CN1251178A - 内含一维高速光栅光阀阵列的显示装置 - Google Patents

内含一维高速光栅光阀阵列的显示装置 Download PDF

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CN1251178A
CN1251178A CN98803532A CN98803532A CN1251178A CN 1251178 A CN1251178 A CN 1251178A CN 98803532 A CN98803532 A CN 98803532A CN 98803532 A CN98803532 A CN 98803532A CN 1251178 A CN1251178 A CN 1251178A
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light
valve array
light valve
lens
diffraction
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D·M·布罗姆
A·A·戈迪尔
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ECHELLE Inc
Silicon Light Machines Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G02B26/0808—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more diffracting elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G02B26/10—Scanning systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1828—Diffraction gratings having means for producing variable diffraction

Abstract

提供两维图象的显示系统包括一个本质上是一维的光阀阵列。衍射光阀阵列包括一些根据拟再现图象元素所确定的程度衍射或反射入射其上的光的调制元件。显示系统的安排使得来自光阀阵列的衍射光通过放大透镜并与来自阵列的反射光分离。由衍射光构成的阵列的放大虚象经放大透镜得以观看。观看者和放大透镜之间的扫描装置对观看者视场内的光阀阵列图象作足够快的扫描,使得观看者将扫描图象感知为两维图象。在另一装置中,在打印或记录介质上扫描衍射光阀阵列的实象而形成打印机。

Description

内含一维高速光栅光阀阵列的显示装置
本发明一般而言涉及微型显示装置。具体地说它涉及这样的微型显示装置，其中光线照射在一个高速光阀线性阵列上，这些光阀将光衍射和/或反射，衍射光经放大光学装置和机械扫描结构传播到观看者，所述扫描结构将来自光阀的衍射光以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
微型显示装置适用于许多场合，诸如用于视频模拟应用的便携显示器及其他应用。本文范围内的微型显示器应被理解为这样的一种显示器，它足够小，需要采用光学放大装置才能起作用。此类显示器的优点之一是与真实尺寸等同于放大后微型显示器的视在尺寸的常规显示器相比而言，它所消耗的功率较少，所占据的空间也小得多。
这样的微型显示器可以足够小，使得其可以被置入墨镜或其它眼镜之中。它可以用于把用户完全“沉浸”到所显示的环境之中，所采用的方式是通常所称的利用计算机实现的“虚拟现实”交互模式。这样的显示器还可以被佩戴作为一种辅助显示器，以便允许用户看到除显示器所传递的信息之外，还可以观察其真实的周围环境。此类辅助显示器可以被利用为例如电话话务员或机票代理人的显示器。佩戴这样的显示器能够允许用户相对于显示器保持固定的舒适观看关系，同时能够自由地移动以进行其它活动。
美国专利4934773描述了一种微型全页面视频显示器，它包括至少一排诸如发光二极管(LED)的发光元件、放大透镜、和位于暗箱内的振动镜，该暗箱有一个开口，通过该开口可以观看到振动镜。在振动镜行程上的各点有选择地照亮LED，导致一行行象素或图象元素被投影在镜子的选定点处以构成一幅二维图象。美国专利5003300描述了体现这一微型显示器概念的头戴式显示系统。
这样的发光元件行可以形成于一般称之为微芯片-激光阵列的单个半导体芯片上。为发光元件所配的驱动电路(每个发光元件一个)可以形成于同一芯片上。’773专利教导说，通过采用两行或多行发光元件，每行发射不同颜色的光，可以得到彩色显示器。
上文所讨论的专利中描述的显示器的优点是，通过振动镜的扫描动作，一行发光元件可以完成通常需要许多行发光元件才能完成的提供具有相同清晰度的真实二维显示的任务。它显著降低了装置的复杂度和成本。但是，此类装置的可用性受到每个发光元件可以被调制的调制速率的限制。另外，LED和端发射半导体激光装置的实际尺寸也限制了此类装置所能达到的清晰度。
尽管迄今在微型显示装置领域已取得一定的技术进步，但是可以认为此类装置仍有待进一步改进，尤其是在提高清晰度和降低功能方面需要改进。
本发明涉及提供二维图象的显示系统。在最为一般的形式中，根据本发明的显示系统包括衍射光阀阵列。该光阀阵列包括一行彼此平行对准、隔开、可分别操作的细长调制器部件。每个调制器部件可以如此操作，使得入射于其上的光在根据调制器部件的操作状态确定的范围内被衍射。
该系统包括使光入射在光阀阵列上的照明结构，使入射光的衍射部分和入射光的非衍射部分分离的结构。还提供了电子电路，用于接收视频数据并且相应于拟显示的视频数据的图象元素操作光阀阵列的各调制器部件。
放大光学系统借助于分离后的衍射光部分向观看者提供光栅光阀阵列的放大图象。该系统包括与所述电子电路协作的扫描装置，用于在整个观看者视场扫描放大的图象，以便按照足够的速率提供两维图象的相继行从而使放大后的虚象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
在根据本发明的显示系统的一个优选实施例中，光阀阵列是一个反射光栅的光阀(GLV)阵列，它包括一行彼此平行对准、隔开、可移动的细长反射部件。每个可移动的反射部件均可以各自在与相对应的固定反射部件所处的平面平行且隔开的平面内相对于该固定反射部件独立移动。可移动的和固定的反射部件如此配置，使得相应的可移动和固定反射部件一起导致入射于其上的光在取决于可移动和固定反射部件的平面分离情况的范围内发生衍射和/或反射。
放大光学系统包括提供放大图象的放大透镜。放大透镜、光阀阵列、以及使衍射光和反射光分离的结构被配置成一个远心光学系统，光阀阵列和衍射光分离结构分别位于远心物点和放大透镜的出瞳处。
放大透镜的型号优选是属于由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组之一的目镜透镜类型。放大透镜可以被设置成提供光阀阵列的放大虚象，供观看者经透镜直接观看。放大透镜还可以设置为在诸如屏幕的接收表面上投影光阀阵列的放大实象。
包含于说明书之中并构成其一部分的附图大略地表示了本发明的一个优选实施例，它们与上面的一般描述和下文对优选实施例的详细描述一起用于解释本发明的原理。
图1是一个局部透视图，它简要表示适用于根据本发明的显示系统内的一个现有技术反射/衍射光栅光阀阵列的实例的一部分。
图2是简要表示了图1光栅光阀阵列部分的一个工作状态的一般剖面图，其中该阵列部分起反射镜的作用。
图2A是简要表示了另一光栅光阀阵列实例的一部分的一个工作状态的一般剖面图，其中该阵列部分起反射镜的作用。
图3是简要表示了图1光栅光阀阵列部分的一个工作状态的一般剖面图，其中该阵列部分起衍射光栅的作用。
图3A是简要表示了图2A光栅光阀阵列部分的一个工作状态的一般剖面图，其中该阵列部分起衍射光栅的作用。
图4是简要表示了根据本发明的显示系统的一个优选实施例的一般剖面图，该实施例包括使光照射在反射光栅光阀阵列(GLV)上的照明结构、放大目镜透镜、使来自GLV的衍射光与GLV的反射光分离的出射光瞳光阑和用于在观看者的视场上扫描分离后的衍射光的扫描镜。
图5是从图4方向5-5看到的一般剖面图，该图简要地表示了图4的GLV、放大目镜透镜、出射光瞳光阑和扫描镜。
图6是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了图4系统的目镜透镜的出瞳的远心转象结构。
图7是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了与图4的目镜透镜协作的投影透镜，用于在屏幕、记录介质、纸等等上面投影图4的GLV的实象。
图8是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了根据本发明的显示系统的一个优选实施例，该实施例包括光源、使光照射在反射光栅光阀阵列(GLV阵列)上的照明结构、放大目镜透镜、使来自GLV阵列的衍射光与GLV阵列的反射光分离的焦面光阑(FOCAL STOP)和用于在观看者的视场上扫描分离后的衍射光的扫描镜。
图8A是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了排列成投影印刷机的图8所示类型的系统，只是图8的扫描镜被用于将打印或记录介质移动通过GLV阵列的静止投影实象的鼓形扫描器替代。
图9是从图8方向9-9看到的一般剖面图，该图简要地表示了图8的照明系统的一部分。
图10是从图8方向10-10看到的一般剖面图，该图简要地表示了图8的照明系统的另一部分。
图11是从图8方向10-10看到的一般剖面图，该图简要地表示了从图8的GLV阵列所衍射的光束路径。
图12是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了用于图8显示系统的多个转向镜结构，该结构将光线经图8系统的放大目镜透镜传播到图8的光阀阵列。
图13是沿图12方向13-13所见的视图，它简要表示了图12转向镜在图8放大目镜透镜的出射光瞳的情况。
图14是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了图4或图8的放大目镜透镜，作为投影透镜将光栅光阀阵列的实象投影在接收表面上。
图15是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了供图4和6系统使用的旋转多边形反射扫描结构。
图16是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了供图4和6系统使用的角度可变棱镜扫描结构。
图17是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了供图4和6系统使用的移动透镜透射扫描结构。
图18是一个一般剖面图，它简要表示了包括透射衍射光阀阵列的根据本发明的显示系统。
在根据本发明的显示系统中，特别优选的光调制装置是反射光栅光阀(GLV)阵列。已经有人建议将此类的装置用于真实的两维阵列中去制备显示器，美国专利5459610详细描述了此类装置，该专利的公开说明书被本文引用为参考文献。这种类型的反射光栅光阀阵列凭借着非常小的形体或元件尺寸、非常高的开关速度和高带宽，能够提供极高清晰度的显示器。对此类装置的一个实施例的简短描述在下文参考图1、2、和3进行。
图1示意了反射光栅光阀阵列的一个实例的部分10。阵列10包括可分别移动的细长反射部件或条12，这些反射部件包括反射涂层14(见图2)。非工作状态下的条12悬浮(拉紧状态)于基部16上方的与之平行的平面内。条12互相隔开并且彼此平行。条12可以被称为GLV阵列10的“有源”反射部件。与条12之间的空间对准的是固定反射部件18，它们是通过在基部16上沉积反射涂层而成的。固定反射部件18也可以称为GLV阵列10的“无源”部件。
阵列10是利用半导体器件光刻制造技术在硅(晶片)基片20上制成的。基部16是晶片的一个表面。电极层22沉积在晶片的相对表面上。条12和固定反射部件的宽度优选在大约1和4微米之间，长度优选在大约40.0和100.0微米(μm)之间。适用于根据本发明的显示器的阵列10的长度优选大约在1厘米(cm)。如此的阵列将包括一千以上的可移动部件12。固定部件和可移动部件的宽度应当窄到能够使得一组相邻部件(比如由8个固定和可移动部件对组成的一组)可以被用于以256个灰度之一表示一个图象元素或象素，而同时仍然能够使象素小到能够提供可与常规CRT计算机监视器相比拟的清晰度。
经在部件和基部16之间施加电压，使条12移动或对其操作。在非操作状态，在可移动部件的反射涂层14和相应的(相邻)固定部件18之间的距离被设定为照明该阵列(见图2)所用的光波长的一半。在该状态下，通常为平面的入射波前24不会发生衍射，而是沿与入射方向相反的方向反射，入射和反射方向分别用箭头I和R所表示。
如果施加了足够的电压，那么条12弯向基部16，并可以保持于其上。选择条12的厚度，使得在“该操作和保持”状态下，相应的固定部件和可移动部件的反射表面之间的距离是照明该阵列(见图2)所用的光波长的四分之一。在该状态下，从可移动部件和固定部件反射的光之间的相消干涉导致了衍射波前26的产生(在图3仅仅表示了正负一级衍射波前)，该衍射波前26沿与入射平面波前方向成一定角度的方向传播，如箭头D+1和D-1所示。
任何相邻的可移动和固定反射部件对12和18，或者此类相邻对的任何功能性组合，只要代表一个图象元素的全部或一部分，都可以被认为是“光阀”。正是根据这一考虑，本说明书采用了术语光栅光阀(GLV)阵列。
也可以制造类似于上文所讨论的阵列10，但其中所有反射部件均以张紧状态悬浮于基部20上方的GLV阵列。这在图2A中示出。阵列10A经地址线等(未示出)作如此安排，即使得相间部件12A是可以移动的从而提供空间的光调制，而且这些部件是GLV阵列10的有源部件的等价物。介于每个有源部件之间的反射部件18A(每个反射部件包括一个反射涂层14)在GLV阵列10A工作期间是不移动的，以便对光作空间调制，并且它们是GLV阵列10A的固定或无源部件18的替代物。
GLV阵列10A优选安排成处于非工作状态。其所有的反射部件，不论是有源的还是无源的，均具有位于如图2A所示的同一平面内的反射面，在该反射面上GLV仅将入射在其上的光反射。GLV阵列10A还优选作下列安排，使得当其有源或可移动部件12A弯曲使得当它们位于距可移动或有源部件平面四分之一波长的极端平面内的时候，如图3A所示，它们不会接触基部20。
以GLV阵列10A为范例的一类阵列比GLV阵列10的一类阵列易于制造，它可以仅用两步石印(lithographic)工艺完成。使可移动部件不接触基部20的做法避免了这些部件“粘附”到基部20上从而有可能影响阵列工作性能的潜在问题。GLV阵列10A及类似阵列的进一步细节参见在1995年6月7日提交并已转让给本发明受让人的共同未决的专利申请08/482188，该申请的全部公开内容被本文引用为参考文献。
那些熟悉本发明所属领域的人员将意识到，无论是GLV阵列10还是GLV阵列10A，随着条12和12A在介于图2和3以及图2A和3A所示的极端状态之间的状态下，通过与基部16平行的平面移动时，光既被反射也被衍射。也可以采用中间状态使部件按模拟方式工作。
无论条12是按二进制工作(保持在图2和3的极端状态之一中，各状态编制成组，并作二进制加权以提供灰度等级)，还是在模拟方式下工作，以完整长度的单行或一维阵列表示二维图象的一个分辨线或扫描线，该阵列的不同部分都将有部件处于不同状态下，使得从阵列返回的入射光将含有衍射分量和非衍射(反射)分量。
在根据本发明的显示系统中，采用衍射光部分为观看者提供二维图象。有鉴于此，根据本发明的系统必须包括使衍射光分量和反射光分量分离的装置。此类装置的优选实例在下文对本发明的优选实施例的描述中有详细讨论。这些光学装置是在光学领域通常被称为Schlieren光学系统的一种，它们常常是借助于一或多个透镜和一或多个光阑组成的结构将反射光和衍射光加以分离，从而使反射光不会进入观看者的视场。
现在参看图4和图5，其中示意了根据本发明的显示系统的一个优选实施例30。在显示系统30中，一个被用来照射GLV阵列10的照明装置包括分别为红、绿和蓝的光源32R、32G和32B。优选的是，这些光源是诸如LED的半导体发光器件或半导体激光器。在拟向非常大尺寸显示器投影的情况下甚至可能是有利的是采用具有适当发光波长的固态激光器或光参数振荡器。
在系统30中，光源32R、32G和32B被假设是以一般对称的方式发光的光源，比如LED。一个分色滤光镜组34允许这些光源的任何一个所发出的光传播到准直透镜36，从而基本上沿系统光轴Z传播。对于光学系统而言使三种不同色光源看起来象是从同一发光点发出的分色滤光镜组在光学领域是公知技术，比如Philips棱镜。因此本文不予给出有关这种分色滤光镜组的详细描述。
透镜36可以被简单表示为一个简单的“球面”透镜，即在X和Y轴具有相同的折光度。在图4，Y轴位于图面内，而X轴垂直于图面。透镜的目的是使来自光源的光在两轴上准直。但是，本发明所属领域的技术人员将会意识到从端发射半导体激光器输出的光在一个横(X或Y)轴上比在另一轴上更为发散，即所谓象散。将此类激光器的输出光束准直并使之扩展成期望大小的装置在光学领域内是公知技术，这种装置可能需要一或多个球面、非球面、环形、或柱面(球面和非球面)透镜元件。透镜36被用来表示由一或多个此类元件组成的组合。来自对称发光光源32的发散光38通过透镜36，并在X和Y轴方向准直。然后在两轴上均准直的光40通过柱面透镜42。这里用来定义透镜42的术语“柱面”仅在一个轴(这里是Y)上有折光度。光学领域的技术人员将会意识到透镜42的表面44可以是非圆的柱形。透镜24的功能是使通过其中的双轴准直光40在Y轴方向会聚(图4，线46)，而在X轴方向保持准直(图5，线48)。这里应当注意的是透镜42也可以采用前文讨论的一些光学元件之一形成，并且为简单起见用单个元件表示，一般而言单个透镜元件便已足够，尽管并非总是如此。
GLV阵列10设置在距柱面透镜42大约该透镜的一倍焦距(f1)距离处。GLV阵列10在与透镜36和42的光轴对应的系统光轴Z上沿X轴方向对准。GLV(条12)的工作表面向Z轴倾斜。在图4，GLV阵列10以45角向该轴倾斜，这实际上使Z轴折叠了90度。这里对GLV阵列的倾斜度的选择是为了便于说明而采取的，而不应当理解为限制性的。
参看图5，入射在工作GLV阵列10上的光产生一束反射光(箭头48)，和分别以箭头D+1和D-1表示的正和负一级衍射光束。这些衍射光束沿X轴向Z轴方向倾斜。沿Y轴，衍射光束和反射光束发散程度相同。然后衍射光束和反射光束通过放大(正)透镜50，该透镜距GLV阵列10的距离为该透镜的焦距f2。为简单起见在图5中透镜50表示为单个元件的形式，但是实际上透镜50可以包括两个或多个元件。透镜50实际上为系统30提供了一个目镜透镜，它优选是众所周知的包括Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig和Erfle在内的目镜透镜类型之一，上述这些目镜透镜包含两个或多个透镜元件。
在X轴方向，反射光束会聚(箭头52)到Z轴上的焦点上，该焦点处大约是透镜50的远心外出射光瞳P2附近设置了细长光阑54。这样系统30的Schlieren光学器件可以定义为包括GLV阵列10、放大目镜透镜50和光阑54在内的远心光学装置49的一部分，GLV阵列10位于大约在透镜50的外物点位置处，而光阑54大约在透镜50的外(出射)光瞳处。远心系统是入射光瞳和/或出射光瞳位于无穷远处的一种系统。它广泛应用于专为计量设计的光学系统中，其原因是它趋向于减少由系统略微偏焦所引起的测量或位置误差。这种趋向一般而言允许在放置光阑和系统的其它元件时有一定的容许度，在下文将予以讨论的本发明某些实施例中对此将予以具体的探讨。
在Y轴(见图4)，发散的反射光46(和衍射光)由透镜50准直，如箭头56所示。光阑54沿Y轴方向对准，并拦截反射光。光阑54可以选择为吸收或反射性的。如果光阑54是反射性的，则来自光阑的反射光返回GLV阵列10。但是向Z轴倾斜的衍射光束D+1和D-1和相应的入射光束和反射光束会聚到光阑54上方和下方(或者在其相对侧面上)的焦点上，由此通过出射光瞳P2而不被光阑54拦截。
如此设置一个扫描镜58，以便于拦截衍射光束并将其导向观看者眼睛64。观看者所看到的是GLV阵列10放大后的虚象(在无穷远处)。该图象在图5中用虚线59表示，实际上表明此处没有实象。
GLV阵列10的可操作部件被驱动以便相继地表示一个M×N显示器的不同行，这里M是每行图象元素的数目，而N是显示器中的行(分辨线)数。根据上文讨论，图象元素可以包含一或多个可操作的GLV部件。GLV阵列10一般可以定义为表示一维阵列的光阀或一行图象元素或象素。在放大虚象中，这些象素将具有由GLV阵列10中条12的工作状态确定的相对亮度。
扫描镜58由驱动装置60倾斜驱动绕轴62旋转，如箭头A所示(见图4)，扫描衍射光束，然后在观看者的视场上线性地扫描经放大的虚象，如箭头B所示，以表示显示器的相继行。镜58足够快速地移动，使得扫描所得的虚象以二维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
基于微处理器的电子控制电路70被安排来经端子72接收视频数据，它与GLV阵列10相连，用于利用该数据来操作GLV阵列10的运动部件，以便对其上的光调制。该电路如此安排使得衍射光束D+1和D-1的光被调制来表示代表视频数据的二维图象的相继分辨线，如上所示。控制电路70还连接至扫描镜驱动单元60，以便对相继线的显示进行同步以及在扫描镜58的角状偏移范围的极限处开始图象的相继帧。控制电路70还与光源32R、32G和32B相连，并与GLV阵列10的操作配合工作来相继地切换这些光源，以便提供该阵列的顺序红、绿和蓝清晰度图象，这些图象一起代表彩色二维图象的一条分辨线。
这里应当注意的是，在图4观看者眼睛64被示意处于对于正确观看系统30的显示器的放大虚象来说不够理想的系统。理想情况下，为了观看此类图象，观看者的眼睛应当定位在大约出射光瞳P2附近。这是很困难的，因为镜58在优选情况下也位于该出射光瞳附近。这一困难可以通过如下方式解决，即以光学方式将出射光瞳的图象从镜处转象至易于定位观看者眼睛的位置处，由此允许扫描镜和观看者眼睛各自位于一个光瞳位置处左右。
图6示意了转象出射光瞳P2的图象的一种手段，其中光学装置被表示为光学上“非折叠”的，而扫描镜58用透镜50的出射光瞳P2处的一条线表示，该线是扫描镜的一个优选位置。这里光瞳转象是利用具有相同焦距的两个透镜51和53完成的，这两个透镜彼此隔有两倍于该焦距的距离，构成放大倍数为一的远心转象结构，该转象结构将出射光瞳P2的图象P3置于距透镜53有一倍透镜焦距的地方，使得距离透镜53有足够出瞳距离。当然，光学领域的技术人员将会意识到透镜51和53可以包括不止一个的透镜元件，另外，图6所示的远心转象装置也不是转象光瞳图象的唯一可行光学装置。
现在来看图7(这里光学系统再一次被描绘为“非折叠”形状，并将扫描镜58表示为在透镜50的出射光瞳P2处的一条线，该条线在这里也是扫描镜的一个优选位置)，目镜透镜50可以采取一个元件或一组元件的形式，用于将GLV的放大实象投影在屏幕或记录介质上，记录介质比如是要求能够提供投影显示的装置或用于记录或打印图象的装置。这里，透镜(或透镜元件组)55被置于能够将GLV阵列10的放大实象57(这里是指其宽度)聚焦在距透镜55的有限距离处。该图象可以被聚焦在平面59中，该平面可以是一个提供投影的(视在)两维图象的观看屏，图象也可以聚焦在记录介质上，比如照相软片或纸张。在记录或打印图象的情况下，可以取消扫描镜58，而扫描可以通过沿扫描方向移动记录或打印介质完成，在图7中所述扫描方向垂直于图示平面，即垂直于图象的取向。当然，扫描动作仍然需要与如同系统30那样与电子电路70的图象生成保持同步，以便两维的相继图象线可以被打印或记录。
现在参看图8、9、10和11，它们示意了根据本发明的显示系统的另一实施例31。一个照明装置包括光源32R、32G和32B，球面透镜36和柱面透镜42，上述这些元件的功能与上文对显示系统30的相同部件的描述相同。双轴准直光40被柱面透镜42会聚(箭头46)在Y轴，而在X轴保持准直(见图9)。细长镜80向Z轴倾斜45度，位于Z轴上，并沿X轴对准。镜80构成柱面透镜42的远心光阑。会聚光46在被镜80反射后发散。准直光40保持准直。
透镜50位于该反射光的光路上距镜80约该透镜一倍焦距处。这样在通过透镜之后，准直光线会聚，而发散光线准直，在Z轴上构成沿Y轴对准的镜80的图象。GLV阵列10位于离透镜50大约透镜50的一倍焦距处，它沿Y轴对准，位于Z轴上。因此GLV阵列拦截该图象并被其照射。
从GLV阵列10返回反射光束和正、负一级衍射光束D+1和D-1反射光束沿原路返回经过透镜50，并重新成象到镜80上，然后沿入射光路回引至透镜42。由此反射光被避免抵达观看者。衍射光束D+1和D-1会聚在Y轴(见图8)并在Y轴准直(见图9)，这样在Y轴内从镜80上下方通过镜80。扫描镜58被设置来拦截衍射光束D+1和D-1，以便在观看者64的视场上扫描衍射光束D+1和D-1(见图11)，这一情况与上文对系统30所作的描述相似。
在系统31，透镜50和GLV阵列10一起构成对于来自镜80的光来说放大倍数为1的折叠远心转象装置79。透镜50除了将GLV阵列10的放大虚象(沿反射光和衍射光方向)提供给观看者的作用(作为远心转象的第二个透镜)外，还在入射光方向构成为GLV阵列10的照明装置的一部分。GLV阵列10位于大约远心转象装置的内光瞳P1处。镜80位于透镜50的(衍射和反射光)出射光瞳P2处。
或者，从GLV阵列10的衍射和反射光的角度来看，远心光学系统81(Schlieren光学系统)由GLV10，透镜50和光阑54构成，GLV10在透镜50的外物点处，光阑54也位于透镜50的(外)出射光瞳处。这一结构与上述显示系统30相同。
系统31的折叠式远心转象结构的优点是它是一个严格对称的光学系统，本质上不存在诸如慧差之类的奇次象差。这因此也允许镜80以来自GLV阵列10的反射光的形式精确重新成象回其自身。这也使得该系统所提供的显示器能够具有高的对比度。另一优点是不论放大目镜透镜的形状如何，远心转象装置是严格对称的，这使得在选择具体的目镜形状和有关的优化选择目标时存在较大的灵活性，而不会以显著降低对反射光再成象效果以及对比度为代价。对于显示系统31也可以采用图6和7的投影仪/打印机装置和出瞳距离转象装置。
作为例子，在图8A中示意了一个系统31A，该系统与系统31大致相同，只是省略了扫描镜58而增加了投影透镜51(见图7)。提供一个鼓形装置65，用来固定打印介质67之类物件以及对之进行扫描。鼓65(和其上的介质67)在电机65和电子线路70互相配合驱动下旋转，旋转轴63由箭头F表示。然后在介质表面上扫描实象57(也可以见图7)，从而打印或记录两维图象。此处为简单起见示意了一个鼓形扫描仪65。本发明所属领域的技术人员将意识到，对于馈送纸张的打印机需要更为复杂的扫描装置，比如市售激光打印机的扫描机构和碳粉显象装置。由于这样的装置在本领域是众所周知的，因此本文不拟给出有关此类复杂装置的详细描述。
在系统31，因为透镜50的功能也是将光聚焦在拟作空间调制的GLV阵列10上，所以重要的是目镜能够聚集尽可能多的光以便提供最为明亮的显示，并且还能够提供良好的图象质量。在此方面，一组特别推荐的目镜型号有Kellner、Ploessel和Erfle型，这些型号的目镜具有较宽的视场。宽视场透镜50的优势在于它能够有足够宽的入射光瞳，足以容纳多个变向镜。这一情况表示在图12中，在该图中三个细长变向镜80A、80B和80C按“软百叶帘”形式堆叠在Y-Z平面内，它们足以使来自系统31的透镜42的光通过其间的任何间隙，这些变向镜优选沿Y轴方向隔开，使得其间的间隙足够宽到能够包容来自入射在GLV阵列10上的相应光束的具有最大衍射角和最小衍射角的衍射光。
镜80B和80C的位置是一个镜位于另一个镜(的折叠远心系统)的共轭象位置。这样镜80B所反射的光再成象在镜80C上，反之亦然。根据上述，轴向设置的镜80A再次成象在其自身上。为了使多镜系统起作用，非轴向设置的镜必须在共轭象位置处有一个相应的非轴向设置的镜。这样，在一个仅有两个镜的系统内，这两个镜必须是非轴向放置的，其中一个在另一个的共轭象位置处。
出于简化说明的目的，图12中仅表示与来自镜80A的入射光束46对应的光束D-1。光学领域的技术人员根据图示会意识到来自镜80B和80C的其它衍射光束是如何设法从各镜之间或镜的周围通过的。
图13表示了透镜50的入射光瞳P1(以及出射光瞳P2，该出射光瞳经远心结构与入射光瞳吻合)的实际外观，其中虚线圆83表示的是“理论上可行”的光瞳。阴影区80A、80B、80C代表可供光进入GLV阵列10的光瞳面积，而虚线D+1(C)和D-1(B)之间的非阴影区代表可供衍射光输出的光瞳面积，线D+1(C)和D-1(B)分别由从镜80C和80B入射的光的最大衍射角限定。
目镜透镜50可以加以优化，使得无论是系统30还是系统31中如果GLV阵列10略微偏离透镜50的远心物点(离透镜50更远)，那么来自GLV阵列10的反射光仍然将以足够的精确度分别成象或再成象在光阑54或变向镜60上，使得该光阑或镜可以将反射光和衍射光分离，而通过透镜50的出射光瞳的衍射光将会聚形成GLV阵列10的真实、经过良好校正的图象，不需要额外的投影透镜组。这样的结构示意于图14中，该图如同图6和图7那样，光学系统表示为“未折叠”形状，扫描镜58表示为在透镜50的出射光瞳P2处的一条线，该线在此处也是扫描镜的一个优选位置。这里应当注意的是屏59距透镜50的出射光瞳P2的距离SD相对于光瞳距透镜的距离PD缩短了，原因仅仅是为了便于图示。实际上，SD是PD的二十倍以上，使得线D+1和D-1几乎等同于平行线，光阑54可以仍然设置在远心系统的出射光瞳处。
尽管显示系统30和31描述为采用一个角度扫描的扫描镜以便对GLV阵列10的图象作线性扫描运动，但是不应当将此理解为限制性的。图15-17示意了效果大致相当的其它扫描装置的实例。在图15中，旋转反射部件82提供扫描动作。反射部件92的截面呈六角形，它具有纵向反射面94。来自GLV阵列10和放大透镜50的光D-1从面84反射向用户的眼睛64。随着反射部件82按箭头C所示旋转，在用户的视场内对GLV阵列的图象进行线性扫描，如箭头B所示。
现在参看图16，棱形透射扫描装置100包括一个提供扫描动作的可变形或可变角度的棱镜102。棱镜102由面平行的透明的前和后部件104和106构成。部件104和106彼此面对面成一定夹角设置，构成V形槽108，该槽中填充有液体，或者最好填充充油的透明弹性体，油与弹性体之比最好大于85∶15。这样的弹性体是相对容易变形的，具有弹性记忆效应，但是尽管油的比例较高，它不会流动。这样的弹性体及其制备过程在美国专利4618213中有所讨论。部件106是角状扫描或振动的，如箭头A所示，其方式与显示系统30和31的扫描镜58相同。这一角状运动导致经棱镜102透射的光在观看者视场内线性扫描，如箭头B所示。
最后但非穷举的是在图17中示意了又一个扫描装置110。扫描装置110分别包括透明的正透镜元件112和负透镜元件114。优选选择元件112和114的曲率半径，使得元件的组合具有零光焦度。正元件112被往复线性地驱动，如箭头D所示。这导致光在观看者视场上作相应的线性扫描，如箭头B所示。光学领域的技术人员当然会意识到可以固定元件112，而使元件114往复运动，提供相同的扫描机构。
尽管上面结合反射(衍射)光栅光阀阵列描述了根据本发明的系统，光学领域的技术人员将意识到本发明的原理可以在包含透射(衍射)光阀阵列的系统内实施。这表示在图18中，该图表示了一个在多数方面类似于图4系统30的系统30T，但是其中透射(衍射)光阀阵列放置在柱面透镜42和正透镜50之间。系统30T的所有其它元件功能与系统30的对应元件相同。
本发明所属领域的技术人员还将意识到本发明的原理可以适用于提供立体显示器。例如，在简单的结构中，立体显示器可以通过为观看者的每只眼睛提供GLV阵列和合适的分离光学系统形成。本领域的技术人员可以采用其它的装置，而不会偏离本发明的构思和范畴。
上面以优选实施例和其它实施例的形式描述了本发明。但是，本发明不限于那些描述的实施例。相反，本发明仅为后附的权利要求书所限。

Claims (41)

1.显示二维图象的显示系统，包括：
衍射光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行彼此平行对准的可单独操作、隔有一定距离的细长调制器部件，每个所述调制器部件用于使入射于其上的光在所述可操作部件的工作状态所确定的程度下衍射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光阀阵列上；
使所述入射光的衍射部分和所述入射光的非衍射部分分离的装置；
使所述光阀阵列的所述可操作部件工作以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
放大透镜装置，用于经所述分离的衍射光部分向观看者提供所述光阀阵列的放大图象；以及
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于在观看者的视场内扫描所述放大图象以便表示两维图象的相继行，由此促使所述放大图象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
2.根据权利要求1所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述光阀阵列是一个光栅光阀阵列，所述可移动部件是反射性的，每个所述可移动反射部件可单独相对于相应的固定反射部件在与所述固定反射部件所在平面平行并与之隔开的平面内移动，使得根据所述可移动和固定反射部件的平面隔开情况，所述相应的可移动反射部件和固定反射部件一起导致对入射于其上的光的衍射和/或反射。
3.根据权利要求1所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述光阀阵列的所述放大图象是虚象，它由所述观看者经所述放大透镜装置观看。
4.根据权利要求1所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述光阀阵列的所述放大图象是一由所述放大透镜装置投影的用来成象到可由观看者观看的接收表面上的实象，所述扫描装置在所述接收表面上对其进行扫描。
5.显示二维图象的显示系统，包括：
光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行彼此平行对准的可单独操作、隔有一定距离的细长调制器部件，每个所述调制器部件用于使光在所述调制器部件的工作状态所确定的程度下衍射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光阀阵列上；
使来自所述光阀阵列的光的衍射部分和来自所述光阀阵列的光的非衍射部分分离的装置；
使所述光阀阵列的所述可操作部件工作以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
放大透镜装置，用于经所述经空间调制、分离的衍射光部分向观看者提供所述光阀阵列的放大图象；
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于在观看者的视场内扫描所述放大图象以便表示两维图象的相继行，由此促使所述放大图象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者；以及
所述放大透镜装置、所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置以远心系统的形式排列，所述衍射光分离装置和所述光阀阵列分别位于所述放大透镜装置的出射光瞳和远心物点附近。
6.根据权利要求5所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大透镜装置是一目镜透镜。
7.根据权利要求5所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
8.根据权利要求5所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述光阀阵列是一个透射的衍射光阀阵列。
9.根据权利要求5所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大图象是由观看者用所述放大透镜观看的虚象。
10.根据权利要求9所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述扫描装置位于大约所述放大目镜透镜装置的所述出射光瞳附近。
11.根据权利要求10所述的显示系统，其特征在于还包括一个放置在从所述扫描装置出射的光的光路上的光学转象装置，用于提供远离所述扫描装置的所述出射光瞳的图象。
12.根据权利要求5所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大图象是一实象，它由所述放大透镜投影以便成象到可由观看者观看的接收表面上。
13.根据权利要求12所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述接收表面是一接收屏。
14.投影二维图象的显示系统，包括：
光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行彼此平行对准的可单独操作、隔有一定距离的细长调制器部件，每个所述调制器部件用于使光在所述可操作部件的工作状态所确定的程度下衍射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光阀阵列上；
使来自所述光阀阵列的光的衍射部分和来自所述光阀阵列的光的非衍射部分分离的装置；
使所述光阀阵列的所述可操作部件工作以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
投影透镜装置，用于经所述分离的衍射光部分将所述光阀阵列的放大实象投影到接收表面上，所述投影透镜装置包括第一和第二透镜元件组；
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于在观看所述接收表面的观看者的视场内扫描所述放大图象以便表示两维图象的相继行，由此促使所述放大实象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者；以及
所述第一透镜元件组、所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置以远心系统的形式排列，所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置分别位于所述第一元件组的远心物点出射光瞳和远心物点附近，所述第一元件组的所述出射光瞳位于所述第一元件组和所述第二元件组之间。
15.根据权利要求14所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述扫描装置位于所述第一透镜元件组的所述出射光瞳附近。
16.根据权利要求14所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大透镜装置是一目镜透镜。
17.根据权利要求16所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
18.提供二维图象的显示系统，包括：
光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行彼此平行对准的隔开的可移动的细长反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光栅光阀阵列上；
使来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的衍射部分和来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的反射部分分离的装置；
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
放大透镜装置，用于经所述分离的衍射光部分向观看者提供所述光栅光阀阵列的放大虚象；
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于在观看者的视场内扫描所述放大虚象，由此促使所述放大虚象以两维图象的形式呈现；以及
所述放大透镜装置、所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置以远心系统的形式排列，所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置分别位于大约所述放大透镜装置的出射光瞳和大约远心物点附近。
19.根据权利要求18所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大透镜装置是一目镜透镜。
20.根据权利要求18所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
21.根据权利要求18所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述扫描装置位于所述放大透镜的所述出射光瞳附近。
22.根据权利要求21所述的显示系统，其特征在于还包括安排在从所述扫描装置出射的光的光路中的光学转象装置，所述光学转象装置用于提供远离所述扫描装置的所述出射光瞳的图象。
23.提供二维图象的显示系统，包括：
一个细长光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行彼此平行对准的隔开的细长有源反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
具有一个光轴的折叠的远心第一光学转象装置，所述第一光学转象装置含有所述光栅光阀阵列、一个正透镜和一个细长的变向镜，所述变向镜位于所述光学转象装置的所述光轴上在大约所述第一光学转象装置的物点处所述正透镜的一侧上，并向其所述光轴倾斜，所述光栅光阀阵列位于所述光学转象装置的所述光轴上在大约所述光学转象装置的内光瞳位置处所述正透镜的相对一侧上；
所述变向镜的设置使得入射于其上的光经所述正透镜导向，所述导向光入射到所述光栅光阀阵列上；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其反射的光部分经过所述正透镜，并由此成象到所述变向镜上，并且被所述变向镜导向到所述光源；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其衍射的光部分引导经过所述正透镜，并在所述变向镜的每侧上通过变向镜，通过所述正透镜的外光瞳传向观看者；
所述变向镜由此只允许所述衍射光部分到达观看者，而所述正透镜由此经所述入射光的所述衍射部分向观看者提供所述光栅光阀阵列的放大虚象；以及
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；位于从所述正透镜到观看者的所述衍射光部分的光路中的扫描装置，所述扫描装置和所述调制器装置配合工作，用于在观看者的视场内扫描所述放大虚象，由此促使所述放大虚象以两维图象的形式呈现。
24.根据权利要求23所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述正透镜是一目镜透镜。
25.根据权利要求24所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
26.根据权利要求23所述的显示系统，其特征在于还包括安排在通过所述正透镜的所述出射光瞳的所述衍射光部分的光路中的第二光学转象装置，所述光学转象装置用于提供远离所述扫描装置的所述出射光瞳的图象。
27.提供二维图象的显示系统，包括：
一个细长光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行隔开的彼此平行对准的细长有源反射部件，每个所述第一反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
具有一个光轴的折叠的远心第一光学转象装置，所述第一光学转象装置含有所述光栅光阀阵列、一个正透镜和至少两个细长的变向镜，所述变向镜位于所述第一光学转象装置的物点附近所述正透镜的一侧上，所述位于所述光轴的每侧上的至少两个变向镜中一个变向镜的位置靠近另一个变向镜的共轭象点，所述至少两个变向镜的每一个向所述光轴倾斜，所述光栅光阀阵列位于所述第一光学转象装置的所述光轴上在大约所述第一光学转象装置的内光瞳位置处所述正透镜的相对于所述至少两个变向镜的相反一侧上；
所述变向镜的设置使得入射于其上的光经所述正透镜沿第一方向导向，使得所述导向光入射到所述光栅光阀阵列上；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其反射的入射光部分沿与所述第一方向相反的第二方向经过所述正透镜，并由此成象到每个所述变向镜上，并且被所述变向镜导向到所述光源上；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其衍射的光部分沿所述第二方向引导经过所述正透镜，并在所述变向镜的每一侧上通过所述变向镜，通过所述正透镜的外光瞳传向观看者；
所述变向镜由此只允许所述衍射光部分到达观看者，而所述正透镜由此经所述衍射光部分向观看者提供所述光栅光阀阵列的放大虚象；以及
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；位于从所述正透镜到观看者的所述衍射光部分的光路中的扫描装置，所述扫描装置和所述电子装置配合工作，用于在观看者的视场内扫描所述放大虚象，由此促使所述放大虚象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
28.根据权利要求27所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述正透镜是一个目镜透镜。
29.根据权利要求28所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Kellner、Ploessel以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
30.根据权利要求27所述的显示系统，其特征在于还包括安排在通过所述正透镜的所述出射光瞳的所述衍射光部分的光路中的第二光学转象装置，所述光学转象装置用于提供远离所述扫描装置的所述出射光瞳的图象。
31.投影二维图象的显示系统，包括：
一个细长光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行隔开的彼此平行对准的细长有源反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
具有一个光轴的折叠的远心光学转象装置，所述第一光学转象装置含有所述光栅光阀阵列、一个正透镜和一个细长的变向镜，所述变向镜位于所述第一光学转象装置的所述光轴上大约所述第一光学转象装置的物点处所述正透镜的一侧上，并向其所述光轴倾斜，所述光栅光阀阵列位于所述第一光学转象装置的所述光轴上在大约所述折叠远比光学转象装置的内光瞳位置处所述正透镜的相对一侧上；
所述变向镜的设置使得入射于其上的光经所述正透镜导向，使得所述导向光以所述变向镜的图象的形式入射到所述光栅光阀阵列上；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其反射的入射光部分经过所述正透镜，并由此被所述正透镜成象到所述变向镜上，并且被所述变向镜导向到所述光源；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其衍射的光部分被引导经过所述正透镜，并在所述变向镜的每一侧上通过所述变向镜，通过所述正透镜的外光瞳；
所述变向镜由此仅仅允许所述衍射光部分到达观看者，所述正透镜和所述光栅光阀阵列作如此排列使得所述正透镜经所述入射光的所述衍射部分投影所述光栅光阀阵列的放大实象，以便成象到可由观看者观看的接收表面上；以及
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；位于从所述正透镜到接收表面的所述衍射光部分的光路中的扫描装置，所述扫描装置和所述电子装置配合工作，用于在该接收表面上扫描所述放大虚象，由此促使所述扫描得到的放大实象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
32.根据权利要求31所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述正透镜是一目镜透镜。
33.根据权利要求31所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Huygens、Ramsden、Kellner、Ploessel、Abbe、Koenig以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
34.投影二维图象的显示系统，包括：
一个细长光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行隔开的彼此平行对准的可移动细长有源反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
具有一个光轴的折叠的远心第一光学转象装置，所述第一光学转象装置含有所述光栅光阀阵列、一个正透镜和至少两个细长的变向镜，所述变向镜位于所述第一光学转象装置的物点附近所述正透镜的一侧上，所述位于所述光轴的每侧上的至少两个变向镜的一个的位置靠近另一个的共轭象点，所述至少两个变向镜的每一个向所述光轴倾斜，所述光栅光阀阵列位于所述第一光学转象装置的所述光轴上大约所述第一光学转象装置的内光瞳位置处所述正透镜的相对于所述至少两个变向镜的相反一侧上；
所述变向镜的设置使得入射于其上的光经所述正透镜沿第一方向导向，使得所述导向光入射到所述光栅光阀阵列上；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其反射的入射光部分沿与所述第一方向相反的第二方向经过所述正透镜，并由此成象到每个所述变向镜上，并且被所述变向镜导向到所述光源；
所述光栅光阀阵列的设置使得被其衍射的光部分沿所述第二方向引导经过所述正透镜，并在所述变向镜的每一侧上通过所述变向镜，通过所述正透镜的外光瞳传向观看者；
所述变向镜由此仅仅允许所述衍射光部分到达观看者，而所述正透镜和所述光栅光阀阵列作如此排列使得所述正透镜投影所述光栅光阀阵列的放大实象，以便成象到可由观看者观看的接收表面上；以及
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；位于从所述正透镜到接收平面的所述衍射光部分的光路中的扫描装置，所述扫描装置和所述电子装置配合工作，用于在接收表面上扫描所述放大实象，由此促使所述扫描放大实象以两维图象的形式呈现给观看者。
35.根据权利要求34所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述正透镜是一目镜透镜。
36.根据权利要求35所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Kellner、Ploessel以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
37.在打印介质上打印二维图象的系统，包括：
一个光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行隔开的彼此平行对准的细长有源反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行并分开的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光栅光阀阵列上；
使来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的衍射部分和来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的反射部分分离的装置；
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
放大透镜装置，用于经所述分离的衍射光部分将所述光栅光阀阵列的放大实象投影到打印介质上；
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于将打印介质相对于所述放大实象移动，由此所述放大实象在打印介质上的相继位置处限定该两维图象的相继行。
38.根据权利要求37所述的系统，其特征在于所述放大透镜装置、所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置以远心系统的形式排列，所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置分别位于大约所述放大透镜装置的出射光瞳和大约远心物点附近。
39.根据权利要求37所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述放大透镜装置是一目镜透镜。
40.根据权利要求39所述的显示系统，其特征在于所述目镜透镜是由Kellner、Ploessel以及Erfle构成的目镜透镜组中选出的一种目镜透镜。
41.在打印介质上打印二维图象的系统，包括：
光栅光阀阵列，所述光阀阵列包含一行隔开的彼此平行对准的细长有源反射部件，每个所述有源反射部件可单独在与一相应无源反射部件所在平面平行的平面内相对于所述无源反射部件移动，使得所述相应的有源和无源反射部件一起促使入射于其上的光依所述有源和无源反射部件的平面分离情况而衍射和/或反射；
照明装置，用于使光入射在所述光栅光阀阵列上；
使来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的衍射部分和来自所述光栅光阀阵列的光的反射部分分离的装置；
使所述光栅光阀阵列的所述有源反射部件移动以对应于拟显示的图象元素的电子装置；
投影透镜装置，用于经所述分离的衍射光部分将所述光栅光阀阵列的放大实象投影到打印介质上；
和所述电子装置配合工作的扫描装置，用于将打印介质相对于所述放大实象移动，由此所述放大实象在打印介质上的相继位置处限定该两维图象的相继行；以及
所述投影透镜装置包括第一和第二元件组，所述第一元件组构成一个正透镜，所述正透镜、所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置以远心系统的形式排列，所述光阀阵列和所述衍射光分离装置分别位于所述第一元件组和所述第二元件组之间大约所述正透镜的出射光瞳处。
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CN104365091A (zh) * 2012-06-21 2015-02-18 高通Mems科技公司 有效空间调制照射系统
CN104049326A (zh) * 2014-02-08 2014-09-17 武汉柏汉激光技术有限公司 半导体激光器阵列输出光束匀称化和光纤耦合系统
CN109564347A (zh) * 2016-08-17 2019-04-02 微软技术许可有限责任公司 光学系统中的扫描
CN109557662A (zh) * 2018-12-12 2019-04-02 无锡和晶科技股份有限公司 一种远距离导光以及光斑的方向和大小可控的显示方法
CN110745751A (zh) * 2019-09-06 2020-02-04 郑金凯 一种市政用井盖维护装置

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JP3489841B2 (ja) 2004-01-26
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WO1998041893A1 (en) 1998-09-24
DE69803656T2 (de) 2002-06-13
NO994515L (no) 1999-09-17
KR20010005507A (ko) 2001-01-15
EP0968453A1 (en) 2000-01-05
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NO994515D0 (no) 1999-09-17
AU6569098A (en) 1998-10-12

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