定值。这是获得最大操作范围并保证符合调整要求所想要的。如下所述，电容器可以是分立的部件或集成在天线中。在某些标签设计中，尤其是对于设计成在诸如2.45GHz等非常高的频率下操作的标签，不需要调谐电容器。如此选择电容器，从而在电容器耦合到天线所提供的电感时，该组合结构的谐振频率为： f r = ( 1 2 π ) 1 LC 这里
C=电容(以法拉为单位)
L=电感(以亨利为单位)
该频率与RFID系统想要的操作频率紧密匹配。电容器还可以是如4,598,276(Tair等人)和4,578,654(Tait等人)号美国专利中所所述的分布式电容器，这两个专利已转让给3M。希望用分布式电容来减小标签尺寸(尤其是厚度)并把手工装配减到最少。
如图4所示，在操作中，EAS安全系统100询问射频响应标签110,EAS安全系统100通常位于标签将被监测的点附近。可通过在待监测的传送物品的传送装置附近，在已作上标签的物品所在的房间的出口处横向放置隔开的检测平面来建立询问区。也可使用手持式检测装置。把询问源102(通常包括驱动振荡器和放大器)耦合到用于在询问区中发送交变射频场或询问信号的天线104(有时被描述为场线圈)。系统100还包括用于接收信号的天线(所示的天线104，有时被描述为接收线圈)和用于处理标签在询问区中所产生的信号的检测器106。
询问源102发送一询问信号200，可在某些较佳的公知频带内选择该询问信号，因为这些频带不与其它应用发生干扰，且它们符合可适用的政府规范。在射频响应元件接收到一询问信号时，该元件发送它自己的响应代码信号202，该信号由天线104接收并发送给检测器106。检测器对此响应进行解码，识别此标签(通常根据存储在计算机或其它存储装置108中的信息)，以及根据检测到的代码信号来采取行动。对所示系统的各种修改对本领域内的技术人员是公知的，这些修改包括例如替代所示的单个天线104，对询问源102和检测器106使用分开的天线。
现代的RFID标签还提供大量用户可访问的存储器，这些存储器有时采取只读存储器或写一次存储器的形式，但最好使用户能通过远距离改写存储器的内容来重复更新存储器。所提供的存储器的数量可变，且影响RFID标签的集成电路部分的尺寸和成本。通常，经济的是可提供128位和512位之间的总存储。例如，德克萨斯州Dallas市的Texas Instrumnets以牌号“Tag-it”所销售的RFID标签除了提供为诸如专有标签序号、版本和制造信息等项目所预备的128位存储器以外，还提供了256位的用户可编程存储器。类似地，荷兰Eindhoven市的PhilipsSemiconductors以牌号“I-Code”所销售的RFID标签提供了384位的用户存储器以及为上述类型的信息所预备的附加的128位。
可利用此用户可访问存储器，以增强例如在图书馆环境中所使用的物品识别系统的性能。目前，图书馆通过扫描光学条形码来识别物品。使用包含在此条形码中专有标识符来访问包括图书馆自动售货机(library automation vendors)所提供的软件(LAV软件)的流通(circulation)数据库，在其中永久地保存了有关物品的更广泛的信息。虽然该系统已得到高度发展且适用于许多应用，但它有两个缺点。首先，为访问信息必须建立至流通数据库的连接。这限制了在物品的位置远离至该数据库的连接时信息的可获得性。其次，从流通数据库检索信息有时可能需要不可接受的长时间，尤其是在大量使用期间。通过把信息的某些重要项目存储在RFID标签上，能克服这两个局限性。
在置于RFID标签上时可提高图书馆识别系统的性能的信息的一个例子是图书馆识别号。然后，不必访问数据库，可通过简单地扫描RFID标签快速而方便地确定一物品的“起始(home)”图书馆。最好位于RFID标签上的信息的另一个例子是指示该物品是书本、录像带、录音带、CD还是某些其它物品的代码。例如，该代码可包括以3M标准交换协议所规定的媒体类型代码，该代码可从本发明的受让人处获得。通过立即知道媒体类型，图书馆的资料管理系统可保证适当地处理物品，而不引起咨询远程流通数据库的延迟和不便。适用于结合到RFID标签中的信息的其它例子将对本领域内的技术人员变得明显起来。
RFID系统提供超过基于条形码的系统的另一个领域在于识别多个物品。通过使用复杂的软件算法，RFID读取器和标志器协作来保证成功地识别读取器的询问区中的所有物品，而无需操作人员的干预。此能力使得可在基于条形码的识别系统可能难于实现的存货控制、物品跟踪和排序领域中开发各种有用的应用。
C．组合标签
如图3和5到8所示，组合标签20把磁性响应元件与RF响应元件相结合，以提供这两者的优点。因而，可把这两个元件同时加到有关物品上，从而减少成本。可给组合标签提供以可除去的衬垫覆盖的压敏粘合剂，该粘合剂使得在衬垫被除去时可把组合标签粘到物品的表面。在另一个实施例中，标签把磁性响应元件用作射频响应元件的天线。在被用作天线时，该磁性响应元件电气耦合到射频响应元件，且可能或可能不实际耦合到射频响应元件。
可以两种方式来询问依据本发明制造的组合标签。首先，RFID询问源将用射频信号来请求和接收来自集成电路的代码。例如，该信息将指示标签有关的物品的识别以及该物品是否经适当处理。其次，一磁性询问场将询问标签，以确定该标志器组件的磁性部分是否有效。如果该标志器组件是有效的，则询问源将产生一响应，诸如已作标记的物品还未被适当处理的通知。由于磁性询问比射频询问更能抵抗屏蔽，所以组合标签的磁性部分将提供增强的安全性。继而，把磁性和RF标签的特征组合在一起而成为单个组合标签。
在一较佳实施例中，组合标签包括磁性响应元件，该元件还起到射频响应元件电路中的天线的作用。为了服务于这两个功能，天线材料必须表现出低的矫顽磁力和非常高的磁导率(以用作有效的安全元件)以及中等到高的电导率(以用作有效的天线)。此外，天线的几何形状必须与这两种功能兼容。在本实施例中，例如，可以坡莫合金(镍与铁的合金)来制造天线。
在一个实施例中，可把3M“Tattle-TapeTM”商标安全磁条或其它等效的磁性元件用作操作于2.45GHz或类似高频的线性偶极天线。选择该磁条的长度、宽度和厚度与所使用的RFID芯片的特定操作频率和其它特性匹配。通常，磁条由坡莫合金(可从许多来源获得，包括商标名为“HyMu80”的Carpenter SpecialtyAlloys、Reading、PA)或无定形合金(诸如纽约州Morristown市的AlliedSignalCompany以牌号2705M所销售的合金)制成，其长度在6.35和16.5cm(2.5和6.5英寸)之间。集成电路的端子可实际连接到安全磁条的末端。对阻抗和功率增益的电气测量值已建立，这样的磁条提供了与通常由这种芯片所使用的铜或铝偶极天线相同的电学特性，因而它有希望令人满意地执行这两种功能。
在把磁性响应元件用作射频响应元件的天线的至少一部分时，这两者相互电气耦合。因多个元件之间存在实际连接(如图5所示)或在缺少实际连接时通过非接触的电磁耦合(如图6、7和8所示)，所以可产生电气耦合。非接触耦合可包括寄生耦合、电容性耦合或电感性耦合，且该耦合把这样的天线部件用作寄生天线元件、反射器和导向器天线、八木宇田天线或其它适当的天线配置。
图3所示的组合标签包括由磁性材料制成的线圈匝。例如，该标签可以13.56MHz的标签，其天线结构为诸如其中磁通量收集器置于角落处以提高标签的磁性功能的14c。可提供其它类型的磁通量收集器。
图5所示的组合标签包括天线22(由磁性响应材料制成)与集成电路12之间的实际连接。还可把一个或多个保持器元件或如上所述的类型加到磁性响应材料中，从而它可被选择性地启用和停用，以提供双态标签。然而，图6所示的天线22a未实际连接到集成电路12或偶极天线23，尽管如此，它通过寄生的偶极耦合电气耦合到偶极天线，以提供组合标签20a。偶极天线23可包括磁性响应材料或非磁性响应材料。
图7和8示出不止一个天线22分别与天线23b和23c电气耦合的实施例。在图7所示的组合标签20b中，集成电路12包括偶极天线23b，它寄生地耦合到天线22b。天线22b由磁性响应材料制成，一个或多个天线23b可由磁性响应材料制成。在图8所示的组合标签20c中，图2所示类型的射频响应元件寄生地电气耦合到天线22c。天线22c由磁性响应材料制成，一个或多个天线23c可由磁性响应材料制成。可容易地设计这些实施例的其它变化。
组合标签的整个厚度应尽可能小，以把标签不引人注意地置于物品上或其中。例如，可用书页之间的粘合剂来加上标签，想要使标签足够薄，以防止通过观察书本的末端而容易地发现该标签。常规的IC可近似于0.5mm(0.02英寸)厚，标签的整个厚度最好小于0.635mm(0.025英寸)。
本发明的组合标签可以是卷筒状，以允许自动地依次把各标签加到物品上。例如，在WO 97/36270(DeVale等人)号PCT公开中描述了这种一般的系统。组合标签的一个或多个表面可由粘合剂覆盖(诸如压敏粘合剂)，可把各标签从卷筒上移去并加到靠近其粘接处的两个书页之间。可提供有助于插入组合标签的分页器(page spreader)，还可提供诸如检测各部件在系统中的位置的传感器等其它选项。
相信组合标签在处理图书馆资料中有特殊用途，但这不是排他的。可更容易地办理归还(check in)和借出(check out)具有这种RFID标签的图书馆资料，可不需要人工的帮助。即，在一特定顾客(可能有与其图书馆卡有关的RFID标签)通过适当的检测区时，可自动地办理借出该顾客的这些资料，并在该顾客携带这些资料重新进入图书馆时自动地核对归还这些资料。通过使图书馆的管理人员即时且连续地跟踪资料，本发明的标签还可有助于存货管理和分析。当然，针对诸如商店、仓库等地的资料管理等其它应用，可带来本发明的这些和其它特征。
在另一个实施例中，组合标签可通过磁性响应(指示已启用还是停用标签的磁性特征)以及通过射频响应(通过使用适当的软件来指示RFID芯片上的数据库或存储器是否示出物品已被适当处理)来提供双态标志器信息。
以下的例子提供了有关在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述本发明实施例中使用的标签的进一步信息。
例一
依据本发明来制造组合标签。把宾西法尼亚州Reading市的CarpenterTechnology Corporation以牌号“HyMu80”所销售的合金制成的坡莫磁条附加到加里福尼亚州San Diego市的Single Chip Systems(SCS)所制造的测试设备(fixture)上。被测磁条近似于1.6mm(0.625英寸)宽，0.0254mm(0.001英寸)厚，10.16cm(4英寸)长。测试设备由连接到LED二极管的标准SCS 2.45GHz的天线构成。如此设计该装置，从而在暴露于其强度足以给典型的SCS RFID标签供电的2.45GHz场时，LED将发光，从而提供对该装置功率接收部分的正常操作提供立即的可视确认。在以原型坡莫合金天线替换标准SCS天线时，LED以近似相同的场强度照明，从而确认原型的成功操作。
例二
图3示出相信可由于13.56MHz的RFID设计的天线的另一个实施例。在该频率下，线圈型天线几何形状是较佳的。通过蚀刻(物理或化学)、小片切割或通过掩模的淀积，由诸如坡莫合金等磁性合金来形成包括线圈的螺旋形匝。在此设计中，线圈的直“臂”部分还用作磁性响应元件。然而，此几何形状中金属元件长度的减少限制了该装置磁性安全部分的有效性。在图3所示的实施例中，已把角落处所提供的磁通量收集元件加到天线线圈上，以克服此限制。图3所示的结构最好包括如先前所述的电容器，以把天线的操作频率调谐到指定的询问频率。
把本例中所述天线的特性与公知天线的射频集成电路的特性相比较，由于这些特性是类似的，所以相信本例的天线足以在这样的应用中起作用。
以下所述的本发明的实施例可使用只有RFID元件的标签或组合标签，这两种标签都如上所述。
Ⅱ．本发明的实施例
A．具有磁性能力的RFID装置
由于RFID标签可被图书馆的顾客故意或无意屏蔽，所以通常重要的是最好在作上标签的图书馆资料中在同一标签上提供RFID和磁性安全元件。在磁性安全元件为双态时，意味着它可被选择性地启用和停用，其状态通常根据施加到该元件的磁场而改变。这类磁化操作对诸如书本和杂志等图书馆资料没有影响，但它们可能对磁性记录媒体造成不利影响。具有磁性能力的本发明的RFID杂志解决了这样的问题，最好不涉及图书馆的工作人员。
如图9所示，设置RFID装置，以从诸如顾客卡、书本或其它资料等物品上的RFID标签上读取信息。最好，从RFID标签读取的信息包括媒体类型的指示(例如，磁性、印刷或光学)，可使用该信息来保证随后对该物品进行适当的处理。RFID装置还设有诸如线圈等设计成启用和停用物品标签的安全元件部分的装置。在RFID装置读取了RFID标签后，该装置把物品识别信息发送到具有图书馆自动售货机或LAV所提供的软件的计算机。在近似于50个当前的LAV软件系统中，有犹他州Provo市的Ameritech Library Services所销售的“Dynix”、科罗拉多州Denver市的CARL Corporation所销售的“CarlILS”以及密苏里州St.Louis市的DRA所销售的“DRA”。
有许多把从RFID标签获得的信息发送到LAV系统的方法。一个方法是使用3M标准交换协议(SIP)中所实现的命令。另一个方法是使用公知为“楔(wedge)”的电子装置来发送信息，就象该信息从常规条形码扫描器中始发的一样。这些和其它技术对本领域内的技术人员来说是公知的。这样，RFID装置的RFID部件执行先前由光学条形码扫描器所执行的功能，这些可能继续或可能不继续被该装置使用。因而，图书馆可继续使用其现有的LAV软件系统接口和终端，同时享有RFID技术所提供的增加的功能和特征。在与现有的LAV软件系统显示器协作来给操作人员提供反馈时，RFID装置不必包括显示器。任选地，可在RFID装置中包括显示器和其它反馈机构作为集成封装。
在具有RF和光学条形码读取能力的装置中，该装置应能够处理以RF标签、条形码标签或这两者作标签的图书馆资料。在操作中，该装置将通过扫描RFID标签、条形码或这两者、从这些标签之一或这两者中检索物品识别码和媒体类型(最好)以及把该信息传送给LAV软件系统来处理用于办理归还的物品。在该装置包括RFID系统和光学条形码扫描系统时，该装置还可用来产生用于仅有条形码的媒体的RFID标签。首先，扫描该条形码，然后把标识符(或依据系统设计，有关该标识符的ID码)与诸如媒体类型和LAV软件系统返回的有关该媒体的其它选中信息等其它数据一起写到RFID标签上(记录在其上)。然后，可把此RFID标签加到物品上。
本发明的RFID装置最好还对附加到图书馆资料上的磁性安全元件执行“智能化”的重新敏化(resensitize)和脱敏(desensitize)。在装置读取了RFID标签并把识别信息发送给LAV软件时，可把LAV软件编程到以RFID标签所涉及的图书馆资料类型的指示作响应。如果LAV软件以作上标签的资料是某些需要专门磁化操作(通常是磁记录媒体)的指示作响应时，该装置可只启用执行该操作的系统。例如，如果LAV软件指示RFID标签涉及普通的书本，且该书本可由发出请求的顾客来借出，则可启用一磁化系统，而停用涉及该书本的磁性元件。然而，如果LAV软件指示RFID标签涉及例如录像带，则可启用另一磁化系统，而停用涉及该录像带的磁性安全元件。依据所使用的安全标签的详细特性，此另一磁性系统可包括例如较弱的磁场或磁场被限制在紧靠安全元件附近的区域，从而防止破坏磁性媒体。依据该装置的详细设计，其过程可包括禁止自动启用，从而不会破坏磁性媒体。
最好，可在RFID标签自己的存储器内存储充分的信息，从而询问源不必把这些信息发送给LAV软件，而是直接调用适当的磁化系统。本实施例可提高系统性能，这是因为达到相同的结果需要较少的步骤。至少，RFID标签应在RFID元件的存储器中存储媒体类型，但如上所述可包括附加的信息。在这里，把这种不需要发送回与RFID装置分开的数据库的处理叫做“实时”发生。
诸如所述RFID装置的的一个优点在于，它可接受和处理物品，而较少依据这些物品相对于装置的方位。因而，虽然光学条形码扫描器仅在条形码标签被扫描器适当放置且可读时才可处理图书馆资料，但可如此放置具有RFID标签或组合标签的书本，其封面可向上也可向下，而不必仔细地把标签与扫描器对准。RFID系统超过常规光学和条形码系统的这一优点大大节约了顾客和图书馆工作人员的时间。不同扫描器、标签和其它部件的“读取范围”可以不同，但相信近似于15厘米(6英寸)的读取范围将是令人满意的。然而，为了有助于可靠的RFID扫描，希望把各物品的RFID标签置于相对于物品边缘的同一固定位置处。例如，设置在图书馆书本上的RFID标签可能都置于书本底部以上2英寸。
本发明的RFID装置的益处很多且很显著，这些益处包括只需要单个台(station)(在该处对图书馆资料进行识别、重新敏化和脱敏)，不需要操作人员培训及执行不同的磁化操作，因减少了仅有条形码的系统所存在的方位约束而增加了处理速度，而且减少了操作人员的重复紧张所带来的伤害。另一个益处在于，扫描RFID标签在很大程度上比读取条形码(尤其是位于物品封面或盒子内的代码)更快，这是因为用户不必定位和对准条形码。最后，系统也是低成本的，这是因为RFID读取器有希望比高性能的条形码扫描器花费更少。这些和其它益处和优点将本领域内的技术人员变得明显起来。
B．对多个物品使用RFID装置
RFID装置的另一个益处是如图10所示能同时处理多个物品。虽然只有光学条形码扫描器的常规装置每次只能处理展现给条形码扫描器的单个物品，但实质上可同时处理具有RFID元件的一组物品。这可通过在装置中或其上安装多个RFID询问源(读取器)或具有多物品识别算法的单个高速RFID读取器来实现。此能力大大减少了图书馆工作人员处理多个物品所需的时间。
为了避免装置对不适用于被处理的一组资料中的一个或多个资料执行磁化操作，该装置可适用于向用户提供一消息，从而请求一起展现某一类型(例如，书本和杂志)的所有资料，接着展现另一类型(例如，录像带和录音带)的所有资料。如图12所示，RFID读取器可从各RFID元件获得的信息中确定用户是否已适当地分离这些资料，并可在用户未适当地分离这些资料时提醒用户。在另一个实施例中，该装置包括用于处理一种类型(例如，书本和杂志)的媒体的一个区域以及用于处理另一种类型(例如，录像带和录音带)的媒体的分开的区域。然后，可针对每个资料可靠地执行适当的磁化操作。
该装置还可包括用于指示已展现多少带RFID标签的物品供装置处理的显示器。即，RFID读取器将从展现给该装置的每个物品中获得信息，并更新显示器，以指示例如展现了五个物品。也可使用光学或其它检测器来验证事实上已展现相同数目的物品，从而在一没有RFID标签的物品无意或故意地包含在其它资料堆中时警告顾客或图书馆工作人员。这种类型的光学检测器可包括在1998年4月10日提交的序号为09/058,585(Belka等人)且名为“光学检测一平台上的多个物品的设备和方法”的美国专利申请中所述的那些，该申请已转让给本发明的受让人，其内容在这里引入作为参考。其它检测器可包括以被检测的磁性元件的重量(其中，RFID读取器可从RFID标签或LAV软件中确定被检测的物品的重量，并把它与所提交的资料的实际重量相比较)或者数目(如5,260,690号(Mann等人)美国专利中所述，其内容在这里引入作为参考)为基础的检测器。把RFID读取器检测到的物品的数目与光学或其它检测器检测到的数目相比较保证了不停用与未作RFID标签的物品相关联的磁性安全元件，而不必再让特定顾客对该物品的借出付款。该装置可在已展现预定数目的物品(例如，五个物品)后、或在操作人员指令该装置处理这些物品后或无需任何操作人员的干预而自动地处理这些物品。适当的显示器可将操作状态通知操作人员。
本发明装置的另一个实施例是如图11所示验证内部具有多个物品的包裹或盒子的内容的能力。例如，可把一套录音带一起装在单个盒子内。为了确保共同处理所有这些带子且仅仅是这些带子，RFID读取器可识别盒子，并识别盒子内的每一盘带子，在允许顾客对这些资料借出前匹配这些识别。盒子上的RFID标签包括有关盒子内容的信息，或者该信息可被存储在LAV软件中，并通过从RFID标签获得的识别信息来访问。
有能力处理多个资料的装置进一步增加了处理图书馆资料借出和归还的速度。该装置可适用于仅把单个信号发送给LAV软件系统来处理多个物品，并仅接收该软件的响应所返回的单个信号。
C．便携式RFID装置
对于许多应用，想要提供便携式(最好是手持式的)的RFID装置。手持式RFID装置能在架子、箱子、书堆和图书馆的手推车中进行搜索。它实际上可搜索其所在的足够靠近物品的任何地方。它能识别该装置范围内的多个物品。这些和其它特征使得本发明的便携式RFID装置成为一个有价值的图书馆工具。为了简化，将首先描述便携式RFID装置的部件和操作方面，接着描述这种装置的各种有用的功能或这种装置的使用方法。重要的是，注意这里所述的功能或方法可等效地应用于非便携式的RFID装置，且以上参考非便携式RFID装置所述的功能和方法可类似地应用于便携式RFID装置。仅把不同的功能和方法组合起来，而由较常用的这类RFID装置使用来执行这些功能和方法。
1．部件和操作。本发明的手持式RFID装置最好包括RFID读取器和编写器、存储器、电源以及使能这里所述类型的各种功能的软件。RFID读取器/编写器可由德克萨斯州Dallas市的Texas Instruments所制造的Commander 32013.56MHz RFID读取器来构成。可通过例如加里福尼亚州Santa Clara市的3ComCompany以牌号Palm Pilot所销售的“掌上”或手持式计算机来提供存储器，该存储器最好是计算机的形式。便携式计算机可包括操作系统、触屏式显示器、几个用于打开用户界面的按钮、再充电站、在装置与另一计算机之间传递数据的坞站、把外设连到手持式装置(诸如RFID读取器)的一个或多个端口以及电池电源。某些单元还可包括诸如条形码扫描器等内置外设。还可包含包括灯、音频和显示器等各种反馈系统。
如上所述，在手持式装置和另一处理站之间传递数据有许多选项。如图14所示，可使用坞站方案来上载或下载数据。例如，该方法可用来在进行搜索以找到特定物品前上载物品识别信息。另一个例子是在收集了已在图书馆内使用的物品后下载数据。可把链接实现为坞站(如图所示)；实现为无线或电缆连接的下载和/或上载；实现为手持式装置与另一个处理器中的无线或电缆连接的实时链接，或者以适用于传递这些数据的任何其它方式来实现。一个这样的例子是来自纽约州Holtsville的Symbol Technoloies的Spectrum24无线LAN系统。象Spectrum24这样的系统允许移动用户在移动装置和局域网之间进行无线通信。为此操作，移动单元通常将包括支持无线通信的通信部件，诸如Symbol的LA 2400 Wireless LAN PC Card(无线LAN PC卡)。
把该装置的用户接口设计成告知搜索状态并允许用户输入数据。输入数据可包括把装置在各种搜索模式之间切换以及输入作用于某一任务(例如，借出一物品或保留一物品)的数据。最好通过声音、光和显示器的结合来给用户提供反馈。显示器可以集成在该单元中或可以是分开的。在采用分开的显示器时，可以各种方式进行设计，包括设计成用户容易地观看的“可佩戴式”显示器。
手持式RFID装置的一个特别有用的实施例如下。提供如图13所示的手持式RFID装置，其中RFID读取器、用户接口、电源、天线、处理器和软件都设置在单个集成单元中。与RFID装置必须与分开的计算机、数据库、软件系统等交互的系统不同，通过使用诸如上述Palm Pilot等手持式计算机，可实现以下所述类型的许多实时功能。在需要时，该软件还提供有限或全面支持这里所述类型的功能的能力。手持式RFID装置最好还包括一体化的电源，但该电源也可限于可戴在用户的手腕上的这种类型的较大电源。在一体化电源的情况下，该电源可以或可以不对处理器供电，且可在连到坞站时再充电。如图14所示，在使用手持式计算机时，该计算机可包括它自己的电源，且可在连到坞站时被再充电以上载和/或下载信息。
手持式RFID装置可在物品的范围内被启用时询问和识别作上RFID标签的物品。可通过例如与该装置相连的触发器来提供间歇的启用，从而把RFID装置需要功率所经过的时间减到最少。读取距离是许多因子的函数，但希望该距离在给定的现代技术及系统将操作的可能频率下为15和45厘米(6和18英寸)之间。在某些应用中，可能想要限制装置的操作范围，从而它仅询问与较近范围内的物品有关的RFID标签。在其它情况下，将需要可获得的最长操作范围。在其它应用中，较佳的可能是限制输出功率(继而读取范围)，以允许电池组的较长连续操作。读取范围也将受到天线设计以及RFID标签相对于天线的方位的影响。应理解，读取范围、电池重量和电池再充电或更换之间的寿命通常是互相相关的。可根据该装置的特定应用而预想各种折衷。
在操作中，手持式装置的一个特别有用的特征是获得有关被装置扫描的物品的实时信息。即，手持式装置从RFID标签中获得信息，并立即显示该信息，或立即显示存储在与作上标签的物品有关的手持式装置内的信息。这与必须在给用户显示信息前与信息的分开数据库对接或通信的装置不同。如果需要这一特征时，本发明的手持式装置也可与分开的数据库对接或通信。
2．功能、方法和应用。本发明的手持式RFID装置可用于许多功能、方法和应用，包括以下这些。
本发明的手持式RFID装置在物品定位中特别有用。例如可以为识别操作人员希望定位的某些物品的特定信息对装置进行编程。可把每个想要物品的独有标识符存储在手持式计算机中所保留的存储单元中。但由RF读取器读取例如位于架子上的物品的标识符时，可使用本领域内的技术人员所公知的标准软件例程，把每个标识符与存储在存储器中的物品清单相比较。在发生匹配时，该装置产生指示物品存在的一个或多个视觉、听觉、触觉或其它信号。此功能的一个应用包括找到确信遗失的物品的位置。图书馆通常保存遗失物品的清单-这些物品希望在图书馆内，但找不到。通过把这些遗失物品的标识符下载到手持式装置，操作人员可使该装置经过物品，并在碰到遗失物品时获得反馈。
另一个例子是找到在给定的月数内未流通或使用的物品。再者，可把这些物品的标识符下载到手持式装置以进行搜索。或者，可把流通计数直接保存在RFID标签的存储器上。在此情况下，手持式装置不必从另一计算机系统下载任何数据。手持式装置仅把RFID存储器数据与所建立的判据相比较，并根据选中的参数向操作人员提供反馈。
可把数据从图书馆数据库下载到手持式装置或直接从RFID标签获得的另一个例子是找到图书馆中还未归还的物品。可获得未归还的物品的清单，然后下载到手持式装置，或者RFID标签可保持一存储单元来指示物品的归还状态。在RFID标签的存储器指示归还状态时，手持式装置不需要来自外部数据库任何数据来执行搜索。直接从RFID标签获得匹配数据的一个实际应用是找到属于不同图书馆建筑或不同图书馆系统的物品。对于该应用，最好把有所有权的图书馆编码到RFID标签上，在碰到具有不同所有权图书馆代码的RFID标签时，手持式装置可提醒操作人员。如上述RFID装置的情况，手持式RFID装置还可用来确定一套相关物品的所有成员是否放在一起，如磁带放在记录磁带的盒内那样。
本发明的RFID装置还可用来验证资料在架子上的顺序。在此情况下，横过物品的一行或多行扫描该装置。该装置读取每个物品，并向操作人员指示哪些物品未按正确的顺序上架。作为输入，装置可利用图书馆对被扫描的部分所使用的上架算法。可能的算法包括：Dewey Decimal(十进制)顺序、Libraryof Congress((美国)国会图书馆)顺序和Author(作者)姓氏/Title(名称)顺序。由每个图书馆所确定的其它排序方法也是可能的。
建立架子信息的另一个方法是把每个物品与其位置相联系。根据图书馆的需要，架子位置可以是特定或一般的。例如，一般的架子位置可包括所有的“Adult Fiction titles(成人小说名称)”。一个较特定的架子位置可以是“Adult Fiction，Authors AA-AB(成人小说，作者AA-AB)”。在较佳实施例中，可把一物品的架子位置编码在该物品的RFID标签存储器中。还可使用索引系统来节约内存，从而用短的代码号来指示架子位置。例如，数字1可代表Adult Fiction，数字2可代表Juvenile Fiction(青少年小说)等。存储所有架子位置所需的存储器的数量与图书馆内的位置数有关。另一个实施例是从图书馆数据库中获得想要的架子位置，然后把这些位置作为数据传递的一部分下载到手持式装置。
在通过以上任一种方式把物品与架子位置相联系时，操作人员可使用手持式装置找到处于错误位置的物品。可使用两种处理方法来确定目前要处理哪些架子位置，以寻找位置不匹配的物品。在一个实施例中，通过读取几个RFID标签并试探地处理该数据以推断位置来获得正确的架子位置。例如，如果RFID装置读取被索引到Adult Fiction区的一定数目的标签，则该装置可被编程到在碰到非Adult Fiction物品时提醒用户。在另一个实施例中，图书馆在架子或其它待搜索的位置上放置“位置标签”。这些位置标签首先由手持式装置读取，以指示随后读取的物品应属于该位置，并在发生不匹配时进行提醒。
在另一个实施例中，可使用手持式RFID装置把特定物品的数据输入装置。该信息可立即直接发送到LAV软件，或者可随后在手持式装置重新连接到坞站时发送该信息并把该信息下载到LAV软件。例如，在用户从其位置取走图书馆资料时，用户可把该物品的新状态输入手持式RFID装置。由于最终必须把此信息输入LAV软件，所以它节约了操作人员的时间，使他们能立即直接地指示该状态，而不是等到他或她可访问LAV软件系统终端时。
在再一个实施例中，一旦获得一特定物品且其RFID标签被RFID装置扫描，则可使用手持式装置来提供有关该物品的附加信息。例如，图书馆的工作人员可收集图书馆中已使用的资料，扫描这些资料以获得更多有关该资料的信息(哪个人最终检查了该资料；该资料的使用频率如何)或向产生图书馆资料用途的统计概况的数据库提供信息，或这两个效果都有。在从使用这些物品的图书馆中的各个位置处收集这些物品时，操作人员简单地读取物品的RFID标签。在收集物品时，操作人员还可通过从位置清单中进行选择、输入位置代码或读取与该位置有关且最好固定在该位置处或其附近的“位置RFID标签”来指示从哪里收集到这些物品。这样，图书馆的工作人员能获得在图书馆中的什么地方使用这些资料的信息。或者，如果图书馆中所使用的物品首次置于例如装书本的手推车上，则手持式装置可一次性经过手推车上的物品以记录它们。在这里，把本段所述的功能叫做“扫描(sweeping)”。
手持式RFID装置的益处是大量的，包括能比从物品读取每个索书号或名称更快速而准确地找到物品，能快速地“靠近”想要的物品然后检查物品以更接近地找到相关物品，能快速地识别与给定的一组判据(遗失、未借出、匹配特定流通值等)匹配的物品，以及能识别错误上架的物品并向操作人员指示物品的准确位置。这将包括不属于待扫描的收集中的物品。其它优点包括能在物品找到时直接把处理事务(transaction)输入手持式单元，能识别一物品而不必扫描物品上的条形码或任何其它标记(诸如作者、名称和索书号)，以及能确定一给定的物品是否位于架子上、图书馆的手推车上、柜子中、书桌上或甚至在一书堆中的某处。这些和其它优点将对本领域内的技术人员变得明显起来。
在所附的权利要求书中，普通技术人员将知道，所述的物品可以是图书馆资料(包括书本、期刊、磁性或光学媒体等)，或者它们可以是诸如包裹、信件、印刷品、电子装置、动物、汽车、自行车等其它完全不相关的材料或任何其它有价值的物品。

Claims (62)

1．一种用于处理物品的RFID装置，所述物品具有与其相关的RFID元件和磁性安全元件，包括：
(a)用于向RFID元件询问并获得信息的RFID信息询问源；以及
(b)响应于从RFID元件获得的信息在磁性安全元件上执行适当的磁化操作的磁化系统。
2．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置响应于从RFID元件获得的以及包含在RFID元件本身中的信息而直接确定适当的磁化操作。
3．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置在把从RFID元件获得的信息同与RFID元件分开的数据库中的信息相比较后确定适当的磁化操作。
4．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置适用于提供一物品是一特定类型的物品的指示。
5．如权利要求2所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置适用于响应于从RFID元件获得的信息不执行磁化操作。
6．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置还包括光学条形码扫描器。
7．如权利要求6所述的RFID装置，其特征在于可把光学条形码扫描器获得的信息写到将与物品相关的RFID标签上。
8．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于该装置还包括计算机。
9．如权利要求8所述的RFID装置，其特征在于计算机适用于操作图书馆自动售货机软件，该软件用于管理出入图书馆的资料流动。
10．如权利要求1所述的RFID装置，其特征在于RFID询问源询问并获得有关RFID元件的信息，而与RFID元件相对于询问源的方位无关。
11．一种用于在与物品相关的磁性安全元件上执行磁化操作的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)询问与该物品相关的RFID元件以获得信息；
(b)使用该信息来确定RFID元件所相关的物品的类型；以及
(c)根据磁性安全元件所相关的资料的类型，在磁性安全元件上执行适当的磁化操作。
12．如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于物品包括磁性记录媒体，磁化操作是把一磁场加到磁性安全元件上，该磁场足以启用或停用该元件，而不损坏磁性记录媒体。
13．如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于适当的磁化操作为没有磁化。
14．一种用于处理一组相关物品的方法，每个物品具有一RFID元件，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)询问每个物品以获得信息，包括该物品的身份；
(b)询问与该组相关的物品有关的RFID元件；以及
(c)把步骤(a)中获得的信息与步骤(b)中获得的信息相比较，以确定相关的物品是否放在一起。
15．如权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)确定是否包括其它物品，这些相关的物品不是这组相关物品的成员。
16．如权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)确定该组中是否遗失任何相关的物品。
17．如权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)在与这些物品相关的磁性安全元件上执行磁化操作。
18．一种用于处理多个物品的方法，每个物品具有一RFID元件，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)把不止一个所述物品展现给RFID读取器；
(b)近似于同时地从RFID元件获得信息；以及
(c)使用从RFID元件获得的的信息来确定所展现的物品中是否有不同类型的物品。
19．如权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)向用户提供在所展现的物品中有不同类型的物品的指示。
20．一种用于处理具有一RFID元件的多个物品的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)把不止一个物品展现给RFID读取器；
(b)近似于同时地从RFID元件获得信息；
(c)检测所展现的RFID元件的数目；
(d)仅在已检测到预定数目的物品时才自动地处理这些物品。
21．如权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于处理步骤包括在与展现给RFID读取器的物品相关的磁性安全元件上执行适当的磁化操作。
22．如权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于处理步骤包括更新包括有关展现给RFID读取器的物品的信息的数据库。
23．一种用于处理具有一RFID元件的多个物品的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)把不止一个物品展现给RFID读取器；
(b)近似于同时地从RFID元件获得信息；
(c)检测所展现的RFID元件的数目；
(d)把检测到的RF元件的数目显示给用户；以及
(e)允许用户指挥被处理的物品。
24．如权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于处理步骤包括在与展现给RFID读取器的物品相关的磁性安全元件上执行适当的磁化操作。
25．如权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于处理步骤包括更新包括有关展现给RFID读取器的物品的信息的数据库。
26．一种手持式RFID装置，包括作为一集成单元的：
(a)计算机；
(b)在RFID标签与RFID读取器之间发送命令的天线；
(c)用于近似于同时地从多个RFID元件读取信息的RFID读取器；以及
(d)显示器。
27．如权利要求26所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于还包括：
(d)用于把信息发送到RFID元件以存储在其中的RFID编写器。
28．如权利要求26所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于还包括：
(d)用于把数据从RFID装置传递到分开的数据库的数据传递系统。
29．如权利要求28所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于数据传递系统包括在操作上与坞站耦合的连接。
30．如权利要求28所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于数据传递系统包括以电缆连接的数据传递连接。
31．如权利要求28所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于数据传递系统包括无线数据传递系统。
32．如权利要求26所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于该装置包括一体化的电源。
33．如权利要求26所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于计算机是可分离的手持式计算机。
34．如权利要求33所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于计算机包括与装置其余部分的电源分开的电源。
35．如权利要求33所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于可分离的手持式计算机包括在操作上与坞站耦合的连接。
36．如权利要求26所述的手持式RFID装置，其特征在于还包括：
(d)不同于通过射频询问而把信息提供给RFID装置的信息输入系统。
37．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)把描述每一物品或每一类物品的信息输入装置，每个物品具有一RFID元件；以及
(b)扫描多个物品，以确定是否存在此某一物品或某些物品。
38．如权利要求37所述的方法，其特征在于从描述遗失的物品、在一规定的时间周期内未使用的物品、还未存入存货清单中的物品、已指定为保持状态的物品以及物品的拥有者的信息中选择所述信息。
39．如权利要求37所述的方法，其特征在于所述信息包含在RFID元件中或可从该RFID元件本身获得。
40．如权利要求37所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(c)实时地向用户提供已定位的感兴趣的所述一个物品或多个物品的指示。
41．如权利要求40所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)在一数据库中记录已定位的感兴趣的所述一个物品或多个物品。
42．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)把一描述一组有序物品的算法输入装置；
(b)扫描具有RFID元件的多个物品，以从这些元件中获得信息；以及
(c)把使用从RFID元件获得的信息而获得的物品的描述与该算法相比较，以确定被扫描的物品是否按照算法的顺序。
43．如权利要求42所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)向用户提供未按照算法顺序的任何物品的指示。
44．如权利要求43所述的方法，其特征在于实时地提供所述指示。
45．如权利要求43所述的方法，其特征在于响应于从与RFID装置分开的数据库和RFID标签中获得的信息来提供指示。
46．如权利要求42所述的方法，其特征在于所述算法基于一排序系统，该系统是从Dewey十进制系统、美国国会图书馆系统、作者的字母列表和标题的字母列表中选出的。
47．一种使用便携式RFID装置使一带有RFID元件的物品与一位置相联系的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)扫描与该物品相关的RFID元件；
(b)把信息输入该装置以描述该位置；以及
(c)把该物品与在一数据库中的该位置相联系。
48．如权利要求47所述的方法，其特征在于该位置具有分开的RFID元件，步骤(b)包括扫描与该位置相关的RFID元件。
49．一种使用便携式RFID装置使带有RFID元件的某一物品与具有一组类型类似的物品的位置相联系的方法，这一组物品中的每一个也带有一RFID元件，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)扫描与该物品相关的RFID元件；
(b)扫描这组物品内的至少一个附加物品的RFID元件；
(c)确定此某一物品是否属于这组物品。
50．如权利要求49所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)实时地向用户提供步骤(c)中所作的确定的指示。
51．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)获得一具有与其相关的RFID元件的物品；
(b)使用便携式RFID装置，以询问此RFID元件并从中获得信息；以及
(c)不同于RFID询问地把有关该物品的信息输入RFID装置。
52．如权利要求51所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤：
(d)使用步骤(c)中的信息输入，以更新包括有关该物品的信息的数据库。
53．如权利要求52所述的方法，其特征在于在此便携式RFID装置连到坞站以把信息下载给该数据库时更新该数据库。
54．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，一物品具有与其相关的RFID元件，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)以RFID装置询问RFID元件，以从中获得信息；
(b)使用获得的信息识别该物品；以及
(c)从便携式RFID装置请求有关该物品的进一步信息。
55．如权利要求54所述的方法，其特征在于在步骤(c)中所请求的信息是从包含在便携式RFID装置的存储器中获得的。
56．如权利要求54所述的方法，其特征在于在步骤(c)中所请求的信息是从与便携式RFID装置分开的存储器中获得的，且该信息被传递给该装置。
57．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)询问一组物品，每个物品带有一RFID标签；
(b)向RFID装置提供识别某一类物品的信息；以及
(c)实时地从RFID装置接收未在此某一类物品中的物品的指示。
58．如权利要求57所述的方法，其特征在于这类物品是与一特定位置有关的物品，在步骤(b)中所提供的信息包括该位置。
59．一种使用便携式RFID装置的方法，感兴趣的物品带有RFID标签，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)以RFID装置询问作上标签的物品；以及
(b)把描述感兴趣的物品的位置的信息输入RFID装置。
60．如权利要求59的方法，其特征在于还包括以下步骤：
(c)在一数据库中收集在步骤(b)中输入的与感兴趣的物品有关的信息。
61．如权利要求60的方法，其特征在于该数据库包含在RFID装置中。
62．如权利要求60方法，其特征在于该数据库与RFID装置分开，且把该信息传递给该数据库。
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CN101826149B (zh) * 2001-06-07 2012-06-20 3M创新有限公司 Rfid数据采集和使用
CN1308890C (zh) * 2001-12-19 2007-04-04 3M创新有限公司 具有回射和射频响应特征的物品
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CN100430953C (zh) * 2004-04-08 2008-11-05 精碟科技股份有限公司 自动识别储存系统
CN104021436A (zh) * 2013-03-01 2014-09-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种生产现场的资料借阅管理系统
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CN107526989A (zh) * 2017-09-20 2017-12-29 四川星顶科教设备有限责任公司 一种图书条码高效扫读装置
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