CN1303462A - 包胶破胶剂、组合物及其使用方法 - Google Patents

包胶破胶剂、组合物及其使用方法 Download PDF

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CN1303462A
CN1303462A CN99806701A CN99806701A CN1303462A CN 1303462 A CN1303462 A CN 1303462A CN 99806701 A CN99806701 A CN 99806701A CN 99806701 A CN99806701 A CN 99806701A CN 1303462 A CN1303462 A CN 1303462A
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D·J·缪尔
M·J·欧文
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Abstract

描述了一种封闭在可水解降解聚合物涂层中的包胶破胶剂。含这种包胶破胶剂的组合物,及其制备和使用方法。

Description

包胶破胶剂、组合物及其使用方法
发明领域
本发明涉及包胶破胶剂(breaker)。具体而言，本发明涉及用可水解降解的物质包胶的破胶剂，组合物及其使用方法。
发明背景
地下层(subterranean formation)的水力压裂是一种在回收如石油产品物质时提高地下层渗透性的已知方法。这种方法将粘性液体(压裂液，通常为含水压裂液，最常见的是瓜耳胶)导入井眼，施加压力，引起压裂，流体中的支撑剂(proppants)(最常见的砂)保持裂缝开口。必须除去粘性液体，从这样开口的地下层获取油。为能快速除去压裂液，可使用化学试剂来降低或“破除”压裂液的粘度；这些化学试剂(最常用的是氧化剂，尤其是过硫酸盐)被称作“破胶剂”。在完成压裂操作之前，破胶剂与压裂液间的反应是不需要的。因此，最好是用聚合物包覆或涂布颗粒，延迟破胶剂的释放，从而延缓压裂液的破胶。
有许多物质可用来包覆用于压裂液的破胶剂。例如，美国专利4,506,734(Nolte)描述了一种在可破碎玻璃或陶瓷涂层中的破胶剂，可破碎玻璃或陶瓷涂层在导致压裂结束时碎裂。美国专利4,741,401(Walles等)揭示，最好采用空气悬浮涂布法，在固体破胶剂化学品上施用一种聚合物。Walles的聚合物中最典型的是聚烯烃和环氧乙烷的均聚物和共聚物。此专利描述了通过打破膜释放破胶剂，或通过结束地下层内压裂的力或通过水扩散到壳上的渗透压来释放破胶剂。美国专利5,164,099(Gupta等)中，通过界面聚合，在破胶剂化学品的固体颗粒上涂布聚合物。通常，这种聚合物是聚酰胺或交联的纤维素物质。此专利指出通过经胶囊膜扩散，从所述胶囊释放破胶剂。
美国专利5,591,700(Harris等)涉及涂布了表面活性剂的包胶破胶剂，这种表面活性剂在环境条件下为固体，在地下层的升高温度下可溶解。表面活性剂以干态混入。
2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯单体在弱碱存在下会立刻聚合，这类单体广泛用于药品工业中的包胶和颗粒涂层，主要达到药物递送的目的。例如，Kante等在(Int.J.Pharm.,1980,7,45.)中描述了使用聚(氰基丙烯酸丁酯)制备放线菌素D纳米型微粒的方法。
美国专利4,452,861(RCA Corporation)描述了使用聚合的氰基丙烯酸酯涂布发光的无机磷的方法。该方法涉及要求在各涂布阶段完全蒸发非水溶剂的五个步骤，以及要求洗涤涂布的颗粒的最后一个步骤。
发明概述
提供了一种用于降低压裂液粘度的包胶破胶剂。破胶剂密封在一可水解降解的聚合物涂层内。还描述了含这种包胶破胶剂的组合物及其使用方法。
附图简述
图1是在水中的包胶破胶剂组合物的两个小瓶的数字图象，一个小瓶内有本发明的包胶破胶剂，另一个小瓶内为涂布在不能水解降解的聚合物内的包胶破胶剂。两个小瓶没有加热。
图2是图1的小瓶加热后的数字图象。
图3是不含破胶剂、含未包胶的破胶剂或包胶破胶剂的各种瓜耳胶组合物的粘度/时间的关系图。
发明的详细描述
本发明的包胶破胶剂封闭在可水解降解的聚合物涂层内。“水解降解”指这种聚合物涂层可以和水反应，在适合于最终预定用途的时间和温度范围，使聚合物涂层主要化学断裂为非固体组分。较好的涂层在70℃，4小时内水解降解。由于能更好控制释放时间和易于处理，其涂层能水解降解的包胶破胶剂优于现有技术的破胶剂。由于破胶剂包封在能与水反应，而不是简单地溶解或分散在水中的物质内，可通过涂层与水的反应速度来控制释放。因为本发明的涂层通过与水反应能部分或完全降解，本发明可提供完全的破胶剂传递。
本发明的包胶破胶剂宜在环境温度下相对稳定。因此，在标准破胶试验中，室温(20-25℃)下，包胶破胶剂在5小时时降低粘度至不小于50％。然而，破胶剂在破胶操作的后期以受控方式释放。因此，较好的包胶破胶剂在第一预定时间，选自15分钟至12小时内，在70℃下降低粘度至不小于50％。这一时间可以使压裂操作在井下进行。在标准破胶试验中，包胶破胶剂在第二预定时间，选自15分钟至12小时内，在70℃下务必降低粘度至小于50％，这一情况发生在第一预定时间之后。较好的第一预定时间约为2-3小时，第二预定时间约为3-5小时。此外，在标准破胶试验中，在破胶剂未包胶的同类组合物发生粘度降低至小于50％之后的至少20分钟，包胶的破胶剂降低粘度至小于50％。较好的包胶破胶剂降低粘度的时间至少比未包胶破胶剂的同类组合物晚60分钟。
令人惊奇的是，用于本发明破胶剂的涂层在地下系统的使用条件下，明显或完全消散。因为不再存在微胶囊壳，或存在的微胶囊壳量明显减少，井的清理以及石油产品的回收更为容易。较好的微胶囊处于70℃水中4小时后，作为固体组分的微胶囊壳，其残留量不超过50％(重量)。在处于70℃水中4小时后，作为固体组分的壳的残留量不超过20％(重量)更好，最好不超过5％(重量)。
典型的压裂液是水合的聚合物如在含水液体中的瓜耳胶、羟烷基瓜耳胶、羟烷基纤维素、羧基烷基羟基瓜耳胶、羧基烷基羟烷基瓜耳胶、纤维素或其它衍生的纤维素、黄原胶等，可加入合适的交联剂。合适的交联剂包括诸如硼酸盐、锆酸盐、钛酸盐、焦锑酸盐、铝酸盐等的化合物。
本发明的聚合物壳材料主要是聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)，其量应足以使涂层在高于室温的使用温度下水解降解。聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)至少为涂层总量的约50％(重量)为宜，至少约70％(重量)更好，最好至少约90％(重量)。
可加入本发明涂层的其它材料包括能与2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯共聚的共聚单体。具体而言，共聚单体是乙烯基活性单体，如具有α,β-不饱和羰基官能团的那些单体。较好的共聚单体是丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯。可以使用不同疏水性单体的组合，包括有1-14个碳原子，较好的2-12个碳原子的非叔醇的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯。较好的非叔醇是链烷醇。可形成酯的合适链烷醇是诸如乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、1-戊醇、2-戊醇、3-戊醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇、2-己醇、2-甲基-1-戊醇、3-甲基-1-戊醇、2-乙基-1-丁醇、3,5,5-三甲基-1-己醇、3-庚醇、1-辛醇、2-辛醇、异辛醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、1-癸醇、1-十二醇、1-十三醇和1-十四醇的链烷醇。另外，还可以使用丙烯酰胺，如叔丁基丙烯酰胺、叔辛基丙烯酰胺和N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺。最后，还可以使用苯乙烯和其衍生物如对甲氧基苯乙烯作为共聚单体。
用于水基压裂液的较好的破胶剂材料可以包括，例如酶如半纤维素，氧化剂如过硫酸钠或过硫酸铵，有机酸或盐如柠檬酸或柠檬酸盐、富马酸，吸附在固体基材上的液体、固态过硼酸盐、固态过氧化物或其它氧化剂，两种或多种物质的混合物等。最好的破胶剂是过硫酸钾。对胶凝的烃类压裂液，较好的破胶剂包括氧化钙、氢氧化钙、对硝基苯甲酸、三乙醇胺、乙酸钠、碳酸氢钠等。
本发明的涂布的破胶剂宜与有机溶剂呈浆料提供，有机溶剂能与地下系统相容。以浆料组合物提供涂布的破胶剂与干的破胶剂产品相比，具有明显的优点。具体是，包胶破胶剂浆料更易于混合和泵注。另外，在浆料中可加入表面活性剂，有助于防止浆料的沉降。
宜提供在溶剂中的涂布的破胶剂颗粒，这类溶剂不会使破胶剂从其涂层释放。如果溶剂是用于制备涂布的颗粒的反应介质，这类溶剂宜基本上没有水。较好的溶剂是在使用条件下能提供可泵注浆料的非吸湿性溶剂。较好的溶剂例子包括矿物油(如钻探泥浆油)、植物油、低芥酸菜子油、硅氧烷、氢氟醚，及其混合物等。较好地应选择物料，使该物料即使在冰点也能泵注。另外可使用脂族溶剂，例如烷烃或包括煤油的脂族混合物。从运输安全考虑，宜选择溶剂，按照ASTM D 93-90(用Pensky-Martens，封闭试验仪的测定闪点的标准试验法)测定，使总浆料的闪点高于93℃。在闪点过低的溶剂情况，通过混合溶剂来调节浆料组合物的有效闪点。或者，提供可在操作地点混合的干的颗粒。
或者，提供在油性或蜡状介质中的包胶破胶剂，进一步控制破胶剂的释放时间。因为油或蜡的涂层，可阻止水接近可水解降解的胶囊壁引起水解降解。或者，通过选择侧基官能团或表面处理涂布的破胶剂，化学改性涂布破胶剂材料的聚合物，使涂布的破胶剂提高亲和力，以润湿油性或蜡状溶剂。这种亲和力还用于提供额外的短期保护，使涂层不与水接触。这一实施方案中具体考虑了溶剂混合物，提供对涂布的破胶剂具有亲和力的疏水性溶剂，以及更为亲水性的溶剂。更为亲水性溶剂的存在可使浆料更易于和含水压裂液混合。
破胶剂浆料组合物宜包含一种表面活性剂。表面活性剂提高了浆料的稳定性，使悬浮在浆料中的颗粒均匀分布。较好的表面活性剂包括烷氧基化酚醛树脂表面活性剂、树脂酯表面活性剂、多元醇表面活性剂、烷基芳基磺酸盐表面活性剂、聚合物胺表面活性剂、醇醚磺酸盐、咪唑啉阳离子表面活性剂、配合磷酸酯、胺烷基芳基磺酸盐、烷基酰氨基胺表面活性剂、多酰氨基咪唑啉表面活性剂、脂肪咪唑啉表面活性剂、二聚体三聚体酸表面活性剂、聚氧乙烯化松香胺、聚氧乙烯二醇表面活性剂、醇醚磺酸盐表面活性剂、醇醚硫酸盐表面活性剂、磺酸盐表面活性剂、α-烯烃磺酸钠、醇醚硫酸钠、烷基芳基磺酸钙、胺十二烷基苯磺酸盐、脂肪酸酰胺、链烷醇酰胺及其混合物。这样的表面活性剂一般称作石油表面活性剂，一般可从WitcoCompany购得。其它表面活性剂包括氟化表面活性剂如3M的FluoradTM表面活性剂。较好的表面活性剂不含会对浆料的储存寿命稳定性有有不利影响的水。
粘土可用于本发明的浆料组合物，包括近晶状粘土，有改性的蒙脱石、锂蒙脱石和膨润土。
另外，在浆料组合物还可提供支撑剂，有助于在破胶和除去压裂液后，保持破裂的地下层。从适合导入井下的材料中选择支撑剂，包括砂和烧结的铝土矿。
浆料中还可加入增稠剂。较好增稠剂包括天然提取物如阿拉伯树胶、茄替胶、khaya gum、琼脂、果胶、角叉胶和藻酸盐；改性的天然提取物；黄原胶；改性纤维素如羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素和羟烷基纤维素；合成聚合物如超高分子量羧基乙烯基丙烯酸聚合物(carbomer)和丙烯酸聚合物。
包括包胶破胶剂的浆料组合物还可以包含适合加入破胶剂组合物中的添加剂，例如着色剂、芳香剂、防腐剂、抗沉降剂、控制pH缓冲剂的粘度调节剂。
通过将破胶剂颗粒的芯悬浮在含溶解的2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯的非水液体中，制得本发明的涂层。一加入弱碱就进行2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯的聚合反应，将涂层沉积在颗粒表面。本发明方法既能以高效率涂布，又很容易加工和分离涂布的颗粒。从而可以在一步法中，无需洗涤，就可达到高效涂布。
本发明较好的反应中，将过硫酸钾悬浮于2-氰基丙烯酸甲酯或2-氰基丙烯酸乙酯在非水溶剂中的搅拌溶液。作为溶剂例子，脂族烃如己烷、庚烷和煤油可达到优良效果，而芳烃如甲苯或二甲苯的效果较差。因为水会引起氰基丙烯酸酯的过早聚合，不能使用含高水分的溶剂。搅拌5-10分钟后达到充分混合，加入一滴三乙醇胺或其它弱碱，引发聚合反应。再继续搅拌30分钟，确保完全反应，过滤收集涂布的过硫酸钾，空气干燥。采用碘量滴定法测定，涂布效率为93-98％。
标准破胶试验
按下述，评价在恒温下破胶剂的释放情况。
在4升容器中，用2.6升水水合25.11克瓜耳胶(CAS编号9000-30-0，从AldrichChemical Company购得)，制得瓜耳凝胶。加入1.97克硼酸(从J.T.Baker Chemicals得到)，密封容器，将其置于滚筒中，以约20转/分钟的速度旋转整个容器12小时，确保混合为均相流体。在500毫升的Nalgene容器中加入480毫升硼酸盐交联的瓜尔胶流体(粘度约为1800厘泊)。随后加入0.15克包胶破胶剂(按过硫酸钾计)，或(未包胶的破胶剂作为比较例进行评价)并分散于整个流体。密封样品，以防止水损耗，将样品置于烘箱(预热至60℃)内。开始2小时以0.5小时的间隔，随后以1小时的间隔检测粘度，以比较未包胶的破胶剂体系和包胶破胶剂体系的粘度。以20rpm的马达速度，在Brookfield数字粘度计(型号DVⅡ)，芯轴#4上记录粘度测定值，测定值与不含破胶剂的同样组合物对照样品，在同样温度下进行比较。
上述试验不能复制井下的条件，但可以显示实验室的可再现数据，比较包胶破胶剂与未包胶破胶剂以及对照组合物的效果。井下的实际条件如剪切和压力导致的破胶情况，提供包胶破胶剂与未包胶破胶剂间很大的区别。因此，实验室的试验提出包胶破胶剂仅能提供很小的好处，而在井下使用条件下实际观察到很大的好处。
本发明的包胶破胶剂宜在压裂液泵注到井下之前，加入到压裂液中。本发明较好方面中，包胶破胶剂即使在地面的环境条件下，存在水时也极稳定，因此可以在预定时间与压裂液混合，无需关心粘度过早下降。包胶破胶剂宜以浆料提供，使其易与压裂液混合，不需要设置固体计量装置。本发明的浆料组合物最好可以使用液体计量装置，与压裂液一起同时泵注到井下。另外还可使用能保证均匀混合这两种液体物料的任选的液体混合设备。
提供下列实施例用于说明本发明，但这些实施例不构成对本发明上位概念的限制。除非特别指出，所有的份和百分数均以重量为基准。
实施例
实施例1：制备干的包胶破胶剂
在500毫升无挡板的聚合反应烧瓶中投入350毫升己烷、40克工业级过硫酸钾(40-80目)和10克2-氰基丙烯酸乙酯。使用3-叶片船用型螺旋桨，以1200rpm速度搅拌，分散过硫酸盐。搅拌约10分钟后，在该悬浮液中加入0.1克三乙醇胺。于室温下继续搅拌20分钟，用布氏漏斗真空过滤收集产物，并于环境条件下空气干燥。干的产品为白色自由流动的粉末。
实施例2：制备包胶破胶剂浆料组合物
在1升配备不锈钢挡板的聚合反应烧瓶中，投入300毫升IPAR 3钻井泥浆油和80克工业级过硫酸钾(60-100目)。耗时约20分钟，在该混合物中加入15克2-氰基丙烯酸乙酯。用6桨叶的涡轮搅拌器，以1500rpm搅拌，分散过硫酸盐。搅拌约10分钟后，在悬浮液中加入0.1克三乙醇胺。于室温继续搅拌20分钟，保证氰基丙烯酸酯的完全反应。继续搅拌，在该混合物中加入17克“Cab-O-Sil M-5”二氧化硅，形成稳定的涂布过硫酸盐颗粒的浆料。
附图的详细描述
图1是水中的包胶破胶剂组合物的两个小瓶的照片，小瓶A含有本发明(实施例1)的包胶破胶剂。小瓶B含有用不能水解降解聚合物涂布的包胶破胶剂。这两个小瓶没有加热。
图2是图1的小瓶在加热到80℃，2.5小时后的照片。这些照片证实本发明的胶囊壳在水存在下在加热过程中水解降解，从而溶解胶囊壳壁，减少了在石油回收操作中从地下层回收的固体量。
图3是除了在60℃进行的粘度测定外，标准破胶试验的曲线。曲线A代表交联瓜尔胶(即不含破胶剂)对照样品的时间/粘度情况。约1小时后，粘度降低至基本上稳定的量。曲线B代表包含未包胶破胶剂的交联瓜尔胶的时间/粘度情况。即使在没有压力或剪切力(在实际使用条件下存在)的实验室条件下，这一样品显示相对迅速的粘度下降。曲线C代表包含包胶破胶剂的交联瓜尔胶样品的时间/粘度情况，包胶破胶剂己由干态混入瓜尔胶(上面的实施例1)。这一样品与未包胶破胶剂相比，即使在实验室条件，也显示相对较慢的粘度下降。因此，与未包胶破胶剂相比，粘度下降至少可延迟20分钟。曲线D代表包含已由浆料混入瓜尔胶(实施例2)的包胶破胶剂的交联瓜尔胶样品的时间/粘度情况。这一样品与未包胶破胶剂相比，显示更慢的粘度下降。因此，与未包胶破胶剂相比，粘度下降至少可延迟60分钟。

Claims (27)

1．一种包胶破胶剂，包括封闭在可水解降解涂层内的能降低压裂液粘度的破胶剂。
2．如权利要求1所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述涂层由包含聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的组合物形成。
3．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述涂层由还包括能与2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯共聚的一种或多种共聚单体的组合物形成。
4．如权利要求3所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述共聚单体选自丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯。
5．如权利要求3所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述共聚单体选自非叔醇的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯，所述醇选自乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、1-戊醇、2-戊醇、3-戊醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇、2-己醇、2-甲基-1-戊醇、3-甲基-1-戊醇、2-乙基-1-丁醇、3,5,5-三甲基-1-己醇、3-庚醇、1-辛醇、2-辛醇、异辛醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、1-癸醇、1-十二醇、1-十三醇、1-十四醇、或它们的混合物。
6．如权利要求3所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述共聚单体选自丙烯酰胺或苯乙烯。
7．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于，以涂层总重量为基准，所述涂层由包含至少约50％重量的聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的组合物形成。
8．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于，以涂层总重量为基准，所述涂层由包含至少约70％重量的聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的组合物形成。
9．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于，以涂层总重量为基准，所述涂层由包含至少约90％重量的聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的组合物形成。
10．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的烷基是C1-20的烷基。
11．如权利要求2所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的烷基是C1-6的烷基。
12．如权利要求1所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述破胶剂包括过硫酸盐。
13如权利要求12所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述过硫酸盐是过硫酸钾。
14．一种破胶剂浆料组合物，该组合物包括在有机溶剂中的如权利要求1所述的包胶破胶剂的浆料。
15．如权利要求14所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于所述有机溶剂主要是脂族溶剂。
16．如权利要求14所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于所述有机溶剂包括煤油。
17．如权利要求14所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于所述有机溶剂包括矿物油。
18．如权利要求14所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于所述有机溶剂包括一种或多种烃的混合物。
19．如权利要求14所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于该组合物包括一种或多种表面活性剂。
20．如权利要求19所述的浆料组合物，其特征在于所述表面活性剂选自烷氧基化酚醛树脂表面活性剂、树脂酯表面活性剂、多元醇表面活性剂、烷基芳基磺酸盐表面活性剂、聚合物胺表面活性剂、醇醚磺酸盐、咪唑啉阳离子表面活性剂、配合磷酸酯、胺烷基芳基磺酸盐、烷基酰氨基胺表面活性剂、多酰氨基咪唑啉表面活性剂、脂肪咪唑啉表面活性剂、二聚体三聚体酸表面活性剂、聚氧乙烯化松香胺、聚氧乙烯二醇表面活性剂、醇醚磺酸盐表面活性剂、醇醚硫酸盐表面活性剂、磺酸盐表面活性剂、α-烯烃磺酸钠、醇醚硫酸钠、烷基芳基磺酸钙、胺十二烷基苯磺酸盐、脂肪酸酰胺、链烷醇酰胺、氟化表面活性剂、或它们的混合物。
21．一种包含能降低压裂液粘度的破胶剂的包胶破胶剂，所述破胶剂封闭在可水解降解的聚合物涂层中，所述包胶破胶剂在标准破胶试验中，于25℃5小时内降低粘度至不小于50％，但是所述包胶破胶剂在标准破胶试验中在第一预定时间，选自15分钟至12小时之间，于70℃降低粘度不小于50％，而于70℃的第一预定时间之后，在第二预定时间，选自15分钟至12小时之间，务必降低粘度至小于50％，所述包胶破胶剂在标准破胶试验中，至少比不包胶破胶剂的同样组合物延迟20分钟降低粘度至小于50％。
22．如权利要求21所述的包胶破胶剂，其特征在于所述第一预定时间在约1-3小时之间，所述第二预定时间在约3-5小时之间。
23．一种使压裂液破胶的方法，该方法包括将权利要求1所述的包胶破胶剂和压裂液导入要处理的地下层，使所述破胶剂处于超过约40℃的温度，从而水解释放所述的破胶剂。
24．如权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于所述包胶破胶剂以浆料提供。
25．一种制造包胶破胶剂的方法，该方法包括下列步骤：
a)将固体破胶剂颗粒悬浮于包含非水溶剂和有效量(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的反应溶液中，
b)加入有效量的弱碱，引发(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)的聚合反应。
26．如权利要求25所述的方法，其特征在于该方法还包括从非水溶剂过滤所述包胶破胶剂的步骤。
27．如权利要求25所述的方法，其特征在于所述2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯包括约1-20％重量的反应溶液。
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